1
|
Devitt G, Johnson PB, Hanrahan N, Lane SIR, Vidale MC, Sheth B, Allen JD, Humbert MV, Spalluto CM, Hervé RC, Staples K, West JJ, Forster R, Divecha N, McCormick CJ, Crispin M, Hempler N, Malcolm GPA, Mahajan S. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation Using UVC Laser Radiation. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:42-52. [PMID: 38249683 PMCID: PMC10797618 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) has had a tremendous impact on humanity. Prevention of transmission by disinfection of surfaces and aerosols through a chemical-free method is highly desirable. Ultraviolet C (UVC) light is uniquely positioned to achieve inactivation of pathogens. We report the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 virus by UVC radiation and explore its mechanisms. A dose of 50 mJ/cm2 using a UVC laser at 266 nm achieved an inactivation efficiency of 99.89%, while infectious virions were undetectable at 75 mJ/cm2 indicating >99.99% inactivation. Infection by SARS-CoV-2 involves viral entry mediated by the spike glycoprotein (S), and viral reproduction, reliant on translation of its genome. We demonstrate that UVC radiation damages ribonucleic acid (RNA) and provide in-depth characterization of UVC-induced damage of the S protein. We find that UVC severely impacts SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein's ability to bind human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and this correlates with loss of native protein conformation and aromatic amino acid integrity. This report has important implications for the design and development of rapid and effective disinfection systems against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and other pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Devitt
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Johnson
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Niall Hanrahan
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon I. R. Lane
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena C. Vidale
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria V. Humbert
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- University
of Cambridge, MRC Toxicology Unit, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Cosma M. Spalluto
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Southampton
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton
General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Rodolphe C. Hervé
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Staples
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Wessex Investigational
Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Southampton
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton
General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Jonathan J. West
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Robert Forster
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Nullin Divecha
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. McCormick
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Hempler
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Graeme P. A. Malcolm
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University
of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 22, N-2317 Hamar, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vrablikova A, Fojtikova M, Hezova R, Simeckova P, Brezani V, Strakova N, Fraiberk M, Kotoucek J, Masek J, Psikal I. UV-C irradiation as an effective tool for sterilization of porcine chimeric VP1-PCV2bCap recombinant vaccine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19337. [PMID: 37935819 PMCID: PMC10630496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet irradiation is an effective method of virus and bacteria inactivation. The dose of UV-C light necessary for baculovirus inactivation by measurement of fluorescent GFP protein produced by baculovirus expression system after the irradiation of baculovirus culture in doses ranging from 3.5 to 42 J/m2 was determined. At a dose of 36.8 J/m2, only 0.5% of GFP-expressing cells were detected by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The stability of purified VP1-PCV2bCap protein produced by baculovirus expression system was analyzed after the irradiation at doses ranging from 3.5 to 19.3 J/m2. Up to the dose of 11 J/m2, no significant effect of UV-C light on the stability of VP1-PCV2bCap was detected. We observed a dose-dependent increase in VP1-PCV2bCap-specific immune response in BALB/c mice immunized by recombinant protein sterilized by irradiation in dose 11 J/m2 with no significant difference between vaccines sterilized by UV-C light and filtration. A substantial difference in the production of VP1-PCV2bCap specific IgG was observed in piglets immunized with VP1-PCV2bCap sterilized by UV-C in comparison with protein sterilized by filtration in combination with the inactivation of baculovirus by binary ethylenimine. UV-C irradiation represents an effective method for vaccine sterilization, where commonly used methods of sterilization are not possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Vrablikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Fojtikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Hezova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Simeckova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Brezani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nicol Strakova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Fraiberk
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kotoucek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Masek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Psikal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mizuno M, Yori K, Takeuchi T, Yamaguchi T, Watanabe K, Tomaru Y, Shimizu N, Sekiya I. Cross-contamination risk and decontamination during changeover after cell-product processing. Regen Ther 2022; 22:30-38. [PMID: 36618490 PMCID: PMC9800260 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction During changeover in cell-product processing, it is essential to minimize cross-contamination risks. These risks differ depending on the patient from whom the cells were derived. Human error during manual cell-product processing increases the contamination risk in biosafety cabinets. Here, we evaluate the risk of cross-contamination during manual cell-processing to develop an evidence-based changeover method for biosafety cabinets. Methods Contaminant coverage was analyzed during simulated medium preparation, cell seeding, and waste liquid decanting by seven operators, classified by skill. Environmental bacteria were surveyed at four participating facilities. Finally, we assessed the effect of conventional UV irradiation in biosafety cabinets on bacteria and fungi that pose a cross-contamination risk. Results Under simulated conditions, scattered contamination occurred via droplets falling onto the surface from heights of 30 cm, and from bubbles rupturing at this height. Visible traces of contaminants were distributed up to 50 cm from the point of droplet impact, or from the location of the pipette tip when the bubble ruptured. In several facilities, we detected Bacillus subtilis, of which the associated endospores are highly resistant to disinfection. Irradiation at 50 mJ/cm2 effectively eliminated Bacillus subtilis vegetative cells and Aspergillus brasiliensis, which is highly resistant to UV. Bacillus subtilis endospores were eliminated at 100 mJ/cm2. Conclusions Under these simulated optimal conditions, UV irradiation successfully prevents cross-contamination. Therefore, following cell-product processing, monitoring the UV dose in the biosafety cabinet during cell changeover represents a promising method for reducing cross-contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Mizuno
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan,Corresponding author. Fax: +81-3-5803-0192.
