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Huang S, Li Y, Hong C, Jin Y, Li S, Xu X, Xia Y, Zhang L, Lou Y, Guan W. Whole-genome sequencing-based analysis of antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and genetic diversity in Yersinia isolated in Wenzhou, China 2020. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 188:107903. [PMID: 37574177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia spp. vary significantly in their ability to cause diseases that threaten public health. Their pathogenicity is frequently associated with increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and various virulence factors. The aim of the study was to investigate the AMR genes, virulence factors, and genetic diversity of Yersinia strains isolated from meats and fish in Wenzhou in 2020 by using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). A total of 50 isolates were collected. The phylogenetic relationships among the Yersinia species were also analyzed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. According to the results, all the strains could be classified into five species, with most isolated from beef, followed by poultry, pork, and fish. AMR genes were identified in 23 strains. And the qnrD1 genes were all located in the Col3M plasmid. Virulence genes, such as yaxA, ystB, pla, and yplA, were also found in the 15 Y. enterocolitica strains. And this study also found the presence of icm/dot type IVB-related genes in one Yersinia massiliensis isolate. MLST analysis identified 43 sequence types (STs), 19 of which were newly detected in Yersinia. Moreover, cgMLST analysis revealed that no dense genotype clusters were formed (cgMLST 5341, 5344, 5346-5350, 5353-5390). Instead, the strains appeared to be dispersed over large distances, except when multiple isolates shared the same ST. Isolates Y4 and Y26 were closely related to strains originating from South Korea and Denmark. This study showed considerable diversity in Yersinia spp. isolated from local areas (Wenzhou City). The data generated in our study may enrich the molecular traceability database of Yersinia and provide a basis for the development of more effective antipathogen control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Huang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Chengji Hong
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Yafang Jin
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Shengkai Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xuelian Xu
- Yuhang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuhang, China.
| | - Yanmei Xia
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Leyi Zhang
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Odyniec M, Bancerz-kisiel A. Assessment of the Role of Free-living and Farmed Fallow Deer (Dama dama) as A Potential Source of Human Infection with Multiple-Drug-Resistant Strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:1266. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria that cause yersiniosis—one of the most important zoonotic diseases of the digestive tract. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of potentially human-pathogenic Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis strains in free-living and farmed fallow deer, and to evaluate their sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. A total of 372 rectal swabs were analyzed, including 262 from free-living and 110 from farmed fallow deer. Due to the psychrophilic properties of Yersinia, two samples were collected from each animal. Seven Y. enterocolitica strains were isolated from free-living fallow deer, while two strains were isolated from farmed fallow deer. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains were not identified. All isolated Y. enterocolitica strains were ystB-positive, and phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of this gene revealed the presence of two phylogenetic groups. Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated from fallow deer belonged to biotype 1A, and serotyping analysis demonstrated that the vast majority did not agglutinate with any diagnostic sera. All strains were multiple drug resistant and were not sensitive to at least four of the tested chemotherapeutics (amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefalexin, and streptomycin). One Y. enterocolitica strain isolated from a free-living animal was resistant to nine out of the 13 analyzed chemotherapeutics and was intermediately sensitive to the four remaining chemotherapeutics. The highest sensitivity was noted in case of ciprofloxacin (five strains) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (three strains). Only one strain isolated from a free-living animal was sensitive to three out of the 13 examined antibiotics, whereas the remaining strains were sensitive to only one drug or were not sensitive to any of the chemotherapeutics used. The results of this study indicate that multiple drug-resistant Y. enterocolitica strains can be carried by free-living and farmed fallow deer. This observation gives serious cause for concern because the meat of fallow deer and other ruminants is often consumed semi-raw (steak) or raw (tartar steak).
