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Kawahara M, Cody TT, Yanong RPE, Henderson E, Yazdi Z, Soto E. Francisella sciaenopsi sp. nov. isolated from diseased red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in Florida, USA. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 159:79-89. [PMID: 39145474 DOI: 10.3354/dao03803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Piscine francisellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases affecting various fish species worldwide. Francisella orientalis, F. noatunensis, and F. salimarina (F. marina) have been reported as etiological agents of disease in fish. A Francisella sp. was isolated from several diseased red drum Sciaenops ocellatus experiencing morbidity in Florida, USA, in 2008. In this study, molecular and phenotypic characterization of the recovered isolate was conducted. Phenotypically, the isolate showed a biochemical reaction profile distinct from that of F. orientalis and F. salimarina. Although the 16S rRNA sequence of this isolate shared 99.61% identity to the type strain of F. philomiragia O#319LT, whole genome analysis (average nucleotide identity <95%; digital DNA-DNA hybridization <70%) and a multilocus sequence analysis of 8 concatenated housekeeping genes in comparison with other Francisella spp. indicated that this isolate was a novel Francisella species, more closely related to F. orientalis. Immersion, intracoelomic injection, and co-habitation challenges using a Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerling model of infection were done to investigate virulence in a piscine model. Variably pigmented granulomas and pigmented macrophage aggregates were observed in the kidneys and spleens of the challenged fish, but no mortality was recorded during the 15 d challenge period, suggesting that this novel Francisella sp. might be an opportunistic pathogen of fish. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic differences from other Francisella spp. observed in this study, we propose the name Francisella sciaenopsi sp. nov. for this novel isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miku Kawahara
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Theresa T Cody
- Fish and Wildlife Health, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA
| | - Roy P E Yanong
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida 33570, USA
| | - Eileen Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ofek T, Izhaki I, Halpern M. Aeromonashydrophila infection in tilapia triggers changes in the microbiota composition of fish internal organs. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad137. [PMID: 37881004 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a major pathogenic species that causes mass mortality in various freshwater fish species including hybrid tilapia, the main fish species in Israeli aquaculture. Our hypothesis was that A. hydrophila infection may cause changes in the microbiota composition of fish internal organs, and therefore we aimed to study the effect of A. hydrophila infection by injection or by net handling on the microbiota compositions of fish intestine, spleen, and liver. Significant differences in the microbiota composition were found between the internal organs of the diseased and the healthy fish in both experimental setups. Fusobacteriota was the most dominant phylum in the microbiota of healthy fish (∼70%, liver). Cetobacterium was the most abundant genus and relatively more abundant in healthy, compared to diseased fish. When A. hydrophila was inoculated by injection, it was the only pathogenic genus in the spleen and liver of the diseased fish. However, in the handling experiment, Vibrio was also detected in the diseased fish, demonstrating coinfection interactions. Based on these experiments, we conclude that indeed, A. hydrophila infection in tilapia causes changes in the microbiota composition of fish internal organs, and that fish net handling may trigger bacterial infection in freshwater aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Ofek
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khoushi Ave. Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
- Central Fish Health Laboratory, Fishery and Aquaculture Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 1 Havazelet St. Nir David 1080300, Israel
| | - Ido Izhaki
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khoushi Ave. Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Malka Halpern
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khoushi Ave. Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Derech Kiryat Amal, Tivon 3600600, Israel
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Rajendran KV, Sood N, Rao BM, Valsalam A, Bedekar MK, Jeena K, Pradhan PK, Paria A, Swaminathan TR, Verma DK, Sood NK. Widespread occurrence of Tilapia parvovirus in farmed Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus from India. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023. [PMID: 37818735 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia parvovirus (TiPV) has been associated with heavy mortalities in tilapia as a single infection or in co-infection with Tilapia lake virus (TiLV). In this study, TiPV was detected in farmed Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, from two geographical regions of India, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. TiPV-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reported earlier was used in the screening. Tilapia collected from Maharashtra showed characteristic clinical signs, and TiPV was detected along with TiLV and/or Aeromonas spp. However, fish from Uttar Pradesh were apparently healthy and only TiPV could be detected in these samples. A high prevalence of TiPV was recorded from both the geographical locations, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh (59.6% and 95.0% respectively). The virus could be detected in tissues such as the spleen, liver, kidney, brain and mucus. The spleen appeared to be the best tissue for detecting TiPV in apparently healthy tilapia. The presence of TiPV was further confirmed through sequencing the PCR products, isolation of the virus in the cell line and electron microscopy. Sequences of the NS1 gene of the two TiPV isolates showed similarity to the earlier reported TiPV isolates. The virus could be successfully propagated in O. niloticus Liver (OnL) cell line, and cytopathic effect was observed as early as 3 days post-infection. Furthermore, the presence of non-enveloped icosahedral to round virus particles measuring about 26-35 nm could be demonstrated in the cytoplasm and nucleus of infected OnL cells in transmission electron microscopy. With this confirmation of the presence of the virus, India is the third country to report TiPV after China and Thailand. The detection of TiPV in co-infection cases with TiLV and in apparently healthy Nile tilapia suggests its wide distribution and potential synergistic effect in co-infection cases. Therefore, this emerging virus needs holistic attention to understand its virulence, host-specificity and epidemiological risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - B Madhusudhana Rao
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Maharashtra, Mumbai, India
| | - Anisha Valsalam
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Maharashtra, Mumbai, India
| | - Megha K Bedekar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Maharashtra, Mumbai, India
| | - Kezhedath Jeena
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Maharashtra, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Dev Kumar Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Sood
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Punjab, Ludhiana, India
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Bouras H, Quesnelle Y, Barozet A, Goux D, Blin JL, Savary M, Zatylny-Gaudin C, Houssin M. First isolation of Francisella halioticida strains from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) in Normandy, France. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 200:107950. [PMID: 37301277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mass mortality events affecting the blue mussels Mytilus edulis have been observed in France since 2014. The DNA of the bacterium Francisella halioticida, reported as pathogen of giant abalone (Haliotis gigantea) and Yesso scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) has been detected recently in mussels from areas suffering mortalities. Isolation of this bacterium was attempted from individuals collected during mortality events. Identification was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, real-time specific PCR and MALDI-ToF using spectra produced from the strain 8472-13A isolated from diseased Yesso scallop in Canada. Five isolates were identified as F. halioticida by real-time specific PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. MALDI-ToF allowed the direct identification of four isolates (FR22a,b,c,d) which had 100% identity on the 16S rRNA gene with the known strains. On the other hand, one isolate (FR21) was not recognized by MALDI-ToF and had 99.9% identity on the 16S rRNA gene. The FR22 isolates showed difficult growth and required media optimization, which was not the case with the FR21 isolate. For these reasons, it was hypothesized that two type strains are present on French coasts, named FR21 and FR22. The FR21 isolate was selected for phenotypic analysis (growth curve, biochemical characteristics, electron microscopy), phylogenetic analysis and an experimental challenge. This isolate showed distinct differences compared to published F. halioticida strains, both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Experimental infections of adult mussels led to 36% mortalities in 23 days following intramuscular injection with 3 × 107 CFU while a lower dose (3 × 103 CFU) did not lead to significant mortalities. In the context of this study, the strain FR21 was not virulent towards adult mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bouras
- Université de Caen-Normandie, Sorbonne Université, MNHN, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France; LABÉO, Research department; 1 Route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.