| | - Kouichirou Yori
- Department of HeartSheet Business, Terumo Corporation, 1500 Inokuchi, Nakaicho, Ashigarakamigun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takeuchi
- Department of HeartSheet Business, Terumo Corporation, 1500 Inokuchi, Nakaicho, Ashigarakamigun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamaguchi
- Department of HeartSheet Business, Terumo Corporation, 1500 Inokuchi, Nakaicho, Ashigarakamigun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
| | - Ken Watanabe
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tomaru
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Norio Shimizu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eddins DJ, Bassit LC, Chandler JD, Haddad NS, Musall KL, Yang J, Kosters A, Dobosh BS, Hernández MR, Ramonell RP, Tirouvanziam RM, Lee FEH, Zandi K, Schinazi RF, Ghosn EEB. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Patient Samples for Contemporary Immunology and Metabolomics Studies. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:144-155. [PMID: 35173021 PMCID: PMC9164212 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the severity of COVID-19 disease, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization recommend that manipulation of active viral cultures of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory secretions from COVID-19 patients be performed in biosafety level (BSL)3 laboratories. Therefore, it is imperative to develop viral inactivation procedures that permit samples to be transferred to lower containment levels (BSL2), while maintaining the fidelity of complex downstream assays to expedite the development of medical countermeasures. In this study, we demonstrate optimal conditions for complete viral inactivation following fixation of infected cells with commonly used reagents for flow cytometry, UVC inactivation in sera and respiratory secretions for protein and Ab detection, heat inactivation following cDNA amplification for droplet-based single-cell mRNA sequencing, and extraction with an organic solvent for metabolomic studies. Thus, we provide a suite of viral inactivation protocols for downstream contemporary assays that facilitate sample transfer to BSL2, providing a conceptual framework for rapid initiation of high-fidelity research as the COVID-19 pandemic continues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devon J Eddins
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Leda C Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Natalie S Haddad
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kathryn L Musall
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Junkai Yang
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Astrid Kosters
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brian S Dobosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Mindy R Hernández
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Richard P Ramonell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rabindra M Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Eliver E B Ghosn
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pavletić B, Runzheimer K, Siems K, Koch S, Cortesão M, Ramos-Nascimento A, Moeller R. Spaceflight Virology: What Do We Know about Viral Threats in the Spaceflight Environment? ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:210-224. [PMID: 34981957 PMCID: PMC8861927 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses constitute a significant part of the human microbiome, so wherever humans go, viruses are brought with them, even on space missions. In this mini review, we focus on the International Space Station (ISS) as the only current human habitat in space that has a diverse range of viral genera that infect microorganisms from bacteria to eukaryotes. Thus, we have reviewed the literature on the physical conditions of space habitats that have an impact on both virus transmissibility and interaction with their host, which include UV radiation, ionizing radiation, humidity, and microgravity. Also, we briefly comment on the practices used on space missions that reduce virus spread, that is, use of antimicrobial surfaces, spacecraft sterilization practices, and air filtration. Finally, we turn our attention to the health threats that viruses pose to space travel. Overall, even though efforts are taken to ensure safe conditions during human space travel, for example, preflight quarantines of astronauts, we reflect on the potential risks humans might be exposed to and how those risks might be aggravated in extraterrestrial habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pavletić
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Katharina Runzheimer
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Katharina Siems
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Stella Koch
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Marta Cortesão
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Ana Ramos-Nascimento
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Ralf Moeller
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
- Address correspondence to: Ralf Moeller, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology, Linder Hoehe, Building 24, Room 104, D-51147 Köln, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Bacteriophages represent the main microbiological threat for the manufacture of fermented foods. The dairy industry is the most affected by this problem, as phages are naturally present in raw milk, surfaces, vats, tanks, floors, and distributed by air displacements. Cheese whey may also contain high phage concentrations. Prophages harbored by lysogenic strains could be induced, generating new lytic phages. In this context, where phages cannot be eradicated from dairies, methods of phage monitoring are mandatory. These are mainly based in microbiological features, like classical methods, that are the most used, economic and simple to carry out. Phage DNA detection and quantification by PCR and qPCR, more complex and expensive, are faster, although not able to discern between viable and non-viable virions. Electron microscopy allows direct visualization and characterization of phage morphology, but the apparatus is expensive. Alternative methods based in other phage traits also exist, though less studied and not applicable on a daily basis. Recognition of contamination sources and correct phage monitoring in dairy factories allow a correct application of control measures. These include general measures such as proper factory design, efficient programs of sanitization, good treatment of raw materials, especially milk, and careful handling of by-products. Additionally, the use of starts cultures should be adequate, with application of rotation schemes when possible. Finally, the selection of bacteriophage insensitive mutants (BIM) is essential, and can be achieved simply and empirically, though the study of CRISPR-Cas and other newly discovered mechanisms provide a more rational basis to obtain BIMs with optimized features.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lo CW, Matsuura R, Iimura K, Wada S, Shinjo A, Benno Y, Nakagawa M, Takei M, Aida Y. UVC disinfects SARS-CoV-2 by induction of viral genome damage without apparent effects on viral morphology and proteins. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13804. [PMID: 34226623 PMCID: PMC8257663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a pandemic threat worldwide and causes severe health and economic burdens. Contaminated environments, such as personal items and room surfaces, are considered to have virus transmission potential. Ultraviolet C (UVC) light has demonstrated germicidal ability and removes environmental contamination. UVC has inactivated SARS-CoV-2; however, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. It was confirmed here that UVC 253.7 nm, with a dose of 500 μW/cm2, completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in a time-dependent manner and reduced virus infectivity by 10-4.9-fold within 30 s. Immunoblotting analysis for viral spike and nucleocapsid proteins showed that UVC treatment did not damage viral proteins. The viral particle morphology remained intact even when the virus completely lost infectivity after UVC irradiation, as observed by transmission electronic microscopy. In contrast, UVC irradiation-induced genome damage was identified using the newly developed long reverse-transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, but not conventional RT-qPCR. The six developed long RT-PCR assays that covered the full-length viral genome clearly indicated a negative correlation between virus infectivity and UVC irradiation-induced genome damage (R2 ranging from 0.75 to 0.96). Altogether, these results provide evidence that UVC inactivates SARS-CoV-2 through the induction of viral genome damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Wen Lo
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-Cho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuura
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-Cho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazuki Iimura