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Kasperkiewicz K, Świerzko AS, Michalski M, Eppa Ł, Skurnik M, Żuber Z, Cedzyński M, Zhong J. Antibodies Recognizing Yersinia enterocolitica Lipopolysaccharides of Various Chemotypes in Synovial Fluids From Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1-9. [PMID: 36189145 PMCID: PMC9519298 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9627934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 (YeO3) is considered to be associated with reactive arthritis (ReA), and its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been detected in synovial fluids from patients. Interestingly, YeO3 wild-type LPS was processed by host cells, resulting in truncated LPS molecules presenting the core region. Previously, we reported the immunogenicity but not adjuvanticity of YeO3 LPSs of wild (S) type, Ra, Rd, or Re chemotypes in mice. Here, we demonstrate the presence of YeO3 LPS chemotype-specific antibodies in all analyzed synovial fluids (SF) from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Interestingly, the high titer of antibodies specific for the Kdo-lipid A region was found in most tested SF. In contrast, only a few were positive for antibodies recognizing O-specific polysaccharides. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of antibodies reacting with fast-migrating LPS fractions and enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) in synovial fluid samples. Our data also suggest the importance of LPS-associated ECA for the antigenicity of endotoxin. Furthermore, we confirmed in vitro that Yersinia LPS processing leads to the exposure of its core region and enhanced potency of complement lectin pathway activation.
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Hammerl JA, Barac A, Jäckel C, Fuhrmann J, Gadicherla A, Hertwig S. Phage vB_YenS_P400, a Novel Virulent Siphovirus of Yersinia enterocolitica Isolated from Deer. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081674. [PMID: 36014091 PMCID: PMC9412545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage vB_YenS_P400 isolated from deer, is a virulent siphovirus of Y. enterocolitica, whose circularly permutated genome (46,585 bp) is not substantially related to any other phage deposited in public nucleotide databases. vB_YenS_P400 showed a very narrow host range and exclusively lysed two Y. enterocolitica B4/O:3 strains. Moreover, lytic activity by this phage was only discernible at room temperature. Together with the finding that vB_YenS_P400 revealed a long latent period (90 to 100 min) and low burst size (five to ten), it is not suitable for applications but provides insight into the diversity of Yersinia phages.
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Mancini ME, Beverelli M, Donatiello A, Didonna A, Dattoli L, Faleo S, Occhiochiuso G, Galante D, Rondinone V, Del Sambro L, Bianco A, Miccolupo A, Goffredo E. Isolation and characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica from foods in Apulia and Basilicata regions (Italy) by conventional and modern methods. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268706. [PMID: 35830422 PMCID: PMC9278756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersiniosis is the third most reported food-borne zoonosis in Europe. The aim of the present study was to perform the search for Yersinia enterocolitica in food samples collected from Apulia and Basilicata regions (Southern Italy) and to characterize any isolates by classical and modern analytical methods. A total of 130 samples were analyzed between July 2018 and July 2019: most of them were raw milk and dairy products made from it. Furthermore, 8 out of 130 samples were individual milk samples collected from bovines reared in a Brucella-free farm which showed false positive serological reaction for brucellosis due to the presence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica O:9 biotype 2 in faeces. The Real Time PCR targeting the ail gene and the culture method were performed to detect pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. Isolates were subjected to API 20E (Biomerieux) and MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight) for species identification. All samples were negative for the ail gene. The culture method allowed to isolate suspicious colonies from 28 samples. The API 20E system and the MALDI-TOF MS technique identified 20 Y. enterocolitica and 1 Y. intermedia in a concordant way. The remaining 7 strains were all identified as Y. enterocolitica by the API 20E system, while the MALDI-TOF MS recognized 4 Y. intermedia, 1 Y. bercovieri and 2 Y. massiliensis. Genotypic characterization of the discordant strains was performed by rMLST and it confirmed the MALDI-TOF MS’ results. Only non-pathogenic Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A strains were found, although with a non-negligible prevalence (P = 0.15 with CI 95% = ± 0.06). This study indicates a poor circulation of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in food products made and marketed in the investigated areas. However, the small number of samples, insufficient for some food categories such as meat and vegetable, does not allow to exclude the presence of pathogenic strains