| | - Yann Quesnelle
- LABÉO, Research department; 1 Route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France
| | - Alix Barozet
- LABÉO, Research department; 1 Route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France
| | - Didier Goux
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CMAbio3 (Centre de Microscopie Appliquée à la Biologie), SF EMerode, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France; Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, UMR 6508 CRISMAT, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Jean-Louis Blin
- Synergie Mer et Littoral (SMEL), Zone Conchylicole, Blainville-sur-mer, France
| | - Manuel Savary
- Comité Régional de Conchyliculture (CRC) Normandie-Mer du Nord, 35 rue du littoral, 50560 Gouville-sur-Mer, France
| | - Céline Zatylny-Gaudin
- Université de Caen-Normandie, Sorbonne Université, MNHN, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Maryline Houssin
- Université de Caen-Normandie, Sorbonne Université, MNHN, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France; LABÉO, Research department; 1 Route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France
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5
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da Silva VG, Favero LM, Mainardi RM, Ferrari NA, Chideroli RT, Di Santis GW, de Souza FP, da Costa AR, Gonçalves DD, Nuez-Ortin WG, Isern-Subich MM, de Oliveira-Junior AG, Lopera-Barrero NM, Pereira UDP. Effect of an organic acid blend in Nile tilapia growth performance, immunity, gut microbiota, and resistance to challenge against francisellosis. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:214-224. [PMID: 37167686 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids (OAs) are a class of feed additives that have prophylactic and inhibitory properties against pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we investigated growth performance, innate immune response, gut microbiota, and disease resistance against Francisella orientalis F1 in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different doses of Bacti-nil®Aqua, a blend of short- and medium-chain OAs. For 21 days, 680 juvenile tilapias were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with a 0.3% (D3) or 0.5% (D5) OA blend. The feed conversion rate of fish fed the 0.5% enriched diet was considerably lower (p < 0.05) than that of the fish fed the basal diet. Lysozyme and serum bactericidal activities were significantly elevated following OA administration. After infection, no differences in the diversity and composition of gut microbiota were observed between the groups. After the bacterial challenge, the mortality was significantly lower in group D5 (p < 0.01). The diet supplemented with Bacti-nil®Aqua (Adisseo) improved the immune response and resistance of tilapia juveniles against F. orientalis infection. Thus, this OA blend could serve as a feed additive with good activity against F. orientalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mantovani Favero
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Raffaella Menegheti Mainardi
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Natália Amoroso Ferrari
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Roberta Torres Chideroli
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Giovana Wingeter Di Santis
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Arthur Roberto da Costa
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Daniela Dib Gonçalves
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Paranaense University, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulisses de Pádua Pereira
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
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Paredes-Trujillo A, Mendoza-Carranza M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between farm management, water quality and pathogen outbreaks in tilapia culture. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1529-1548. [PMID: 35830271 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis of on farm management and water quality as risk factors triggering pathogen outbreaks in tilapia culture is presented. A total of 121 papers from 28 countries, 37 devoted to management and 84 to water quality associated with the presence of pathogens in tilapia culture were analysed. Most of research has been made on ponds, focusing on bacteria and metazoans. Meta-analysis reveals the proportion of research showing statistical inferences between management (34%), water quality (38% for bacteria and 16.2% for metazoans) and pathogen outbreaks. The most cited parameters related to pathogens outbreaks were temperature (>30°C), dissolved oxygen (<5.0 mg/L), pH (<8.0) and ammonia (1.0 >mg/L) 65, 38, 32 and 34 papers, respectively. However, statistical inference was <20%. Meta-analysis reveals tendencies between high temperatures (30-35°C), low dissolved oxygen (<5 mg/L) and high NH3 (1-5 mg/L) with pathogen outbreaks. Despite the knowledge about the relationship between management and water quality as factors for pathogen effects, most information is descriptive and empirical. Future research on tilapia culture outbreaks should be focused on the effects of multiple stressors affecting tilapia pathogen outbreaks, thereby generating strategies to prevent diseases and financial losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Paredes-Trujillo
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Acuícola, Instituto de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanográfia del Golfo de México - EPOMEX, Campus 6, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Manuel Mendoza-Carranza
- Laboratorio de Ecología Trófica, Instituto de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanográfia del Golfo de México - EPOMEX, Campus 6, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur-ECOSUR, Villahermosa, Mexico
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de Alexandre Sebastião F, Hansen JD, Soto E. Evaluation of Francisella orientalis ΔpdpA as a Live Attenuated Vaccine against Piscine Francisellosis in Nile Tilapia. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2022; 34:134-139. [PMID: 35997232 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Francisella orientalis is an important bacterial pathogen of marine and freshwater fish with worldwide distribution. Fish francisellosis is a severe subacute to chronic granulomatous disease, with high mortalities and high infectivity rates in cultured and wild fish. To date, there is no approved vaccine for this disease. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a defined F. orientalis pathogenicity determinant protein A (pdpA) mutant (ΔpdpA) as a live attenuated immersion vaccine against subsequent immersion challenge with the wild-type organism. Immunized Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were protected (45% relative percent survival) from the lethal challenges and presented significantly lower mortality than nonvaccinated and challenged treatments. Although serum IgM was significantly higher in immunized fish, similar bacterial loads were detected in vaccinated and nonvaccinated survivors. In conclusion, although the F. orientalis ΔpdpA is attenuated and effectively stimulated an adaptive immune response, the low relative percent survival and high bacterial persistence in survivors of immunized and challenged treatments indicates low suitability of ΔpdpA as a mucosal vaccine for tilapia under conditions used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Alexandre Sebastião
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - John D Hansen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98115, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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Ofek T, Lalzar M, Izhaki I, Halpern M. Intestine and spleen microbiota composition in healthy and diseased tilapia. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:50. [PMID: 35964144 PMCID: PMC9375283 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria within the gut microbiome of various organisms, including fish, provide the host with several functions that improve the immune system. Although the spleen plays an important role in the modulation of immune responses, the role of spleen microbiota in shaping the immune system is unclear. Our study aimed at understanding the relationship between fish health and microbiota composition in the intestine and spleen. Our model organism was the hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis aureus × Oreochromis niloticus). We sampled intestine and spleen from healthy and diseased adult tilapia and determined their microbiota composition by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Significant differences were found between the intestine and the spleen microbiota composition of healthy compared to diseased fish as well as between intestines and spleens of fish with the same health condition. The microbiota diversity of healthy fish compared to diseased fish was significantly different as well. In the intestine of healthy fish, Cetobacterium was the most abundant genus while Mycoplasma was the most abundant genus in the spleen. Vibrio was the most abundant genus in the intestine and spleen of diseased fish. Moreover, it seems that there is a co-infection interaction between Vibrio and Aeromonas, which was reflected in the spleen of diseased fish. While Vibrio, Aeromonas and Streptococcus were the probable pathogens in the diseased fish, the role of Mycoplasma as a pathogen of cultured hybrid tilapia remains uncertain. We conclude that the intestine and spleen microbiota composition is strongly related to the health condition of the fish.
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Thangsunan P, Kitiyodom S, Srisapoome P, Pirarat N, Yata T, Thangsunan P, Boonrungsiman S, Bunnoy A, Rodkhum C. Novel development of cationic surfactant-based mucoadhesive nanovaccine for direct immersion vaccination against Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis in red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:1051-1060. [PMID: 35872335 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is one of the infectious diseases that causes economic losses associated with tilapia mortality. Even though direct immersion administration of vaccines is more practicable for small fish and fry compared with oral and injection vaccination in the fields, the efficacy is still insufficient due to lower potency of antigen uptake. Herein, we accomplished the development of a mucoadhesive nanovaccine platform using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, to improve the efficiency of immersion vaccination against Fno in tilapia. Cationic Fno nanovaccine (CAT-Fno-NV) was prepared though emulsification using an ultrasonic method. In our investigation, the CAT-Fno-NV increased the opportunity of Fno vaccine uptake by extending the contact time between vaccine and mucosal surface of fish gills and enhancing the protective efficacy against Fno infection. Fish were vaccinated with the CAT-Fno-NV by a direct immersion protocol. The challenge trial by Fno injection revealed that CAT-Fno-NV at the concentration 1:100 ratio (approximately 1 × 106 cfu/mL) had the highest efficacy to protect fish from Fno infection at day 30 after post challenge period according to the total number of Fno detected in head kidney, spleen and liver. A significant upregulation of IgM gene was observed in gills, skin, head kidney, serum and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and spleen tissues treated with WC and CAT-Fno-NV (1:100) vaccines, while IgT gene was highly expressed in only gills and skin tissues for treated WC and CAT-Fno-NV (1:100) groups. We anticipate that the cationic surfactant-based nanovaccine developed in this study could become an efficient alternative for direct immersion vaccination to induce humoral immune responses against Fno in vaccinated tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharapong Thangsunan
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirikorn Kitiyodom
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nopadon Pirarat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pattanapong Thangsunan
- Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Suwimon Boonrungsiman
- National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Anurak Bunnoy
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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10
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Oliveira TF, Quieróz GA, Leibowitz MP, Gomes Leal CA. Development of an inactivated whole cell vaccine through immersion for immunoprophylaxis of Francisella orientalis infections in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fingerlings and juveniles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:405-411. [PMID: 35772679 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Francisella orientalis infections, known as francisellosis, are one of the most important diseases affecting the production of Nile tilapia, causing high mortality rates in the most susceptible fish stages: fingerlings and juveniles. Antibiotic therapy is the method of choice for treating the disease, as there are no commercially available vaccines. In this study, we developed an inactivated whole-cell vaccine using an isolate of F. orientalis in combination with the aqueous adjuvant Montanide IMS 1312 VG, which was administered to Nile tilapia through immersion. Two immunization trials (1 and 2) were conducted with fish at the fingerling and juvenile stages. For each trial, five different experimental groups were established: a complete vaccine (bacterin in combination with aqueous adjuvant), bacterin, aqueous adjuvant, and positive and negative controls. Thirty days after vaccination, an experimental challenge was performed through intraperitoneal injection of the same F. orientalis isolate. As a result, the vaccinated fingerlings were the only group in which mortality and progression of clinical signs of francisellosis were statistically significantly reduced, although relative percentage of survival (RPS) was low at 50%. In the juvenile group, RPS was higher at 63%, but not statistically significant. Nevertheless, an RPS of only 50% is acceptable for using vaccines in the field. The bacterin and adjuvant treatments alone were not effective, showing an RPS of 37% and 0%, respectively. Post-vaccination mortality was observed in the group exposed only to the adjuvant, which may indicate excessive immune stimulation at this stage. Interestingly, the immune response elicited by the vaccine was unable to eliminate the pathogen from the host; therefore, the surviving animals became carriers. Although the immune response elicited by the vaccine was unable to eliminate the pathogen from the host, this vaccine formulation could be a viable alternative for use in the field and serve as another means of controlling the mortality caused by the pathogen. Our study provides the first report of vaccination, using immersion, against francisellosis at the most susceptible stages of farmed Nile tilapia. Future studies should address the efficiency of immersion vaccines under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís F Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme A Quieróz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcia P Leibowitz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Gomes Leal
