1
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Lampugnani ER, Persson S, Khan GA. Tip Growth Defective1 interacts with the cellulose synthase complex to regulate cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292149. [PMID: 38358988 PMCID: PMC10868759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant cells possess robust and flexible cell walls composed primarily of cellulose, a polysaccharide that provides structural support and enables cell expansion. Cellulose is synthesised by the Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) catalytic subunits, which form cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). While significant progress has been made in unravelling CSC function, the trafficking of CSCs and the involvement of post-translational modifications in cellulose synthesis remain poorly understood. In order to deepen our understanding of cellulose biosynthesis, this study utilised immunoprecipitation techniques with CESA6 as the bait protein to explore the CSC and its interactors. We have successfully identified the essential components of the CSC complex and, notably, uncovered novel interactors associated with CSC trafficking, post-translational modifications, and the coordination of cell wall synthesis. Moreover, we identified TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE 1 (TIP1) protein S-acyl transferases (PATs) as an interactor of the CSC complex. We confirmed the interaction between TIP1 and the CSC complex through multiple independent approaches. Further analysis revealed that tip1 mutants exhibited stunted growth and reduced levels of crystalline cellulose in leaves. These findings suggest that TIP1 positively influences cellulose biosynthesis, potentially mediated by its role in the S-acylation of the CSC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R. Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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2
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Donà M, Bradamante G, Bogojevic Z, Gutzat R, Streubel S, Mosiolek M, Dolan L, Mittelsten Scheid O. A versatile CRISPR-based system for lineage tracing in living plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1169-1184. [PMID: 37403571 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Individual cells give rise to diverse cell lineages during the development of multicellular organisms. Understanding the contribution of these lineages to mature organisms is a central question of developmental biology. Several techniques to document cell lineages have been used, from marking single cells with mutations that express a visible marker to generating molecular bar codes by CRISPR-induced mutations and subsequent single-cell analysis. Here, we exploit the mutagenic activity of CRISPR to allow lineage tracing within living plants with a single reporter. Cas9-induced mutations are directed to correct a frameshift mutation that restores expression of a nuclear fluorescent protein, labelling the initial cell and all progenitor cells with a strong signal without modifying other phenotypes of the plants. Spatial and temporal control of Cas9 activity can be achieved using tissue-specific and/or inducible promoters. We provide proof of principle for the function of lineage tracing in two model plants. The conserved features of the components and the versatile cloning system, allowing for easy exchange of promoters, are expected to make the system widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Donà
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Bradamante
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zorana Bogojevic
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruben Gutzat
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanna Streubel
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Mosiolek
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Safran J, Tabi W, Ung V, Lemaire A, Habrylo O, Bouckaert J, Rouffle M, Voxeur A, Pongrac P, Bassard S, Molinié R, Fontaine JX, Pilard S, Pau-Roblot C, Bonnin E, Larsen DS, Morel-Rouhier M, Girardet JM, Lefebvre V, Sénéchal F, Mercadante D, Pelloux J. Plant polygalacturonase structures specify enzyme dynamics and processivities to fine-tune cell wall pectins. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3073-3091. [PMID: 37202370 PMCID: PMC10396364 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonases (PGs) fine-tune pectins to modulate cell wall chemistry and mechanics, impacting plant development. The large number of PGs encoded in plant genomes leads to questions on the diversity and specificity of distinct isozymes. Herein, we report the crystal structures of 2 Arabidopsis thaliana PGs, POLYGALACTURONASE LATERAL ROOT (PGLR), and ARABIDOPSIS DEHISCENCE ZONE POLYGALACTURONASE2 (ADPG2), which are coexpressed during root development. We first determined the amino acid variations and steric clashes that explain the absence of inhibition of the plant PGs by endogenous PG-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs). Although their beta helix folds are highly similar, PGLR and ADPG2 subsites in the substrate binding groove are occupied by divergent amino acids. By combining molecular dynamic simulations, analysis of enzyme kinetics, and hydrolysis products, we showed that these structural differences translated into distinct enzyme-substrate dynamics and enzyme processivities: ADPG2 showed greater substrate fluctuations with hydrolysis products, oligogalacturonides (OGs), with a degree of polymerization (DP) of ≤4, while the DP of OGs generated by PGLR was between 5 and 9. Using the Arabidopsis root as a developmental model, exogenous application of purified enzymes showed that the highly processive ADPG2 had major effects on both root cell elongation and cell adhesion. This work highlights the importance of PG processivity on pectin degradation regulating plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Safran
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Wafae Tabi
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Vanessa Ung
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adrien Lemaire
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- UMR 8576 Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), 50 Avenue de Halley, Villeneuve d’Ascq 59658, France
| | - Maxime Rouffle
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Aline Voxeur
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles 78000, France
| | - Paula Pongrac
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Solène Bassard
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Roland Molinié
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Jean-Xavier Fontaine
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie, 33, Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRAE, UR 1268 Biopolymers, Interactions Assemblies, CS 71627, Nantes Cedex 3 44316, France
| | - Danaé Sonja Larsen
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Valérie Lefebvre
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Fabien Sénéchal
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Davide Mercadante
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
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4
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Tang HB, Wang J, Wang L, Shang GD, Xu ZG, Mai YX, Liu YT, Zhang TQ, Wang JW. Anisotropic cell growth at the leaf base promotes age-related changes in leaf shape in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1386-1407. [PMID: 36748203 PMCID: PMC10118278 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants undergo extended morphogenesis. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) allows for reiterative development and the formation of new structures throughout the life of the plant. Intriguingly, the SAM produces morphologically different leaves in an age-dependent manner, a phenomenon known as heteroblasty. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the SAM produces small orbicular leaves in the juvenile phase, but gives rise to large elliptical leaves in the adult phase. Previous studies have established that a developmental decline of microRNA156 (miR156) is necessary and sufficient to trigger this leaf shape switch, although the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here we show that the gradual increase in miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE transcription factors with age promotes cell growth anisotropy in the abaxial epidermis at the base of the leaf blade, evident by the formation of elongated giant cells. Time-lapse imaging and developmental genetics further revealed that the establishment of adult leaf shape is tightly associated with the longitudinal cell expansion of giant cells, accompanied by a prolonged cell proliferation phase in their vicinity. Our results thus provide a plausible cellular mechanism for heteroblasty in Arabidopsis, and contribute to our understanding of anisotropic growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Huhehaote 010070, China
| | - Long Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guan-Dong Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhou-Geng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan-Xia Mai
- Core Facility Center of CEMPS, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ye-Tong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Normal University, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Tian-Qi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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5
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Yan X, Tang B, Ryder LS, MacLean D, Were VM, Eseola AB, Cruz-Mireles N, Ma W, Foster AJ, Osés-Ruiz M, Talbot NJ. The transcriptional landscape of plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae reveals distinct families of temporally co-regulated and structurally conserved effectors. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1360-1385. [PMID: 36808541 PMCID: PMC10118281 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causes a devastating disease that threatens global rice (Oryza sativa) production. Despite intense study, the biology of plant tissue invasion during blast disease remains poorly understood. Here we report a high-resolution transcriptional profiling study of the entire plant-associated development of the blast fungus. Our analysis revealed major temporal changes in fungal gene expression during plant infection. Pathogen gene expression could be classified into 10 modules of temporally co-expressed genes, providing evidence for the induction of pronounced shifts in primary and secondary metabolism, cell signaling, and transcriptional regulation. A set of 863 genes encoding secreted proteins are differentially expressed at specific stages of infection, and 546 genes named MEP (Magnaportheeffector protein) genes were predicted to encode effectors. Computational prediction of structurally related MEPs, including the MAX effector family, revealed their temporal co-regulation in the same co-expression modules. We characterized 32 MEP genes and demonstrate that Mep effectors are predominantly targeted to the cytoplasm of rice cells via the biotrophic interfacial complex and use a common unconventional secretory pathway. Taken together, our study reveals major changes in gene expression associated with blast disease and identifies a diverse repertoire of effectors critical for successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent M Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Bisola Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weibin Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Andrew J Foster
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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6
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Blanco-Touriñán N, Torres-Martínez HH, Augstein F, Champeyroux C, von der Mark C, Carlsbecker A, Dubrovsky JG, Rodriguez-Villalón A. The primary root procambium contributes to lateral root formation through its impact on xylem connection. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1716-1727.e3. [PMID: 37071995 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The postembryonic formation of lateral roots (LRs) starts in internal root tissue, the pericycle. An important question of LR development is how the connection of the primary root vasculature with that of the emerging LR is established and whether the pericycle and/or other cell types direct this process. Here, using clonal analysis and time-lapse experiments, we show that both the procambium and pericycle of the primary root (PR) affect the LR vascular connectivity in a coordinated manner. We show that during LR formation, procambial derivates switch their identity and become precursors of xylem cells. These cells, together with the pericycle-origin xylem, participate in the formation of what we call a "xylem bridge" (XB), which establishes the xylem connection between the PR and the nascent LR. If the parental protoxylem cell fails to differentiate, XB is still sometimes formed but via a connection with metaxylem cells, highlighting that this process has some plasticity. Using mutant analyses, we show that the early specification of XB cells is determined by CLASS III HOMEODOMAIN-LEUCINE ZIPPER (HD-ZIP III) transcription factors (TFs). Subsequent XB cell differentiation is marked by the deposition of secondary cell walls (SCWs) in spiral and reticulate/scalariform patterns, which is dependent on the VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN (VND) TFs. XB elements were also observed in Solanum lycopersicum, suggesting that this mechanism may be more widely conserved in plants. Together, our results suggest that plants maintain vascular procambium activity, which safeguards the functionality of newly established lateral organs by assuring the continuity of the xylem strands throughout the root system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Blanco-Touriñán
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Héctor H Torres-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Frauke Augstein
- Department of Organismal Biology, Physiological Botany, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala University, Ullsv. 24E, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chloé Champeyroux
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia von der Mark
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelie Carlsbecker
- Department of Organismal Biology, Physiological Botany, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala University, Ullsv. 24E, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico.