at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Emanuela Mancini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Matteo Beverelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Adelia Donatiello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonella Didonna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Dattoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Simona Faleo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gilda Occhiochiuso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Domenico Galante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valeria Rondinone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Laura Del Sambro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Angelica Bianco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Angela Miccolupo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Elisa Goffredo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
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Hammerl JA, El-Mustapha S, Bölcke M, Trampert H, Barac A, Jäckel C, Gadicherla AK, Hertwig S. Host Range, Morphology and Sequence Analysis of Ten Temperate Phages Isolated from Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica Strains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6779. [PMID: 35743219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a heterogeneous species comprising highly pathogenic, weakly pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. Previous data suggest that gene exchange may occur in Yersinia. Only scarce information exists about temperate phages of Y. enterocolitica, even though many prophage sequences are present in this species. We have examined 102 pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains for the presence of inducible prophages by mitomycin C treatment. Ten phages were isolated from nine strains belonging to the bio (B)/serotypes (O) B2/O:5,27, B2/O:9 and 1B/O:8. All phages are myoviruses showing lytic activity only at room temperature. Whole-genome sequencing of the phage genomes revealed that they belong to three groups, which, however, are not closely related to known phages. Group 1 is composed of five phages (type phage: vB_YenM_06.16.1) with genome sizes of 43.8 to 44.9 kb, whereas the four group 2 phages (type phage: vB_YenM_06.16.2) possess smaller genomes of 29.5 to 33.2 kb. Group 3 contains only one phage (vB_YenM_42.18) whose genome has a size of 36.5 kb, which is moderately similar to group 2. The host range of the phages differed significantly. While group 1 phages almost exclusively lysed strains of B2/O:5,27, phages of group 2 and 3 were additionally able to lyse B4/O:3, and some of them even B2/O:9 and 1B/O:8 strains.
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Jaballah S, Fhoula I, Boumaiza M, Najjari A, Mhajbi N, Boudabous A, Klibi N, Ouzari H. Prevalence and risk factors of potential pathogenic
Yersinia enterocolitica
in Tunisian frozen ground beef through a shelf‐life monitoring protocol validation. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Jaballah
- LR03ES03: Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Science de Tunis Université de Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisie
- Département analyses et essais Centre Technique de l’agroalimentaire Tunis Tunisie
| | - Imene Fhoula
- LR03ES03: Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Science de Tunis Université de Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisie
| | - Mohamed Boumaiza
- LR03ES03: Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Science de Tunis Université de Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisie
| | - Afef Najjari
- LR03ES03: Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Science de Tunis Université de Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisie
| | - Narjes Mhajbi
- Département analyses et essais Centre Technique de l’agroalimentaire Tunis Tunisie
| | - Abdellatif Boudabous
- LR03ES03: Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Science de Tunis Université de Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisie
| | - Naouel Klibi
- LR03ES03: Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Science de Tunis Université de Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisie
| | - Hadda‐Imene Ouzari
- LR03ES03: Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Science de Tunis Université de Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisie
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Hasanzadeh P, Limoee EG, Gharajalar SN. Molecular Detection, Biotyping and Serotyping of Yersinia enterocolitica Isolated from Chicken Livers in Tabriz. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 83:101777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hammerl JA, Barac A, Bienert A, Demir A, Drüke N, Jäckel C, Matthies N, Jun JW, Skurnik M, Ulrich J, Hertwig S. Birds Kept in the German Zoo "Tierpark Berlin" Are a Common Source for Polyvalent Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Phages. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:634289. [PMID: 35046908 PMCID: PMC8762354 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an important animal pathogen, particularly for birds, rodents, and monkeys, which is also able to infect humans. Indeed, an increasing number of reports have been published on zoo animals that were killed by this species. One option to treat diseased animals is the application of strictly lytic (virulent) phages. However, thus far relatively few phages infecting Y. pseudotuberculosis have been isolated and characterized. To determine the prevalence of Y. pseudotuberculosis phages in zoo animals, fecal samples of birds and some primates, maras, and peccaries kept in the Tierpark Berlin were analyzed. Seventeen out of 74 samples taken in 2013 and 2017 contained virulent phages. The isolated phages were analyzed in detail and could be allocated to three groups. The first group is composed of 10 T4-like phages (PYps2T taxon group: Myoviridae; Tevenvirinae; Tequatrovirus), the second group (PYps23T taxon group: Chaseviridae; Carltongylesvirus; Escherichia virus ST32) consists of five phages encoding a podovirus-like RNA polymerase that is related to an uncommon genus of myoviruses (e.g., Escherichia coli phage phiEcoM-GJ1), while the third group is comprised of two podoviruses (PYps50T taxon group: Autographiviridae; Studiervirinae; Berlinvirus) which are closely related to T7. The host range of the isolated phages differed significantly. Between 5.5 and 86.7% of 128 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains belonging to 20 serotypes were lysed by each phage. All phages were additionally able to lyse Y. enterocolitica B4/O:3 strains, when incubated at 37°C. Some phages also infected Y. pestis strains and even strains belonging to other genera of Enterobacteriaceae. A cocktail containing two of these phages would be able to lyse almost 93% of the tested Y. pseudotuberculosis strains. The study indicates that Y. pseudotuberculosis phages exhibiting a broad-host range can be isolated quite easily from zoo animals, particularly birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Barac
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Bienert
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aslihan Demir
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Drüke
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Jäckel
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Matthies
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juliane Ulrich
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hertwig
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Tsai C, Apte M, Curley MA. Apple Core Lesions and Ulcerative Masses Due to Disseminated Yersinia enterocolitica in an Immunosuppressed Patient. ACG Case Rep J 2022; 9:e00732. [DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Terentjeva M, Ķibilds J, Meistere I, Gradovska S, Alksne L, Streikiša M, Ošmjana J, Valciņa O. Virulence Determinants and Genetic Diversity of Yersinia Species Isolated from Retail Meat. Pathogens 2021; 11:37. [PMID: 35055985 PMCID: PMC8778217 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is an important foodborne pathogen, and the determination of its virulence factors and genetic diversity within the food chain could help understand the epidemiology of yersiniosis. The aim of the present study was to detect the prevalence, and characterize the virulence determinants and genetic diversity, of Yersinia species isolated from meat. A total of 330 samples of retailed beef (n = 150) and pork (n = 180) in Latvia were investigated with culture and molecular methods. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was applied for the detection of virulence and genetic diversity. The antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica isolates was detected in accordance with EUCAST. Yersinia species were isolated from 24% (79/330) of meats, and the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in pork (24%, 44/180) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in beef (13%, 19/150). Y. enterocolitica pathogenic bioserovars 2/O:9 and 4/O:3 were isolated from pork samples (3%, 6/180). Only resistance to ampicillin was confirmed in Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 and 2/O:9 isolates, but not in other antimicrobials. Major virulence determinants, including ail, inv, virF, ystA and myfA, were confirmed with WGS in Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9 and 4/O:3. MLST typing revealed 15 STs (sequence types) of Y. enterocolitica with ST12 and ST18, which were associated with pathogenic bioserovars. For Y. enterocolitica 1A, Y. kristensenii, Y. intermedia and Y. frederiksenii, novel STs were registered (ST680-688). The presence of virulence genes and genetic characteristics of certain Y. enterocolitica STs confirm the common knowledge that pork could be an important source of pathogenic Yersinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Juris Ķibilds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Irēna Meistere
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Silva Gradovska
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Laura Alksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Madara Streikiša
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Jevgēnija Ošmjana
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Olga Valciņa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
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12