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-Cho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
- Farmroid Co.,Ltd., 3-22-4 Funado, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 174-0041, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-Cho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shinjo
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Benno
- Benno Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakagawa
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-Cho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Masami Takei
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-Cho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-Cho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
- Benno Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gemmell DK, Mack A, Wegmann S, Han D, Tuccelli R, Johnson M, Miller C. Efficacy of minute virus of mice (MVM) inactivation utilizing high temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization and suitability assessment of pasteurized, concentrated glucose feeds in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell expression systems. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:502-513. [PMID: 34257631 PMCID: PMC8257999 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need to provide effective adventitious agent mitigation for high risk upstream cell culture raw materials used for the production of biologics. It is also highly important in the growing fields of cell and gene therapies. Glucose is a critical raw material necessary for effective cell growth and productivity; however, glucose is the highest risk animal-origin-free raw material for viral contamination, and often the highest risk raw material in the upstream process as more companies move to chemically defined media. This study examines the efficacy of utilizing High Temperature Short Time (HTST) pasteurization for inactivation of physiochemically resistant, worst-case parvovirus using a bench-scale HTST system. We demonstrated approximately six log inactivation of Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) in concentrated glucose feeds without impacting the subsequent performance of the glucose in a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) expression system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Han
- MilliporeSigma/Merck Life ScienceGlasgowUK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jean J, Rodríguez-López MI, Jubinville E, Núñez-Delicado E, Gómez-López VM. Potential of pulsed light technology for control of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital environments. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2021; 215:112106. [PMID: 33383557 PMCID: PMC7767662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential transmission through touching surfaces in clinical environments have impelled the use of conventional and novel methods of disinfection to prevent its spreading. Among the latter, pulsed light may be an effective, non-chemical decontamination alternative. Pulsed light technology inactivates microorganisms and viruses by using high intensity polychromatic light pulses, which degrades nucleic acids and proteins. This review describes this technology, compiles and critically analyzes the evidence about the virucidal efficacy of pulsed light technology with view on its potential use against SARS-CoV-2 in touching surfaces in health-care facilities. The efficacy of pulsed light proved against many different kind of viruses allows to conclude that is a suitable candidate to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 as long as the required fluence is applied and the appropriated exposure to contaminated surfaces is guaranteed. Pulsed light can inactivate many different types of viruses. Its antimicrobial efficacy has been proved in different health care facilities. Pulsed light produces fast inactivation and it is ecologically friendly. Evidence shows that it should be effective for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jean
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Alimentación y Nutrición, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eric Jubinville
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Estrella Núñez-Delicado
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Alimentación y Nutrición, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente M Gómez-López
- Catedra Alimentos para la Salud, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Entry Inhibition by Interfacially Active Peptides. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01682-20. [PMID: 32907984 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01682-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous peptides inhibit the entry of enveloped viruses into cells. Some of these peptides have been shown to inhibit multiple unrelated viruses. We have suggested that such broad-spectrum antiviral peptides share a property called interfacial activity; they are somewhat hydrophobic and amphipathic, with a propensity to interact with the interfacial zones of lipid bilayer membranes. In this study, we further tested the hypothesis that such interfacial activity is a correlate of broad-spectrum antiviral activity. In this study, several families of peptides, selected for the ability to partition into and disrupt membrane integrity but with no known antiviral activity, were tested for the ability to inhibit multiple diverse enveloped viruses. These include Lassa pseudovirus, influenza virus, dengue virus type 2, herpes simplex virus 1, and nonenveloped human adenovirus 5. Various families of interfacially active peptides caused potent inhibition of all enveloped viruses tested at low and submicromolar concentrations, well below the range in which they are toxic to mammalian cells. These membrane-active peptides block uptake and fusion with the host cell by rapidly and directly interacting with virions, destabilizing the viral envelope, and driving virus aggregation and/or intervirion envelope fusion. We speculate that the molecular characteristics shared by these peptides can be exploited to enable the design, optimization, or molecular evolution of novel broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.IMPORTANCE New classes of antiviral drugs are needed to treat the ever-changing viral disease landscape. Current antiviral drugs treat only a small number of viral diseases, leaving many patients with established or emerging infections to be treated solely with supportive care. Recent antiviral peptide research has produced numerous membrane-interacting peptides that inhibit diverse enveloped viruses in vitro and in vivo Peptide therapeutics are becoming more common, with over 60 FDA-approved peptides for clinical use. Included in this class of therapeutics is enfuvirtide, a 36-residue peptide drug that inhibits HIV entry/fusion. Due to their broad-spectrum mechanism of action and enormous potential sequence diversity, peptides that inhibit virus entry could potentially fulfill the need for new antiviral therapeutics; however, a better understanding of their mechanism is needed for the optimization or evolution of sequence design to combat the wide landscape of viral disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Patterson EI, Prince T, Anderson ER, Casas-Sanchez A, Smith SL, Cansado-Utrilla C, Solomon T, Griffiths MJ, Acosta-Serrano Á, Turtle L, Hughes GL. Methods of Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for Downstream Biological Assays. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1462-1467. [PMID: 32798217 PMCID: PMC7529010 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has responded to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by rapidly undertaking research to find effective strategies to reduce the burden of this disease. Encouragingly, researchers from a diverse array of fields are collectively working towards this goal. Research with infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is undertaken in high-containment laboratories; however, it is often desirable to work with samples at lower-containment levels. To facilitate the transfer of infectious samples from high-containment laboratories, we have tested methods commonly used to inactivate virus and prepare the sample for additional experiments. Incubation at 80°C, a range of detergents, Trizol reagents, and UV energies were successful at inactivating a high titer of SARS-CoV-2. Methanol and paraformaldehyde incubation of infected cells also inactivated the virus. These protocols can provide a framework for in-house inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in other laboratories, ensuring the safe use of samples in lower-containment levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward I Patterson
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa Prince
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Enyia R Anderson
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Aitor Casas-Sanchez
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley L Smith
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Cintia Cansado-Utrilla