| | - Antia Rodriguez-Villalón
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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Zuch DT, Herrmann A, Kim ED, Torii KU. Cell Cycle Dynamics during Stomatal Development: Window of MUTE Action and Ramification of Its Loss-of-Function on an Uncommitted Precursor. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:325-335. [PMID: 36609867 PMCID: PMC10016323 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants develop in the absence of cell migration. As such, cell division and differentiation need to be coordinated for functional tissue formation. Cellular valves on the plant epidermis, stomata, are generated through a stereotypical sequence of cell division and differentiation events. In Arabidopsis, three master regulatory transcription factors, SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE and FAMA, sequentially drive initiation, proliferation and differentiation of stomata. Among them, MUTE switches the cell cycle mode from proliferative asymmetric division to terminal symmetric division and orchestrates the execution of the single symmetric division event. However, it remains unclear to what extent MUTE regulates the expression of cell cycle genes through the symmetric division and whether MUTE accumulation itself is gated by the cell cycle. Here, we show that MUTE directly upregulates the expression of cell cycle components throughout the terminal cell cycle phases of a stomatal precursor, not only core cell cycle engines but also check-point regulators. Time-lapse live imaging using the multicolor Plant Cell Cycle Indicator revealed that MUTE accumulates up to the early G2 phase, whereas its successor and direct target, FAMA, accumulate at late G2 through terminal mitosis. In the absence of MUTE, meristemoids fail to differentiate and their G1 phase elongates as they reiterate asymmetric divisions. Together, our work provides the framework of cell cycle and master regulatory transcription factors to coordinate a single symmetric cell division and suggests a mechanism for the eventual cell cycle arrest of an uncommitted stem-cell-like precursor at the G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eun-Deok Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 2506 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 2506 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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8
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Zhang X, Shi C, Li S, Zhang B, Luo P, Peng X, Zhao P, Dresselhaus T, Sun MX. A female in vivo haploid-induction system via mutagenesis of egg cell-specific peptidases. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:471-480. [PMID: 36600599 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Crop breeding schemes can be significantly accelerated by using (doubled) haploid plants. In vivo haploid induction has been applied in plant breeding for decades but is still not available for all crops and genotypes, and haploidization rates are generally very low. Therefore, methodological improvements to and new concepts for haploidization are required. Here, we report a novel system for the induction of haploid plants by mutating genes encoding egg cell-specific aspartic endopeptidases (ECSs). We show that after successful sperm-egg cell fusion, ECSs play a critical role to ensure male and female nucleus fusion after fertilization. The ecs1 ecs2 double mutant can induce haploids by both selfing and hybridization in Arabidopsis and ECS mutation is also capable of producing haploids in rice. In summary, our study develops a novel approach for maternal haploidization and provides new insights into the molecular basis of fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ce Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Siling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Pan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiongbo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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9
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Kim ED, Dorrity MW, Fitzgerald BA, Seo H, Sepuru KM, Queitsch C, Mitsuda N, Han SK, Torii KU. Dynamic chromatin accessibility deploys heterotypic cis/trans-acting factors driving stomatal cell-fate commitment. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1453-1466. [PMID: 36522450 PMCID: PMC9788986 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin architecture and transcription factor (TF) binding underpin cell-fate specification during development, but their mutual regulatory relationships remain unclear. Here we report an atlas of dynamic chromatin landscapes during stomatal cell-lineage progression, in which sequential cell-state transitions are governed by lineage-specific bHLH TFs. Major reprogramming of chromatin accessibility occurs at the proliferation-to-differentiation transition. We discover novel co-cis regulatory elements (CREs) signifying the early precursor stage, BBR/BPC (GAGA) and bHLH (E-box) motifs, where master-regulatory bHLH TFs, SPEECHLESS and MUTE, consecutively bind to initiate and terminate the proliferative state, respectively. BPC TFs complex with MUTE to repress SPEECHLESS expression through a local deposition of repressive histone marks. We elucidate the mechanism by which cell-state-specific heterotypic TF complexes facilitate cell-fate commitment by recruiting chromatin modifiers via key co-CREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Deok Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael W Dorrity
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bridget A Fitzgerald
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hyemin Seo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Krishna Mohan Sepuru
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Christine Queitsch
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Soon-Ki Han
- Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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10
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Stellmach H, Hose R, Räde A, Marillonnet S, Hause B. A New Set of Golden-Gate-Based Organelle Marker Plasmids for Colocalization Studies in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2620. [PMID: 36235483 PMCID: PMC9572143 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In vivo localization of proteins using fluorescence-based approaches by fusion of the protein of interest (POI) to a fluorescent protein is a cost- and time-effective tool to gain insights into its physiological function in a plant cell. Determining the proper localization, however, requires the co-expression of defined organelle markers (OM). Several marker sets are available but, so far, the procedure requires successful co-transformation of POI and OM into the same cell and/or several cloning steps. We developed a set of vectors containing markers for basic cell organelles that enables the insertion of the gene of interest (GOI) by a single cloning step using the Golden Gate cloning approach and resulting in POI-GFP fusions. The set includes markers for plasma membrane, tonoplast, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, plastids, and mitochondria, all labelled with mCherry. Most of them were derived from well-established marker sets, but those localized in plasma membrane and tonoplast were improved by using different proteins. The final vectors are usable for localization studies in isolated protoplasts and for transient transformation of leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Their functionality is demonstrated using two enzymes involved in biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and located in either plastids or peroxisomes.
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11
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Retzer K, Moulinier-Anzola J, Lugsteiner R, Konstantinova N, Schwihla M, Korbei B, Luschnig C. Endosomally Localized RGLG-Type E3 RING-Finger Ligases Modulate Sorting of Ubiquitylation-Mimic PIN2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6767. [PMID: 35743207 PMCID: PMC9224344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular sorting and the abundance of sessile plant plasma membrane proteins are imperative for sensing and responding to environmental inputs. A key determinant for inducing adjustments in protein localization and hence functionality is their reversible covalent modification by the small protein modifier ubiquitin, which is for example responsible for guiding proteins from the plasma membrane to endosomal compartments. This mode of membrane protein sorting control requires the catalytic activity of E3 ubiquitin ligases, amongst which members of the RING DOMAIN LIGASE (RGLG) family have been implicated in the formation of lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin chains, serving as a prime signal for endocytic vacuolar cargo sorting. Nevertheless, except from some indirect implications for such RGLG activity, no further evidence for their role in plasma membrane protein sorting has been provided so far. Here, by employing RGLG1 reporter proteins combined with assessment of plasma membrane protein localization in a rglg1 rglg2 loss-of-function mutant, we demonstrate a role for RGLGs in cargo trafficking between plasma membrane and endosomal compartments. Specifically, our findings unveil a requirement for RGLG1 association with endosomal sorting compartments for fundamental aspects of plant morphogenesis, underlining a vital importance for ubiquitylation-controlled intracellular sorting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Korbei
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.R.); (J.M.-A.); (R.L.); (N.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.R.); (J.M.-A.); (R.L.); (N.K.); (M.S.)
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12
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Han SK, Herrmann A, Yang J, Iwasaki R, Sakamoto T, Desvoyes B, Kimura S, Gutierrez C, Kim ED, Torii KU. Deceleration of the cell cycle underpins a switch from proliferative to terminal divisions in plant stomatal lineage. Dev Cell 2022; 57:569-582.e6. [PMID: 35148836 PMCID: PMC8926846 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of specialized cell types requires precise cell-cycle control. Plant stomata are generated through asymmetric divisions of a stem-cell-like precursor followed by a single symmetric division that creates paired guard cells surrounding a pore. The stomatal-lineage-specific transcription factor MUTE terminates the asymmetric divisions and commits to differentiation. However, the role of cell-cycle machineries in this transition remains unknown. We discover that the symmetric division is slower than the asymmetric division in Arabidopsis. We identify a plant-specific cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, SIAMESE-RELATED4 (SMR4), as a MUTE-induced molecular brake that decelerates the cell cycle. SMR4 physically and functionally associates with CYCD3;1 and extends the G1 phase of asymmetric divisions. By contrast, SMR4 fails to interact with CYCD5;1, a MUTE-induced G1 cyclin, and permits the symmetric division. Our work unravels a molecular framework of the proliferation-to-differentiation switch within the stomatal lineage and suggests that a timely proliferative cell cycle is critical for stomatal-lineage identity. During stomatal differentiation, asymmetric divisions are faster than terminal divisions Upon commitment to differentiation, MUTE induces the cell-cycle inhibitor SMR4 SMR4 decelerates the asymmetric cell division cycle via selective binding to cyclin D Regulating duration of the G1 phase is critical for epidermal cell fate specification
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ki Han
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Institute for Advanced Research (IAR), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Arvid Herrmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rie Iwasaki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sakamoto
- Department of Industrial Life Sciences and Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Bénédicte Desvoyes
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Department of Industrial Life Sciences and Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Crisanto Gutierrez
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eun-Deok Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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13
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McKenna JF. Quantifying the Organization and Dynamics of the Plant Plasma Membrane Across Scales Using Light Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:233-251. [PMID: 35349144 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell surface continuum is composed of the cell wall, plasma membrane, and cytoskeleton. Plasmodesmata are specialized channels in the cell wall allowing intercellular communication and resource distribution. Proteins within these organelles play fundamental roles in development, perception of the external environment, and resource acquisition. Therefore, an understanding of protein dynamics and organization within the membrane and plasmodesmata is of fundamental importance to understanding both how plants develop as well as perceive the myriad of external stimuli they experience and initiate appropriate downstream responses. In this chapter, I will describe protocols for quantifying the dynamics and organization of the plasma membrane and plasmodesmata proteins across scales. The protocols described below allow researchers to determine bulk protein mobility within the membrane using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), imaging, and quantification of nanodomain size (with Airyscan confocal microscopy) and determining the dynamics of these nanodomains at the single particle level using total internal reflection (TIRF) single particle imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F McKenna
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Oxford Brookes University, Gypsy Lane, UK.