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Happonen LJ, Pajunen MI, Jun JW, Skurnik M. BtuB-Dependent Infection of the T5-like Yersinia Phage ϕR2-01. Viruses 2021; 13:2171. [PMID: 34834977 DOI: 10.3390/v13112171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a food-borne Gram-negative pathogen responsible for several gastrointestinal disorders. Host-specific lytic bacteriophages have been increasingly used recently as an alternative or complementary treatment to combat bacterial infections, especially when antibiotics fail. Here, we describe the proteogenomic characterization and host receptor identification of the siphovirus vB_YenS_ϕR2-01 (in short, ϕR2-01) that infects strains of several Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes. The ϕR2-01 genome contains 154 predicted genes, 117 of which encode products that are homologous to those of Escherichia bacteriophage T5. The ϕR2-01 and T5 genomes are largely syntenic, with the major differences residing in areas encoding hypothetical ϕR2-01 proteins. Label-free mass-spectrometry-based proteomics confirmed the expression of 90 of the ϕR2-01 genes, with 88 of these being either phage particle structural or phage-particle-associated proteins. In vitro transposon-based host mutagenesis and ϕR2-01 adsorption experiments identified the outer membrane vitamin B12 receptor BtuB as the host receptor. This study provides a proteogenomic characterization of a T5-type bacteriophage and identifies specific Y. enterocolitica strains sensitive to infection with possible future applications of ϕR2-01 as a food biocontrol or phage therapy agent.
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Hammerl JA, Barac A, Erben P, Fuhrmann J, Gadicherla A, Kumsteller F, Lauckner A, Müller F, Hertwig S. Properties of Two Broad Host Range Phages of Yersinia enterocolitica Isolated from Wild Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11381. [PMID: 34768812 PMCID: PMC8583763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are important zoonotic agents which can infect both humans and animals. To combat these pathogens, the application of strictly lytic phages may be a promising tool. Since only few Yersinia phages have been described yet, some of which demonstrated a high specificity for certain serotypes, we isolated two phages from game animals and characterized them in terms of their morphology, host specificity, lytic activity on two bio-/serotypes and genome composition. The T7-related podovirus vB_YenP_Rambo and the myovirus vB_YenM_P281, which is very similar to a previously described phage PY100, showed a broad host range. Together, they lysed all the 62 tested pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains belonging to the most important bio-/serotypes in Europe. A cocktail containing these two phages strongly reduced cultures of a bio-/serotype B4/O:3 and a B2/O:9 strain, even at very low MOIs (multiplicity of infection) and different temperatures, though, lysis of bio-/serotype B2/O:9 by vB_YenM_P281 and also by the related phage PY100 only occurred at 37 °C. Both phages were additionally able to lyse various Y. pseudotuberculosis strains at 28 °C and 37 °C, but only when the growth medium was supplemented with calcium and magnesium cations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Hertwig
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (J.A.H.); (A.B.); (P.E.); (J.F.); (A.G.); (F.K.); (A.L.); (F.M.)
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Riahi SM, Ahmadi E, Zeinali T. Global Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in Cases of Gastroenteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:1499869. [PMID: 34512763 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1499869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in gastroenteritis is often underestimated. It relates considerably to morbidity and medical expenses around the world. Understanding the cause of gastroenteritis leads to making the appropriate treatment decisions. We systematically searched PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, and Scopus to identify all published studies between Jan. 1, 2000, and Dec. 31, 2019, to assess the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in gastroenteritis patients. A total of 5039 articles were identified that lead to the extraction of data from 47 of them. The pooled prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in cases of gastroenteritis was estimated as 1.97% (1.32–2.74%) in the culture method and 2.41% (1.07–4.22%) in the molecular method. Among the biotypes of Y. enterocolitica, 1A (62.48%) and 1B (2.14%) had the most and least prevalence, respectively. Serotype O3 Y. enterocolitica with 39.46% had the highest and O5,27 with 0.0% had the least prevalence in gastroenteritis cases. In conclusion, the findings of this systematic review show that Y. enterocolitica is prevalent in gastroenteritis in all age groups. Serotypes O3 and O9 of Y. enterocolitica had the highest prevalence and O5,27 had the least prevalence in diarrheal patients. The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica was similar in both gender and different seasons. It should be noted that to determine the role of the organism, more studies are needed especially in food-borne diseases.