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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11
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Díaz-Ibarrola D, Martínez D, Vargas-Lagos C, Saravia J, Vargas-Chacoff L. Transcriptional modulation of immune genes in gut of Sub-Antarctic notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus challenged with Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:56-65. [PMID: 35367625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The search for functional foods that improve the immune response has traditionally been focused on lymphoid tissue and the intestinal mucosa. However, it is unknown whether there is a different immune response in different portions of the gut following exposure to a bacterial pathogen. We challenged Eleginops maclovinus intraperitoneally (i.p) with Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis and measured mRNA transcripts related to innate and adaptive immune responses in different parts of the gut (foregut, midgut and hindgut). We used control (i.p only with bacterial culture medium), low dose (i.p of F. noatunensis at 1 × 101 bact/μL), medium dose (i.p of F. noatunensis at 1 × 105 bact/μL) and high dose (i.p of F. noatunensis at 1 × 1010 bact/μL) groups in our experiments. We sampled fish at days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-injection. We observed tissue-specific expression of TLR1, TLR5, TLR8, MHCI, MHCII and IgM, and transcription of these immune markers was lower in foregut and higher in midgut and hindgut. We detected Francisella genetic material (DNA) in fish stimulated with a high dose from day 1-28 in foregut, midgut, and hindgut. However, we could only detect Francisella DNA in fish stimulated the medium and low dose at later timepoints in the foregut (21-28 days post injection "dpi") and hindgut (low dose from day 7-28 dpi). Our results suggest that the immune responses to bacterial pathogens occur throughout the gut, but certain segments may be more susceptible to infection because of their cellular morphology (anterior, middle and posterior).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Díaz-Ibarrola
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Danixa Martínez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Vargas-Lagos
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Julia Saravia
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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12
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Suphoronski SA, de Souza FP, Chideroli RT, Mantovani Favero L, Ferrari NA, Ziemniczak HM, Gonçalves DD, Lopera Barrero NM, Pereira UDP. Effect of Enterococcus faecium as a Water and/or Feed Additive on the Gut Microbiota, Hematologic and Immunological Parameters, and Resistance Against Francisellosis and Streptococcosis in Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:743957. [PMID: 34659177 PMCID: PMC8519173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.743957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the effects of administering Enterococcus faecium in food and/or water on the hematological and immunological parameters, intestinal microbiota, resistance to bacterial diseases (streptococcosis and francisellosis) and growth of Nile tilapia. Before the in vivo experiment, probiotic bacteria isolated from Nile tilapia were selected via inhibition tests. Sequencing, annotation, and assembly of the complete genome of the selected bacteria as well as other tests were performed using bioinformatics tools. Three treatments were implemented: G1 (probiotic feeding), G2 (probiotic in water), and G3 (probiotic in food and water); and a negative control (NC) was also employed. Treatment lasted 38 days, and each group consisted of fish and two repetitions. The fish were divided and infected with Streptococcus agalactiae S13 (serotype Ib) and Francisella orientalis. The G1 group had a higher average final weight gain than the G2, G3, and NC groups. Further, a significant increase in the number of thrombocytes was observed in the groups administered probiotics in the diet (G1 and G3). A statistical difference was observed in the mortality of fish infected with S. agalactiae in the NC compared to the treated groups. Cetobacterium was the 43 most abundant genus in the intestinal microbiota of all groups, including the NC group. E. faecium increased the immunity of fish administered the treatment and decreased the mortality caused by S. agalactiae. As an autochtone probiotic, E. faecium does not interfere with the local ecosystem and thus has a great probiotic potential for Nile tilapia in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Aparecida Suphoronski
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pinheiro de Souza
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Roberta Torres Chideroli
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mantovani Favero
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Natália Amoroso Ferrari
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Henrique Momo Ziemniczak
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Daniela Dib Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science With Emphasis on Bioactive Products, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, Brazil
| | - Nelson Mauricio Lopera Barrero
- Laboratory of Center for Study and Research in Aquaculture and Genetics, Department of Animal Science, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ulisses de Padua Pereira
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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13
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Hansen JD, Ray K, Chen PJ, Yun S, Elliott DG, Conway CM, Calcutt MJ, Purcell MK, Welch TJ, Bellah JP, Davis EM, Greer JB, Soto E. Disruption of the Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis pdpA Gene Results in Virulence Attenuation and Protection in Zebrafish. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0022021. [PMID: 34424748 PMCID: PMC8519269 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00220-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Francisella spp., including Francisella noatunensis, are regarded as important emerging pathogens of wild and farmed fish. However, very few studies have investigated the virulence factors that allow these bacterial species to be pathogenic in fish. The Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI) is a well-described, gene-dense region encoding major virulence factors for the genus Francisella. pdpA is a member of the pathogenicity-determining protein genes carried by the FPI that are implicated in the ability of the mammalian pathogen Francisella tularensis to escape and replicate in infected host cells. Using a sacB suicide approach, we generated pdpA knockouts to address the role of PdpA as a virulence factor for F. noatunensis. Because polarity can be an issue in gene-dense regions, we generated two different marker-based mutants in opposing polarity (the F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis ΔpdpA1 and ΔpdpA2 strains). Both mutants were attenuated (P < 0.0001) in zebrafish challenges and displayed impaired intracellular replication (P < 0.05) and cytotoxicity (P < 0.05), all of which could be restored to wild-type (WT) levels by complementation for the ΔpdpA1 mutant. Importantly, differences were found for bacterial burden and induction of acute-phase and proinflammatory genes for the F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis ΔpdpA1 and ΔpdpA2 mutants compared to the WT during acute infection. In addition, neither mutant resulted in significant histopathological changes. Finally, immunization with the F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis ΔpdpA1 mutant led to protection (P < 0.012) against an acute 40% lethal dose (LD40) challenge with WT F. noatunensis in the zebrafish model of infection. Taken together, the results from this study further demonstrate physiological similarities within the genus Francisella relative to their phylogenetic relationships and the utility of zebrafish for addressing virulence factors for the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Hansen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karina Ray
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Po-Jui Chen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan Yun
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California—Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Diane G. Elliott
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carla M. Conway
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael J. Calcutt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maureen K. Purcell
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy J. Welch
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - John P. Bellah
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ellie M. Davis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Justin B. Greer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California—Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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14
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Chang CH, Poudyal S, Pulpipat T, Wang PC, Chen SC. Pathological Manifestations of Francisella orientalis in the Green Texas Cichlid ( Herichthys cyanoguttatus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082284. [PMID: 34438742 PMCID: PMC8388529 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The following study demonstrates the pathological manifestations of an emerging virulent bacterium, Francisella orientalis, in an ornamental cichlid fish, the green Texas cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus). This study was conducted to prove that Francisella orientalis can cause a disease in the green Texas cichlid that is similar to natural infection. Francisella orientalis was discovered for the first time in green Texas cichlid by our team in Taiwan in 2015. The present study simply tried to prove the susceptibility of Francisella orientalis in green Texas cichlid by conducting a challenge experiment, where healthy fish were injected with a dose of the bacteria. After the challenge, the healthy fish showed the same disease progression as was seen in the case of natural outbreak. The mortality rate, clinical symptoms, gross findings, and histopathological findings were similar to natural infection. Francisella orientalis could also be recovered in artificial media from challenged fish, thus indicating that the bacteria had multiplied inside the fish. These findings prove that green Texas cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus) is susceptible to Francisela orientalis, and new management and vaccination strategies are necessary in the farming of this fish. This study also helps by adding to the knowledge of the growing host base for Francisella orientalis. Abstract Francisella orientalis (Fo) is considered to be one of the major pathogens of tilapia because of the high mortalities observed during outbreaks. Other cichlids belonging to the same family (Cichlidae) as tilapia are also quite susceptible to this pathogen. On various occasions, Fo has also been isolated from other warm water fish, including three-line grunt, hybrid striped bass, French grunt, Caesar grunt, and Indo-Pacific reef fish. However, only a few studies have reported the pathogenicity of Francisella orientalis in ornamental cichlid fish. This study fulfills Koch’s postulates by showing that a strain of Fo obtained from green Texas cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus) was able to produce the same pathogenicity in healthy fish. A mortality of 100% was observed after healthy green Texas cichlid were experimentally injected with Fo at a dose of 8.95 × 105 CFU/fish. DNA extracted from the organs of predilection (spleen, head kidney) gave positive results by PCR for all fish that died during the experimental period. Spleen and head kidney presented with multifocal white nodules in the affected fish, corresponding to typical vacuolated granulomas on histopathological examination of the tissues. Based on the results of this study, it is evident that Fo can indeed infect green Texas cichlid and produce a disease typical of francisellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Sayuj Poudyal
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Theeraporn Pulpipat
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Research Center for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-C.W.); (S.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-8-7740569 (P.-C.W. & S.-C.C.)
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Research Center for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-C.W.); (S.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-8-7740569 (P.-C.W. & S.-C.C.)
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15
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The Use of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles for Immunization against Francisellosis in Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) and Atlantic Cod ( Gadus morhua L.). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010034. [PMID: 33435503 PMCID: PMC7827370 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisellosis in fish is caused by the facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacterial pathogens Francisella noatunensis ssp. noatunensis and Francisella orientalis. The disease is affecting both farmed and wild fish worldwide and no commercial vaccines are currently available. In this study, we tested isolated membrane vesicles (MVs) as possible vaccine candidates based on previous trials in zebrafish (Danio rerio) indicating promising vaccine efficacy. Here, the MV vaccine-candidates were tested in their natural hosts, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Injection of MVs did not display any toxicity or other negative influence on the fish and gene expression analysis indicated an influence on the host immune response. However, unlike in other tested fish species, a protective immunity following vaccine application and immunization period could not be detected in the Atlantic cod or tilapia. Further in vivo studies are required to achieve a better understanding of the development of immunological memory in different fish species.