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Solomon
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Griffiths
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Turtle
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hadi J, Dunowska M, Wu S, Brightwell G. Control Measures for SARS-CoV-2: A Review on Light-Based Inactivation of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E737. [PMID: 32911671 PMCID: PMC7558314 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus classified in the family Coronaviridae. In this review, we summarize the literature on light-based (UV, blue, and red lights) sanitization methods for the inactivation of ssRNA viruses in different matrixes (air, liquid, and solid). The rate of inactivation of ssRNA viruses in liquid was higher than in air, whereas inactivation on solid surfaces varied with the type of surface. The efficacy of light-based inactivation was reduced by the presence of absorptive materials. Several technologies can be used to deliver light, including mercury lamp (conventional UV), excimer lamp (UV), pulsed-light, and light-emitting diode (LED). Pulsed-light technologies could inactivate viruses more quickly than conventional UV-C lamps. Large-scale use of germicidal LED is dependent on future improvements in their energy efficiency. Blue light possesses virucidal potential in the presence of exogenous photosensitizers, although femtosecond laser (ultrashort pulses) can be used to circumvent the need for photosensitizers. Red light can be combined with methylene blue for application in medical settings, especially for sanitization of blood products. Future modelling studies are required to establish clearer parameters for assessing susceptibility of viruses to light-based inactivation. There is considerable scope for improvement in the current germicidal light-based technologies and practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea) Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
| | - Shuyan Wu
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea) Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Blázquez E, Rodríguez C, Ródenas J, Segalés J, Pujols J, Polo J. Biosafety steps in the manufacturing process of spray-dried plasma: a review with emphasis on the use of ultraviolet irradiation as a redundant biosafety procedure. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:16. [PMID: 32690994 PMCID: PMC7363457 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a functional protein source obtained from blood of healthy animals, approved by the veterinary authorities from animals declared to be fit for slaughter for human consumption. Blood of these animals is collected at the slaughterhouse, treated with an anticoagulant, chilled and transported to industrial facilities in which blood is centrifuged to separate the red blood cells from the plasma fraction. Plasma is then concentrated, and spray dried at high temperatures (80 °C throughout its substance) to convert it in a powder. Such method preserves the biological activity of its proteins, mainly albumins and globulins. SDP is mainly used in pig feed diets to significantly improve daily gain, feed intake, production efficiency, and to reduce post-weaning lag caused by the appearance of post-weaning diarrhea. Although SDP is considered a safe product and its manufacturing process consists of several biosafety steps, the security of the SDP is often questioned due to its nature as raw blood by-product, especially when emergent or re-emergent pathogens appear. This review provides an evaluation and validation of the different safety steps present in the manufacturing process of SDP, with special focus on a new redundant pathogen inactivation step, the UV-C irradiation, that may be implemented in the manufacturing process of the SDP. Overall results showed that the manufacturing process of SDP is safe and the UV-C radiation was effective in inactivating a wide range of bacteria and viruses spiked and naturally present in commercially collected liquid animal plasma and it can be implemented as a redundant biosafety step in the manufacturing process of the SDP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Blázquez
- APC EUROPE, S.L., Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- APC EUROPE, S.L., Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Jesús Ródenas
- APC EUROPE, S.L., Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Javier Polo
- APC EUROPE, S.L., Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
- APC LLC, 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Methods of inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for downstream biological assays. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32511399 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.21.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The scientific community has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by rapidly undertaking research to find effective strategies to reduce the burden of this disease. Encouragingly, researchers from a diverse array of fields are collectively working towards this goal. Research with infectious SARS-CoV-2 is undertaken in high containment laboratories, however, it is often desirable to work with samples at lower containment levels. To facilitate the transfer of infectious samples from high containment laboratories, we have tested methods commonly used to inactivate virus and prepare the sample for additional experiments. Incubation at 80°C, and a range of detergents and UV energies were successful at inactivating a high titre of SARS-CoV-2. These protocols can provide a framework for in house inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in other laboratories, ensuring the safe use of samples in lower containment levels.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gabriel MA, Dare EV, Meunier SM, Campbell JL, Sasges MR, Aucoin MG. Ultraviolet irradiation of trypsin, lysozyme and β-galactosidase: how does UVC affect these enzymes when used as a secondary barrier against adventitious agents? Vaccine 2019; 37:6518-6525. [PMID: 31519446 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin is one of the essential raw materials used in the manufacturing of biopharmaceutical products. As an animal derived product, it can potentially carry a serious risk of contamination with adventitious agents that can result in production shut down and lost product. To mitigate these risks, several methods are currently being used in the industry to remove contamination including physical and chemical methods. Ultraviolet-C (UVC) light is known to inactivate adventitious agents that are resistant to physical and chemical methods and could be a secondary barrier strategy. In this study, we investigated the effect of UVC irradiation on the activity and structure of trypsin. Extreme doses of UVC light were applied to trypsin using a collimated beam apparatus. The effect of UVC light on trypsin enzymatic activity was measured using a colorimetric activity assay and the effect on structure was analyzed by spectrophotometry, gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry. To broaden the scope, the effect of UVC light on the activity of two additional enzymes, lysozyme and β-galactosidase, was also examined. At high doses of UVC light, changes to protein structure and protein fragmentation resulted in decreased trypsin activity. However, minimal damage was observed at doses applicable to inactivating adventitious agents, making UVC a feasible treatment for viral inactivation of trypsin products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Gabriel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Trojan Technologies, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma V Dare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sarah M Meunier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | | | - Marc G Aucoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Patil R, Walther J. Continuous Manufacturing of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins: Upstream and Downstream Technologies. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:277-322. [PMID: 28265699 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous biomanufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins offers several potential advantages over conventional batch processing, including reduced cost of goods, more flexible and responsive manufacturing facilities, and improved and consistent product quality. Although continuous approaches to various upstream and downstream unit operations have been considered and studied for decades, in recent years interest and application have accelerated. Researchers have achieved increasingly higher levels of process intensification, and have also begun to integrate different continuous unit operations into larger, holistically continuous processes. This review first discusses approaches for continuous cell culture, with a focus on perfusion-enabling cell separation technologies including gravitational, centrifugal, and acoustic settling, as well as filtration-based techniques. We follow with a review of various continuous downstream unit operations, covering categories such as clarification, chromatography, formulation, and viral inactivation and filtration. The review ends by summarizing case studies of integrated and continuous processing as reported in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Patil
