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Feng Y, Xu T, Wang W, Sun S, Zhang M, Song F. Nitrogen addition changed soil fungal community structure and increased the biomass of functional fungi in Korean pine plantations in temperate northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172349. [PMID: 38615770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition is a global environmental issue that can have significant impacts on the community structure and function in ecosystems. Fungi play a key role in soil biogeochemical cycles and their community structures are tightly linked to the health and productivity of forest ecosystems. Based on high-throughput sequencing and ergosterol extraction, we examined the changes in community structure, composition, and biomass of soil ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and saprophytic (SAP) fungi in 0-10 cm soil layer after 8 years of continuous N addition and their driving factors in a temperate Korean pine plantation in northeast China. Our results showed that N addition increased fungal community richness, with the highest richness and Chao1 index under the low N treatment (LN: 20 kg N ha-1 yr-1). Based on the FUN Guild database, we found that the relative abundance of ECM and SAP fungi increased first and then decreased with increasing N deposition concentration. The molecular ecological network analysis showed that the interaction between ECM and SAP fungi was enhanced by N addition, and the interaction was mainly positive in the ECM fungal network. N addition increased fungal biomass, and the total fungal biomass (TFB) was the highest under the MN treatment (6.05 ± 0.3 mg g-1). Overall, we concluded that N addition changed soil biochemical parameters, increased fungal activity, and enhanced functional fungal interactions in the Korean pine plantation over an 8-year simulated N addition. We need to consider the effects of complex soil conditions on soil fungi and emphasize the importance of regulating soil fungal community structure and biomass for managing forest ecosystems. These findings could deepen our understanding of the effects of increased N deposition on soil fungi in temperate forests in northern China, which can provide the theoretical basis for reducing the effects of increased N deposition on forest soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Feng
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Tianle Xu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Simiao Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Fuqiang Song
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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Gao D, Luster J, Zürcher A, Arend M, Bai E, Gessler A, Rigling A, Schaub M, Hartmann M, Werner RA, Joseph J, Poll C, Hagedorn F. Drought resistance and resilience of rhizosphere communities in forest soils from the cellular to ecosystem scale - insights from 13C pulse labeling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:960-974. [PMID: 38402527 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The link between above- and belowground communities is a key uncertainty in drought and rewetting effects on forest carbon (C) cycle. In young beech model ecosystems and mature naturally dry pine forest exposed to 15-yr-long irrigation, we performed 13C pulse labeling experiments, one during drought and one 2 wk after rewetting, tracing tree assimilates into rhizosphere communities. The 13C pulses applied in tree crowns reached soil microbial communities of the young and mature forests one and 4 d later, respectively. Drought decreased the transfer of labeled assimilates relative to the irrigation treatment. The 13C label in phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) indicated greater drought reduction of assimilate incorporation by fungi (-85%) than by gram-positive (-43%) and gram-negative bacteria (-58%). 13C label incorporation was more strongly reduced for PLFAs (cell membrane) than for microbial cytoplasm extracted by chloroform. This suggests that fresh rhizodeposits are predominantly used for osmoregulation or storage under drought, at the expense of new cell formation. Two weeks after rewetting, 13C enrichment in PLFAs was greater in previously dry than in continuously moist soils. Drought and rewetting effects were greater in beech systems than in pine forest. Belowground C allocation and rhizosphere communities are highly resilient to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Gao
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Jörg Luster
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Alois Zürcher
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arend
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Physiological Plant Ecology, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edith Bai
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roland A Werner
- Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jobin Joseph
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Poll
- Soil Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Hupperts SF, Islam KS, Gundale MJ, Kardol P, Sundqvist MK. Warming influences carbon and nitrogen assimilation between a widespread Ericaceous shrub and root-associated fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1062-1073. [PMID: 37950517 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
High-latitude ecosystems are warming faster than other biomes and are often dominated by a ground layer of Ericaceous shrubs, which can respond positively to warming. The carbon-for-nitrogen (C-for-N) exchange between Ericaceous shrubs and root-associated fungi may underlie shrub responses to warming, but has been understudied. In a glasshouse setting, we examined the effects of warming on the C-for-N exchange between the Ericaceous shrub Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum and its root-associated fungi. We applied different 13 C and 15 N isotope labels, including a simple organic N form (glycine) and a complex organic N form (moss litter) and quantified their assimilation into soil, plant biomass, and root fungal biomass pools. We found that warming lowered the amount of 13 C partitioned to root-associated fungi per unit of glycine 15 N assimilated by E. nigrum, but only in the short term. By contrast, warming increased the amount of 13 C partitioned to root-associated fungi per unit of moss 15 N assimilated by E. nigrum. Our study suggests that climate warming affects the short-term exchange of C and N between a widespread Ericaceous shrub and root-associated fungi. Furthermore, while most isotope tracing studies use labile N sources, we demonstrate that a ubiquitous recalcitrant N source may produce contrasting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Hupperts
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Kazi Samiul Islam
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Maja K Sundqvist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
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Raza T, Qadir MF, Khan KS, Eash NS, Yousuf M, Chatterjee S, Manzoor R, Rehman SU, Oetting JN. Unrevealing the potential of microbes in decomposition of organic matter and release of carbon in the ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118529. [PMID: 37418912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter decomposition is a biochemical process with consequences affecting climate change and ecosystem productivity. Once decomposition begins, C is lost as CO2 or sequestered into more recalcitrant carbon difficult to further degradation. As microbial respiration releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, microbes act as gatekeepers in the whole process. Microbial activities were found to be the second largest CO2 emission source in the environment after human activities (industrialization), and research investigations suggest that this may have affected climate change over the past few decades. It is crucial to note that microbes are major contributors in the whole C cycle (decomposition, transformation, and stabilization). Therefore, imbalances in the C cycle might be causing changes in the entire carbon content of the ecosystem. The significance of microbes, especially soil bacteria in the terrestrial carbon cycle requires more attention. This review focuses on the factors that affect microorganism behavior during the breakdown of organic materials. The key factors affecting the microbial degradation processes are the quality of the input material, nitrogen, temperature, and moisture content. In this review, we suggest that to address global climate change and its effects on agricultural systems and vice versa, there is a need to double-up on efforts and conduct new research studies to further evaluate the potential of microbial communities to reduce their contribution to terrestrial carbon emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taqi Raza
- The Biosystems Engineering & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
| | - Muhammad Farhan Qadir
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Khuram Shehzad Khan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Neal S Eash
- The Biosystems Engineering & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Muhammad Yousuf
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sumanta Chatterjee
- USDA ARS, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Rabia Manzoor
- Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Ur Rehman
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Yuan N, Wang E, Lv S, Tang X, Wang T, Wang G, Zhou Y, Zhou G, Shi Y, Xu L. Degradation reduces greenhouse gas emissions while weakening ecosystem carbon sequestration of Moso bamboo forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162915. [PMID: 36933713 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. Pubescens) is well known for its high capacity to sequester atmospheric carbon, which has a unique role to play in combating global warming. Many Moso bamboo forests are gradually degrading due to rising labor costs and falling prices for bamboo timber. However, the mechanisms of carbon sequestration of Moso bamboo forest ecosystems in response to degradation are unclear. In this study, a space-for-time substitution approach was used to select Moso bamboo forest plots with the same origin and similar stand types, but different years of degradation, and four degradation sequences, continuous management (CK), 2 years of degradation (D-I), 6 years of degradation (D-II) and 10 years of degradation (D-III). A total of 16 survey sample plots were established based on the local management history files. After a 12-month monitoring, the response characteristics of soil greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, vegetation, and soil organic carbon sequestration in different degradation sequences were evaluated to reveal the differences in the ecosystem carbon sequestration. The results indicated that under D-I, D-II, and D-III, the global warming potential (GWP) of soil GHG emissions decreased by 10.84 %, 17.75 %, and 31.02 %, while soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration increased by 2.82 %, 18.11 %, and 4.68 %, and vegetation carbon sequestration decreased by 17.30 %, 33.49 %, and 44.76 %, respectively. In conclusion, compared to CK, the ecosystem carbon sequestration was reduced by 13.79 %, 22.42 %, and 30.31 %, respectively. This suggests that degradation reduces soil GHG emissions but weakens the ecosystem carbon sequestration capability. Therefore, in the background of global warming and the strategic goal of carbon neutrality, restorative management of degraded Moso bamboo forests is critically needed to improve the carbon sequestration potential of the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Enhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shaofeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Tongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Guomo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yongjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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6
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Marshall J. Laser ablation of tree-ring isotopes: pinpoint precision. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:691-693. [PMID: 36807985 PMCID: PMC10177000 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Marshall
- Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogmarksgränd 17, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.V., Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czechia