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16
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Cano I, Ryder D, Webb SC, Jones BJ, Brosnahan CL, Carrasco N, Bodinier B, Furones D, Pretto T, Carella F, Chollet B, Arzul I, Cheslett D, Collins E, Lohrmann KB, Valdivia AL, Ward G, Carballal MJ, Villalba A, Marigómez I, Mortensen S, Christison K, Kevin WC, Bustos E, Christie L, Green M, Feist SW. Cosmopolitan Distribution of Endozoicomonas-Like Organisms and Other Intracellular Microcolonies of Bacteria Causing Infection in Marine Mollusks. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:577481. [PMID: 33193196 PMCID: PMC7661492 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.577481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular microcolonies of bacteria (IMC), in some cases developing large extracellular cysts (bacterial aggregates), infecting primarily gill and digestive gland, have been historically reported in a wide diversity of economically important mollusk species worldwide, sometimes associated with severe lesions and mass mortality events. As an effort to characterize those organisms, traditionally named as Rickettsia or Chlamydia-like organisms, 1950 specimens comprising 22 mollusk species were collected over 10 countries and after histology examination, a selection of 99 samples involving 20 species were subjected to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed Endozoicomonadaceae sequences in all the mollusk species analyzed. Geographical differences in the distribution of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and a particular OTU associated with pathology in king scallop (OTU_2) were observed. The presence of Endozoicomonadaceae sequences in the IMC was visually confirmed by in situ hybridization (ISH) in eight selected samples. Sequencing data also indicated other symbiotic bacteria. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of those OTUs revealed a novel microbial diversity associated with molluskan IMC infection distributed among different taxa, including the phylum Spirochetes, the families Anaplasmataceae and Simkaniaceae, the genera Mycoplasma and Francisella, and sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts. Sequences like Francisella halioticida/philomiragia and Candidatus Brownia rhizoecola were also obtained, however, in the absence of ISH studies, the association between those organisms and the IMCs were not confirmed. The sequences identified in this study will allow for further molecular characterization of the microbial community associated with IMC infection in marine mollusks and their correlation with severity of the lesions to clarify their role as endosymbionts, commensals or true pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - David Ryder
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brian J Jones
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Cara L Brosnahan
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Noelia Carrasco
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Barbara Bodinier
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Dolors Furones
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Chollet
- SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire De Génétique Et Pathologie Des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire De Génétique Et Pathologie Des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | | | | | - Karin B Lohrmann
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Centro Innovación Acuícola Aquapacífico, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Ana L Valdivia
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Centro Innovación Acuícola Aquapacífico, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Georgia Ward
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - María J Carballal
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Spain
| | - Ionan Marigómez
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Spain
| | | | - Kevin Christison
- Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wakeman C Kevin
- Institute for International Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eduardo Bustos
- Centro Acuícola Pesquero de Investigación Aplicada (CAPIA), Universidad Santo Tomás, Sede Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Lyndsay Christie
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Green
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W Feist
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
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17
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Shahin K, Pirezan F, Rogge M, LaFrentz BR, Shrestha RP, Hildebrand M, Lu F, HogenEsch H, Soto E. Development of IglC and GroEL recombinant vaccines for francisellosis in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:341-349. [PMID: 32712230 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Warm-water piscine francisellosis is a granulomatous bacterial disease caused by Francisella orientalis (Fo). The disease has been detected in a wide range of fish species globally, causing mortalities as high as 90% and significant economic losses. Currently there are no commercially available vaccines and few treatment options exist. In the current study, two novel recombinant vaccines were prepared using diatom-expressed IglC or bacterial-expressed GroEL proteins. The vaccine antigens were emulsified with either nanoparticles or a commercially available oil-based adjuvant. Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings were immunized intracoelomically with the recombinant IglC or GroEL vaccines, diatoms alone or phosphate buffer saline. Approximately 840-degree days post-vaccination, fish were challenged via immersion with 106 CFU/mL of wild-type Fo. Twenty-one days post challenge (dpc), the highest relative percent survival was recorded in the IglC-Montanide group (75%), compared to 53%, 50%, 22%, 19% and 16% in the IglC-nanoparticles, GroEL-Montanide, GroEL-nanoparticles, diatoms-Montanide and diatoms-nanoparticles groups, respectively. Protection correlated with significantly higher specific antibody responses in the IglC-Montanide group. Moreover, a significantly lower bacterial load was detected in spleen samples from the IglC-Montanide survivor tilapia compared to the other experimental groups. This is the first report of recombinant vaccines against piscine francisellosis in tilapia. The Fo vaccines described in our study may facilitate development of a safe, cost-effective and highly protective vaccine against francisellosis in farmed tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Felipe Pirezan
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Matt Rogge
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, USA
| | | | - Roshan P Shrestha
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Hildebrand
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fangjia Lu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 95616, Davis, CA, USA.
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18
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Rojas JJ, Vargas-Lagos C, Martínez D, Oyarzún-Salazar R, Pontigo JP, Morera F, Vargas-Chacoff L. Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis triggers calcium metabolism gene modulation in Eleginops maclovinus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 250:110805. [PMID: 32927078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis is the responsible agent of Francisellosis, a bacterial disease that affects an important amount of aquatic farmed species. Eleginops maclovinus is a fish that cohabits with salmonids cages in Chile and can also act as a vector of this bacterial disease. In the present study, we evaluated calcium metabolism in the liver of E. maclovinus injected intraperitoneally with different doses of F. noatunensis subsp. noatunensis (low 1.5 × 101, medium 1.5 × 105 and high doses 1.5 × 1010 cells/μL). Fish were sampled at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post injection (dpi). No mortalities nor clinical signs were observed. Plasma calcium levels were higher in the high doses group of F. noatunensis subsp. noatunensis at day 7 and 14 compared to the control group (fish injected with bacterial medium alone). Hypercalcemic factors increased at day 14 and 21 for the medium and low dose (parathyroid hormone-related protein precursor), while vitamin D3 receptor increased its expression at times 1, 3 and 7 for the low dose. On the other hand, hypocalcemic factors such as calcitonin receptor and stanniocalcin increased its expression at time 7 and 14, respectively. Calmodulin involved in calcium storage decreased its expression during all experimental days in fish subjected to high bacterial dose. Proteins involved in calcium transport, such as L-type voltage-gated calcium channel and trpv5 increased their transcription at day 1 and 14, compared to calcium sensing-receptor and plasma membrane Ca2 +- ATPase that showed peak expression at times 14 and 28. The results suggest a clear alteration of calcium metabolism, mainly in high bacterial doses. This study provides new knowledge about the calcium metabolism in fish infected with bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP-IDEAL, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Carolina Vargas-Lagos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP-IDEAL, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Danixa Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP-IDEAL, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún-Salazar
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP-IDEAL, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Francisco Morera
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP-IDEAL, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Poudyal S, Pulpipat T, Wang PC, Chen SC. Comparison of the pathogenicity of Francisella orientalis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) through experimental intraperitoneal infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1097-1106. [PMID: 32700447 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Francisella orientalis is a highly virulent, emerging bacterium that causes mass mortalities in tilapia. This pathogen also affects numerous other warm-water fish species, including three-line grunt, hybrid striped bass and various ornamental fish. This study sheds light on two new species of fish that are susceptible to F. orientalis. Asian seabass and largemouth bass showed variable levels of susceptibility in a bacterial challenge experiment. After intraperitoneally injected with a dose of 106 CFU/fish, a total of 64.28% and 21.42% mortalities were obtained in Asian seabass and largemouth bass, respectively. Meanwhile, Nile tilapia showed acute mortality of 100%. All fish showed typical lesions of francisellosis, including multifocal granulomas in the spleen and head kidney. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong positive signals inside the granulomas of all fish. The bacterial recovery in solid media from infected fish was highest in Nile tilapia (85.71%), followed by Asian seabass (35.71%) and largemouth bass (21.42%). PCR results tested 100% positive for Nile tilapia, and 78.57% and 21.42% for Asian seabass and largemouth bass, respectively. In conclusion, Asian seabass and largemouth bass are susceptible to this pathogen, which warrants new management strategies when employing predation polyculture systems of these species with tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuj Poudyal
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Theeraporn Pulpipat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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20
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Nguyen VV, Dong HT, Senapin S, Kayansamruaj P, Pirarat N, Rung-Ruangkijkrai T, Tiawsirisup S, Rodkhum C. Synergistic infection of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis in hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104369. [PMID: 32634614 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) are deadly infectious pathogens in farmed tilapia, particularly during cold season when the water temperature drops to under 25 °C. We hypothesized that infection of the ectoparasite Ich might enhance susceptibility of hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) to the facultative intracellular bacterium Fno. To prove the hypothesis, the experiment was designed as follows. Hybrid red tilapia naturally infected by Ich at 9 ± 6 theronts/fish gills and 4 ± 3 theronts/fish skin were distributed into 5 distinct groups exposed to different concentrations of Fno. In parallel, the same number of Ich-free tilapia were challenged to only Fno in the same manner. The results showed that cumulative mortality in the Fno single infection with 2.88 × 106 CFU mL-1 of water was 25 ± 7%, whereas 100% mortality was found in the coinfection treatment at dose of 1.93 × 105 CFU mL-1 of water. No mortality was observed in both control groups (Ich-infected and Ich-free fish). The coinfected fish revealed typical clinical signs and histopathological manifestations of francisellosis and ichthyophthiriasis. This study revealed synergistic effect of the Ich and Fno infection in hybrid red tilapia leading to the exacerbated mortality. Thus, farming management of fish to be free from the Ich ectoparasite might reduce risk of francisellosis and probably other bacterial diseases in farmed tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Viet Nguyen
- Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Institute of Aquaculture No. 1 (RIA1), Bac Ninh, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand; Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Nopadon Pirarat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tilladit Rung-Ruangkijkrai
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sonthaya Tiawsirisup
- The Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Dawood MAO, Menanteau-Ledouble S, El-Matbouli M. The nature and consequences of co-infections in tilapia: A review. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:651-664. [PMID: 32315088 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Co-infections commonly arise when two or multiple different pathogens infect the same host, either as simultaneous or as secondary concurrent infection. This potentiates their pathogenic effects and leads to serious negative consequences on the exposed host. Numerous studies on the occurrence of the bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral co-infections were conducted in various tilapia species. Co-infections have been associated with serious negative impacts on susceptible fish because they increase the fish susceptibility to diseases and the likelihood of outbreaks in the affected fish. Co-infections can alter the disease course and increase the severity of disease through synergistic and, more rarely, antagonistic interactions. In this review, reports on the synergistic co-infections and their impacts on the affected tilapia species are highlighted. Additionally, their pathogenic mechanisms are briefly discussed. Tilapia producers should be aware of the possible occurrence of co-infections and their effects on the affected tilapia species and in particular of the clinical signs and course of the disease. To date, there is still limited information regarding the pathogenicity mechanisms and pathogen interactions during these co-infections. This is generally due to low awareness regarding co-infections, and in many cases, a dominant pathogen is perceived to be of vital importance and hence becomes the target of treatment while the treatment of the co-infectious agents is neglected. This review article aimed at raising awareness regarding co-infections and helping researchers and fish health specialists pay greater attention to these natural cases, leading to increased research and more consistent diagnosis of co-infectious outbreaks in order to improve control strategies to protect tilapia when infected with multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Larva of greater wax moth Galleria mellonella is a suitable alternative host for the fish pathogen Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:8. [PMID: 31918661 PMCID: PMC6953311 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-1695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is the etiological agent of francisellosis in cultured warm water fish, such as tilapia. Antibiotics are administered to treat the disease but a better understanding of Fno infection biology will inform improved treatment and prevention measures. However, studies with native hosts are costly and considerable benefits would derive from access to a practical alternative host. Here, larvae of Galleria mellonella were assessed for suitability to study Fno virulence. Results Larvae were killed by Fno in a dose-dependent manner but the insects could be rescued from lethal doses of bacteria by antibiotic therapy. Infection progression was assessed by histopathology (haematoxylin and eosin staining, Gram Twort and immunohistochemistry) and enumeration of bacteria recovered from the larval haemolymph on selective agar. Fno was phagocytosed and could survive intracellularly, which is consistent with observations in fish. Virulence of five Fno isolates showed strong agreement between G. mellonella and red Nile tilapia hosts. Conclusions This study shows that an alternative host, G. mellonella, can be applied to understand Fno infections, which will assist efforts to identify solutions to piscine francisellosis thus securing the livelihoods of tilapia farmers worldwide and ensuring the production of this important food source.