- Bioprocess Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Jason Walther
- Bioprocess Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
UV radiation sensitivity of bovine serum albumin bound to silver nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
18
|
Blázquez E, Rodríguez C, Ródenas J, Navarro N, Riquelme C, Rosell R, Campbell J, Crenshaw J, Segalés J, Pujols J, Polo J. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the SurePure Turbulator ultraviolet-C irradiation equipment on inactivation of different enveloped and non-enveloped viruses inoculated in commercially collected liquid animal plasma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212332. [PMID: 30789926 PMCID: PMC6383881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the SurePure Turbulator ultraviolet-C (UV-C, 254 nm wavelength) irradiation equipment on inactivation of different enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in commercially collected liquid animal plasma. Specifically, Pseudorabies virus (PRV), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Swine influenza virus (SIV) as enveloped viruses and Porcine parvovirus (PPV), Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) and Senecavirus A (SVA) as non-enveloped viruses, were inoculated in bovine or porcine plasma and subjected to different UV-C irradiation doses (0, 750, 1500, 3000, 6000 and 9000 J/L) using an UV-C device developed for opaque liquid working under turbulent flow. The enveloped viruses tested were inactivated at < 3000 J/L of UV-C, being the dose needed to inactivate 4 log TCID50 (4D) of 1612 J/L for PRV,1004 J/L for PRRSV, 1953 J/L for PEDV, 1639 J/L for SIV, 1641 J/L for CSFV and 1943 J/L for BVDV. The non-enveloped viruses tended to have higher 4D values: 2161 J/L for PPV, 3223 J/L for SVA and 3708 J/L for SVDV. Because the initial viral concentration was <4.0 Log for PCV-2, it was not possible to calculate the 4D value for this virus. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the SurePure Turbulator UV-C treatment system is capable of inactivating significant levels of swine viruses inoculated in commercially collected porcine or bovine plasma. It was concluded that irradiation with UV-C can provide an additional redundant biosafety feature in the manufacturing process of spray-dried animal plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Blázquez
- APC EUROPE, S.L.U. Pol. Ind. El Congost, Granollers, Spain
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Ródenas
- APC EUROPE, S.L.U. Pol. Ind. El Congost, Granollers, Spain
| | - Núria Navarro
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Riquelme
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Rosell
- Departament d’Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca i Alimentació (DARP) Generalitat de Catalunya, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Polo
- APC EUROPE, S.L.U. Pol. Ind. El Congost, Granollers, Spain
- APC Inc, Ankeny, Iowa, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pujato SA, Quiberoni A, Mercanti DJ. Bacteriophages on dairy foods. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:14-30. [PMID: 30080952 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the impact of bacteriophages on the manufacture of dairy foods. Firstly, the impact of phages of lactic acid bacteria in the dairy industry, where they are considered enemies, is discussed. The sources of phage contamination in dairy plants are detailed, with special emphasis on the rise of phage infections related to the growing use of cheese whey as ingredient. Other topics include traditional and new methods of phage detection, quantification and monitoring, and strategies of phage control in dairy plants, either of physical, chemical or biological nature. Finally, the use of phages or purified phage enzymes as allies to control pathogenic bacteria in the food industry is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Pujato
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Instituto de Lactología Industrial (Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Quiberoni
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Instituto de Lactología Industrial (Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - D J Mercanti
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Instituto de Lactología Industrial (Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vaidya V, Dhere R, Agnihotri S, Muley R, Patil S, Pawar A. Ultraviolet-C irradiation for inactivation of viruses in foetal bovine serum. Vaccine 2018; 36:4215-4221. [PMID: 29891350 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and porcine trypsin are one of the essential raw materials used in the manufacturing of cell culture based viral vaccines. Being from animal origin, these raw materials can potentially contaminate the final product by known or unknown adventitious agents. The issue is more serious in case of live attenuated viral vaccines, where there is no inactivation step which can take care of such adventitious agents. It is essential to design production processes which can offer maximum viral clearance potential for animal origin products. Ultraviolet-C irradiation is known to inactivate various adventitious viral agents; however there are limited studies on ultraviolet inactivation of viruses in liquid media. We obtained a recently developed UVivatec ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation based viral clearance system for evaluating its efficacy to inactivate selected model viruses. This system has a unique design with spiral path of liquid allowing maximum exposure to UV-C light of a short wavelength of 254 nm. Five live attenuated vaccine viruses and four other model viruses were spiked in tissue culture media and exposed to UV-C irradiation. The pre and post UV-C irradiation samples were analyzed for virus content to find out the extent of inactivation of various viruses. These experiments showed substantial log reduction for the majority of the viruses with few exceptions based on the characteristics of these viruses. Having known the effect of UV irradiation on protein structure, we also evaluated the post irradiation samples of culture media for growth promoting properties using one of the most fastidious human diploid cells (MRC-5). UV-C exposure did not show any notable impact on the nutritional properties of culture media. The use of an UV-C irradiation based system is considered to be promising approach to mitigate the risk of adventitious agents in cell culture media arising through animal derived products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Vaidya
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune 411028, India; Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India; Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, India.
| | - Rajeev Dhere
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune 411028, India
| | - Snehal Agnihotri
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Arts, Commerce & Science College, Pune 411018, India
| | | | - Sanjay Patil
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune 411028, India
| | - Amit Pawar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune 411028, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meunier SM, Sasges MR, Aucoin MG. Evaluating ultraviolet sensitivity of adventitious agents in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:893-909. [PMID: 28283956 PMCID: PMC7087614 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Incidents of contamination in biopharmaceutical production have highlighted the need to apply alternative or supplementary disinfection techniques. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a well-established method for inactivating a broad range of microorganisms, and is therefore a good candidate as an orthogonal technique for disinfection. To apply UV as a safeguard against adventitious agents, the UV sensitivity of these target agents must be known so that the appropriate dose of UV may be applied to achieve the desired level of inactivation. This document compiles and reviews experimentally derived 254 nm sensitivities of organisms relevant to biopharmaceutical production. In general, different researchers have found similar sensitivity values despite a lack of uniformity in experimental design or standardized quantification techniques. Still, the lack of consistent methodologies has led to suspicious UV susceptibilities in certain instances, justifying the need to create a robust collection of sensitivity values that can be used in the design and sizing of UV systems for the inactivation of adventitious agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Meunier
- Trojan Technologies, 3020 Gore Rd., London, ON, N5V 4T7, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Michael R Sasges
- Trojan Technologies, 3020 Gore Rd., London, ON, N5V 4T7, Canada.