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Banh ATM, Thiele B, Chlubek A, Hombach T, Kleist E, Matsubara S. Combination of long-term 13CO 2 labeling and isotopolog profiling allows turnover analysis of photosynthetic pigments in Arabidopsis leaves. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:114. [PMID: 36183136 PMCID: PMC9526918 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Living cells maintain and adjust structural and functional integrity by continual synthesis and degradation of metabolites and macromolecules. The maintenance and adjustment of thylakoid membrane involve turnover of photosynthetic pigments along with subunits of protein complexes. Quantifying their turnover is essential to understand the mechanisms of homeostasis and long-term acclimation of photosynthetic apparatus. Here we report methods combining whole-plant long-term 13CO2 labeling and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis to determine the size of non-labeled population (NLP) of carotenoids and chlorophylls (Chl) in leaf pigment extracts of partially 13C-labeled plants. RESULTS The labeling chamber enabled parallel 13CO2 labeling of up to 15 plants of Arabidopsis thaliana with real-time environmental monitoring ([CO2], light intensity, temperature, relative air humidity and pressure) and recording. No significant difference in growth or photosynthetic pigment composition was found in leaves after 7-d exposure to normal CO2 (~ 400 ppm) or 13CO2 in the labeling chamber, or in ambient air outside the labeling chamber (control). Following chromatographic separation of the pigments and mass peak assignment by high-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance MS, mass spectra of photosynthetic pigments were analyzed by triple quadrupole MS to calculate NLP. The size of NLP remaining after the 7-d 13CO2 labeling was ~ 10.3% and ~ 11.5% for all-trans- and 9-cis-β-carotene, ~ 21.9% for lutein, ~ 18.8% for Chl a and 33.6% for Chl b, highlighting non-uniform turnover of these pigments in thylakoids. Comparable results were obtained in all replicate plants of the 13CO2 labeling experiment except for three that were showing anthocyanin accumulation and growth impairment due to insufficient water supply (leading to stomatal closure and less 13C incorporation). CONCLUSIONS Our methods allow 13CO2 labeling and estimation of NLP for photosynthetic pigments with high reproducibility despite potential variations in [13CO2] between the experiments. The results indicate distinct turnover rates of carotenoids and Chls in thylakoid membrane, which can be investigated in the future by time course experiments. Since 13C enrichment can be measured in a range of compounds, long-term 13CO2 labeling chamber, in combination with appropriate MS methods, facilitates turnover analysis of various metabolites and macromolecules in plants on a time scale of hours to days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thi-Mai Banh
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Thiele
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- IBG-3: Agrosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Antonia Chlubek
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Hombach
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Einhard Kleist
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Shizue Matsubara
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Soil Respiration in Planted and Naturally Regenerated Castanopis carelesii Forests during Three Years Post-Establishment. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reforestation through assisted natural regeneration usually accumulates more biomass carbon than through tree planting, but its effects on soil respiration (Rs) and its components, autotrophic respiration (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh), are poorly understood despite the importance in forest carbon cycling. In this study, we clear-cut part of a 35-year-old secondary Castanopsis carelesii (C. carelesii) forest and reforested the logged land with C. carelesii via two approaches—active tree planting and assisted natural regeneration—and measured Rs, Ra, and Rh as well as soil temperature and moisture in these forests. In the first two years following reforestation, Rs, Ra and Rh rates were mostly reduced in the two young forests compared to the secondary forest, likely due to reduced photosynthate production and thus carbon substrate input associated with the clear-cut. However, the Rh:Rs ratio was significantly greater in the young plantation than in the other two forests in the first two years, suggesting a greater loss of soil organic carbon from the young plantation. In the third year, the mean Rs, Rh, and Ra rates of the young forest established via assisted natural regeneration were similar to those of the secondary forest, but significantly greater than those of the young plantation. The rates of Rs, Rh, and Ra mostly increased exponentially with increasing soil temperature in all forests, but mostly lack significant relationships with soil moisture. These findings indicate that, compared with reforestation via tree plantation, assisted natural regeneration not only reduced the loss of soil organic carbon via soil respiration, but also had a more rapid recovery of soil respiration to the level of the secondary forest. Our study highlights that, in addition to temperature, carbon substrate availability is also important in regulating soil respiration following reforestation.
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Perkowski EA, Waring EF, Smith NG. Root mass carbon costs to acquire nitrogen are determined by nitrogen and light availability in two species with different nitrogen acquisition strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5766-5776. [PMID: 34114621 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant nitrogen acquisition requires carbon to be allocated belowground to build roots and sustain microbial associations. This carbon cost to acquire nitrogen varies by nitrogen acquisition strategy; however, the degree to which these costs vary due to nitrogen availability or demand has not been well tested under controlled conditions. We grew a species capable of forming associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Glycine max) and a species not capable of forming such associations (Gossypium hirsutum) under four soil nitrogen levels to manipulate nitrogen availability and four light levels to manipulate nitrogen demand in a full-factorial greenhouse experiment. We quantified carbon costs to acquire nitrogen as the ratio of total root carbon to whole-plant nitrogen within each treatment combination. In both species, light availability increased carbon costs due to a larger increase in root carbon than whole-plant nitrogen, while nitrogen fertilization generally decreased carbon costs due to a larger increase in whole-plant nitrogen than root carbon. Nodulation data indicated that G. max shifted relative carbon allocation from nitrogen fixation to direct uptake with increased nitrogen fertilization. These findings suggest that carbon costs to acquire nitrogen are modified by changes in light and nitrogen availability in species with and without associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Perkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Waring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Teng J, Tian J, Barnard R, Yu G, Kuzyakov Y, Zhou J. Aboveground and Belowground Plant Traits Explain Latitudinal Patterns in Topsoil Fungal Communities From Tropical to Cold Temperate Forests. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633751. [PMID: 34177822 PMCID: PMC8222577 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fungi predominate the forest topsoil microbial biomass and participate in biogeochemical cycling as decomposers, symbionts, and pathogens. They are intimately associated with plants but their interactions with aboveground and belowground plant traits are unclear. Here, we evaluated soil fungal communities and their relationships with leaf and root traits in nine forest ecosystems ranging from tropical to cold temperate along a 3,700-km transect in eastern China. Basidiomycota was the most abundant phylum, followed by Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, and Chytridiomycota. There was no latitudinal trend in total, saprotrophic, and pathotrophic fungal richness. However, ectomycorrhizal fungal abundance and richness increased with latitude significantly and reached maxima in temperate forests. Saprotrophic and pathotrophic fungi were most abundant in tropical and subtropical forests and their abundance decreased with latitude. Spatial and climatic factors, soil properties, and plant traits collectively explained 45% of the variance in soil fungal richness. Specific root length and root biomass had the greatest direct effects on total fungal richness. Specific root length was the key determinant of saprotrophic and pathotrophic fungal richness while root phosphorus content was the main biotic factor determining ectomycorrhizal fungal richness. In contrast, spatial and climatic features, soil properties, total leaf nitrogen and phosphorus, specific root length, and root biomass collectively explained >60% of the variance in fungal community composition. Soil fungal richness and composition are strongly controlled by both aboveground and belowground plant traits. The findings of this study provide new evidence that plant traits predict soil fungal diversity distribution at the continental scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Teng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Romain Barnard
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.,Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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11
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Gao D, Joseph J, Werner RA, Brunner I, Zürcher A, Hug C, Wang A, Zhao C, Bai E, Meusburger K, Gessler A, Hagedorn F. Drought alters the carbon footprint of trees in soils-tracking the spatio-temporal fate of 13 C-labelled assimilates in the soil of an old-growth pine forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2491-2506. [PMID: 33739617 PMCID: PMC8251913 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Above and belowground compartments in ecosystems are closely coupled on daily to annual timescales. In mature forests, this interlinkage and how it is impacted by drought is still poorly understood. Here, we pulse-labelled 100-year-old trees with 13 CO2 within a 15-year-long irrigation experiment in a naturally dry pine forest to quantify how drought regime affects the transfer and use of assimilates from trees to the rhizosphere and associated microbial communities. It took 4 days until new 13 C-labelled assimilates were allocated to the rhizosphere. One year later, the 13 C signal of the 3-h long pulse labelling was still detectable in stem and soil respiration, which provides evidence that parts of the assimilates are stored in trees before they are used for metabolic processes in the rhizosphere. Irrigation removing the natural water stress reduced the mean C residence time from canopy uptake until soil respiration from 89 to 40 days. Moreover, irrigation increased the amount of assimilates transferred to and respired in the soil within the first 10 days by 370%. A small precipitation event rewetting surface soils altered this pattern rapidly and reduced the effect size to +35%. Microbial biomass incorporated 46 ± 5% and 31 ± 7% of the C used in the rhizosphere in the dry control and irrigation treatment respectively. Mapping the spatial distribution of soil-respired 13 CO2 around the 10 pulse-labelled trees showed that tree rhizospheres extended laterally 2.8 times beyond tree canopies, implying that there is a strong overlap of the rhizosphere among adjacent trees. Irrigation increased the rhizosphere area by 60%, which gives evidence of a long-term acclimation of trees and their rhizosphere to the drought regime. The moisture-sensitive transfer and use of C in the rhizosphere has consequences for C allocation within trees, soil microbial communities and soil carbon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Gao
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai MountainsMinistry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jobin Joseph
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Roland A Werner
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Alois Zürcher
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Christian Hug
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Ao Wang