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15
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Shi J, Chi H, Cao A, Song Y, Zhu M, Zhang L, Xu F, Huang J. Development of IMBs-qPCR detection method for Yersinia enterocolitica based on the foxA gene. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4653-4662. [PMID: 34173855 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is an important zoonotic pathogen, which seriously endangers food-safety risk. In this study, the recombinant outer membrane protein OmpF and its antibody were prepared and coupled with immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) to capture Y. enterocolitica in food samples, combining the quantitative PCR detection with primers of virulence factor gene foxA for Yersinia enterocolitica contamination. The results showed that the capture efficiency of approximately 80% using anti-OmpF antibody-immunomagnetic beads and linearly dependent capture under 101-105 CFU/mL Y. enterocolitica compared with less than 10% capture of other bacteria. The detection limit of 64 CFU/mL was obtained based on foxA gene PCR detection combined with capture of the anti-OmpF antibody-immunomagnetic beads to detect Yersinia enterocolitica in artificially contaminated milk and pork samples. Compared to the culture method, the developed IMBs-qPCR method has higher consistency, was less time consuming, which taken together provides an effective alternative method for rapid detection of Y. enterocolitica in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, China. No. 92, Weijin road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Heng Chi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, China. No. 92, Weijin road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Aiping Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, China. No. 92, Weijin road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yinna Song
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, China. No. 92, Weijin road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, China. No. 92, Weijin road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, China. No. 92, Weijin road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Fuzhou Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 100097, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, China. No. 92, Weijin road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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16
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Modesto P, De Ciucis CG, Vencia W, Pugliano MC, Mignone W, Berio E, Masotti C, Ercolini C, Serracca L, Andreoli T, Dellepiane M, Adriano D, Zoppi S, Meloni D, Razzuoli E. Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Pathogenicity Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Isolate from Wild Boars. Pathogens 2021; 10:398. [PMID: 33801613 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) is a very important zoonosis andwild boars play a pivotal role in its transmission. In the last decade, the wild boar population has undergone a strong increase that haspushed them towards urbanized areas, facilitating the human–wildlife interface and the spread of infectious diseases from wildlife to domestic animals and humans. Therefore, it is important to know the serotype, antimicrobial resistance and presence of pathogenicity genes of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) isolated in species. From 2013 to 2018, we analyzed the liver of 4890 wild boars hunted in Liguria region; we isolated and serotyped 126 Ye positive samples. A decisive role in the pathogenicity is given by the presence of virulence genes; in Ye isolated we found ystB (~70%), ymoA (45.2%), ail (43.6%) and ystA (~20%). Moreover, we evaluated the susceptibility at various antimicrobic agents (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfisoxazole, Ceftiofur and Tetracycline). The antibiotic resistance was analyzed, and we found a time-dependent increase. It is important to shed light on the role of the wild boars as a reserve of potentially dangerous diseases for humans, and also on the antibiotic resistance that represents a public health problem.