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Johnson SA, Brown MR, Lute SC, Brorson KA. Adapting viral safety assurance strategies to continuous processing of biological products. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:21-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Johnson
- DBRRII, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring Maryland 20993
| | - Matthew R. Brown
- DBRRII, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring Maryland 20993
| | - Scott C. Lute
- DBRRII, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring Maryland 20993
| | - Kurt A. Brorson
- DBRRII, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring Maryland 20993
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barahona Afonso AF, João CMP. The Production Processes and Biological Effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulin. Biomolecules 2016; 6:15. [PMID: 27005671 PMCID: PMC4808809 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin is a highly diverse autologous molecule able to influence immunity in different physiological and diseased situations. Its effect may be visible both in terms of development and function of B and T lymphocytes. Polyclonal immunoglobulin may be used as therapy in many diseases in different circumstances such as primary and secondary hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections, polyneuropathies, cancer, after allogeneic transplantation in the presence of infections and/or GVHD. However, recent studies have broadened the possible uses of polyclonal immunoglobulin showing that it can stimulate certain sub-populations of T cells with effects on T cell proliferation, survival and function in situations of lymphopenia. These results present a novel and considerable impact of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment in situations of severe lymphopenia, a situation that can occur in cancer patients after chemo and radiotherapy treatments. In this review paper the established and experimental role of polyclonal immunoglobulin will be presented and discussed as well as the manufacturing processes involved in their production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Barahona Afonso
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Évora, Colégio Luís António Verney, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Maria Pires João
- Hematology Department, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ren Y, Crump CM, Mackley MM, Li Puma G, Reis NM. Photo inactivation of virus particles in microfluidic capillary systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1481-92. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Ren
- Division of Virology; Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Colin M. Crump
- Division of Virology; Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm M. Mackley
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; New Museums Site, Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3RA United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Li Puma
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Loughborough University; Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| | - Nuno M. Reis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; New Museums Site, Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3RA United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Loughborough University; Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Polo J, Rodríguez C, Ródenas J, Russell LE, Campbell JM, Crenshaw JD, Torrallardona D, Pujols J. Ultraviolet Light (UV) Inactivation of Porcine Parvovirus in Liquid Plasma and Effect of UV Irradiated Spray Dried Porcine Plasma on Performance of Weaned Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133008. [PMID: 26171968 PMCID: PMC4501813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel ultraviolet light irradiation (UV-C, 254 nm) process was designed as an additional safety feature for manufacturing of spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP). In Exp. 1, three 10-L batches of bovine plasma were inoculated with 105.2±0.12 tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) of porcine parvovirus (PPV) per mL of plasma and subjected to UV-C ranging from 0 to 9180 J/L. No viable PPV was detected in bovine plasma by micro-titer assay in SK6 cell culture after UV-C at 2295 J/L. In Exp. 2, porcine plasma was subjected to UV-C (3672 J/L), then spray dried and mixed in complete mash diets. Diets were a control without SDPP (Control), UV-C SDPP either at 3% (UVSDPP3) or 6% (UVSDPP6) and non-UV-C SDPP at 3% (SDPP3) or 6% (SDPP6). Diets were fed ad libitum to 320 weaned pigs (26 d of age; 16 pens/diet; 4 pigs/pen) for 14 d after weaning and a common diet was fed d 15 to 28. During d 0 to 14, pigs fed UVSDPP3, UVSDPP6, or SDPP6 had higher (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake than control. During d 0 to 28, pigs fed UVSDPP3 and UVSDPP6 had higher (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake than control and SDPP3, and SDPP6 had higher (P < 0.05) feed intake than control. Also, pigs fed UVSDPP had higher (P < 0.05) weight gain than pigs fed SDPP. In conclusion, UV-C inactivated PPV in liquid plasma and UVSDPP used in pig feed had no detrimental effects on pig performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Polo
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda. Sant Julià 246-258. Pol. Ind. El Congost. E-08403 Granollers, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda. Sant Julià 246-258. Pol. Ind. El Congost. E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Jesús Ródenas
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda. Sant Julià 246-258. Pol. Ind. El Congost. E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Louis E. Russell
- APC Inc. 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021, United States of America
| | - Joy M. Campbell
- APC Inc. 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021, United States of America
| | - Joe D. Crenshaw
- APC Inc. 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021, United States of America
| | - David Torrallardona
- Monogastric Nutrition, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Mas de Bover, Ctra. Reus—El Morell, km 3.8, 43120 Constantí, Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)—Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Reis NM, Li Puma G. A novel microfluidic approach for extremely fast and efficient photochemical transformations in fluoropolymer microcapillary films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8414-7. [PMID: 25849647 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique optical properties of the fluoropolymer microcapillary film (MCF) material combined with the extremely fast photoinactivation of Herpes HSV-1 virus, and photodegradation of indigo carmine, diclofenac and benzoylecgonine in the MCF array photoreactor, demonstrate a new, flexible and inexpensive platform for rapid photochemical transformations, high-throughput process analytics and photochemical synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M Reis
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Effect of Moderate UVC Irradiation on Bovine Serum Albumin and Complex with Antimetabolite 5-Fluorouracil: Fluorescence Spectroscopic and Molecular Modelling Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/315764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5FU) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under UVC (253.7 nm) irradiation was investigated in the present study using UV-Vis spectroscopy, steady state/time resolved fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The stability of protein was found to be very strong when BSA gets bind to 5FU and moreover it is compared with the free BSA under UVC irradiation. From the fluorescence spectroscopic study, the stability of the complex was found to acquire 2-fold stronger than free protein. From the molecular modelling studies, we came to know the hydrogen bonds between BSA and antimetabolite 5FU are strong, up to 70.4 J/m2 under UVC irradiation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Pujols J, Rodríguez C, Navarro N, Pina-Pedrero S, Campbell JM, Crenshaw J, Polo J. No transmission of hepatitis E virus in pigs fed diets containing commercial spray-dried porcine plasma: a retrospective study of samples from several swine trials. Virol J 2014; 11:232. [PMID: 25539662 PMCID: PMC4304624 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been reported in the human population and pigs are a recognized reservoir for HEV and a possible source of HEV transmission to humans. Spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) is an ingredient commonly used in feed for pigs around the world. Even though processing conditions used to produce SDPP should be adequate to inactivate HEV, it was of interest to analyze commercial SDPP samples for presence of genome and antibodies (AB) against HEV and to retrospectively analyze serum samples collected from pigs used in past experiments that had been fed diets containing either 0% or 8% SDPP to detect potential transmission of HEV as determined by seroconversion. RESULTS Eighty-five commercial SDPP samples were analyzed by ELISA and 100% of them contained AB against HEV, while 22.4% (11 of 49 samples analyzed) were positive for HEV RNA. Frozen sera samples (n = 140) collected from 70 pigs used in past experiments that had been fed diets containing either 0% or 8% commercial SDPP was analyzed by ELISA for AB against HEV. Age of pigs at sera sampling ranged from 3 to 15 weeks and feeding duration of diets ranged from approximately 4 to 9 weeks. One lot of SDPP used in one experiment was analyzed and confirmed to contain HEV RNA. Regardless of the diet fed, some sera samples collected at the beginning of an experiment contained AB titer against HEV. These sera samples were collected from weaned pigs prior to feeding of the experimental diets and the HEV titer was probably from maternal origin. However, by the end of the experiments, HEV titer was not detected or had declined by more than 50% of the initial titer concentration. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting presence of HEV AB titer and RNA in SDPP. Retrospective analysis of serum collected from pigs fed diets with SDPP revealed no indication of seroconversion to HEV. The results indicate that feeding SDPP in diets for pigs does not represent a risk of transmitting HEV, even though HEV genome may be detected in SDPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Pujols
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Fundación UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08400, Granollers, Spain.