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Chunhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai MountainsMinistry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Edith Bai
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai MountainsMinistry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | | | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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12
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Schiestl‐Aalto P, Stangl ZR, Tarvainen L, Wallin G, Marshall J, Mäkelä A. Linking canopy-scale mesophyll conductance and phloem sugar δ 13 C using empirical and modelling approaches. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3141-3155. [PMID: 33222199 PMCID: PMC7986199 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting phloem carbohydrate or xylem tissue carbon isotopic composition as measures of water-use efficiency or past tree productivity requires in-depth knowledge of the factors altering the isotopic composition within the pathway from ambient air to phloem contents and tree ring. One of least understood of these factors is mesophyll conductance (gm ). We formulated a dynamic model describing the leaf photosynthetic pathway including seven alternative gm descriptions and a simple transport of sugars from foliage down the trunk. We parameterised the model for a boreal Scots pine stand and compared simulated gm responses with weather variations. We further compared the simulated δ13 C of new photosynthates among the different gm descriptions and against measured phloem sugar δ13 C. Simulated gm estimates of the seven descriptions varied according to weather conditions, resulting in varying estimates of phloem δ13 C during cold/moist and warm/dry periods. The model succeeded in predicting a drought response and a postdrought release in phloem sugar δ13 C indicating suitability of the model for inverse prediction of leaf processes from phloem isotopic composition. We suggest short-interval phloem sampling during and after extreme weather conditions to distinguish between mesophyll conductance drivers for future model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina Schiestl‐Aalto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest SciencesHelsinki00014Finland
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSLUUmeå901 83Sweden
| | | | - Lasse Tarvainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg405 30Sweden
| | - Göran Wallin
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg405 30Sweden
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSLUUmeå901 83Sweden
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest SciencesHelsinki00014Finland
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSLUUmeå901 83Sweden
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13
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Linking Soil CO2 Efflux to Individual Trees: Size-Dependent Variation and the Importance of the Birch Effect. SOIL SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil CO2 efflux (FCO2) is a major component of the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle but challenges in explaining local variability hamper efforts to link broad-scale fluxes to their biotic drivers. Trees are the dominant C source for forest soils, so linking tree properties to FCO2 could open new avenues to study plant-soil feedbacks and facilitate scaling; furthermore, FCO2 responds dynamically to meteorological conditions, complicating predictions of total FCO2 and forest C balance. We tested for proximity effects of individual Acer saccharum Marsh. trees on FCO2, comparing FCO2 within 1 m of mature stems to background fluxes before and after an intense rainfall event. Wetting significantly increased background FCO2 (6.4 ± 0.3 vs. 8.6 ± 0.6 s.e. μmol CO2 m−2s−1), with a much larger enhancement near tree stems (6.3 ± 0.3 vs. 10.8 ± 0.4 μmol CO2 m−2s−1). FCO2 varied significantly among individual trees and post-rain values increased with tree diameter (with a slope of 0.058 μmol CO2 m−2s−1cm−1). Post-wetting amplification of FCO2 (the ‘Birch effect’) in root zones often results from the improved mobility of labile carbohydrates and further metabolization of recalcitrant organic matter, which may both occur at higher densities near larger trees. Our results indicate that plant-soil feedbacks change through tree ontogeny and provide evidence for a novel link between whole-system carbon fluxes and forest structure.
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14
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Rhizosphere activity in an old-growth forest reacts rapidly to changes in soil moisture and shapes whole-tree carbon allocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24885-24892. [PMID: 32958662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014084117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought alters carbon (C) allocation within trees, thereby impairing tree growth. Recovery of root and leaf functioning and prioritized C supply to sink tissues after drought may compensate for drought-induced reduction of assimilation and growth. It remains unclear if C allocation to sink tissues during and following drought is controlled by altered sink metabolic activities or by the availability of new assimilates. Understanding such mechanisms is required to predict forests' resilience to a changing climate. We investigated the impact of drought and drought release on C allocation in a 100-y-old Scots pine forest. We applied 13CO2 pulse labeling to naturally dry control and long-term irrigated trees and tracked the fate of the label in above- and belowground C pools and fluxes. Allocation of new assimilates belowground was ca. 53% lower under nonirrigated conditions. A short rainfall event, which led to a temporary increase in the soil water content (SWC) in the topsoil, strongly increased the amounts of C transported belowground in the nonirrigated plots to values comparable to those in the irrigated plots. This switch in allocation patterns was congruent with a tipping point at around 15% SWC in the response of the respiratory activity of soil microbes. These results indicate that the metabolic sink activity in the rhizosphere and its modulation by soil moisture can drive C allocation within adult trees and ecosystems. Even a subtle increase in soil moisture can lead to a rapid recovery of belowground functions that in turn affects the direction of C transport in trees.
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15
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Hatté C, Zazzo A, Selosse MA. The radiocarbon age of mycoheterotrophic plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1284-1288. [PMID: 32441806 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hatté
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212 CEA CNRS UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Zazzo
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP56, 55 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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16
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Landsberg JJ, Waring RH, Williams M. The assessment of NPP/GPP ratio. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:695-699. [PMID: 32083672 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard H Waring
- College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Mathew Williams
- Centre for Sustainable Forests and Landscapes, School of GeoSciences, NCEO, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
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17
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Wang Y, Liu S, Wang J, Chang SX, Luan J, Liu Y, Lu H, Liu X. Microbe-mediated attenuation of soil respiration in response to soil warming in a temperate oak forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134563. [PMID: 31812424 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil respiration (Rs) in response to climate warming received a wide concern due to its important role in terrestrial ecosystem carbon (C) cycling, but the warming-induced effects of soil microbes on soil respiration are still less understood, especially over time. Our study aims to understand the long-term warming induced effects of soil microbes on Rs. A field soil warming experiment using a completely randomized design was conducted in a naturally regenerated oak forest (Quercus aliena) in central China. Soil warming was executed by infrared heater throughout the period from 2011 to 2015. Our results showed that soil temperature was a main factor in regulating Rs in a temperate oak forest throughout the experiment, while soil water content determined Rs only when a naturally dry year occurred. The positive effect of soil warming on Rs that was observed (i.e., 37.5 to 42.0% in the first two years) gradually diminished in the following three years (i.e., 0.9 to 15.4%). Significant positive warming effects on the temperature sensitivity of Rs (Q10) only occurred in the second year. Continuous soil warming caused the decline in nitrogen (N) availability, with a significant increase in microbial biomass-specific enzyme activities for N-acquisition. The attenuation of microbial biomass increment and the decreased ratio of enzymatic C:N acquisition contributed to the diminished warming effect on Rs over time. Our study suggests that microbe-mediated attenuation of Rs, accompanied by the concomitant decline in soil N availability in response to warming, should be taken into consideration in global C cycle modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute for Resources and Environment, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute for Resources and Environment, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry and Grassland Administration The Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Jingxin Wang
- West Virginia University, Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E35, Canada
| | - Junwei Luan
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute for Resources and Environment, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanchun Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Haibo Lu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Baotianman Natural Reserve Administration, Neixiang County, Henan 474350, China
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18
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Variations in Soil Respiration at Different Soil Depths and Its Influencing Factors in Forest Ecosystems in the Mountainous Area of North China. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of the dominant factors controlling soil respiration is important to accurately estimate carbon cycling in forest ecosystems. However, information on variations in soil respiration at different soil depths and the influencing factors in forest is limited. This study examined the variations in soil respiration at two soil depths (0–10 and 10–20 cm) as well as the effects of soil temperature, soil water content, litter removal, and root cutting on soil respiration in three typical forest types (i.e., Pinus tabulaeformis Carrière, Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, and Quercus variabilis Bl.) in the mountainous area of north China from March 2013 to October 2014. The obtained results show that soil respiration exhibited strong seasonal variation and decreased with soil depth. Soil respiration was exponentially correlated to soil temperature, and soil respiration increased with soil water content until reaching threshold values (19.97% for P. tabulaeformis, 16.65% for P. orientalis, and 16.90% for Q. variabilis), followed by a decrease. Furthermore, interactions of soil temperature and water content significantly affected soil respiration at different soil depths of forest types, accounting for 68.9% to 82.6% of the seasonal variation in soil respiration. In addition to soil temperature and water content, aboveground litter and plant roots affected soil respiration differently. In the three forest types, soil respiration at two soil depths decreased by 22.97% to 29.76% after litter removal, and by 44.84% to 53.76% after root cutting. The differences in soil respiration reduction between the two soil depths are largely attributed to variations in substrate availability (e.g., soil organic content) and soil carbon input (e.g., litter and fine root biomass). The obtained findings indicate that soil respiration varies at different soil depths, and suggest that in addition to soil temperature and water content, soil carbon input and dissolved organic substances may exert a strong effect on forest soil respiration.