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14
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Guiziou S, Chu JC, Nemhauser JL. Decoding and recoding plant development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:515-526. [PMID: 35237818 PMCID: PMC8491033 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms has been studied for centuries, yet many critical events and mechanisms of regulation remain challenging to observe directly. Early research focused on detailed observational and comparative studies. Molecular biology has generated insights into regulatory mechanisms, but only for a limited number of species. Now, synthetic biology is bringing these two approaches together, and by adding the possibility of sculpting novel morphologies, opening another path to understanding biology. Here, we review a variety of recently invented techniques that use CRISPR/Cas9 and phage integrases to trace the differentiation of cells over various timescales, as well as to decode the molecular states of cells in high spatiotemporal resolution. Most of these tools have been implemented in animals. The time is ripe for plant biologists to adopt and expand these approaches. Here, we describe how these tools could be used to monitor development in diverse plant species, as well as how they could guide efforts to recode programs of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Guiziou
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jonah C. Chu
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Nemhauser
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Author for communication:
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15
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Pruitt RN, Locci F, Wanke F, Zhang L, Saile SC, Joe A, Karelina D, Hua C, Fröhlich K, Wan WL, Hu M, Rao S, Stolze SC, Harzen A, Gust AA, Harter K, Joosten MHAJ, Thomma BPHJ, Zhou JM, Dangl JL, Weigel D, Nakagami H, Oecking C, Kasmi FE, Parker JE, Nürnberger T. The EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 node mediates Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity. Nature 2021; 598:495-499. [PMID: 34497423 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy cell-surface and intracellular leucine rich-repeat domain (LRR) immune receptors to detect pathogens1. LRR receptor kinases and LRR receptor proteins at the plasma membrane recognize microorganism-derived molecules to elicit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas nucleotide-binding LRR proteins detect microbial effectors inside cells to confer effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Although PTI and ETI are initiated in different host cell compartments, they rely on the transcriptional activation of similar sets of genes2, suggesting pathway convergence upstream of nuclear events. Here we report that PTI triggered by the Arabidopsis LRR receptor protein RLP23 requires signalling-competent dimers of the lipase-like proteins EDS1 and PAD4, and of ADR1 family helper nucleotide-binding LRRs, which are all components of ETI. The cell-surface LRR receptor kinase SOBIR1 links RLP23 with EDS1, PAD4 and ADR1 proteins, suggesting the formation of supramolecular complexes containing PTI receptors and transducers at the inner side of the plasma membrane. We detected similar evolutionary patterns in LRR receptor protein and nucleotide-binding LRR genes across Arabidopsis accessions; overall higher levels of variation in LRR receptor proteins than in LRR receptor kinases are consistent with distinct roles of these two receptor families in plant immunity. We propose that the EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 node is a convergence point for defence signalling cascades, activated by both surface-resident and intracellular LRR receptors, in conferring pathogen immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory N Pruitt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friederike Wanke
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Joe
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Darya Karelina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Fröhlich
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wei-Lin Wan
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meijuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea A Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Oecking
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne University, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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16
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Wang S, Vetukuri RR, Kushwaha SK, Hedley PE, Morris J, Studholme DJ, Welsh LRJ, Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Whisson SC. Haustorium formation and a distinct biotrophic transcriptome characterize infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by the tree pathogen Phytophthora kernoviae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:954-968. [PMID: 34018655 PMCID: PMC8295517 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species cause some of the most serious diseases of trees and threaten forests in many parts of the world. Despite the generation of genome sequence assemblies for over 10 tree-pathogenic Phytophthora species and improved detection methods, there are many gaps in our knowledge of how these pathogens interact with their hosts. To facilitate cell biology studies of the infection cycle we examined whether the tree pathogen Phytophthora kernoviae could infect the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. We transformed P. kernoviae to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and demonstrated that it forms haustoria within infected N. benthamiana cells. Haustoria were also formed in infected cells of natural hosts, Rhododendron ponticum and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). We analysed the transcriptome of P. kernoviae in cultured mycelia, spores, and during infection of N. benthamiana, and detected 12,559 transcripts. Of these, 1,052 were predicted to encode secreted proteins, some of which may function as effectors to facilitate disease development. From these, we identified 87 expressed candidate RXLR (Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg) effectors. We transiently expressed 12 of these as GFP fusions in N. benthamiana leaves and demonstrated that nine significantly enhanced P. kernoviae disease progression and diversely localized to the cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, and plasma membrane. Our results show that N. benthamiana can be used as a model host plant for studying this tree pathogen, and that the interaction likely involves suppression of host immune responses by RXLR effectors. These results establish a platform to expand the understanding of Phytophthora tree diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Ramesh R. Vetukuri
- Department of Plant BreedingSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Sandeep K. Kushwaha
- Department of Plant BreedingSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
- National Institute of Animal BiotechnologyHyderabadIndia
| | - Pete E. Hedley
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Jenny Morris
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - David J. Studholme
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Lydia R. J. Welsh
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
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17
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Ashraf MA, Akihiro T, Ito K, Kumagai S, Sugita R, Tanoi K, Rahman A. ATP binding cassette proteins ABCG37 and ABCG33 function as potassium-independent cesium uptake carriers in Arabidopsis roots. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:664-678. [PMID: 33588076 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Radiocesium accumulated in the soil by nuclear accidents is a major environmental concern. The transport process of cesium (Cs+) is tightly linked to the indispensable plant nutrient potassium (K+) as they both belong to the group I alkali metals with similar chemical properties. Most of the transporters that had been characterized to date as Cs+ transporters are directly or indirectly linked to K+. Using a combinatorial approach of physiology, genetics, cell biology, and root uptake assay, here we identified two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins, ABCG37 and ABCG33, as facilitators of Cs+ influx. A gain-of-function mutant of ABCG37 (abcg37-1) showed increased sensitivity to Cs+-induced root growth inhibition, while the double knockout mutant of ABCG33 and ABCG37 (abcg33-1abcg37-2) showed resistance, whereas the single loss-of-function mutants of ABCG33 and ABCG37 did not show any alteration in Cs+ response. In planta short-term radioactive Cs+-uptake assay along with growth and uptake assays in a heterologous system confirmed ABCG33 and ABCG37 as Cs+-uptake carriers. Potassium response and content were unaffected in the double-mutant background and yeast cells lacking potassium-uptake carriers transformed with ABCG33 and ABCG37 failed to grow in the absence of K+, confirming that Cs+ uptake by ABCG33 and ABCG37 is independent of K+. Collectively, this work identified two ABC proteins as new Cs+-influx carriers that act redundantly and independent of the K+-uptake pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arif Ashraf
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Akihiro
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Keita Ito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kumagai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sugita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanoi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Abidur Rahman
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Agri-Innovation, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
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18
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Dunker F, Oberkofler L, Lederer B, Trutzenberg A, Weiberg A. An Arabidopsis downy mildew non-RxLR effector suppresses induced plant cell death to promote biotroph infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:718-732. [PMID: 33063828 PMCID: PMC7853606 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of obligate biotrophic pathogens is limited by lack of knowledge concerning the molecular function of virulence factors. We established Arabidopsis host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) to explore gene functions of Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, including CYSTEINE-RICH PROTEIN (HaCR)1, a potential secreted effector gene of this obligate biotrophic pathogen. HaCR1 HIGS resulted in H. arabidopsidis-induced local plant cell death and reduced pathogen reproduction. We functionally characterized HaCR1 by ectopic expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. HaCR1 was capable of inhibiting effector-triggered plant cell death. Consistent with this, HaCR1 expression in N. benthamiana led to stronger disease symptoms caused by the hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici, but reduced disease symptoms caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Expressing HaCR1 in transgenic Arabidopsis confirmed higher susceptibility to H. arabidopsidis and to the bacterial hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Increased H. arabidopsidis infection was in accordance with reduced PATHOGENESIS RELATED (PR)1 induction. Expression of full-length HaCR1 was required for its function, which was lost if the signal peptide was deleted, suggesting its site of action in the plant apoplast. This study provides phytopathological and molecular evidence for the importance of this widespread, but largely unexplored class of non-RxLR effectors in biotrophic oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Dunker
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lorenz Oberkofler
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lederer
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Adriana Trutzenberg
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Arne Weiberg
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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19
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Photobiomodulation of avian embryos by red laser. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 36:1177-1189. [PMID: 33011859 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current research focuses on the effect of variable doses of red laser on the chick embryonic development. He-Ne laser of 632-nm wavelength was used as an irradiation source in the first 48 h post-laying of chicken eggs. We have used five different doses: 2, 1, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1 mJ/cm2 that needed a time range for about 400-20 s. Those irradiated embryos were left for additional 11 days for incubation in normal conditions, where they are blindly studied after the 11th day. Light microscopy was used in this study to investigate the histological and pathological features of the different experimental groups compared to the control one. However, electron microcopy was utilized to trace the apoptotic distribution in the developmental embryos. Minor abnormalities that are dependent on the laser dose have been shown in the irradiated embryos when compared to the sham group, where the highest laser dose showed about 12% embryonic development anomalies when related to the other irradiated groups. Irradiated embryos were found to express more INF-γ and IL-2 as circulating cytokines relative to the unexposed group, where the levels of IL-2 were highly significantly increased by all laser doses (0.3 mJ/cm2 light dose recipient group showed significant increase only when compared to the control group). IFN-γ levels were significantly increased as well by light doses above 0.2 mJ/cm2. This IFN-γ increase trend seemed to be laser dose-dependent. Simultaneously, these combined results propose the ability of high laser doses in inducing incurable changes in the embryonic development and consequently such alterations can have potential therapeutic applications through what is known as photobiomodulation.