| | - Nuria Navarro
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Fundación UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sonia Pina-Pedrero
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Fundación UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joy M Campbell
- APC Inc., 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA, 50021, USA.
| | - Joe Crenshaw
- APC Inc., 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA, 50021, USA.
| | - Javier Polo
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08400, Granollers, Spain. .,APC Inc., 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA, 50021, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mallaney M, Wang SH, Sreedhara A. Effect of ambient light on monoclonal antibody product quality during small-scale mammalian cell culture process in clear glass bioreactors. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:562-70. [PMID: 24777986 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During a small-scale cell culture process producing a monoclonal antibody, a larger than expected difference was observed in the charge variants profile of the harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) between the 2 L and larger scales (e.g., 400 L and 12 kL). Small-scale studies performed at the 2 L scale consistently showed an increase in acidic species when compared with the material made at larger scale. Since the 2 L bioreactors were made of clear transparent glass while the larger scale reactors are made of stainless steel, the effect of ambient laboratory light on cell culture process in 2 L bioreactors as well as handling the HCCF was carefully evaluated. Photoreactions in the 2 L glass bioreactors including light mediated increase in acidic variants in HCCF and formulation buffers were identified and carefully analyzed. While the acidic variants comprised of a mixture of sialylated, reduced disulfide, crosslinked (nonreducible), glycated, and deamidated forms, an increase in the nonreducible forms, deamidation and Met oxidation was predominantly observed under light stress. The monoclonal antibody produced in glass bioreactors that were protected from light behaved similar to the one produced in the larger scale. Our data clearly indicate that care should be taken when glass bioreactors are used in cell culture studies during monoclonal antibody production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mallaney
- Purification Department, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lackner C, Leydold SM, Modrof J, Farcet MR, Grillberger L, Schäfer B, Anderle H, Kreil TR. Reduction of spiked porcine circovirus during the manufacture of a Vero cell-derived vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:2056-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Nims RW, Plavsic M. Polyomavirus inactivation – A review. Biologicals 2013; 41:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
32
|
Nikolof T, Prakash M, Cleary PW, Bertolini J. Fluid flow in a spiral device used for irradiation of biological fluids. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:359-67. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Nikolof
- CSL Biotherapies; 189-209 Camp Road Broadmeadows VIC 3047 Australia
| | - Mahesh Prakash
- CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics, and Statistics; Private Bag 33 Clayton South VIC 3169 Australia
| | - Paul W Cleary
- CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics, and Statistics; Private Bag 33 Clayton South VIC 3169 Australia
| | - Joseph Bertolini
- CSL Biotherapies; 189-209 Camp Road Broadmeadows VIC 3047 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Bak J, Jørgensen TM, Helfmann J, Gravemann U, Vorontsova I. Potential In Vivo UVC Disinfection of Catheter Lumens: Estimation of the Doses Received by the Blood Flow Outside the Catheter Tip Hole. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:350-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Zhang B, Zheng L, Huang Y, Mo Q, Wang X, Qian K. Detection of Nucleic Acid Lesions During Photochemical Inactivation of RNA Viruses by Treatment with Methylene Blue and Light Using Real-time PCR. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:365-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
36
|
Lambeck AJ, Nijman HW, Hoogeboom BN, Regts J, de Mare A, Wilschut J, Daemen T. Role of T cell competition in the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity during viral vector-based immunization regimens. Vaccine 2010; 28:4275-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
37
|
Ziemer CJ, Bonner JM, Cole D, Vinjé J, Constantini V, Goyal S, Gramer M, Mackie R, Meng XJ, Myers G, Saif LJ. Fate and transport of zoonotic, bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens during swine manure treatment, storage, and land application. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:E84-94. [PMID: 20348375 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the public are always somewhat aware of foodborne and other zoonotic pathogens; however, recent illnesses traced to produce and the emergence of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus have increased the scrutiny on all areas of food production. The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology has recently published a comprehensive review of the fate and transport of zoonotic pathogens that can be associated with swine manure. The majority of microbes in swine manure are not zoonotic, but several bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens have been detected. Awareness of the potential zoonotic pathogens in swine manure and how treatment, storage, and handling affect their survival and their potential to persist in the environment is critical to ensure that producers and consumers are not at risk. This review discusses the primary zoonotic pathogens associated with swine manure, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, as well as their fate and transport. Because the ecology of microbes in swine waste is still poorly described, several recommendations for future research are made to better understand and reduce human health risks. These recommendations include examination of environmental and ecological conditions that contribute to off-farm transport and development of quantitative risk assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Ziemer
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mohr H, Gravemann U, Müller TH. Inactivation of pathogens in single units of therapeutic fresh plasma by irradiation with ultraviolet light. Transfusion 2009; 49:2144-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
Lorenz CM, Wolk BM, Quan CP, Alcala EW, Eng M, McDonald DJ, Matthews TC. The effect of low intensity ultraviolet-C light on monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:476-82. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
40
|
Yang Y, Leggat D, Herbert A, Roberts PC, Sundick RS. A novel method to incorporate bioactive cytokines as adjuvants on the surface of virus particles. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 29:9-22. [PMID: 19014337 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines have been used extensively as adjuvants in vaccines. However, practical considerations limit their use; diffusion from antigen, short half-lives and additional production costs. To address these problems we have developed a technology that efficiently produces inactivated, whole-virus influenza vaccine bearing membrane-bound cytokines. To provide "proof of principle," we chose chicken interleukin-2 (IL-2) and chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Fusion constructs were generated in which their coding regions were linked to the influenza virus transmembrane encoding domains of the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin genes, respectively. These fusion constructs were used to establish stable Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cell lines, constitutively expressing membrane-bound cytokine. Cell surface expression was verified by immunofluorescence and cytokine-specific bioassays. Influenza virus harvested from infected cytokine-bearing cells was purified, inactivated, and confirmed to include membrane-bound cytokine by immunofluorescence, Western blotting and bioassay. Cytokine bioactivity was preserved using several standard virus inactivation protocols. Both cytokine-bearing influenza vaccines are now being tested for immunogenicity in vivo. Initial experiments indicate that chickens injected with IL-2-bearing influenza have elevated antiviral antibody levels, compared to chickens given conventional vaccine. In conclusion, this technology offers a novel method to utilize cytokines and other immunostimulatory molecules as adjuvants for viral vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Yang