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19
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Collado E, Bonet JA, Camarero JJ, Egli S, Peter M, Salo K, Martínez-Peña F, Ohenoja E, Martín-Pinto P, Primicia I, Büntgen U, Kurttila M, Oria-de-Rueda JA, Martínez-de-Aragón J, Miina J, de-Miguel S. Mushroom productivity trends in relation to tree growth and climate across different European forest biomes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:602-615. [PMID: 31279206 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although it is logical to think that mycorrhizal mushroom production should be somehow related to the growth of the trees from which the fungi obtain carbohydrates, little is known about how mushroom yield patterns are related to tree performance. In this study, we delved into the understanding of the relationships between aboveground fungal productivity, tree radial growth patterns and climatic conditions across three latitudinally different bioclimatic regions encompassing Mediterranean, temperate and boreal forest ecosystems in Europe. For this purpose, we used a large assemblage of long-term data of weekly or biweekly mushroom yield monitoring in Spain, Switzerland and Finland. We analysed the relationships between annual mushroom yield (considering both biomass and number of sporocarps per unit area), tree ring features (tree ring, earlywood and latewood widths), and meteorological conditions (i.e. precipitation and temperature of summer and autumn) from different study sites and forest ecosystems, using both standard and partial correlations. Moreover, we fitted predictive models to estimate mushroom yield from mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal guilds based on climatic and dendrochronological variables. Significant synchronies between mushroom yield and climatic and dendrochronological variables were mostly found in drier Mediterranean sites, while few or no significant correlations were found in the boreal and temperate regions. We observed positive correlations between latewood growth and mycorrhizal mushroom biomass only in some Mediterranean sites, this relationship being mainly mediated by summer and autumn precipitation. Under more water-limited conditions, both the seasonal wood production and the mushroom yield are more sensitive to precipitation events, resulting in higher synchrony between both variables. This comparative study across diverse European forest biomes and types provides new insights into the relationship between mushroom productivity, tree growth and weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Collado
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - J A Bonet
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - J J Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - M Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - K Salo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - F Martínez-Peña
- European Mycological Institute EGTC-EMI, 42003 Soria, Spain; Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon CITA, Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Ohenoja
- Biodiversity Unit/Botanical Museum, P.O.B. 3000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - P Martín-Pinto
- Instituto Universitario de Gestión Forestal Sostenible (UVA-INIA), Avda. Madrid, s/n, E-34004 Palencia, Spain; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias de Palencia (ETSIIA), Universidad de Valladolid (UVA), Avda. Madrid, s/n, E-34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - I Primicia
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - U Büntgen
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK; Global Change Research Centre and Masaryk University Brno, Bělidla 986/4a, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Kurttila
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - J A Oria-de-Rueda
- Instituto Universitario de Gestión Forestal Sostenible (UVA-INIA), Avda. Madrid, s/n, E-34004 Palencia, Spain; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias de Palencia (ETSIIA), Universidad de Valladolid (UVA), Avda. Madrid, s/n, E-34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - J Martínez-de-Aragón
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - J Miina
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - S de-Miguel
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
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20
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Differential Responses and Controls of Soil CO2 and N2O Fluxes to Experimental Warming and Nitrogen Fertilization in a Subalpine Coniferous Spruce (Picea asperata Mast.) Plantation Forest. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10090808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as CO2 and N2O from soils are affected by many factors such as climate change, soil carbon content, and soil nutrient conditions. However, the response patterns and controls of soil CO2 and N2O fluxes to global warming and nitrogen (N) fertilization are still not clear in subalpine forests. To address this issue, we conducted an eight-year field experiment with warming and N fertilization treatments in a subalpine coniferous spruce (Picea asperata Mast.) plantation forest in China. Soil CO2 and N2O fluxes were measured using a static chamber method, and soils were sampled to analyze soil carbon and N contents, soil microbial substrate utilization (MSU) patterns, and microbial functional diversity. Results showed that the mean annual CO2 and N2O fluxes were 36.04 ± 3.77 mg C m−2 h−1 and 0.51 ± 0.11 µg N m−2 h−1, respectively. Soil CO2 flux was only affected by warming while soil N2O flux was significantly enhanced by N fertilization and its interaction with warming. Warming enhanced dissolve organic carbon (DOC) and MSU, reduced soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and constrained the microbial metabolic activity and microbial functional diversity, resulting in a decrease in soil CO2 emission. The analysis of structural equation model indicated that MSU had dominant direct negative effect on soil CO2 flux but had direct positive effect on soil N2O flux. DOC and MBC had indirect positive effects on soil CO2 flux while soil NH4+-N had direct negative effect on soil CO2 and N2O fluxes. This study revealed different response patterns and controlling factors of soil CO2 and N2O fluxes in the subalpine plantation forest, and highlighted the importance of soil microbial contributions to GHG fluxes under climate warming and N deposition.
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21
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Saravesi K, Markkola A, Taulavuori E, Syvänperä I, Suominen O, Suokas M, Saikkonen K, Taulavuori K. Impacts of experimental warming and northern light climate on growth and root fungal communities of Scots pine populations. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Sevanto S. Methods for Assessing the Role of Phloem Transport in Plant Stress Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:311-336. [PMID: 31197806 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of carbohydrates to tissues that need them under stress is important for plant defenses and survival. Yet, little is known on how phloem function is altered under stress, and how that influences plant responses to stress. This is because phloem is a challenging tissue to study. It consists of cells of various types with soft cell walls, and the cells show strong wounding reactions to protect their integrity, making both imaging and functional studies challenging. This chapter summarizes theories on how phloem transport is affected by stress and presents methods that have been used to gain the current knowledge. These techniques range from tracer studies and imaging to carbon balance and anatomical analyses. Advances in these techniques in the recent years have considerably increased our ability to investigate phloem function, and application of the new methods on plant stress studies will help provide a more comprehensive picture of phloem function and its limitations under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
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23
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Do silver nanoparticles stimulate the formation of ectomycorrhizae in seedlings of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.)? Symbiosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-019-00628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Salomón RL, De Roo L, Bodé S, Boeckx P, Steppe K. Isotope ratio laser spectroscopy to disentangle xylem-transported from locally respired CO2 in stem CO2 efflux. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:819-830. [PMID: 30726992 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Respired CO2 in woody tissues radially diffuses to the atmosphere or it is transported upward with the transpiration stream, making the origin of CO2 in stem CO2 efflux (EA) uncertain, which may confound stem respiration (RS) estimates. An aqueous 13C-enriched solution was infused into stems of Populus tremula L. trees, and real-time measurements of 13C-CO2 and 12C-CO2 in EA were performed via Cavity Ring Down Laser Spectroscopy (CRDS). The contribution of locally respired CO2 (LCO2) and xylem-transported CO2 (TCO2) to EA was estimated from their different isotopic composition. Mean daily values of TCO2/EA ranged from 13% to 38%, evidencing the notable role that xylem CO2 transport plays in the assessment of stem respiration. Mean daily TCO2/EA did not differ between treatments of drought stress and light exclusion of woody tissues, but they showed different TCO2/EA dynamics on a sub-daily time scale. Sub-daily CO2 diffusion patterns were explained by a light-induced axial CO2 gradient ascribed to woody tissue photosynthesis, and the resistance to radial CO2 diffusion determined by bark water content. Here, we demonstrate the outstanding potential of CRDS paired with 13C-CO2 labelling to advance in the understanding of CO2 movement at the plant-atmosphere interface and the respiratory physiology in woody tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Salomón
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linus De Roo
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Epron D, Dannoura M, Plain C. Using 13C to Quantify Phloem Transport on Tall Plants in the Field. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:145-151. [PMID: 31197793 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The difference in time lags between a labeling pulse of 13CO2 of the foliage and the appearance of labeled C in the respiration at different locations along the stem of a tall plant is used to estimate at which velocities the isotope tracer, i.e., the labeled carbohydrates, are transported in the phloem sap. Here we describe a method for pulse-labeling tall plants in the field and subsequently tracing 13C in the respiratory efflux of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Epron
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, Inra, UMR Silva, Nancy, France.