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20
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From one cell to many: Morphogenetic field of lateral root founder cells in Arabidopsis thaliana is built by gradual recruitment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20943-20949. [PMID: 32817465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006387117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The reiterative process of lateral root (LR) formation is widespread and underlies root system formation. However, early LR primordium (LRP) morphogenesis is not fully understood. In this study, we conducted both a clonal analysis and time-lapse experiments to decipher the pattern and sequence of pericycle founder cell (FC) participation in LR formation. Most commonly, LRP initiation starts with the specification of just one FC longitudinally. Clonal and anatomical analyses suggested that a single FC gradually recruits neighboring pericycle cells to become FCs. This conclusion was validated by long-term time-lapse live-imaging experiments. Once the first FC starts to divide, its immediate neighbors, both lengthwise and laterally, are recruited within the hour, after which they recruit their neighboring cells within a few hours. Therefore, LRP initiation is a gradual, multistep process. FC recruitment is auxin-dependent and is abolished by treatment with a polar auxin transport inhibitor. Furthermore, FC recruitment establishes a morphogenetic field where laterally peripheral cells have a lower auxin response, which is associated with a lower proliferation potential, compared to centrally located FCs. The lateral boundaries of the morphogenetic field are determined by phloem-adjacent pericycle cells, which are the last cells to be recruited as FCs. The proliferation potential of these cells is limited, but their recruitment is essential for root system formation, resulting in the formation of a new vascular connection between the nascent and parent root, which is crucial for establishing a continuous and efficient vascular system.
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21
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Ashraf MA, Umetsu K, Ponomarenko O, Saito M, Aslam M, Antipova O, Dolgova N, Kiani CD, Nehzati S, Tanoi K, Minegishi K, Nagatsu K, Kamiya T, Fujiwara T, Luschnig C, Tanino K, Pickering I, George GN, Rahman A. PIN FORMED 2 Modulates the Transport of Arsenite in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100009. [PMID: 33404549 PMCID: PMC7747963 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination is a major environmental issue, as it may lead to serious health hazard. The reduced trivalent form of inorganic arsenic, arsenite, is in general more toxic to plants compared with the fully oxidized pentavalent arsenate. The uptake of arsenite in plants has been shown to be mediated through a large subfamily of plant aquaglyceroporins, nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs). However, the efflux mechanisms, as well as the mechanism of arsenite-induced root growth inhibition, remain poorly understood. Using molecular physiology, synchrotron imaging, and root transport assay approaches, we show that the cellular transport of trivalent arsenicals in Arabidopsis thaliana is strongly modulated by PIN FORMED 2 (PIN2) auxin efflux transporter. Root transport assay using radioactive arsenite, X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) coupled with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis revealed that pin2 plants accumulate higher concentrations of arsenite in roots compared with the wild-type. At the cellular level, arsenite specifically targets intracellular sorting of PIN2 and thereby alters the cellular auxin homeostasis. Consistently, loss of PIN2 function results in arsenite hypersensitivity in roots. XFI coupled with XAS further revealed that loss of PIN2 function results in specific accumulation of arsenical species, but not the other metals such as iron, zinc, or calcium in the root tip. Collectively, these results suggest that PIN2 likely functions as an arsenite efflux transporter for the distribution of arsenical species in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arif Ashraf
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kana Umetsu
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Olena Ponomarenko
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michiko Saito
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Mohammad Aslam
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Olga Antipova
- Argonne National Lab, Advanced Photon Source, XSD-MIC, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Natalia Dolgova
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cheyenne D. Kiani
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Susan Nehzati
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Keitaro Tanoi
- Isotope Facility for Agricultural Education and Research, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Minegishi
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nagatsu
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1180 Wien, Austria
| | - Karen Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ingrid Pickering
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Graham N. George
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Abidur Rahman
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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22
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El-Hussein A, Kasem MA, Elfaham MM, Saad A, Hamblin MR. WITHDRAWN: Effect of He-Ne laser irradiation on embryonic development in chicken eggs. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019:S0079-6107(19)30074-4. [PMID: 31077705 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). These articles are retracted at the request of the authors. The joint Editors-in-Chief agree with this decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Hussein
- The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M A Kasem
- The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - A Saad
- Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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23
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van der Burgh AM, Postma J, Robatzek S, Joosten MHAJ. Kinase activity of SOBIR1 and BAK1 is required for immune signalling. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:410-422. [PMID: 30407725 PMCID: PMC6637861 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) and LRR-receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) trigger immune signalling to promote plant resistance against pathogens. LRR-RLPs lack an intracellular kinase domain, and several of these receptors have been shown to constitutively interact with the LRR-RLK Suppressor of BIR1-1/EVERSHED (SOBIR1/EVR) to form signalling-competent receptor complexes. Ligand perception by LRR-RLPs initiates recruitment of the co-receptor BRI1-Associated Kinase 1/Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase 3 (BAK1/SERK3) to the LRR-RLP/SOBIR1 complex, thereby activating LRR-RLP-mediated immunity. We employed phosphorylation analysis of in planta-produced proteins, live cell imaging, gene silencing and co-immunoprecipitation to investigate the roles of SOBIR1 and BAK1 in immune signalling. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana (At) SOBIR1, which constitutively activates immune responses when overexpressed in planta, is highly phosphorylated. Moreover, in addition to the kinase activity of SOBIR1 itself, kinase-active BAK1 is essential for AtSOBIR1-induced constitutive immunity and for the phosphorylation of AtSOBIR1. Furthermore, the defence response triggered by the tomato LRR-RLP Cf-4 on perception of Avr4 from the extracellular pathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum is dependent on kinase-active BAK1. We argue that, in addition to the trans-autophosphorylation of SOBIR1, it is likely that SOBIR1 and BAK1 transphosphorylate, and thereby activate the receptor complex. The signalling-competent cell surface receptor complex subsequently activates downstream cytoplasmic signalling partners to initiate RLP-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranka M. van der Burgh
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jelle Postma
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenGeneticsGroßhaderner Str. 2–482152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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24
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Ashraf MA, Rahman A. Cold stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by GNOM ARF-GEF. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:500-516. [PMID: 30362633 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal trafficking plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development both at optimal and stressed conditions. Cold stress response in Arabidopsis root is directly linked to inhibition of the endosomal trafficking of auxin efflux carriers. However, the cellular components that link cold stress and the endosomal trafficking remain elusive. By screening available endosomal trafficking mutants against root growth recovery response under cold stress, we identified GNOM, a SEC7 containing ARF-GEF, as a major modulator of cold response. Contrasting response of partial loss of function mutant gnomB4049/emb30-1 and the engineered Brefeldin A (BFA)-resistant GNOM line, both of which contain mutations within SEC7 domain, to cold stress at the whole-plant level highlights the importance of this domain in modulating the cold response pathway of plants. Cold stress selectively and transiently inhibits GNOM expression. The engineered point mutation at 696 amino acid position (Methionine to Leucine) that makes GNOM resistant to BFA in fact results in overexpression of GNOM both at transcriptional and translational levels, and also alters its subcellular localization. Overexpression and altered cellular localization of GNOM were found to be directly linked to conferring striking cold-resistant phenotype in Arabidopsis. Collectively, these results provide a mechanistic link between GNOM, BFA-sensitive GNOM-regulated trafficking and cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Ashraf
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Abidur Rahman
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
- Agro-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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25
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Wang S, McLellan H, Bukharova T, He Q, Murphy F, Shi J, Sun S, van Weymers P, Ren Y, Thilliez G, Wang H, Chen X, Engelhardt S, Vleeshouwers V, Gilroy EM, Whisson SC, Hein I, Wang X, Tian Z, Birch PRJ, Boevink PC. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effectors act in concert at diverse subcellular locations to enhance host colonization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:343-356. [PMID: 30329083 PMCID: PMC6305197 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oomycetes such as the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans deliver RXLR effectors into plant cells to manipulate host processes and promote disease. Knowledge of where they localize inside host cells is important in understanding their function. Fifty-two P. infestans RXLR effectors (PiRXLRs) up-regulated during early stages of infection were expressed as fluorescent protein (FP) fusions inside cells of the model host Nicotiana benthamiana. FP-PiRXLR fusions were predominantly nucleo-cytoplasmic, nuclear, or plasma membrane-associated. Some also localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, or microtubules, suggesting diverse sites of subcellular activity. Seven of the 25 PiRXLRs examined during infection accumulated at sites of haustorium penetration, probably due to co-localization with host target processes; Pi16663 (Avr1), for example, localized to Sec5-associated mobile bodies which showed perihaustorial accumulation. Forty-five FP-RXLR fusions enhanced pathogen leaf colonization when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, revealing that their presence was beneficial to infection. Co-expression of PiRXLRs that target and suppress different immune pathways resulted in an additive enhancement of colonization, indicating the potential to study effector combinations using transient expression assays. We provide a broad platform of high confidence P. infestans effector candidates from which to investigate the mechanisms, singly and in combination, by which this pathogen causes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Tatyana Bukharova
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Fraser Murphy
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Jiayang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaohui Sun
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Virus-free Seedling Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Pauline van Weymers
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Yajuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaetan Thilliez
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Haixia Wang
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwei Chen
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Stephen C Whisson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Ingo Hein
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Virus-free Seedling Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