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Springer K, Sänger PA, Felsl A, Fuchs TM. Lon Protease- and Temperature-Dependent Activity of a Lysis Cassette Located in the Insecticidal Island of Yersinia enterocolitica. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e00616-20. [PMID: 33288626 DOI: 10.1128/JB.00616-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yersinia genus comprises pathogens that can adapt to an environmental life cycle stage as well as to mammals. Yersinia enterocolitica strain W22703 exhibits both insecticidal and nematocidal activity conferred by the tripartite toxin complex (Tc) that is encoded on the 19-kb pathogenicity island Tc-PAI Ye All tc genes follow a strict temperature regulation in that they are silenced at 37°C but activated at lower temperatures. Four highly conserved phage-related genes, located within the Tc-PAI Ye , were recently demonstrated to encode a biologically functional holin-endolysin gene cassette that lyses its own host W22703 at 37°C. Conditions transcriptionally activating the cassette are not yet known. In contrast to Escherichia coli, the overproduction of holin and endolysin did not result in cell lysis of strain W22703 at 15°C. When the holin-endolysin genes were overexpressed at 15°C in four Y. enterocolitica biovars and in four other Yersinia spp., a heterogenous pattern of phenotypes was observed, ranging from lysis resistance of a biovar 1A strain to the complete growth arrest of a Y. kristensenii strain. To decipher the molecular mechanism underlying this temperature-dependent lysis, we constructed a Lon protease-negative mutant of W22703 in which the overexpression of the lysis cassette leads to cell death at 15°C. Overexpressed endolysin exhibited a high proteolytic susceptibility in strain W22703 but remained stable in the W22703 Δlon strain or in Y. pseudotuberculosis Although artificial overexpression was applied here, the data indicate that Lon protease plays a role in the control of the temperature-dependent lysis in Y. enterocolitica W22703.IMPORTANCE The investigation of the mechanisms that help pathogens survive in the environment is a prerequisite to understanding their evolution and their virulence capacities. In members of the genus Yersinia, many factors involved in virulence, metabolism, motility, or biofilm formation follow a strict temperature-dependent regulation. While the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of determinants at body temperature have been analyzed in detail, the molecular basis of low-temperature-dependent phenotypes is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a novel phage-related lysis cassette, which is part of the insecticidal and nematocidal pathogenicity island of Y. enterocolitica, does not lyse its own host following overexpression at 15°C and that the Lon protease is involved in this phenotype.
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Platt-Samoraj A, Żmudzki J, Pajdak-Czaus J, Szczerba-Turek A, Bancerz-Kisiel A, Procajło Z, Łabuć S, Szweda W. The Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Small Wild Rodents in Poland. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:586-592. [PMID: 32349633 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents are a large group of mammals that can be carriers of zoonotic pathogens such as Yersinia strains that cause yersiniosis. The prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was determined in 214 small wild rodents from south-eastern Poland. Samples were analyzed by precultivation and PCR. Nine (4.2%) Y. enterocolitica and one (0.5%) Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates were received. Most of them (n = 5) were obtained from the common vole (Microtus arvalis). All Y. enterocolitica strains were classified as biotype (BT) 1A. A PCR analysis of virulence markers revealed that all Y. enterocolitica isolates contained the ystB gene and five isolates harbored a rare genetic combination of ail/ystB. Three of the four ail/ystB-positive isolates belonged to serotype O:5.27. The Y. pseudotuberculosis inv-positive isolate was classified as BT 1. A genetic analysis of Y. enterocolitica harboring the ystB gene revealed 100% similarity between the analyzed sequences and the sequences from diarrhea patients in India and the United Kingdom as well as high similarity with the sequences from different species of wild animals from Poland. The Y. pseudotuberculosis inv sequence was 100% identical to the sequence isolated from fully virulent clinical strain from France and Australia. The results of our study suggest that small wild rodents, especially voles and yellow-necked mice, may act as carriers of Yersinia strains. The high similarity of the tested gene sequences between our isolates and the isolates from other free-living animals indicates that small wild rodents can play a role in the epidemiology of yersiniosis and can shed Yersinia spp. into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Platt-Samoraj
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jacek Żmudzki
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Joanna Pajdak-Czaus
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Szczerba-Turek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agata Bancerz-Kisiel
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Procajło
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sebastian Łabuć
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szweda