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Masako Dannoura
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, Japan
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Caroline Plain
- UMR Silva, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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Henriksson N, Rademacher TT. Stem Compression: A Means to Reversibly Reduce Phloem Transport in Tree Stems. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:301-310. [PMID: 31197805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem compression reduces or terminates the phloem-mediated transport of carbohydrates and other solutes in tree stems, without causing permanent damage to phloem functioning (Henriksson et al. Tree Physiol. 35:1075-1085, 2015). This has been tested on two species of pine trees, with diameters ranging from 3 to 26 cm in a forest in northern Sweden (Henriksson et al. Tree Physiol. 35:1075-1085, 2015) and in Harvard Forest, USA. Halting the phloem transport of trees in a forest is useful for studying tree physiological processes related to, or dependent on, phloem-transported compounds as well as downstream processes, in particular interactions with soil microbes. Phloem compression can be deployed in the lab and field on single trees, subsets, or over larger areas, depending on what is relevant for a particular research question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Henriksson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agriculture (SLU), Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Tim T Rademacher
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing & Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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Liu Y, Zhou G, Du H, Berninger F, Mao F, Li X, Chen L, Cui L, Li Y, Zhu D. Soil respiration of a Moso bamboo forest significantly affected by gross ecosystem productivity and leaf area index in an extreme drought event. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5747. [PMID: 30402345 PMCID: PMC6215440 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moso bamboo has large potential to alleviate global warming through carbon sequestration. Since soil respiration (R s ) is a major source of CO2 emissions, we analyzed the dynamics of soil respiration (R s ) and its relation to environmental factors in a Moso bamboo (Phllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens) forest to identify the relative importance of biotic and abiotic drivers of respiration. Annual average R s was 44.07 t CO2 ha-1 a-1. R s correlated significantly with soil temperature (P < 0.01), which explained 69.7% of the variation in R s at a diurnal scale. Soil moisture was correlated significantly with R s on a daily scale except not during winter, indicating it affected R s . A model including both soil temperature and soil moisture explained 93.6% of seasonal variations in R s . The relationship between R s and soil temperature during a day showed a clear hysteresis. R s was significantly and positively (P < 0.01) related to gross ecosystem productivity and leaf area index, demonstrating the significance of biotic factors as crucial drivers of R s .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Guomo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Huaqiang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Frank Berninger
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- Department of Forest Ecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fangjie Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Xuejian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Lu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Yangguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Di’en Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
- School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
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Sietiö OM, Tuomivirta T, Santalahti M, Kiheri H, Timonen S, Sun H, Fritze H, Heinonsalo J. Ericoid plant species and Pinus sylvestris shape fungal communities in their roots and surrounding soil. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:738-751. [PMID: 29493776 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-colonizing fungi can form mycorrhizal or endophytic associations with plant roots, the type of association depending on the host. We investigated the differences and similarities of the fungal communities of three boreal ericoid plants and one coniferous tree, and identified the community structure of fungi utilizing photosynthates from the plants studied. The fungal communities of roots and soils of Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Calluna vulgaris and Pinus sylvestris were studied in an 18-month-long experiment where the plants were grown individually in natural substrate. Photosynthates utilizing fungi were detected with DNA stable-isotope probing using 13 CO2 (13 C-DNA-SIP). The results indicated that the plants studied provide different ecological niches preferred by different fungal species. Those fungi which dominated the community in washed roots had also the highest 13 C-uptake. In addition, a common root endophyte without confirmed mycorrhizal status also obtained 13 C from all the plants, indicating close plant-association of this fungal species. We detect several fungal species inhabiting the roots of both ericoid mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal plants. Our results highlight that the ecological role of co-occurrence of fungi with different life styles (e.g. mycorrhizal or endophytic) in plant root systems should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi-Maaria Sietiö
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Tuomivirta
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 2, 00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Santalahti
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Kiheri
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 2, 00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Timonen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hannu Fritze
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 2, 00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Aubrey DP, Teskey RO. Stored root carbohydrates can maintain root respiration for extended periods. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:142-152. [PMID: 29281746 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tight coupling between below-ground autotrophic respiration and the availability of recently assimilated carbon (C) has become a paradigm in the ecophysiological literature. Here, we show that stored carbohydrates can decouple respiration from assimilation for prolonged periods by mobilizing reserves from transport roots to absorptive roots. We permanently disrupted the below-ground transfer of recently assimilated C using stem girdling and root trenching and measured soil CO2 efflux for over 1 yr in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), a species that has large reserves of stored carbohydrates in roots. Soil CO2 efflux was not influenced by girdling or trenching through the 14-month observation period. Stored carbohydrate concentrations in absorptive roots were not affected by the disrupted supply of current photosynthate for over 1 yr; however, carbohydrate concentrations in transport roots decreased. Our results indicate that root respiration can be decoupled from recent canopy assimilation and that stored carbohydrates can be mobilized from transport roots to absorptive roots to maintain respiration for over 1 yr. This refines the current paradigm that canopy assimilation and below-ground respiration are tightly coupled and provides evidence of the mechanism and dynamics responsible for decoupling the above- and below-ground processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug P Aubrey
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Robert O Teskey
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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30
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Pflug EE, Buchmann N, Siegwolf RTW, Schaub M, Rigling A, Arend M. Resilient Leaf Physiological Response of European Beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) to Summer Drought and Drought Release. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:187. [PMID: 29515605 PMCID: PMC5825912 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental constraint to trees, causing severe stress and thus adversely affecting their functional integrity. European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a key species in mesic forests that is commonly expected to suffer in a future climate with more intense and frequent droughts. Here, we assessed the seasonal response of leaf physiological characteristics of beech saplings to drought and drought release to investigate their potential to recover from the imposed stress and overcome previous limitations. Saplings were transplanted to model ecosystems and exposed to a simulated summer drought. Pre-dawn water potentials (ψpd), stomatal conductance (gS), intercellular CO2 concentration (ci), net-photosynthesis (AN), PSII chlorophyll fluorescence (PItot), non-structural carbohydrate concentrations (NSC; soluble sugars, starch) and carbon isotope signatures were measured in leaves throughout the growing season. Pre-dawn water potentials (ψpd), gS, ci, AN, and PItot decreased as drought progressed, and the concentration of soluble sugars increased at the expense of starch. Carbon isotopes in soluble sugars (δ13CS) showed a distinct increase under drought, suggesting, together with decreased ci, stomatal limitation of AN. Drought effects on ψpd, ci, and NSC disappeared shortly after re-watering, while full recovery of gS, AN, and PItot was delayed by 1 week. The fast recovery of NSC was reflected by a rapid decay of the drought signal in δ13C values, indicating a rapid turnover of assimilates and a reactivation of carbon metabolism. After recovery, the previously drought-exposed saplings showed a stimulation of AN and a trend toward elevated starch concentrations, which counteracted the previous drought limitations. Overall, our results suggest that the internal water relations of beech saplings and the physiological activity of leaves are restored rapidly after drought release. In the case of AN, stimulation after drought may partially compensate for limitations on photosynthetic activity during drought. Our observations suggest high resilience of beech to drought, contradicting the general belief that beech is particularly sensitive to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Pflug
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf T. W. Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arend
- Physiological Plant Ecology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Andresen LC, Domínguez MT, Reinsch S, Smith AR, Schmidt IK, Ambus P, Beier C, Boeckx P, Bol R, Dato G, Emmett BA, Estiarte M, Garnett MH, Kröel‐Dulay G, Mason SL, Nielsen CS, Peñuelas J, Tietema A. Isotopic methods for non‐destructive assessment of carbon dynamics in shrublands under long‐term climate change manipulation. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Andresen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Andrew R. Smith
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor UK
- School of EnvironmentNatural Resources & GeographyBangor University Bangor UK
| | - Inger K. Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Per Ambus
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Claus Beier
- Centre for Catchments and Urban Water Research Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory ‐ ISOFYSGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Roland Bol
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesIBG‐3: Agrosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
| | - Giovanbattista Dato
- Department for Innovation in BiologicalAgro‐food and Forest systemsUniversity of Tuscia Viterbo Italy
| | | | - Marc Estiarte
- CSICGlobal Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Mark H. Garnett