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pujols J, López-Soria S, Segalés J, Fort M, Sibila M, Rosell R, Solanes D, Russell L, Campbell J, Crenshaw J, Weaver E, Polo J. Lack of transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 to weanling pigs by feeding them spray-dried porcine plasma. Vet Rec 2009; 163:536-8. [PMID: 18978366 DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.18.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine whether spray-dried porcine plasma containing 2.47 x 10(5) dna copies of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) could infect weanling pigs when fed to them. Five specific pathogen-free (spf) weanling pigs were fed ad libitum for 45 days a control diet and six pigs were fed a test diet containing 8 kg sdpp per 100 kg feed. The two groups were housed in separate biosecurity level-3 rooms. None of the pigs in either group developed any clinical signs or became pcv-2 viraemic or seroconverted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pujols
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (cresa), Fundación uab-irta, Esfera uab, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhou JX, Tressel T, Yang X, Seewoester T. Implementation of advanced technologies in commercial monoclonal antibody production. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:1185-200. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
43
|
Michnik A, Michalik K, Drzazga Z. Effect of UVC radiation on conformational restructuring of human serum albumin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 90:170-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
44
|
Terpstra FG, van 't Wout AB, Schuitemaker H, van Engelenburg FA, Dekkers DW, Verhaar R, de Korte D, Verhoeven AJ. Potential and limitation of UVC irradiation for the inactivation of pathogens in platelet concentrates. Transfusion 2007; 48:304-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
45
|
Macleod AJ, Li Q, Bienek C, Foster PR. UV-C treatment of protein solutions. Biologicals 2007; 35:373. [PMID: 17254799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
46
|
Schmidt S, Kauling J. Process and Laboratory Scale UV Inactivation of Viruses and Bacteria Using an Innovative Coiled Tube Reactor. Chem Eng Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200700056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
47
|
Schmidt S, Kauling J. UV-Inaktivierung von Viren und Bakterien mit einem innovativen Wendelrohrreaktor im Labor- und Prozessmaßstab. CHEM-ING-TECH 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200600100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
48
|
Doyle JW, Johnson GL, Eshhar N, Hammond D. The use of rabbit polyclonal antibodies to assess neoantigenicity following viral reduction of an alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor preparation. Biologicals 2006; 34:199-207. [PMID: 16459099 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether the viral reduction processes of nanofiltration and solvent/detergent treatment used in the manufacture of alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (API) cause neoantigenic changes. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against the treated API and quantitatively absorbed with an affinity column containing API that had not undergone viral reduction treatment. Antibodies before and after absorption were measured in a validated ELISA using the immunogen for antibody capture. Antibodies against novel API epitopes were not found after antiserum from rabbits inoculated with treated API was absorbed with untreated API. A positive control, consisting of serum obtained from rabbits inoculated with trinitrophenylated API, showed substantial amounts of measurable antibody following absorption with untreated API. The results suggest that the viral reduction process used does not result in the creation of API neoantigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Doyle
- Plasma Derivatives Department, American Red Cross, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chan HL, Gaffney PR, Waterfield MD, Anderle H, Peter Matthiessen H, Schwarz HP, Turecek PL, Timms JF. Proteomic analysis of UVC irradiation-induced damage of plasma proteins: Serum amyloid P component as a major target of photolysis. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:3229-36. [PMID: 16697377 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation is a pathogen inactivation method used for disinfection of pharmaceutical products derived from human blood. Previous studies have shown that UVC can potentially damage proteins through photolysis or can generate reactive species resulting in protein thiol oxidation. In this study, two fluorescence-based quantitative proteomic approaches were used to assess the effects of a novel UVC-disinfection strategy on human plasma fractions. We show minimal changes in protein content, but gross alterations in protein thiol reactivity, indicative of oxidative damage. We identify a number of the damaged proteins by mass spectrometry, including serum amyloid P component, and further demonstrate UVC-induced photolysis of its disulphide bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lin Chan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Buchacher A, Iberer G. Purification of intravenous immunoglobulin G from human plasma – aspects of yield and virus safety. Biotechnol J 2006; 1:148-63. [PMID: 16892245 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200500037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-derived intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations have been successfully applied for the prophylactic prevention of infectious diseases in immunodeficient patients. In addition to its replacement therapy of primary and secondary antibody deficiencies, IVIG has found increased use in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. IVIG has become the major plasma product on the global blood product market. The world wide consumption nearly tripled between 1992 and 2003, from 19.4 to 52.6 tons. Classical manufacturing processes of IVIG, but also new strategies for purification are discussed with respect to practicability and yield. Ethanol fractionation is still the basis for most IVIG processes, although isolation and purification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) by chromatography has gained ground. The efficiency of virus inactivation methods and virus removal techniques in terms of logarithmic reduction factors are analyzed, but also the IgG losses are taken into consideration. Some of these methods also have the ability to separate prions. High pathogen safety and high yields have become the dominant goals of the plasma fractionation industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Buchacher
- Octapharma Pharmazeutika Produktions GmbH, Oberlaaerstrasse 235, 1100 Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|