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López-Crespo RA, Martínez-Chavarría LC, Lugo-García AT, Romero-Romero LP, García-Márquez LJ, Reyes-Matute A. Outbreak of francisellosis (Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis) in cultured neon jewel cichlids Hemichromis bimaculatus from Morelos, Mexico. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 137:125-130. [PMID: 31854330 DOI: 10.3354/dao03429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Francisellosis is a disease caused by different species of the bacterial genus Francisella and has been diagnosed in a wide variety of animals, including fish. Francisellosis in fish is characterized by the development of non-specific clinical signs as well as the presence of numerous granulomas in several organs (mainly spleen and kidney). Ten neon jewel cichlids Hemichromis bimaculatus were submitted for diagnosis from a farm located in Morelos, Mexico. Gross examination, wet preparations, cytology, histopathology and PCR were performed. Affected fish showed lethargy, erratic swimming, imbalance and gasping. At the post mortem examination, multiple granulomas were observed in the kidney and spleen. Microscopically, granulomatous inflammation was observed in several organs. Species-specific PCR assay using DNA from the affected tissues of H. bimaculatus as a template demonstrated the presence of F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) by amplifying a hypothetical protein gene of the Fno species. The end diagnosis of francisellosis is important for Mexican ornamental aquaculture, since it is necessary to implement measures for treatment, prevention, control and diagnosis. This is the first report of francisellosis in the neon jewel cichlid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén A López-Crespo
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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24
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Armwood AR, Camus AC, López-Porras A, Ware C, Griffin MJ, Soto E. Pathologic changes in cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) associated with an outbreak of Edwardsiella anguillarum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1463-1469. [PMID: 31309584 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Armwood
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Adrián López-Porras
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Cyndi Ware
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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25
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Nguyen VV, Dong HT, Senapin S, Gangnonngiw W, Pirarat N, Kayansamruaj P, Rung-Ruangkijkrai T, Rodkhum C. Transmission of Francisella noatuensis subsp. orientalis from subclinically infected hybrid red tilapia broodstock (Oreochromis sp.) to their offspring. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103670. [PMID: 31430526 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) has been reported as an important bacterial pathogen causing significant mortality (30-95%) in farmed tilapia in broad geographic areas. However, we found that there was a proportion of broodfish in our laboratory that appeared to be healthy but which tested positive for Fno. We therefore hypothesized that Fno might be able to be transmitted from subclinically infected tilapia mouthbrooders to their offspring through the current practice of fry production in tilapia hatcheries. To prove this, experimentally infected hybrid red tilapia broodstock were mated and their offspring were examined for the presence of Fno. In this study, three pairs of infected broodfish were mated for natural spawning and fertilized eggs from each couple were then collected from the female mouths for artificial incubation. The newly hatched larvae were cultured for 30 days and sample collection was performed at different developmental stages i.e. yolk-sac larvae, 5 and 30-day old fry. The results showed that the ovary and testis of all 3 pairs of the broodstock, as well as their fertilized eggs and offspring were Fno positive by Fno-specific PCR and in situ DNA hybridization. In summary, this study revealed that with the current practice in tilapia hatcheries, Fno might be able to transmit from subclinically infected tilapia mouthbrooders to their offspring. Therefore, using Fno-free broodfish in tilapia hatcheries should be considered in order to produce Fno-free tilapia fry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Viet Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Institute of Aquaculture No. 1 (RIA1), Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warachin Gangnonngiw
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nopadon Pirarat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Tilladit Rung-Ruangkijkrai
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Vargas-Lagos C, Martínez D, Oyarzún R, Avendaño-Herrera R, Yáñez AJ, Pontigo JP, Vargas-Chacoff L. High doses of Francisella noatunensis induces an immune response in Eleginops maclovinus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:1-11. [PMID: 31015063 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis, the etiological agent of Francisellosis, affects a large number of farmed species such as Salmo salar. This species coexists with several native species in the same ecosystem, including Eleginops maclovinus. Our objective was to evaluate the susceptibility, presence of clinical symptoms, and the ability of Eleginops maclovinus to respond to Francisella infection. For this, healthy individuals were inoculated with 1.5 × 101, 1.5 × 105, and 1.5 × 1010 bact/μL of Francisella by intraperitoneal injection, subsequently the fish were sampled on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post injection (dpi). At the end of the experiment, no mortality, nor internal and external clinical signs were observed, although in the high dose anaemia was detected. Additionally, bacteria were detected in all three doses, however there was replication at day 28 only in the liver in the high dose. Analysis of gene expression by qPCR showed that the spleen generated an immune response against infection from day 1 dpi, however at day 7 dpi most of the genes suffered repressed expression; observing over expression of the genes C3, NLRC3, NLRC5, MHCI, IgM. In contrast, expression in the anterior kidney did not vary significantly during the challenge. IgM quantification showed the production of antibodies in the medium and high doses. This study provides new knowledge about Francisella infection and the long-lasting and specific immune response generated by Eleginops maclovinus. It also demonstrates its susceptibility to Francisellosis where there is a difference in the immune response according to the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vargas-Lagos
- Programa de Magíster en Ciencias, Mención Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; (c)Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile; Centro FONDAP-IDEAL, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - D Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de La Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - R Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de La Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - R Avendaño-Herrera
- (c)Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña Del Mar, Chile
| | - A J Yáñez
- (c)Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J P Pontigo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP-IDEAL, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Shahin K, Shinn AP, Metselaar M, Ramirez-Paredes JG, Monaghan SJ, Thompson KD, Hoare R, Adams A. Efficacy of an inactivated whole-cell injection vaccine for nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L), against multiple isolates of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis from diverse geographical regions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:217-227. [PMID: 30951851 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Francisellosis, induced by Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno), is an emerging bacterial disease representing a major threat to the global tilapia industry. There are no commercialised vaccines presently available against francisellosis for use in farmed tilapia, and the only available therapeutic practices used in the field are either the prolonged use of antibiotics or increasing water temperature. Recently, an autogenous whole cell-adjuvanted injectable vaccine was developed that gave 100% relative percent survival (RPS) in tilapia challenged with a homologous isolate of Fno. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of this vaccine against challenge with heterologous Fno isolates. Healthy Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (∼15 g) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the vaccine, adjuvant-alone or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) followed by an i.p. challenge with three Fno isolates from geographically distinct locations. The vaccine provided significant protection in all groups of vaccinated tilapia, with a significantly higher RPS of 82.3% obtained against homologous challenge, compared to 69.8% and 65.9% with the heterologous challenges. Protection correlated with significantly higher specific antibody responses, and western blot analysis demonstrated cross-isolate antigenicity with fish sera post-vaccination and post-challenge. Moreover, a significantly lower bacterial burden was detected by qPCR in conjunction with significantly greater expression of IgM, IL-1 β, TNF-α and MHCII, 72 h post-vaccination (hpv) in spleen samples from vaccinated tilapia compared to fish injected with adjuvant-alone and PBS. The Fno vaccine described in this study may provide a starting point for development a broad-spectrum highly protective vaccine against francisellosis in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK; Aquatic Animal Diseases Lab, Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), P.O. Box 43511, Suez, Egypt.