- NERC Radiocarbon FacilityScottish Enterprise Technology Park East Kilbride UK
| | - György Kröel‐Dulay
- Centre for Ecological ResearchInstitute of Ecology and BotanyHungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest Hungary
| | - Sharon L. Mason
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Cecilie S. Nielsen
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSICGlobal Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Albert Tietema
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
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Zieger SL, Ammerschubert S, Polle A, Scheu S. Root-derived carbon and nitrogen from beech and ash trees differentially fuel soil animal food webs of deciduous forests. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189502. [PMID: 29236746 PMCID: PMC5728517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is increasing that soil animal food webs are fueled by root-derived carbon (C) and also by root-derived nitrogen (N). Functioning as link between the above- and belowground system, trees and their species identity are important drivers structuring soil animal communities. A pulse labeling experiment using 15N and 13C was conducted by exposing beech (Fagus sylvatica) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) seedlings to 13CO2 enriched atmosphere and tree leaves to 15N ammonium chloride solution in a plant growth chamber under controlled conditions for 72 h. C and N fluxes into the soil animal food web of beech, associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), and ash, associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), were investigated at two sampling dates (5 and 20 days after labeling). All of the soil animal taxa studied incorporated root-derived C, while root-derived N was only incorporated into certain taxa. Tree species identity strongly affected C and N incorporation with the incorporation in the beech rhizosphere generally exceeding that in the ash rhizosphere. Incorporation differed little between 5 and 20 days after labeling indicating that both C and N are incorporated quickly into soil animals and are used for tissue formation. Our results suggest that energy and nutrient fluxes in soil food webs depend on the identity of tree species with the differences being associated with different types of mycorrhiza. Further research is needed to prove the generality of these findings and to quantify the flux of plant C and N into soil food webs of forests and other terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Zieger
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Silke Ammerschubert
- University of Göttingen, Büsgen Institute, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- University of Göttingen, Büsgen Institute, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Göttingen, Germany
- University of Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Göttingen, Germany
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Zieger SL, Holczinger A, Sommer J, Rath M, Kuzyakov Y, Polle A, Maraun M, Scheu S. Beech trees fuel soil animal food webs via root-derived nitrogen. Basic Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Role of plant-fungal nutrient trading and host control in determining the competitive success of ectomycorrhizal fungi. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:2666-2676. [PMID: 28731478 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multiple ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) compete to colonise the roots of a host plant, but it is not known whether their success is under plant or fungal control, or a combination of both. We assessed whether plants control EMF colonisation by preferentially allocating more carbon to more beneficial partners in terms of nitrogen supply or if other factors drive competitive success. We combined stable isotope labelling and RNA-sequencing approaches to characterise nutrient exchange between the plant host Eucalyptus grandis and three Pisolithus isolates when growing alone and when competing either indirectly (with a physical barrier) or directly. Overall, we found that nitrogen provision to the plant does not explain the amount of carbon that an isolate receives nor the number of roots that it colonises. Differences in nutrient exchange among isolates were related to differences in expression of key fungal and plant nitrogen and carbon transporter genes. When given a choice of partners, the plant was able to limit colonisation by the least cooperative isolate. This was not explained by a reduction in allocated carbon. Instead, our results suggest that partner choice in EMF could operate through the upregulation of defence-related genes against those fungi providing fewer nutrients.
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The Response of Soil CO2 Efflux to Water Limitation Is Not Merely a Climatic Issue: The Role of Substrate Availability. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8070241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Maddison AL, Camargo-Rodriguez A, Scott IM, Jones CM, Elias DMO, Hawkins S, Massey A, Clifton-Brown J, McNamara NP, Donnison IS, Purdy SJ. Predicting future biomass yield in Miscanthus using the carbohydrate metabolic profile as a biomarker. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY. BIOENERGY 2017; 9:1264-1278. [PMID: 28713439 PMCID: PMC5488626 DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In perennial energy crop breeding programmes, it can take several years before a mature yield is reached when potential new varieties can be scored. Modern plant breeding technologies have focussed on molecular markers, but for many crop species, this technology is unavailable. Therefore, prematurity predictors of harvestable yield would accelerate the release of new varieties. Metabolic biomarkers are routinely used in medicine, but they have been largely overlooked as predictive tools in plant science. We aimed to identify biomarkers of productivity in the bioenergy crop, Miscanthus, that could be used prognostically to predict future yields. This study identified a metabolic profile reflecting productivity in Miscanthus by correlating the summer carbohydrate composition of multiple genotypes with final yield 6 months later. Consistent and strong, significant correlations were observed between carbohydrate metrics and biomass traits at two separate field sites over 2 years. Machine-learning feature selection was used to optimize carbohydrate metrics for support vector regression models, which were able to predict interyear biomass traits with a correlation (R) of >0.67 between predicted and actual values. To identify a causal basis for the relationships between the glycome profile and biomass, a 13C-labelling experiment compared carbohydrate partitioning between high- and low-yielding genotypes. A lower yielding and slower growing genotype partitioned a greater percentage of the 13C pulse into starch compared to a faster growing genotype where a greater percentage was located in the structural biomass. These results supported a link between plant performance and carbon flow through two rival pathways (starch vs. sucrose), with higher yielding plants exhibiting greater partitioning into structural biomass, via sucrose metabolism, rather than starch. Our results demonstrate that the plant metabolome can be used prognostically to anticipate future yields and this is a method that could be used to accelerate selection in perennial energy crop breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Maddison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Plas Gogerddan SY23 3EB UK
| | - Anyela Camargo-Rodriguez
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Plas Gogerddan SY23 3EB UK
| | - Ian M Scott
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Plas Gogerddan SY23 3EB UK
| | - Charlotte M Jones
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Plas Gogerddan SY23 3EB UK
| | - Dafydd M O Elias
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Lancaster Environment Centre Library Avenue Bailrigg Lancaster LA1 4AP UK
| | - Sarah Hawkins
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Plas Gogerddan SY23 3EB UK
| | - Alice Massey
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Plas Gogerddan SY23 3EB UK
| | - John Clifton-Brown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Plas Gogerddan SY23 3EB UK
| | - Niall P McNamara
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Lancaster Environment Centre Library Avenue Bailrigg Lancaster LA1 4AP UK
| | - Iain S Donnison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Plas Gogerddan SY23 3EB UK
| | - Sarah J Purdy
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Plas Gogerddan SY23 3EB UK
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Studer MS, Künzli R, Maier R, Schmidt MWI, Siegwolf RTW, Woodhatch I, Abiven S. The MICE facility - a new tool to study plant-soil C cycling with a holistic approach. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2017; 53:286-297. [PMID: 27846728 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2016.1254209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil interactions are recognized to play a crucial role in the ecosystem response to climate change. We developed a facility to disentangle the complex interactions behind the plant-soil C feedback mechanisms. The MICE ('Multi-Isotope labelling in a Controlled Environment') facility consists of two climate chambers with independent control of the atmospheric conditions (light, CO2, temperature, humidity) and the soil environment (temperature, moisture). Each chamber holds 15 plant-soil systems with hermetical separation of the shared above ground (shoots) from the individual belowground compartments (roots, rhizosphere, soil). Stable isotopes (e.g. 13C, 15N, 2H, 18O) can be added to either compartment and traced within the whole system. The soil CO2 efflux rate is monitored, and plant material, leached soil water and gas samples are taken frequently. The facility is a powerful tool to improve our mechanistic understanding of plant-soil interactions that drive the C cycle feedback to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam S Studer
- a Department of Geography , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Reto Maier
- c Physics Institute, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Rolf T W Siegwolf
- d Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Ivan Woodhatch
- a Department of Geography , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Samuel Abiven
- a Department of Geography , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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Baskaran P, Hyvönen R, Berglund SL, Clemmensen KE, Ågren GI, Lindahl BD, Manzoni S. Modelling the influence of ectomycorrhizal decomposition on plant nutrition and soil carbon sequestration in boreal forest ecosystems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1452-1465. [PMID: 27748949 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tree growth in boreal forests is limited by nitrogen (N) availability. Most boreal forest trees form symbiotic associations with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, which improve the uptake of inorganic N and also have the capacity to decompose soil organic matter (SOM) and to mobilize organic N ('ECM decomposition'). To study the effects of 'ECM decomposition' on ecosystem carbon (C) and N balances, we performed a sensitivity analysis on a model of C and N flows between plants, SOM, saprotrophs, ECM fungi, and inorganic N stores. The analysis indicates that C and N balances were sensitive to model parameters regulating ECM biomass and decomposition. Under low N availability, the optimal C allocation to ECM fungi, above which the symbiosis switches from mutualism to parasitism, increases with increasing relative involvement of ECM fungi in SOM decomposition. Under low N conditions, increased ECM organic N mining promotes tree growth but decreases soil C storage, leading to a negative correlation between C stores above- and below-ground. The interplay between plant production and soil C storage is sensitive to the partitioning of decomposition between ECM fungi and saprotrophs. Better understanding of interactions between functional guilds of soil fungi may significantly improve predictions of ecosystem responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetisri Baskaran