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26
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El-Hussein A, Kasem MA, El Hakim Saad A, Hamblin MR, Harith MA. WITHDRAWN: An extremely low frequency-weak magnetic field can induce alterations in a biological system: A case study in chick embryo development. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018:S0079-6107(18)30202-5. [PMID: 30365971 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). These articles are retracted at the request of the authors. The joint Editors-in-Chief agree with this decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Hussein
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M A Kasem
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - M A Harith
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt
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27
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Zheng X, Wagener N, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Hua C, Birch PRJ, Brunner F. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector SFI5 requires association with calmodulin for PTI/MTI suppressing activity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1433-1446. [PMID: 29932222 PMCID: PMC6099356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to interfere with plant innate immunity, in which Ca2+ /calmodulin (CaM) signalling plays key roles. Thus far, few effectors have been identified that directly interact with CaM for defence suppression. Here, we report that SFI5, an RXLR effector from Phytophthora infestans, suppresses microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI) by interacting with host CaMs. We predicted the CaM-binding site in SFI5 using in silico analysis. The interaction between SFI5 and CaM was tested by both in vitro and in vivo assays. MTI suppression by SFI5 and truncated variants were performed in a tomato protoplast system. We found that both the predicted CaM-binding site and the full-length SFI5 protein interact with CaM in the presence of Ca2+ . MTI responses, such as FRK1 upregulation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation were suppressed by truncated SFI5 proteins containing the C-terminal CaM-binding site but not by those without it. The plasma membrane localization of SFI5 and its ability to enhance infection were also perturbed by loss of the CaM-binding site. We conclude that CaM-binding is required for localization and activity of SFI5. We propose that SFI5 suppresses plant immunity by interfering with immune signalling components after activation by CaMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzi Zheng
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Nadine Wagener
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute)Errol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute)Errol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- PlantResponse Biotech, S.L.Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP)Campus de Montegancedo28223Pozuelo de Alarcón, MadridSpain
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28
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Zúñiga A, Fuente FDL, Federici F, Lionne C, Bônnet J, de Lorenzo V, González B. An Engineered Device for Indoleacetic Acid Production under Quorum Sensing Signals Enables Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134 To Stimulate Plant Growth. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1519-1527. [PMID: 29746094 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The environmental effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have encouraged the quest for new strategies to increase crop productivity with minimal impacts on the natural medium. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can contribute to this endeavor by improving fitness through better nutrition acquisition and stress tolerance. Using the neutral (non PGPR) rhizobacterium Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134 as the host, we engineered a regulatory forward loop that triggered the synthesis of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in a manner dependent on quorum sensing (QS) signals. Implementation of the device in JMP134 yielded synthesis of IAA in an autoregulated manner, improving the growth of the roots of inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana. These results not only demonstrated the value of the designed genetic module, but also validated C. pinatubonensis JMP134 as a suitable vehicle for agricultural applications, as it is amenable to genetic manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zúñiga
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez—Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Santiago de Chile, 2640, Chile
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco de la Fuente
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez—Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Santiago de Chile, 2640, Chile
- R2B Catalyst, Research Center, Andrés Bello 2299, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernán Federici
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Fondo de Desarrollo de Áreas Prioritarias, Center for Genome Regulation, Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Corinne Lionne
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérome Bônnet
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Bernardo González
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez—Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Santiago de Chile, 2640, Chile
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29
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Abstract
For the last 100 years, it has been uncontroversial to state that the plant germline is set aside late in development, but there is surprisingly little evidence to support this view. In contrast, much evolutionary theory and several recent empirical studies seem to suggest the opposite-that the germlines of some and perhaps most plants may be set aside early in development. But is this really the case? How much does it matter? How can we reconcile the new evidence with existing knowledge of plant development? And is there a way to reliably establish the timing of germline segregation in both model and nonmodel plants? Answering these questions is vital to understanding one of the most fundamental aspects of plant development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lanfear
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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30
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Wang S, Boevink PC, Welsh L, Zhang R, Whisson SC, Birch PRJ. Delivery of cytoplasmic and apoplastic effectors from Phytophthora infestans haustoria by distinct secretion pathways. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:205-215. [PMID: 28758684 PMCID: PMC5601276 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans secretes effector proteins that are delivered inside (cytoplasmic) or can act outside (apoplastic) plant cells to neutralize host immunity. Little is known about how and where effectors are secreted during infection, yet such knowledge is essential to understand and combat crop disease. We used transient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated in planta expression, transformation of P. infestans with fluorescent protein fusions and confocal microscopy to investigate delivery of effectors to plant cells during infection. The cytoplasmic effector Pi04314, expressed as a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) fusion protein with a signal peptide to secrete it from plant cells, did not passively re-enter the cells upon secretion. However, Pi04314-mRFP expressed in P. infestans was translocated from haustoria, which form intimate interactions with plant cells, to accumulate at its sites of action in the host nucleus. The well-characterized apoplastic effector EPIC1, a cysteine protease inhibitor, was also secreted from haustoria. EPIC1 secretion was inhibited by brefeldin A (BFA), demonstrating that it is delivered by conventional Golgi-mediated secretion. By contrast, Pi04314 secretion was insensitive to BFA treatment, indicating that the cytoplasmic effector follows an alternative route for delivery into plant cells. Phytophthora infestans haustoria are thus sites for delivery of both apoplastic and cytoplasmic effectors during infection, following distinct secretion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at JHI)Errol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Lydia Welsh
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Ruofang Zhang
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Inner Mongolia UniversityWest College Road 235Hohhot010021China
| | - Stephen C. Whisson
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at JHI)Errol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
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31
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Wright KM, Crozier L, Marshall J, Merget B, Holmes A, Holden NJ. Differences in internalization and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 within the apoplast of edible plants, spinach and lettuce, compared with the model species Nicotiana benthamiana. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:555-569. [PMID: 28169510 PMCID: PMC5404196 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalization of food-borne bacteria into edible parts of fresh produce plants represents a serious health risk. Therefore, internalization of verocytotoxigenic E. coli O157:H7 isolate Sakai was assessed in two species associated with outbreaks, spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and compared to the model species Nicotiana benthamiana. Internalization occurred in the leaves and roots of spinach and lettuce throughout a 10 day time-course. The plant species, tissue type and inoculum dose all impacted the outcome. A combination of low inoculum dose (~102 CFU) together with light microscopy imaging highlighted marked differences in the fate of endophytic E. coli O157:H7 Sakai. In the fresh produce species, bacterial growth was restricted but viable cells persisted over 20 days, whereas there was > 400-fold (~2.5 Log10 ) increase in growth in N. benthamiana. Colony formation occurred adjacent to epidermal cells and mesophyll cells or close to vascular bundles of N. benthamiana and contained components of a biofilm matrix, including curli expression and elicitation, extracellular DNA and a limited presence of cellulose. Together the data show that internalization is a relevant issue in crop production and that crop species and tissue need to be considered as food safety risk parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Crozier
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | | | - Bernhard Merget
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Ashleigh Holmes
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
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32
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Peris-Peris C, Serra-Cardona A, Sánchez-Sanuy F, Campo S, Ariño J, San Segundo B. Two NRAMP6 Isoforms Function as Iron and Manganese Transporters and Contribute to Disease Resistance in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:385-398. [PMID: 28430017 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-17-0005-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions are essential elements for all living organisms. However, metals can be toxic when present in excess. In plants, metal homeostasis is partly achieved through the function of metal transporters, including the diverse natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMP). Among them, the OsNramp6 gene encodes a previously uncharacterized member of the rice NRAMP family that undergoes alternative splicing to produce different NRAMP6 proteins. In this work, we determined the metal transport activity and biological role of the full-length and the shortest NRAMP6 proteins (l-NRAMP6 and s-NRAMP6, respectively). Both l-NRAMP6 and s-NRAMP6 are plasma membrane-localized proteins that function as iron and manganese transporters. The expression of l-Nramp6 and s-Nramp6 is regulated during infection with the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, albeit with different kinetics. Rice plants grown under high iron supply show stronger induction of rice defense genes and enhanced resistance to M. oryzae infection. Also, loss of function of OsNramp6 results in enhanced resistance to M. oryzae, supporting the idea that OsNramp6 negatively regulates rice immunity. Furthermore, nramp6 plants showed reduced biomass, pointing to a role of OsNramp6 in plant growth. A better understanding of OsNramp6-mediated mechanisms underlying disease resistance in rice will help in developing appropriate strategies for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Peris-Peris
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Albert Serra-Cardona
- 2 Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferrán Sánchez-Sanuy
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Sonia Campo
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Joaquin Ariño
- 2 Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain; and
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33