| | - Andrew P Shinn
- Fish Vet Group Asia, 21/359 Premjairard Road, Chonburi, 20130, Thailand
| | - Matthijs Metselaar
- Benchmark Animal Health, Bush House, Edinburgh Technopole, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH26 0BB, UK
| | | | - Sean J Monaghan
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Rowena Hoare
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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Pereira FL, Tavares GC, de Carvalho AF, Rosa JCC, Rezende CP, Leal CAG, Figueiredo HCP. Effects of temperature changes in the transcriptional profile of the emerging fish pathogen Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. Microb Pathog 2019; 133:103548. [PMID: 31112771 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) farming is the occurrence of bacterial infections, and the Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (FNO) is an important pathogen that has emerged in last decades. Francisellosis outbreaks have been reported in the literature as occurring seasonally when water temperature is below 24 °C. The aim of this study was to quantify the median lethal doses (LD50) of FNO in experimental challenges at 28 °C and 22 °C, and to investigate the impact of temperature changes in whole genome expression using microarray technology. The LD50 for Nile tilapia at 28 °C was ∼105.7, whereas at 22 °C, the LD50 was ∼102.2, showing that the decrease in temperature enhanced disease outcome. Out of 1917 genes screened, a total of 31 and 19 genes were down- and up-regulated at 22 °C, respectively. These genes were grouped by orthology into functional categories of: amino acid, inorganic ion, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism; transcription; and posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones. Expression of genes related to metabolism, oxidative stress, and thermal shock were regulated by temperature changes, reflecting an ability of FNO to adapt to the environment. Expression of virulence genes usually required for the Francisella genus was not changed between tested temperatures, including that of genes located on the Francisella Pathogenicity Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Luiz Pereira
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Campos Tavares
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Alex Fiorini de Carvalho
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Júlio César Camara Rosa
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Cristiana Perdigão Rezende
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Augusto Gomes Leal
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Henrique César Pereira Figueiredo
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. http://www.vet.ufmg.br/
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Pulpipat T, Lin KH, Chen YH, Wang PC, Chen SC. Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis isolated from cultured tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:643-655. [PMID: 30715744 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis is a causative agent of systemic granulomatous disease in tilapia. The present study was designed to understand the genetic and phenotypic diversities among Taiwanese Fno isolates obtained from tilapia (n = 17) and green Texas cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus) (n = 1). The enzymatic profiles of the isolates were studied using the API ZYM system. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the 16S rRNA and housekeeping gene and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were carried out to determine the genotypic characters of all isolates. The phylogenetic tree showed similarity of 99%-100% nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes compared to the Fno references genes from GenBank database. Comparatively, the results revealed an identical profile of enzymatic and PFGE pattern which was distincted from that of F. philomiragia. To understand the pathogenicity, the isolates were intraperitoneal injected to tilapia the gross lesions were observed concomitant with natural outbreak. Median lethal dose upon Nile tilapia and red tilapia were 9.06 × 103 CFU/fish and 2.08 × 102 CFU/fish, respectively. Thus, our data provide understanding the epidemiology of Taiwanese Fno isolates, and help in development of future control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theeraporn Pulpipat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hua Lin
- Animal Protection Office, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | | | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Soto E, Shahin K, Talhami JJ, Griffin MJ, Adams A, Ramírez-Paredes JG. Characterization of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis isolated from Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus farmed in Lake Yojoa, Honduras. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 133:141-145. [PMID: 31019138 DOI: 10.3354/dao03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is a Gram-negative, pleomorphic, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen affecting a variety of cultured and wild fish species. Outbreaks of piscine francisellosis in warmwater fish have been documented worldwide; however, reports of Fno from Central America have been limited to a single documented outbreak in cultured tilapia in Costa Rica in 2007. From 2015 to 2017, Fno was consistently recovered from disease outbreaks in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultivated in floating cages in Lake Yojoa, Honduras. Mortality rates during these outbreaks ranged from 50 to 85%. Fno was isolated by aerobic culture on selective media and identity confirmed by Fno-specific PCR. Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR analysis revealed that the case isolates were genetically homogeneous with archived strains recovered from epizootics in cultured tilapia from Costa Rica and Mexico, suggesting the same strain of Fno was responsible for these otherwise unrelated fish kills. The current study provides only the second report of Fno in Central America and characterizes the first Fno outbreak in cultured fish in Honduras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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31
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Lewis J, Soto E. Gene expression of putative type VI secretion system (T6SS) genes in the emergent fish pathogen Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis in different physiochemical conditions. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:21. [PMID: 30665355 PMCID: PMC6341738 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is an emergent fish pathogen and the etiologic agent of piscine francisellosis. Besides persisting in the environment in both biofilm and planktonic forms, Fno is known to infect and replicate inside tilapia macrophages and endothelial-derived cells. However, the mechanism used by this emergent bacterium for intracellular survival is unknown. Additionally, the basis of virulence for Fno is still poorly understood. Several potential virulence determinants have been identified in Fno, including homologues of the recently described F. tularensis Type VI Secretion System (T6SS). In order to gain a better understanding of the role the putative Fno T6SS might play in the pathogenesis of piscine francisellosis, we performed transcriptional analysis of Fno T6SS gene-homologues under temperature, acidic, and oxidative stress conditions. Results Few transcriptional differences were observed at different temperatures, growth stages and pHs; however, a trend towards higher expression of Fno T6SS-homologue genes at 25 °C and under oxidative stress was detected when compared to those quantified at 30 °C and under no H2O2 (p < 0.05). Conclusions Results from this study suggest that several of the F. tularensis T6SS-homologues may play an important role in the virulence of Fno, particularly when the bacterium is exposed to low temperatures and oxidative stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1389-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jainee Lewis
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Galagarza OA, Smith SA, Drahos DJ, Eifert JD, Williams RC, Kuhn DD. Modulation of innate immunity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis endospores. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:171-179. [PMID: 30176332 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of probiotics is growing as a scientifically valid alternative to antibiotics for enhancement of overall animal health and productivity in aquaculture. Strains of Bacillus subtilis are regarded as attractive probiotic candidates to the fish farming industry; however, there is a limited number of studies focused on the use of specific strains probiotics in tilapia, and therefore complicating replication. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the strains NZ86 (NRRL B-50136) and O14VRQ (NRRL B-67221) of B. subtilis on various parameters of the innate immunity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a 51-day feeding trial. Supplementation of tilapia with either strain resulted in significant increases (p < 0.05) in plasma lysozyme concentration of varying degrees throughout the trial. Meanwhile, alternative complement activity was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) only after feeding of the NZ86 strain after 14 and 51 days. Conversely, supplementation with O14VRQ resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the percent of neutrophils in the peripheral blood of tilapia by day 28. At the end of the trial, there was a trend towards increased phagocytic and respiratory burst activities observed in immune organ derived leukocytes. Feeding with either probiotic appeared to have an up-regulation on the gene expression of both pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intestine, yet only O14VRQ was significantly different than the control. Moreover, the occurrence of these results could be associated with supplementation of the probiotic strains, given that Bacillus bacteria were observed to populate the intestines of the dietary treatment groups. These results suggest the potential roles of these B. subtilis probiotic candidates to stimulate immune responses both locally and systemically in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Galagarza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Stephen A Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Joseph D Eifert
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Robert C Williams
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - David D Kuhn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Complete genome sequencing of sixteen Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis isolates: A genomic approach for molecular characterization and spread dynamics of this clonal population. Genomics 2018; 110:442-449. [PMID: 30367926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (FNO) is an important emerging pathogen associated with disease outbreaks in farm-raised Nile tilapia. FNO genetic diversity using PCR-based typing, no intra-species discrimination was achieved among isolates/strains from different countries, thus demonstrating a clonal behaviour pattern. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the population structure of FNO isolates by comparing whole-genome sequencing data. The analysis of recombination showed that Brazilian isolates group formed a clonal population; whereas other lineages are also supported by this analysis for isolates from foreign countries. The whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) analysis showed varying numbers of dissimilar alleles, suggesting that the Brazilian clonal population are in expansion. Each Brazilian isolate could be identified as a single node by high-resolution gene-by-gene approach, presenting slight genetic differences associated to mutational events. The common ancestry node suggests a single entry into the country before 2012, and the rapid dissemination of this infectious agent may be linked to market sales of infected fingerlings.
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Sirimanapong W, Thompson KD, Shinn AP, Adams A, Withyachumnarnkul B. Streptococcus agalactiae infection kills red tilapia with chronic Francisella noatunensis infection more rapidly than the fish without the infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:221-232. [PMID: 30017930 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examined the effect that a Francisella noatunensis (Fno) infection had on hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus) subsquently infected with Streptococcus agalactiae. A variety of hemato-immunological parameters (haematocrit, total red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, total white blood and differential cell counts, total plasma protein, plasma lysozyme and plasma peroxidase activities, and respiratory burst and phagocytic activities of head-kidney macrophages) were measured in hybrid red tilapia that had been previously exposed to an Fno outbreak in a tilapia grow-out farm. The head-kidneys of these apparently healthy survivors, when checked by PCR were found to be Fno-positive with hemato-immunological parameters that were similar to fish without an a priori infection. The only exception was the percentage lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood, which was slightly, but significantly, lower in the Fno-infected fish, compared to those without the infection. When experimentally infected with S. agalactiae, the Fno-infected fish died more rapidly and at a significantly higher rate than fish without the infection. During the challenge, the hemato-immunological parameters of both groups of fish were very similar, although the Fno-infected fish, challanged with S. agalactiae expressed significantly higher plasma lysozyme and peroxidase activities, and their head kidney macrophages had significantly higher respiratory burst activity compared to non-Fno-infected fish challanged with S. agalactiae. The only two parameters for which Fno-infected fish showed significantly lower expressions than that of their non-infected counterparts were haematocrit and total red blood cell count. The cause of the rapidity and higher rates of mortality observed in the Fno-infected fish when challenged with S. agalactiae is unknown; but it may be due to a reduced erythropoiesis capability within the head-kidney because of the presence of Fno.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanna Sirimanapong
- Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon-pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew P Shinn
- Fish Vet Group Asia Limited, 21/359 Premjairard Road, Saensook, Muang Chonburi, Chonburi, 20130, Thailand
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul
- AquaAcademy Farm, Tha Chana, Surat Thani, 84170, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkla, 90112, Thailand
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Amorim J, Fernandes M, Abreu I, Tavares F, Oliva-Teles L. Escherichia coli's water load affects zebrafish (Danio rerio) behavior. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:767-774. [PMID: 29727843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional physico-chemical sensors are becoming an obsolete tool for environmental quality assessment. Biomonitoring techniques, such as biological early warning systems present the advantage of being sensitivity, fast, non-invasive and ecologically relevant. In this work, we applied a video tracking system, developed with zebrafish (Danio rerio), to detect microbiological contamination in water. Using the fishs' behavior response, the system was able to detect the presence of a non-pathogenic environmental strain of Escherichia coli, at three different levels of contamination: 600, 1800 and 5000 CFU/100 mL (colony forming units/100 mL). Data was collected during 50 min of exposure and analyzed with the artificial neural networks Self-organizing Map and Multi-layer Perceptron. The behavior of exposed fish was more erratic, with pronounced and rapid changes on movement direction and with significant less exploratory activity. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values regarding the detection capability (distinction between presence or absence of contamination) ranged from 89 to 100%. Regarding the classification capability (distinction between experimental conditions), the values ranged from 67 to 89%. This research may be a valuable contribution to improve water monitoring and management strategies, by taking as reference the effects on biosensors, without a biased anthropocentric perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Amorim
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) da Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Fernandes
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Abreu
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) da Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fernando Tavares
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, no 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Luis Oliva-Teles
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) da Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Francisella marina sp. nov., Etiologic Agent of Systemic Disease in Cultured Spotted Rose Snapper (Lutjanus guttatus) in Central America. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00144-18. [PMID: 29915103 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00144-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, piscine francisellosis in various warm-, temperate-, and cold-water fish hosts has been attributed to Francisella noatunensis From 2015 to 2016, an undescribed Francisella sp. was recovered during mortality events in cultured spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus) off the Pacific coast of Central America. Despite high mortality and emaciation, limited gross findings were observed in affected fish. Histological examination revealed multifocal granulomatous lesions, with the presence of numerous small, pleomorphic coccobacilli, predominantly in the peritoneum, spleen, kidneys, liver, pancreas, heart, and intestine. Sequencing of an ∼1,400-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene demonstrated these isolates to be most similar (99.9% identity) to Francisella sp. isolate TX077308 cultured from seawater in the Gulf of Mexico, while sharing <99% similarity to other Fransicella spp. Biochemical analysis, multilocus sequence comparisons of select housekeeping genes, repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR fingerprinting, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, and fatty acid methyl ester analysis revealed marked differences between these isolates and other described members of the genus. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by experimental intracoelomic injection and immersion trials using Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) and blue (Oreochromis aureus) tilapia. Based on observed phenotypic and genotypic differences from recognized Francisella spp., the name Francisellamarina sp. nov. (NRRL B-65518) is proposed to accommodate these novel strains.IMPORTANCE Finfish aquaculture is the fastest growing global food production sector. Infectious disease, particularly emergent pathogens, pose a significant threat to established and nascent aquaculture industries worldwide. Herein, we characterize a novel pathogen isolated from mortality events in cultured spotted rose snapper in Central America. The bacteria recovered from these outbreaks were genetically and phenotypically dissimilar from other known Francisella spp. from fish, representing a previously unrecognized member of the genus Francisella, for which the name Francisella marina sp. nov. is proposed.