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Riitta Hyvönen
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - S Linnea Berglund
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Karina E Clemmensen
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Göran I Ågren
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Stefano Manzoni
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
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Desalme D, Priault P, Gérant D, Dannoura M, Maillard P, Plain C, Epron D. Seasonal variations drive short-term dynamics and partitioning of recently assimilated carbon in the foliage of adult beech and pine. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:140-153. [PMID: 27513732 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
13 CO2 pulse-labelling experiments were performed in situ on adult beeches (Fagus sylvatica) and pines (Pinus pinaster) at different phenological stages to study seasonal and interspecific short-term dynamics and partitioning of recently assimilated carbon (C) in leaves. Polar fraction (PF, including soluble sugars, amino acids and organic acids) and starch were purified from foliage sampled during a 10-d chase period. C contents, isotopic compositions and 13 C dynamics parameters were determined in bulk foliage, PF and starch. Decrease in 13 C amount in bulk foliage followed a two-pool exponential model highlighting 13 C partitioning between 'mobile' and 'stable' pools, the relative proportion of the latter being maximal in beech leaves in May. Early in the growing season, new foliage acted as a strong C sink in both species, but although young leaves and needles were already photosynthesizing, the latter were still supplied with previous-year needle photosynthates 2 months after budburst. Mean 13 C residence times (MRT) were minimal in summer, indicating fast photosynthate export to supply perennial organ growth in both species. In late summer, MRT differed between senescing beech leaves and overwintering pine needles. Seasonal variations of 13 C partitioning and dynamics in field-grown tree foliage are closely linked to phenological differences between deciduous and evergreen trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorine Desalme
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Pierrick Priault
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Dominique Gérant
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Masako Dannoura
- INRA, UMR 1263, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratory of Forest Utilization, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Pascale Maillard
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Caroline Plain
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Daniel Epron
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
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40
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Baldrian P. Forest microbiome: diversity, complexity and dynamics. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 41:109-130. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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41
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Abramoff RZ, Finzi AC. Seasonality and partitioning of root allocation to rhizosphere soils in a midlatitude forest. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rose Z. Abramoff
- Department of Biology and PhD Program in Biogeoscience Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Adrien C. Finzi
- Department of Biology and PhD Program in Biogeoscience Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
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Hommel R, Siegwolf R, Zavadlav S, Arend M, Schaub M, Galiano L, Haeni M, Kayler ZE, Gessler A. Impact of interspecific competition and drought on the allocation of new assimilates in trees. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:785-96. [PMID: 27061772 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In trees, the interplay between reduced carbon assimilation and the inability to transport carbohydrates to the sites of demand under drought might be one of the mechanisms leading to carbon starvation. However, we largely lack knowledge on how drought effects on new assimilate allocation differ between species with different drought sensitivities and how these effects are modified by interspecific competition. We assessed the fate of (13) C labelled assimilates in above- and belowground plant organs and in root/rhizosphere respired CO2 in saplings of drought-tolerant Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and drought-sensitive European beech (Fagus sylvatica) exposed to moderate drought, either in mono- or mixed culture. While drought reduced stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rates in both species, both maintained assimilate transport belowground. Beech even allocated more new assimilate to the roots under moderate drought compared to non-limited water supply conditions, and this pattern was even more pronounced under interspecific competition. Even though maple was a superior competitor compared to beech under non-limited soil water conditions, as indicated by the changes in above- and belowground biomass of both species in the interspecific competition treatments, we can state that beech was still able to efficiently allocate new assimilate belowground under combined drought and interspecific competition. This might be seen as a strategy to maintain root osmotic potential and to prioritise root functioning. Our results thus show that beech tolerates moderate drought stress plus competition without losing its ability to supply belowground tissues. It remains to be explored in future work if this strategy is also valid during long-term drought exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hommel
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - R Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Stable Isotopes and Ecosystem Fluxes, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - S Zavadlav
- Department of Forest Physiology and Genetics, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Arend
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - M Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - L Galiano
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Hydrology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Haeni
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Z E Kayler
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - A Gessler
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Müncheberg, Germany
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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43
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Hagedorn F, Joseph J, Peter M, Luster J, Pritsch K, Geppert U, Kerner R, Molinier V, Egli S, Schaub M, Liu JF, Li M, Sever K, Weiler M, Siegwolf RTW, Gessler A, Arend M. Recovery of trees from drought depends on belowground sink control. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16111. [PMID: 27428669 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate projections predict higher precipitation variability with more frequent dry extremes(1). CO2 assimilation of forests decreases during drought, either by stomatal closure(2) or by direct environmental control of sink tissue activities(3). Ultimately, drought effects on forests depend on the ability of forests to recover, but the mechanisms controlling ecosystem resilience are uncertain(4). Here, we have investigated the effects of drought and drought release on the carbon balances in beech trees by combining CO2 flux measurements, metabolomics and (13)CO2 pulse labelling. During drought, net photosynthesis (AN), soil respiration (RS) and the allocation of recent assimilates below ground were reduced. Carbohydrates accumulated in metabolically resting roots but not in leaves, indicating sink control of the tree carbon balance. After drought release, RS recovered faster than AN and CO2 fluxes exceeded those in continuously watered trees for months. This stimulation was related to greater assimilate allocation to and metabolization in the rhizosphere. These findings show that trees prioritize the investment of assimilates below ground, probably to regain root functions after drought. We propose that root restoration plays a key role in ecosystem resilience to drought, in that the increased sink activity controls the recovery of carbon balances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jobin Joseph
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Luster
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Karin Pritsch
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Geppert
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rene Kerner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Maihe Li
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Krunoslav Sever
- Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Markus Weiler
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf T W Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibnitz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Strasse 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Arend
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- School of Forest Science and Resource Management, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Klein T, Siegwolf RTW, Korner C. Belowground carbon trade among tall trees in a temperate forest. Science 2016; 352:342-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad6188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Lucas RW, Sponseller RA, Gundale MJ, Stendahl J, Fridman J, Högberg P, Laudon H. Long-term declines in stream and river inorganic nitrogen (N) export correspond to forest change. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:545-556. [PMID: 27209794 DOI: 10.1890/14-2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have exerted a powerful influence on the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) and drive changes that can be a challenge to predict given the influence of multiple environmental stressors. This study focused on understanding how land management and climate change have together influenced terrestrial N storage and watershed inorganic N export across boreal and sub-arctic landscapes in northern Sweden. Using long-term discharge and nutrient concentration data that have been collected continuously for over three decades, we calculated the hydrologic inorganic N export from nine watersheds in this region. We found a consistent decline in inorganic N export from 1985 to 2011 over the entire region from both small and large watersheds, despite the absence of any long-term trend in river discharge during this period. The steepest declines in inorganic N export were observed during the growing season, consistent with the hypothesis that observed changes are biologically mediated and are not the result of changes in long-term hydrology. Concurrent with the decrease in inorganic N export, we report sustained increases in terrestrial N accumulation in forest biomass and soils across northern Sweden. Given the close communication of nutrient and energy stores between plants, soils, and waters, our results indicate a regional tightening of the N cycle in an already N-limited environment as a result of changes in forest management and climate-mediated growth increases. Our results are consistent with declining inorganic N efflux previously reported from small headwater streams in other ecosystems and shed new light on the mechanisms controlling these patterns by identifying corresponding shifts in the terrestrial N balance, which have been altered by a combination of management activities and climate change.