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Shin Y, Castilho A, Dicker M, Sádio F, Vavra U, Grünwald‐Gruber C, Kwon T, Altmann F, Steinkellner H, Strasser R. Reduced paucimannosidic N-glycan formation by suppression of a specific β-hexosaminidase from Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:197-206. [PMID: 27421111 PMCID: PMC5259580 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are attractive hosts for the production of recombinant glycoproteins for therapeutic use. Recent advances in glyco-engineering facilitate the elimination of nonmammalian-type glycosylation and introduction of missing pathways for customized N-glycan formation. However, some therapeutically relevant recombinant glycoproteins exhibit unwanted truncated (paucimannosidic) N-glycans that lack GlcNAc residues at the nonreducing terminal end. These paucimannosidic N-glycans increase product heterogeneity and may affect the biological function of the recombinant drugs. Here, we identified two enzymes, β-hexosaminidases (HEXOs) that account for the formation of paucimannosidic N-glycans in Nicotiana benthamiana, a widely used expression host for recombinant proteins. Subcellular localization studies showed that HEXO1 is a vacuolar protein and HEXO3 is mainly located at the plasma membrane in N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. Both enzymes are functional and can complement the corresponding HEXO-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. In planta expression of HEXO3 demonstrated that core α1,3-fucose enhances the trimming of GlcNAc residues from the Fc domain of human IgG. Finally, using RNA interference, we show that suppression of HEXO3 expression can be applied to increase the amounts of complex N-glycans on plant-produced human α1-antitrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Ji Shin
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Martina Dicker
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Flavio Sádio
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ulrike Vavra
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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Nishimura T, Mochizuki S, Ishii-Minami N, Fujisawa Y, Kawahara Y, Yoshida Y, Okada K, Ando S, Matsumura H, Terauchi R, Minami E, Nishizawa Y. Magnaporthe oryzae Glycine-Rich Secretion Protein, Rbf1 Critically Participates in Pathogenicity through the Focal Formation of the Biotrophic Interfacial Complex. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005921. [PMID: 27711180 PMCID: PMC5053420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae, the fungus causing rice blast disease, should contend with host innate immunity to develop invasive hyphae (IH) within living host cells. However, molecular strategies to establish the biotrophic interactions are largely unknown. Here, we report the biological function of a M. oryzae-specific gene, Required-for-Focal-BIC-Formation 1 (RBF1). RBF1 expression was induced in appressoria and IH only when the fungus was inoculated to living plant tissues. Long-term successive imaging of live cell fluorescence revealed that the expression of RBF1 was upregulated each time the fungus crossed a host cell wall. Like other symplastic effector proteins of the rice blast fungus, Rbf1 accumulated in the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) and was translocated into the rice cytoplasm. RBF1-knockout mutants (Δrbf1) were severely deficient in their virulence to rice leaves, but were capable of proliferating in abscisic acid-treated or salicylic acid-deficient rice plants. In rice leaves, Δrbf1 inoculation caused necrosis and induced defense-related gene expression, which led to a higher level of diterpenoid phytoalexin accumulation than the wild-type fungus did. Δrbf1 showed unusual differentiation of IH and dispersal of the normally BIC-focused effectors around the short primary hypha and the first bulbous cell. In the Δrbf1-invaded cells, symplastic effectors were still translocated into rice cells but with a lower efficiency. These data indicate that RBF1 is a virulence gene essential for the focal BIC formation, which is critical for the rice blast fungus to suppress host immune responses. Biotrophic pathogens grow inside living host cells by secreting “effector” proteins that suppress host innate immunity. Magnaporthe oryzae, which causes the most serious damage to rice, and recently also to wheat, is a hemibiotrophic fungus. During the biotrophic invasion, a host membrane-rich structure called the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) is focally formed at the periphery of the invasive hyphae. Several effectors have been reported to accumulate in the BIC; however, its role is unknown. In this study, we identified a novel M. oryzae-specific virulence effector gene, Required-for-Focal-BIC-Formation 1 (RBF1). When RBF1 was absent, the fungus was incapable of forming the focal BIC structure. RBF1 expression was transiently increased each time the fungus penetrated a neighboring rice cell, which is consistent with the BIC formation in each invaded cell. The RBF1-disrupted mutants triggered higher immune responses and showed drastically reduced pathogenicity; however, it was able to cause disease in immuno-depressed rice plants. These results indicate that the focal BIC formation is critical for suppressing host immune responses and to the virulence of M. oryzae. The mode of action of the focal BIC is unknown, but the acquisition of RBF1 might enable M. oryzae to combat effectively against host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishimura
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Susumu Mochizuki
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoko Ishii-Minami
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujisawa
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawahara
- Division of Basic Research, Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Bioinformatics Team, Advanced Analysis Center, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuri Yoshida
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sugihiro Ando
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Eiichi Minami
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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35
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Meinert T, Tietz O, Palme KJ, Rohrbach A. Separation of ballistic and diffusive fluorescence photons in confocal Light-Sheet Microscopy of Arabidopsis roots. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30378. [PMID: 27553506 PMCID: PMC4995512 DOI: 10.1038/srep30378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Image quality in light-sheet fluorescence microscopy is strongly affected by the shape of the illuminating laser beam inside embryos, plants or tissue. While the phase of Gaussian or Bessel beams propagating through thousands of cells can be partly controlled holographically, the propagation of fluorescence light to the detector is difficult to control. With each scatter process a fluorescence photon loses information necessary for the image generation. Using Arabidopsis root tips we demonstrate that ballistic and diffusive fluorescence photons can be separated by analyzing the image spectra in each plane without a priori knowledge. We introduce a theoretical model allowing to extract typical scattering parameters of the biological material. This allows to attenuate image contributions from diffusive photons and to amplify the relevant image contributions from ballistic photons through a depth dependent deconvolution. In consequence, image contrast and resolution are significantly increased and scattering artefacts are minimized especially for Bessel beams with confocal line detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Meinert
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Photonics, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Tietz
- Institute for Biology II/Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus J Palme
- Institute for Biology II/Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Rohrbach
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Photonics, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Goh T, Toyokura K, Wells DM, Swarup K, Yamamoto M, Mimura T, Weijers D, Fukaki H, Laplaze L, Bennett MJ, Guyomarc'h S. Quiescent center initiation in the Arabidopsis lateral root primordia is dependent on the SCARECROW transcription factor. Development 2016; 143:3363-71. [PMID: 27510971 DOI: 10.1242/dev.135319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root formation is an important determinant of root system architecture. In Arabidopsis, lateral roots originate from pericycle cells, which undergo a program of morphogenesis to generate a new lateral root meristem. Despite its importance for root meristem organization, the onset of quiescent center (QC) formation during lateral root morphogenesis remains unclear. Here, we used live 3D confocal imaging to monitor cell organization and identity acquisition during lateral root development. Our dynamic observations revealed an early morphogenesis phase and a late meristem formation phase as proposed in the bi-phasic growth model. Establishment of lateral root QCs coincided with this developmental phase transition. QC precursor cells originated from the outer layer of stage II lateral root primordia, within which the SCARECROW (SCR) transcription factor was specifically expressed. Disrupting SCR function abolished periclinal divisions in this lateral root primordia cell layer and perturbed the formation of QC precursor cells. We conclude that de novo QC establishment in lateral root primordia operates via SCR-mediated formative cell division and coincides with the developmental phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Goh
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Koichi Toyokura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Darren M Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kamal Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mayuko Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (DIADE), Montpellier 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Soazig Guyomarc'h
- Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (DIADE), Montpellier 34394 Cedex 5, France
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37
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Roberts I, Smith S, Stes E, De Rybel B, Staes A, van de Cotte B, Njo MF, Dedeyne L, Demol H, Lavenus J, Audenaert D, Gevaert K, Beeckman T, De Smet I. CEP5 and XIP1/CEPR1 regulate lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4889-99. [PMID: 27296247 PMCID: PMC4983111 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Roots explore the soil for water and nutrients through the continuous production of lateral roots. Lateral roots are formed at regular distances in a steadily elongating organ, but how future sites for lateral root formation become established is not yet understood. Here, we identified C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE 5 (CEP5) as a novel, auxin-repressed and phloem pole-expressed signal assisting in the formation of lateral roots. In addition, based on genetic and expression data, we found evidence for the involvement of its proposed receptor, XYLEM INTERMIXED WITH PHLOEM 1 (XIP1)/CEP RECEPTOR 1 (CEPR1), during the process of lateral root initiation. In conclusion, we report here on the existence of a peptide ligand-receptor kinase interaction that impacts lateral root initiation. Our results represent an important step towards the understanding of the cellular communication implicated in the early phases of lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianto Roberts
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Elisabeth Stes
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Staes
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brigitte van de Cotte
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Fransiska Njo
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lise Dedeyne
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Demol
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julien Lavenus
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Audenaert
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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38
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Roulston C, Luke GA, de Felipe P, Ruan L, Cope J, Nicholson J, Sukhodub A, Tilsner J, Ryan MD. '2A-Like' Signal Sequences Mediating Translational Recoding: A Novel Form of Dual Protein Targeting. Traffic 2016; 17:923-39. [PMID: 27161495 PMCID: PMC4981915 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the initial characterization of an N‐terminal oligopeptide ‘2A‐like’ sequence that is able to function both as a signal sequence and as a translational recoding element. Owing to this translational recoding activity, two forms of nascent polypeptide are synthesized: (i) when 2A‐mediated translational recoding has not occurred: the nascent polypeptide is fused to the 2A‐like N‐terminal signal sequence and the fusion translation product is targeted to the exocytic pathway, and, (ii) a translation product where 2A‐mediated translational recoding has occurred: the 2A‐like signal sequence is synthesized as a separate translation product and, therefore, the nascent (downstream) polypeptide lacks the 2A‐like signal sequence and is localized to the cytoplasm. This type of dual‐functional signal sequence results, therefore, in the partitioning of the translation products between the two sub‐cellular sites and represents a newly described form of dual protein targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Roulston
- Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Garry A Luke
- Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Pablo de Felipe
- Spanish Medicines Agency (AEMPS), Parque Empresarial "Las Mercedes", Campezo 1 - Edificio 8, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lin Ruan
- Oakland Innovation, Harston Mill, Harston, Cambridge, CB22 7GG, UK
| | - Jonathan Cope
- James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - John Nicholson
- Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Andriy Sukhodub
- Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin D Ryan
- Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
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Nishihama R, Ishida S, Urawa H, Kamei Y, Kohchi T. Conditional Gene Expression/Deletion Systems for Marchantia polymorpha Using its Own Heat-Shock Promoter and Cre/loxP-Mediated Site-Specific Recombination. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:271-280. [PMID: 26148498 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha is an emerging model plant suitable for addressing, using genetic approaches, various evolutionary questions in the land plant lineage. Haploid dominancy in its life cycle facilitates genetic analyses, but conversely limits the ability to isolate mutants of essential genes. To overcome this issue and to be employed in cell lineage, mosaic and cell autonomy analyses, we developed a system that allows conditional gene expression and deletion using a promoter of a heat-shock protein (HSP) gene and the Cre/loxP site-specific recombination system. Because the widely used promoter of the Arabidopsis HSP18.2 gene did not operate in M. polymorpha, we identified a promoter of an endogenous HSP gene, MpHSP17.8A1, which exhibited a highly inducible transient expression level upon heat shock with a low basal activity level. Reporter genes fused to this promoter were induced globally in thalli under whole-plant heat treatment and also locally using a laser-assisted targeted heating technique. By expressing Cre fused to the glucocorticoid receptor under the control of the MpHSP17.8A1 promoter, a low background, sufficiently inducible control for loxP-mediated recombination could be achieved in M. polymorpha. Based on these findings, we developed a Gateway technology-based binary vector for the conditional induction of gene deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Sakiko Ishida
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroko Urawa
- Faculty of Education, Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University, Gifu, 501-6194 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, NIBB Core Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (the Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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von Wangenheim D, Fangerau J, Schmitz A, Smith RS, Leitte H, Stelzer EHK, Maizel A. Rules and Self-Organizing Properties of Post-embryonic Plant Organ Cell Division Patterns. Curr Biol 2016; 26:439-49. [PMID: 26832441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plants form new organs with patterned tissue organization throughout their lifespan. It is unknown whether this robust post-embryonic organ formation results from stereotypic dynamic processes, in which the arrangement of cells follows rigid rules. Here, we combine modeling with empirical observations of whole-organ development to identify the principles governing lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. Lateral roots derive from a small pool of founder cells in which some take a dominant role as seen by lineage tracing. The first division of the founders is asymmetric, tightly regulated, and determines the formation of a layered structure. Whereas the pattern of subsequent cell divisions is not stereotypic between different samples, it is characterized by a regular switch in division plane orientation. This switch is also necessary for the appearance of patterned layers as a result of the apical growth of the primordium. Our data suggest that lateral root morphogenesis is based on a limited set of rules. They determine cell growth and division orientation. The organ-level coupling of the cell behavior ensures the emergence of the lateral root's characteristic features. We propose that self-organizing, non-deterministic modes of development account for the robustness of plant organ morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel von Wangenheim
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Fangerau
- Center for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmitz
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Leitte
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Hu Y, Na X, Li J, Yang L, You J, Liang X, Wang J, Peng L, Bi Y. Narciclasine, a potential allelochemical, affects subcellular trafficking of auxin transporter proteins and actin cytoskeleton dynamics in Arabidopsis roots. PLANTA 2015; 242:1349-1360. [PMID: 26232920 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study documented the action of a potential allelochemical, narciclasine, on auxin transport in Arabidopsis by mainly affecting subcellular trafficking of PIN and AUX1 proteins and through interfering actin cytoskeletal organization. Narciclasine (NCS), an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid isolated from Narcissus tazetta bulbs, has potential allelopathic activity and affects auxin transport. However, little is known about the cellular mechanism of this inhibitory effect of NCS on auxin transport. The present study characterizes the effects of NCS at the cellular level using transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring the promoters of PIN, in combination with PIN-GFP proteins or AUX1-YFP fusions. NCS treatment caused significant reduction in the abundance of PIN and AUX1 proteins at the plasma membrane (PM). Analysis of the subcellular distribution of PIN and AUX1 proteins in roots revealed that NCS induced the intracellular accumulation of auxin transporters, including PIN2, PIN3, PIN4, PIN7 and AUX1. However, other PM proteins, such as PIP2, BRI1, and low temperature inducible protein 6b (LTI6b), were insensitive to NCS treatment. NCS-induced PIN2 compartments were further defined using endocytic tracer FM 4-64 labeled early endosomes and suggested that this compound affects the endocytosis trafficking of PIN proteins. Furthermore, pharmacological analysis indicated that the brefeldin A (BFA)-insensitive pathway is employed in the cellular effects of NCS on PIN2 trafficking. Although NCS did not alter actin dynamics in vitro, it resulted in the depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton in vivo. This disruption of actin filaments by NCS subsequently influences the actin-based vesicle motility. Hence, the elucidation of the specific role of NCS is useful for further understanding the mechanisms of allelopathy at the phytohormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Na
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijing Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia You
- School of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Bi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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Volkov V. Salinity tolerance in plants. Quantitative approach to ion transport starting from halophytes and stepping to genetic and protein engineering for manipulating ion fluxes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:873. [PMID: 26579140 PMCID: PMC4621421 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport is the fundamental factor determining salinity tolerance in plants. The Review starts from differences in ion transport between salt tolerant halophytes and salt-sensitive plants with an emphasis on transport of potassium and sodium via plasma membranes. The comparison provides introductory information for increasing salinity tolerance. Effects of salt stress on ion transport properties of membranes show huge opportunities for manipulating ion fluxes. Further steps require knowledge about mechanisms of ion transport and individual genes of ion transport proteins. Initially, the Review describes methods to measure ion fluxes, the independent set of techniques ensures robust and reliable basement for quantitative approach. The Review briefly summarizes current data concerning Na(+) and K(+) concentrations in cells, refers to primary thermodynamics of ion transport and gives special attention to individual ion channels and transporters. Simplified scheme of a plant cell with known transport systems at the plasma membrane and tonoplast helps to imagine the complexity of ion transport and allows choosing specific transporters for modulating ion transport. The complexity is enhanced by the influence of cell size and cell wall on ion transport. Special attention is given to ion transporters and to potassium and sodium transport by HKT, HAK, NHX, and SOS1 proteins. Comparison between non-selective cation channels and ion transporters reveals potential importance of ion transporters and the balance between the two pathways of ion transport. Further on the Review describes in detail several successful attempts to overexpress or knockout ion transporters for changing salinity tolerance. Future perspectives are questioned with more attention given to promising candidate ion channels and transporters for altered expression. Potential direction of increasing salinity tolerance by modifying ion channels and transporters using single point mutations is discussed and questioned. An alternative approach from synthetic biology is to create new regulation networks using novel transport proteins with desired properties for transforming agricultural crops. The approach had not been widely used earlier; it leads also to theoretical and pure scientific aspects of protein chemistry, structure-function relations of membrane proteins, systems biology and physiology of stress and ion homeostasis. Summarizing, several potential ways are aimed at required increase in salinity tolerance of plants of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Volkov
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan UniversityLondon, UK
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43
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Mochizuki S, Minami E, Nishizawa Y. Live-cell imaging of rice cytological changes reveals the importance of host vacuole maintenance for biotrophic invasion by blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:952-66. [PMID: 26472068 PMCID: PMC4694143 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae grows inside living host cells. Cytological analyses by live-cell imaging have revealed characteristics of the biotrophic invasion, particularly the extrainvasive hyphal membrane (EIHM) originating from the host plasma membrane and a host membrane-rich structure, biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC). Here, we observed rice subcellular changes associated with invasive hyphal growth using various transformants expressing specifically localized fluorescent proteins. The invasive hyphae did not penetrate across but were surrounded by the host vacuolar membrane together with EIHM even after branching. High-resolution imaging of BICs revealed that the host cytosol was accumulated at BIC with aggregated EIHM and a symplastic effector, Pwl2, in a punctate form. The vacuolar membrane did not aggregate in but closely surrounded the BIC. A good correlation was observed between the early collapse of vacuoles and damage of invasive hyphae in the first-invaded cell. Furthermore, a newly developed, long-term imaging method has revealed that the central vacuole gradually shrank until collapse, which was caused by the hyphal invasion occurring earlier in the neighboring cells than in the first-invaded cells. These data suggest that M. oryzae may suppress host vacuole collapse during early infection stages for successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Mochizuki
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Eiichi Minami
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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Wachsman G, Sparks EE, Benfey PN. Genes and networks regulating root anatomy and architecture. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:26-38. [PMID: 25989832 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The root is an excellent model for studying developmental processes that underlie plant anatomy and architecture. Its modular structure, the lack of cell movement and relative accessibility to microscopic visualization facilitate research in a number of areas of plant biology. In this review, we describe several examples that demonstrate how cell type-specific developmental mechanisms determine cell fate and the formation of defined tissues with unique characteristics. In the last 10 yr, advances in genome-wide technologies have led to the sequencing of thousands of plant genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes. In parallel with the development of these high-throughput technologies, biologists have had to establish computational, statistical and bioinformatic tools that can deal with the wealth of data generated by them. These resources provide a foundation for posing more complex questions about molecular interactions, and have led to the discovery of new mechanisms that control phenotypic differences. Here we review several recent studies that shed new light on developmental processes, which are involved in establishing root anatomy and architecture. We highlight the power of combining large-scale experiments with classical techniques to uncover new pathways in root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Wachsman