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Shahin K, Thompson KD, Inglis NF, Mclean K, Ramirez-Paredes JG, Monaghan SJ, Hoare R, Fontaine M, Metselaar M, Adams A. Characterization of the outer membrane proteome of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:686-699. [PMID: 29777634 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of the current study were to characterize the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) STIR-GUS-F2f7, and identify proteins recognized by sera from tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, (L) that survived experimental challenge with Fno. METHODS AND RESULTS The composition of the OMPs of a virulent strain of Fno (STIR-GUS-F2f7), isolated from diseased red Nile tilapia in the United Kingdom, was examined. The sarcosine-insoluble OMPs fraction was screened with tilapia hyperimmune sera by western blot analysis following separation of the proteins by 1D SDS-PAGE. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to identify the various proteins present in the OMP profile. Two hundred and thirty-nine proteins were identified, of which 44 were found in the immunogenic band recognized by the tilapia hyperimmune serum. In silico analysis was performed to predict the function and location of the OMPs identified by MS. CONCLUSIONS Using a powerful proteomic-based approach in conjugation with western immunoblotting, proteins comprising the outer membrane fraction of Fno STIR-GUS-F2f7 were identified, catalogued and screened for immune recognition by tilapia sera. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The current study is the first report on the characterization of Fno-OMPs. The findings here provide preliminary data on bacterial surface proteins that exist in direct contact with the host's immune defences during infection and offer an insight into the pathogenesis of Fno.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shahin
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.,Aquatic Animals Diseases Lab, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - K D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - N F Inglis
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - K Mclean
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - J G Ramirez-Paredes
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - S J Monaghan
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - R Hoare
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - M Fontaine
- Benchmark Animal Health, Bush House, Edinburgh Technopole, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - M Metselaar
- Benchmark Animal Health, Bush House, Edinburgh Technopole, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - A Adams
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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Shahin K, Gustavo Ramirez-Paredes J, Harold G, Lopez-Jimena B, Adams A, Weidmann M. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192979. [PMID: 29444148 PMCID: PMC5812721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is the causative agent of piscine francisellosis in warm water fish including tilapia. The disease induces chronic granulomatous inflammation with high morbidity and can result in high mortality. Early and accurate detection of Fno is crucial to set appropriate outbreak control measures in tilapia farms. Laboratory detection of Fno mainly depends on bacterial culture and molecular techniques. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a novel isothermal technology that has been widely used for the molecular diagnosis of various infectious diseases. In this study, a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for rapid detection of Fno was developed and validated. The RPA reaction was performed at a constant temperature of 42°C for 20 min. The RPA assay was performed using a quantitative plasmid standard containing a unique Fno gene sequence. Validation of the assay was performed not only by using DNA from Fno, closely related Francisella species and other common bacterial pathogens in tilapia farms, but also by screening 78 Nile tilapia and 5 water samples. All results were compared with those obtained by previously established real-time qPCR. The developed RPA showed high specificity in detection of Fno with no cross-detection of either the closely related Francisella spp. or the other tested bacteria. The Fno-RPA performance was highly comparable to the published qPCR with detection limits at 15 and 11 DNA molecules detected, respectively. The RPA gave quicker results in approximately 6 min in contrast to the qPCR that needed about 90 min to reach the same detection limit, taking only 2.7–3 min to determine Fno in clinical samples. Moreover, RPA was more tolerant to reaction inhibitors than qPCR when tested with field samples. The fast reaction, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, sensitivity and specificity make the RPA an attractive diagnostic tool that will contribute to controlling the infection through prompt on-site detection of Fno.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Lab, Division of Aquaculture, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Jose Gustavo Ramirez-Paredes
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Harold
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Lopez-Jimena
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Ramírez-Paredes JG, Thompson KD, Metselaar M, Shahin K, Soto E, Richards RH, Penman DJ, Colquhoun DJ, Adams A. A Polyphasic Approach for Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of the Fastidious Aquatic Pathogen Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2324. [PMID: 29312155 PMCID: PMC5733052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is the causative agent of piscine francisellosis, an emerging infectious disease in Asia and Latin America. In this study two outbreaks of francisellosis were diagnosed in the UK on the basis of histopathology, electron microscopy, PCR, bacterial isolation and fulfillment of Koch's postulates. Furthermore, a phenotypic fingerprint based on biochemical analyses, metabolic activity, chemotaxonomic composition, and antimicrobial assays was generated for the novel isolates, the Fno type strain Ehime-1 from Asia and other Fno from Latin America. The genetic relatedness between the novel Fno and other Francisellaceae species was investigated by sequencing and comparing the 16SrRNA gene, 8 housekeeping genes (individually and concatenated) and the 16SrRNA-ITS-23SrRNA sequence. The phenotypic profiling indicated a high degree of similarity among the Fno strains as all were able to metabolize dextrin, N-acetyl-D glucosamine, D-fructose, α-D-glucose, D-mannose, methyl pyruvate, acetic acid, α-keto butyric acid, L-alaninamide, L-alanine, L-alanylglycine, L-asparagine, L-glutamic acid, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, inosine, uridine, glycerol, D L-α-glycerol phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate. The chemotaxonomic analyses indicated that 24:1 (20.3%), 18:1n-9 (16.9%), 24:0 (13.1%) 14:0 (10.9%), 22:0 (7.8%), 16:0 (7.6%), and 18:0 (5.5%) were the predominant structural fatty acids in Fno. The antimicrobial assays showed little variation between the isolates and high susceptibility to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, nitrofurantoin, tobramycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, florfenicol, oxolinic acid, and streptomycin in all the Fno analyzed. In all the phylogenetic trees the Fno strains clustered together in independent branches confirming a high degree of homogeneity. Interestingly in five of the 11 trees i.e., mutS, putA, rpoB, 16SrRNA-ITS-23SrRNA, and concatenated sequence the two Francisella noatunensis ssp. diverged more from each other than from the closely related Francisella philomiragia (Fp). The phenotypic and genetic characterization confirmed the Fno isolates represent a solid phylo-phenetic taxon that in the current context of the genus seems to be misplaced within the species Fn. We propose the use of the present polyphasic approach in future studies to characterize strains of Fnn and Fp and verify their current taxonomic rank of Fno and other aquatic Francisella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Ramírez-Paredes
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Khalid Shahin
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Randolph H. Richards
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Penman
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandra Adams
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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40
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Sebastião FA, Pilarski F, Kearney MT, Soto E. Molecular detection of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis in cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in three Brazilian states. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1731-1735. [PMID: 28449216 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F A Sebastião
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - F Pilarski
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - M T Kearney
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - E Soto
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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41
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Dong HT, Techatanakitarnan C, Jindakittikul P, Thaiprayoon A, Taengphu S, Charoensapsri W, Khunrae P, Rattanarojpong T, Senapin S. Aeromonas jandaei and Aeromonas veronii caused disease and mortality in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1395-1403. [PMID: 28383126 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by motile aeromonads in freshwater fish have been generally assumed to be linked with mainly Aeromonas hydrophila while other species were probably overlooked. Here, we identified two isolates of non-A. hydrophila recovered from Nile tilapia exhibiting disease and mortality after exposed to transport-induced stress and subsequently confirmed their virulence in artificial infection. The bacterial isolates were identified as Aeromonas jandaei and Aeromonas veronii based on phenotypic features and homology of 16S rDNA. Experimental infection revealed that the high dose of A. jandaei (3.7 × 106 CFU fish-1 ) and A. veronii (8.9 × 106 CFU fish-1 ) killed 100% of experimental fish within 24 h, while a 10-fold reduction dose killed 70% and 50% of fish, respectively. When the challenge dose was reduced 100-fold, mortality of the fish exposed to A. jandaei and A. veronii decreased to 20% and 10%, respectively. The survivors from the latter dose administration were rechallenged with respective bacterial species. Lower mortality of rechallenged fish (0%-12.5%) compared to the control groups receiving a primary infection (37.5%) suggested that the survivors after primary infection were able to resist secondary infection. Fish exposed to either A. jandaei or A. veronii exhibited similar clinical signs and histological manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Dong
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Techatanakitarnan
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Jindakittikul
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Thaiprayoon
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Taengphu
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - W Charoensapsri
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - P Khunrae
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Rattanarojpong
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Senapin
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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42
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Brenz Y, Winther-Larsen HC, Hagedorn M. Expanding Francisella models: Pairing up the soil amoeba Dictyostelium with aquatic Francisella. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:32-40. [PMID: 28843671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial genus Francisella comprises highly pathogenic species that infect mammals, arthropods, fish and protists. Understanding virulence and host defense mechanisms of Francisella infection relies on multiple animal and cellular model systems. In this review, we want to summarize the most commonly used Francisella host model platforms and highlight novel, alternative model systems using aquatic Francisella species. Established mouse and macrophage models contributed extensively to our understanding of Francisella infection. However, murine and human cells display significant differences in their response to Francisella infection. The zebrafish and the amoeba Dictyostelium are well-established model systems for host-pathogen interactions and open up opportunities to investigate bacterial virulence and host defense. Comparisons between model systems using human and fish pathogenic Francisella species revealed shared virulence strategies and pathology between them. Hence, zebrafish and Dictyostelium might complement current model systems to find new vaccine candidates and contribute to our understanding of Francisella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Brenz
- Department of Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hanne C Winther-Larsen
- Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution (CIME) and Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Monica Hagedorn
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
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43
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Tattiyapong P, Dachavichitlead W, Surachetpong W. Experimental infection of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) and red tilapia ( Oreochromis spp.). Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:170-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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44