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The Burgundy Truffle (Tuber aestivum syn. uncinatum): A Truffle Species with a Wide Habitat Range over Europe. SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Epron D, Cabral OMR, Laclau JP, Dannoura M, Packer AP, Plain C, Battie-Laclau P, Moreira MZ, Trivelin PCO, Bouillet JP, Gérant D, Nouvellon Y. In situ 13CO2 pulse labelling of field-grown eucalypt trees revealed the effects of potassium nutrition and throughfall exclusion on phloem transport of photosynthetic carbon. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:6-21. [PMID: 26423335 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is an important limiting factor of tree growth, but little is known of the effects of K supply on the long-distance transport of photosynthetic carbon (C) in the phloem and of the interaction between K fertilization and drought. We pulse-labelled 2-year-old Eucalyptus grandis L. trees grown in a field trial combining K fertilization (+K and -K) and throughfall exclusion (+W and -W), and we estimated the velocity of C transfer by comparing time lags between the uptake of (13)CO2 and its recovery in trunk CO2 efflux recorded at different heights. We also analysed the dynamics of the labelled photosynthates recovered in the foliage and in the phloem sap (inner bark extract). The mean residence time of labelled C in the foliage was short (21-31 h). The time series of (13)C in excess in the foliage was affected by the level of fertilization, whereas the effect of throughfall exclusion was not significant. The velocity of C transfer in the trunk (0.20-0.82 m h(-1)) was twice as high in +K trees than in -K trees, with no significant effect of throughfall exclusion except for one +K -W tree labelled in the middle of the drought season that was exposed to a more pronounced water stress (midday leaf water potential of -2.2 MPa). Our results suggest that besides reductions in photosynthetic C supply and in C demand by sink organs, the lower velocity under K deficiency is due to a lower cross-sectional area of the sieve tubes, whereas an increase in phloem sap viscosity is more likely limiting phloem transport under drought. In all treatments, 10 times less (13)C was recovered in inner bark extracts at the bottom of the trunk when compared with the base of the crown, suggesting that a large part of the labelled assimilates has been exported out of the phloem and replaced by unlabelled C. This supports the 'leakage-retrieval mechanism' that may play a role in maintaining the pressure gradient between source and sink organs required to sustain high velocity of phloem transport in tall trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Epron
- UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France INRA, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France CIRAD, UMR Eco&sols, Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols & Agro-écosystèmes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Paul Laclau
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&sols, Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols & Agro-écosystèmes, F-34060 Montpellier, France Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Botucatu, CEP 18610-300 São Paulo, Brazil Departamento de Ciências Florestais, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, ESALQ, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Masako Dannoura
- Laboratory of Forest Utilization, Department of Forest and Biomaterial Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ana Paula Packer
- Embrapa Meio Ambiente, CEP 13820-000, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Plain
- UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France INRA, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Patricia Battie-Laclau
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Zacharias Moreira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Ocheuze Trivelin
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouillet
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&sols, Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols & Agro-écosystèmes, F-34060 Montpellier, France Departamento de Ciências Florestais, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, ESALQ, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dominique Gérant
- UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France INRA, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Yann Nouvellon
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&sols, Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols & Agro-écosystèmes, F-34060 Montpellier, France Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, IAG, Universidade de São Paulo, ESALQ, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Craig ME, Pearson SM, Fraterrigo JM. Grass invasion effects on forest soil carbon depend on landscape-level land use patterns. Ecology 2015; 96:2265-79. [PMID: 26405751 DOI: 10.1890/14-1770.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant invasions can alter the quality and quantity of detrital and root-derived inputs entering a system, thereby influencing the activities of microbial decomposers and affecting the soil carbon cycle. The effect of these inputs on soil carbon storage is often conflicting, suggesting strong context dependency in the plant-decomposer relationship. Whether there is a generalizable pattern that explains this dependency remains relatively unexplored. Here, we (1) examine how invasion by the exotic grass Microstegium vimineum affects carbon cycling across a land use gradient, and (2) evaluate the importance of inorganic nitrogen availability and other environmental variables for explaining patterns in soil carbon. Using paired invaded and uninvaded plots, we quantified invasion effects on belowground carbon pools, extracellular enzyme activities, and native leaf litter decomposition in forests embedded in an urban, agricultural, or forested landscape matrix. Compared to the urban matrix, invasion-associated declines in total soil organic carbon in the forested and agricultural landscapes were 3.5 and 2.5 times greater, respectively. Inorganic nitrogen availability and M. vimineum biomass interacted to explain these patterns: when both nitrogen availability and M. vimineum biomass were high, invaded soils exhibited higher total organic carbon, unchanged particulate organic matter carbon, and higher mineral-associated organic matter carbon compared to adjacent uninvaded soils. Consistent with these patterns, activities of carbon-mineralizing enzymes were lower in invaded than in uninvaded soils when both nitrogen availability and M. vimineum biomass were high. By contrast,. decomposition of native leaf litter was faster when inorganic nitrogen availability and M. vimineum biomass were high. Our findings suggest that, although this invader may accelerate carbon cycling in forest soils, its effects on soil carbon storage largely depend on nitrogen availability and invader biomass, which can be altered by landscape-level patterns of land use. Additional research is needed to determine whether land use or other broad-scale processes such as atmospheric nitrogen deposition can explain context dependence in plant invasion effects on other ecosystem processes.
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Keiner R, Frosch T, Massad T, Trumbore S, Popp J. Enhanced Raman multigas sensing - a novel tool for control and analysis of (13)CO(2) labeling experiments in environmental research. Analyst 2015; 139:3879-84. [PMID: 24791270 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01971c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cavity-enhanced Raman multigas spectrometry is introduced as a versatile technique for monitoring of (13)CO2 isotope labeling experiments, while simultaneously quantifying the fluxes of O2 and other relevant gases across a wide range of concentrations. The multigas analysis was performed in a closed cycle; no gas was consumed, and the gas composition was not altered by the measurement. Isotope labeling of plant metabolites via photosynthetic uptake of (13)CO2 enables the investigation of resource flows in plants and is now an important tool in ecophysiological studies. In this experiment the (13)C labeling of monoclonal cuttings of Populus trichocarpa was undertaken. The high time resolution of the online multigas analysis allowed precise control of the pulse labeling and was exploited to calculate the kinetics of photosynthetic (13)CO2 uptake and to extrapolate the exact value of the (13)CO2 peak concentration in the labeling chamber. Further, the leaf dark respiration of immature and mature leaves was analyzed. The quantification of the photosynthetic O2 production rate as a byproduct of the (13)CO2 uptake correlated with the amount of available light and the leaf area of the plants in the labeling chamber. The ability to acquire CO2 and O2 respiration rates simultaneously also simplifies the determination of respiratory quotients (rate of O2 uptake compared to CO2 release) and thus indicates the type of combusted substrate. By combining quantification of respiration quotients with the tracing of (13)C in plants, cavity enhanced Raman spectroscopy adds a valuable new tool for studies of metabolism at the organismal to ecosystem scale.
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Strickland MS, McCulley RL, Nelson JA, Bradford MA. Compositional differences in simulated root exudates elicit a limited functional and compositional response in soil microbial communities. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:817. [PMID: 26322029 PMCID: PMC4532165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inputs of low molecular weight carbon (LMW-C) to soil – primarily via root exudates– are expected to be a major driver of microbial activity and source of stable soil organic carbon. It is expected that variation in the type and composition of LMW-C entering soil will influence microbial community composition and function. If this is the case then short-term changes in LMW-C inputs may alter processes regulated by these communities. To determine if change in the composition of LMW-C inputs influences microbial community function and composition, we conducted a 90 day microcosm experiment whereby soils sourced from three different land covers (meadows, deciduous forests, and white pine stands) were amended, at low concentrations, with one of eight simulated root exudate treatments. Treatments included no addition of LMW-C, and the full factorial combination of glucose, glycine, and oxalic acid. After 90 days, we conducted a functional response assay and determined microbial composition via phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Whereas we noted a statistically significant effect of exudate treatments, this only accounted for ∼3% of the variation observed in function. In comparison, land cover and site explained ∼46 and ∼41% of the variation, respectively. This suggests that exudate composition has little influence on function compared to site/land cover specific factors. Supporting the finding that exudate effects were minor, we found that an absence of LMW-C elicited the greatest difference in function compared to those treatments receiving any LMW-C. Additionally, exudate treatments did not alter microbial community composition and observable differences were instead due to land cover. These results confirm the strong effects of land cover/site legacies on soil microbial communities. In contrast, short-term changes in exudate composition, at meaningful concentrations, may have little impact on microbial function and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Strickland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jim A Nelson
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mark A Bradford
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
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