- Department of Biology and Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Erin E Sparks
- Department of Biology and Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Philip N Benfey
- Department of Biology and Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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45
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Czyzewicz N, Shi CL, Vu LD, Van De Cotte B, Hodgman C, Butenko MA, De Smet I. Modulation of Arabidopsis and monocot root architecture by CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION 26 peptide. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5229-43. [PMID: 26188203 PMCID: PMC4526925 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are important for a wide range of processes, including nutrient and water uptake, anchoring and mechanical support, storage functions, and as the major interface with the soil environment. Several small signalling peptides and receptor kinases have been shown to affect primary root growth, but very little is known about their role in lateral root development. In this context, the CLE family, a group of small signalling peptides that has been shown to affect a wide range of developmental processes, were the focus of this study. Here, the expression pattern during lateral root initiation for several CLE family members is explored and to what extent CLE1, CLE4, CLE7, CLE26, and CLE27, which show specific expression patterns in the root, are involved in regulating root architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana is assessed. Using chemically synthesized peptide variants, it was found that CLE26 plays an important role in regulating A. thaliana root architecture and interacts with auxin signalling. In addition, through alanine scanning and in silico structural modelling, key residues in the CLE26 peptide sequence that affect its activity are pinpointed. Finally, some interesting similarities and differences regarding the role of CLE26 in regulating monocot root architecture are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Czyzewicz
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Chun-Lin Shi
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Van De Cotte
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlie Hodgman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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46
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Nagahara S, Takeuchi H, Higashiyama T. Generation of a homozygous fertilization-defective gcs1 mutant by heat-inducible removal of a rescue gene. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2015; 28:33-46. [PMID: 25673573 PMCID: PMC4333230 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-015-0256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Key message: New gametic homozygous mutants. In angiosperms, a haploid male gamete (sperm cell) fuses with a haploid female gamete (egg cell) during fertilization to form a zygote carrying paternally and maternally derived chromosomes. Several fertilization-defective mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana, including a generative cell-specific 1 (gcs1)/hapless 2 mutant, the sperm cells of which are unable to fuse with female gametes, can only be maintained as heterozygous lines due to the infertile male or female gametes. Here, we report successful generation of a gcs1 homozygous mutant by heat-inducible removal of the GCS1 transgene. Using the gcs1 homozygous mutant as male, the defect in gamete fusion was observed with great frequency; in our direct observation by semi-in vivo fertilization assay using ovules, 100 % of discharged sperm cells in culture failed to show gamete fusion. More than 70 % of ovules in the pistil received a second pollen tube as attempted fertilization recovery. Moreover, gcs1 mutant sperm cells could fertilize female gametes at a low frequency in the pistil. This strategy to generate homozygous fertilization-defective mutants will facilitate novel approaches in plant reproduction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Nagahara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Hidenori Takeuchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
- JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
- JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
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47
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Wichard T, Charrier B, Mineur F, Bothwell JH, Clerck OD, Coates JC. The green seaweed Ulva: a model system to study morphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:72. [PMID: 25745427 PMCID: PMC4333771 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Green macroalgae, mostly represented by the Ulvophyceae, the main multicellular branch of the Chlorophyceae, constitute important primary producers of marine and brackish coastal ecosystems. Ulva or sea lettuce species are some of the most abundant representatives, being ubiquitous in coastal benthic communities around the world. Nonetheless the genus also remains largely understudied. This review highlights Ulva as an exciting novel model organism for studies of algal growth, development and morphogenesis as well as mutualistic interactions. The key reasons that Ulva is potentially such a good model system are: (i) patterns of Ulva development can drive ecologically important events, such as the increasing number of green tides observed worldwide as a result of eutrophication of coastal waters, (ii) Ulva growth is symbiotic, with proper development requiring close association with bacterial epiphytes, (iii) Ulva is extremely developmentally plastic, which can shed light on the transition from simple to complex multicellularity and (iv) Ulva will provide additional information about the evolution of the green lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wichard
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jena School for Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bénédicte Charrier
- UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Roscoff, France
- UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Roscoff, France
| | - Frédéric Mineur
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - John H. Bothwell
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences and Durham Energy Institute, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Gibbs DJ, Voß U, Harding SA, Fannon J, Moody LA, Yamada E, Swarup K, Nibau C, Bassel GW, Choudhary A, Lavenus J, Bradshaw SJ, Stekel DJ, Bennett MJ, Coates JC. AtMYB93 is a novel negative regulator of lateral root development in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:1194-1207. [PMID: 24902892 PMCID: PMC4286813 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant root system plasticity is critical for survival in changing environmental conditions. One important aspect of root architecture is lateral root development, a complex process regulated by hormone, environmental and protein signalling pathways. Here we show, using molecular genetic approaches, that the MYB transcription factor AtMYB93 is a novel negative regulator of lateral root development in Arabidopsis. We identify AtMYB93 as an interaction partner of the lateral-root-promoting ARABIDILLO proteins. Atmyb93 mutants have faster lateral root developmental progression and enhanced lateral root densities, while AtMYB93-overexpressing lines display the opposite phenotype. AtMYB93 is expressed strongly, specifically and transiently in the endodermal cells overlying early lateral root primordia and is additionally induced by auxin in the basal meristem of the primary root. Furthermore, Atmyb93 mutant lateral root development is insensitive to auxin, indicating that AtMYB93 is required for normal auxin responses during lateral root development. We propose that AtMYB93 is part of a novel auxin-induced negative feedback loop stimulated in a select few endodermal cells early during lateral root development, ensuring that lateral roots only develop when absolutely required. Putative AtMYB93 homologues are detected throughout flowering plants and represent promising targets for manipulating root systems in diverse crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ute Voß
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Susan A Harding
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jessica Fannon
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laura A Moody
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Erika Yamada
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kamal Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Candida Nibau
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - George W Bassel
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anushree Choudhary
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Julien Lavenus
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Susan J Bradshaw
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Dov J Stekel
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Juliet C Coates
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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49
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Kajala K, Ramakrishna P, Fisher A, C. Bergmann D, De Smet I, Sozzani R, Weijers D, Brady SM. Omics and modelling approaches for understanding regulation of asymmetric cell divisions in arabidopsis and other angiosperm plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:1083-1105. [PMID: 24825294 PMCID: PMC4030820 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric cell divisions are formative divisions that generate daughter cells of distinct identity. These divisions are coordinated by either extrinsic ('niche-controlled') or intrinsic regulatory mechanisms and are fundamentally important in plant development. SCOPE This review describes how asymmetric cell divisions are regulated during development and in different cell types in both the root and the shoot of plants. It further highlights ways in which omics and modelling approaches have been used to elucidate these regulatory mechanisms. For example, the regulation of embryonic asymmetric divisions is described, including the first divisions of the zygote, formative vascular divisions and divisions that give rise to the root stem cell niche. Asymmetric divisions of the root cortex endodermis initial, pericycle cells that give rise to the lateral root primordium, procambium, cambium and stomatal cells are also discussed. Finally, a perspective is provided regarding the role of other hormones or regulatory molecules in asymmetric divisions, the presence of segregated determinants and the usefulness of modelling approaches in understanding network dynamics within these very special cells. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetric cell divisions define plant development. High-throughput genomic and modelling approaches can elucidate their regulation, which in turn could enable the engineering of plant traits such as stomatal density, lateral root development and wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Kajala
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Priya Ramakrishna
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Adam Fisher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siobhan M. Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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50
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Mizuta Y, Higashiyama T. Antisense gene inhibition by phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide in Arabidopsis pollen tubes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:516-26. [PMID: 24495108 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is an essential biological event for proliferation of plants. The pollen tube (PT) that contained male gametes elongates and penetrates into the pistils for successful fertilization. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant fertilization remain largely unknown. Here, we report a transient inhibition of gene function using phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) without cytofectin, which is a simple way to study gene function in Arabidopsis thaliana PTs. The PTs treated with AS-ODNs against both ANX1 and ANX2 showed short, knotted, and ruptured morphology in vitro/semi-in vitro, whereas normal PT growth was shown in its sense control in vitro/semi-in vitro. PT growth was impaired in a manner dependent on the dose of AS-ODNs against both ANX1 and ANX2 above 10 μm. The treatment with AS-ODNs against ROP1 and CalS5 resulted in waving PTs and in short PTs with a few callose plugs, respectively. The expression levels of the target genes in PTs treated with their AS-ODNs were lower than or similar to those in the sense control, indicating that the inhibition was directly or indirectly related to the expression of each mRNA. The AS-ODN against fluorescent protein (sGFP) led to reduced sGFP expression, suggesting that the AS-ODN suppressed protein expression. This method will enable the identification of reproductively important genes in Arabidopsis PTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Mizuta
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan; JST, ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
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