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Ibrahim El M. Serum Biochemical and Histopathological Changes Associated with Aeromonas hydrophila Isolated from Oreochromis niloticus and Sparus aurata with Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2017.222.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Assis GBN, de Oliveira TF, Gardner IA, Figueiredo HCP, Leal CAG. Sensitivity and specificity of real-time PCR and bacteriological culture for francisellosis in farm-raised Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:785-795. [PMID: 27670740 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the worldwide occurrence of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) infection in farmed tilapia, sensitivity and specificity estimates of commonly used diagnostic tests have not been reported. This study aimed to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of bacteriological culture and qPCR to detect Fno infection. We tested 559 fish, sampled from four farms with different epidemiological scenarios: (i) healthy fish in a hatchery free of Fno; (ii) targeted sampling of diseased fish with suggestive external clinical signs of francisellosis during an outbreak; (iii) convenience sampling of diseased and clinically healthy fish during an outbreak; and (iv) sampling of healthy fish in a cage farm without a history of outbreaks, but with francisellosis reported in other farms in the same reservoir. The qPCR had higher median sensitivity (range, 48.8-99.5%) than culture (range, 1.6-74.4%). Culture had a substantially lower median sensitivity (1.6%) than qPCR (48.8%) to detect Fno in carrier tilapia (farm 4). Median specificity estimates for both tests were >99.2%. The qPCR is the superior test for use in surveillance and monitoring programmes for francisellosis in farmed Nile tilapia, but both tests have high sensitivity and specificity which make them fit for use in the diagnosis of Fno outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B N Assis
- AQUAVET, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - T F de Oliveira
- AQUAVET, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - I A Gardner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - H C P Figueiredo
- AQUAVET, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- AQUACEN - National Reference Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C A G Leal
- AQUAVET, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- AQUACEN - National Reference Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Characterization and Vaccine Potential of Membrane Vesicles Produced by Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis in an Adult Zebrafish Model. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00557-16. [PMID: 28331079 PMCID: PMC5424235 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00557-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development against extracellular bacteria has been important for the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. In contrast, infections with intracellular pathogens remain largely an unresolved problem. Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium that causes the disease francisellosis in fish. Francisellosis is commonly characterized as a chronic granulomatous disease with high morbidity and can result in high mortality depending on the host. In this study, we explored the potential of bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) as a vaccine agent against F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis. Bacterial MVs are spherical structures naturally released from the membrane of bacteria and are often enriched with selected bacterial components such as toxins and signaling molecules. MVs were isolated from broth-cultured F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis in the present work, and proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry revealed that MVs contained a variety of immunogenic factors, including the intracellular growth proteins IglC and IglB, known to be part of a Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI), as well as outer membrane protein OmpA, chaperonin GroEL, and chaperone ClpB. By using flow cytometry and electron microscopy, we observed that F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis mainly infects myelomonocytic cells, both in vivo and in vitro. Immunization with MVs isolated from F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis protects zebrafish from subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis. To determine if MVs induce a typical acute inflammatory response, mRNA expression levels were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of tnfa, il1b, and ifng, as well as mhcii, mpeg1.1, and ighm, was upregulated, thus confirming the immunogenic properties of F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis-derived MVs.
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47
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Soto E, Yun S, Lewis J, Kearney MT, Hansen J. Interaction of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis with Oreochromis mossambicus bulbus arteriosus cell line. Microb Pathog 2017; 105:326-333. [PMID: 28286149 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) (syn. F. asiatica) is an emergent warmwater fish pathogen and the causative agent of piscine francisellosis. Although Fno causes septicemia and can live extracellularly in infected tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), the early interaction of Fno with vasculature endothelium is unknown. In the present study, we examined the interaction of wild-type Fno (WT) and two Fno knockout [intracellular growth loci C (ΔiglC) and pathogenicity determinant protein A (ΔpdpA)] strains with the endothelial O. mossambicus bulbus arteriosus cell line (TmB) at 25 °C and 30 °C. Similar amounts of WT, ΔiglC, and ΔpdpA attached and were detected intracellularly after 5 h of incubation at both temperatures; however temperature affected attachment and uptake. While significantly greater amounts of Fno (WT, ΔiglC, and ΔpdpA) were detected intracellularly when TmB cells were incubated at 30 °C, bacteria attached to TmBs at greater levels at 25 °C. Only WT Fno was able to replicate intracellularly at 25 °C, which resulted in Fno mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis at 24 and 72 h post-infection. WT Fno incubated at 30 °C as well as ΔiglC, and ΔpdpA incubated at 25 °C and 30 °C were all defective for survival, replication, and the ability to cause cytotoxicity in TmB. Taken together, these results demonstrate that temperature plays a vital role for Fno intracellular survival, persistence and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Soto
- University of California-Davis, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Susan Yun
- University of California-Davis, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jainee Lewis
- University of California-Davis, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael T Kearney
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - John Hansen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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48
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Lampe EO, Tandberg JI, Rishovd AL, Winther-Larsen HC. Francisella noatunensis ssp. noatunensis iglC deletion mutant protects adult zebrafish challenged with acute mortality dose of wild-type strain. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 123:123-140. [PMID: 28262634 DOI: 10.3354/dao03087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular fish pathogen Francisella noatunensis remains an unsolved problem for aquaculture worldwide and an efficient vaccine is needed. In Francisella sp., IglC is an important virulence factor necessary for intracellular growth and escape from phagolysosomes. Deletion of the intracellular growth locus C (iglC) in Francisella sp. causes attenuation, but vaccine potential has only been attributed to ΔiglC from Francisella noatunensis ssp. orientalis, a warm-water fish pathogen. A ΔiglC mutant was constructed in the cold-water fish pathogen F. noatunensis ssp. noatunensis (Fnn), which causes francisellosis in Atlantic cod; the mutant was assessed in primary head kidney leucocytes from Atlantic cod. Fluorescence microscopy revealed reduced growth, while qPCR revealed an initial increase followed by a reduction in mutant genomes. Mutant-infected cod leucocytes presented higher interleukin 1 beta (il1β) and interleukin 8 (il8) transcription than wild-type (WT)-infected cells. Two doses of mutant and WT were tested in an adult zebrafish model whereupon 3 × 109 CFU caused acute disease and 3 × 107 CFU caused low mortality regardless of strain. However, splenomegaly developed only in the WT-infected zebrafish. Immunization with 7 × 106 CFU of Fnn ΔiglC protected zebrafish against challenge with a lethal dose of Fnn WT, and bacterial load was minimized within 28 d. Immunized fish had lower interleukin 6 (il6) and il8 transcription in kidney and prolonged interferon-gamma (ifng) transcription in spleens after challenge compared with non-immunized fish. Our data suggest an immunogenic potential of Fnn ΔiglC and indicate important cytokines associated with francisellosis pathogenesis and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth O Lampe
- Center for Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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49
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Assis GBN, Tavares GC, Pereira FL, Figueiredo HCP, Leal CAG. Natural coinfection by Streptococcus agalactiae and Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis in farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:51-63. [PMID: 27144661 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae and Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) are important pathogens for farm-raised tilapia worldwide. There are no reports of coinfection caused by S. agalactiae and Fno in fish. This study aimed to determine the aetiology of atypical mortalities in a cage farm of Nile tilapia and to characterize the genetic diversity of the isolates. Fifty-two fish were sampled and subjected to parasitological and bacteriological examination. The S. agalactiae and Fno isolates were genotyped using MLST and REP-PCR, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to confirm the MLST results. Seven fish were shown coinfected by S. agalactiae and Fno. Chronic hypoxia and a reduction in the water temperature were determined as risk factors for coinfection. Fno isolates were shown clonally related in REP-PCR. The MLST analysis revealed that the S. agalactiae isolates from seven coinfected fish were negative for the glcK gene; however, these were determined to be members of clonal complex CC-552. This is the first description of coinfection by S. agalactiae and Fno in farm-raised Nile tilapia. The coinfection was predisposed by chronic hypoxia and was caused by the main genotypes of S. agalactiae and Fno reported in Brazil. Finally, a new S. agalactiae genotype with glcK gene partially deleted was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B N Assis
- AQUAVET, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - G C Tavares
- AQUAVET, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - F L Pereira
- AQUACEN - National Reference Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - H C P Figueiredo
- AQUAVET, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- AQUACEN - National Reference Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C A G Leal
- AQUAVET, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- AQUACEN - National Reference Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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50
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Klinger-Bowen R, Tamaru C, McGovern-Hopkins K, Li Y, Sithole F, Kearney MT, Francis S, Soto E. Dynamics of piscine francisellosis differs amongst tilapia species (Oreochromis spp.) in a controlled challenge with Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1305-1312. [PMID: 26916547 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A 25-week immersion challenge was conducted exposing Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis aureus and Oreochromis urolepis hornorum to Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno). Two populations were compared for each fish species; 'resident fish' were defined as fish maintained in tanks since week 0 of challenge, whereas 'naïve fish' were defined as fish added to tanks once temperature in water reached <26 °C at 21 weeks post-challenge. Fno genome equivalents (GEs) in water were similar in all treatments 1 h post-challenge; however, significantly lower Fno GEs were detected 2 weeks post-challenge in all tanks, and the only treatment with detectable Fno GE after 4 weeks of challenge were the O. mossambicus tanks. Twenty-one weeks post-challenge, naïve fish were stocked with 'resident' cohorts. Over a 4-week period, mortalities occurred consistently only in O. mossambicus naïve cohorts. Overall presence of granulomas in spleen of survivors was similar (>55%) in all resident populations; however, in naïve populations, only O. mossambicus presented granulomas. Similarly, only O. mossambicus presented viable Fno in the spleen of survivors, and Fno GEs were only detected in O. mossambicus, and in resident O. aureus. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest different susceptibility of tilapia species to piscine francisellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Klinger-Bowen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Office of Research Compliance, Animal Veterinary Services, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - C Tamaru
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - K McGovern-Hopkins
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Science, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - F Sithole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University-School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - M T Kearney
- Department of Pathobiology, Louisiana State University-School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - S Francis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University-School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - E Soto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University-School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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