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Filik K, Szermer-Olearnik B, Wernecki M, Happonen LJ, Pajunen MI, Nawaz A, Qasim MS, Jun JW, Mattinen L, Skurnik M, Brzozowska E. The Podovirus ϕ80-18 Targets the Pathogenic American Biotype 1B Strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1356. [PMID: 32636826 PMCID: PMC7316996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence and characterization of Yersinia bacteriophage vB_YenP_ϕ80-18. ϕ80-18 was isolated in 1991 using a Y. enterocolitica serotype O:8 strain 8081 as a host from a sewage sample in Turku, Finland, and based on its morphological and genomic features is classified as a podovirus. The genome is 42 kb in size and has 325 bp direct terminal repeats characteristic for podoviruses. The genome contains 57 predicted genes, all encoded in the forward strand, of which 29 showed no similarity to any known genes. Phage particle proteome analysis identified altogether 24 phage particle-associated proteins (PPAPs) including those identified as structural proteins such as major capsid, scaffolding and tail component proteins. In addition, also the DNA helicase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, 5'-exonuclease, and the lytic glycosylase proteins were identified as PPAPs, suggesting that they might be injected together with the phage genome into the host cell to facilitate the take-over of the host metabolism. The phage-encoded RNA-polymerase and DNA-primase were not among the PPAPs. Promoter search predicted the presence of four phage and eleven host RNA polymerase -specific promoters in the genome, suggesting that early transcription of the phage is host RNA-polymerase dependent and that the phage RNA polymerase takes over later. The phage tolerates pH values between 2 and 12, and is stable at 50°C but is inactivated at 60°C. It grows slowly with a 50 min latent period and has apparently a low burst size. Electron microscopy revealed that the phage has a head diameter of about 60 nm, and a short tail of 20 nm. Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis confirmed that ϕ80-18 belongs to the Autographivirinae subfamily of the Podoviridae family, that it is 93.2% identical to Yersinia phage fHe-Yen3-01. Host range analysis showed that ϕ80-18 can infect in addition to Y. enterocolitica serotype O:8 strains also strains of serotypes O:4, O:4,32, O:20 and O:21, the latter ones representing similar to Y. enterocolitica serotype O:8, the American pathogenic biotype 1B strains. In conclusion, the phage ϕ80-18 is a promising candidate for the biocontrol of the American biotype 1B Y. enterocolitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Filik
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bożena Szermer-Olearnik
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Wernecki
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lotta J Happonen
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria I Pajunen
- Research Programme Unit Immunobiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ayesha Nawaz
- Research Programme Unit Immunobiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muhammad Suleman Qasim
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, The Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Laura Mattinen
- Research Programme Unit Immunobiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Research Programme Unit Immunobiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ewa Brzozowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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20
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Lowenstein C, Vasco K, Sarzosa S, Salinas L, Torres A, Perry MJ, Simmens SJ, Trueba G, Eisenberg JNS, Graham JP. Determinants of Childhood Zoonotic Enteric Infections in a Semirural Community of Quito, Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:1269-1278. [PMID: 32228797 PMCID: PMC7253092 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic animals in the household environment have the potential to affect a child's carriage of zoonotic enteric pathogens and risk of diarrhea. This study examines the risk factors associated with pediatric diarrhea and carriage of zoonotic enteric pathogens among children living in communities where smallholder livestock production is prevalent. We conducted an observational study of children younger than 5 years that included the analysis of child (n = 306) and animal (n = 480) fecal samples for Campylobacter spp., atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, and Giardia lamblia. Among these seven pathogens, Giardia was the most commonly identified pathogen among children and animals in the same household, most of which was found in child-dog pairs. Campylobacter spp. was also relatively common within households, particularly among child-chicken and child-guinea pig pairs. We used multivariable Poisson regression models to assess risk factors associated with a child being positive for at least one zoonotic enteric pathogen or having diarrhea during the last week. Children who interacted with domestic animals-a behavior reported by nearly three-quarters of households owning animals-were at an increased risk of colonization with at least one zoonotic enteric pathogen (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.00-2.42). The risk of diarrhea in the last seven days was elevated but not statistically significant (PR = 2.27, CI: 0.91, 5.67). Interventions that aim to reduce pediatric exposures to enteric pathogens will likely need to be incorporated with approaches that remove animal fecal contamination from the domestic environment and encourage behavior change aimed at reducing children's contact with animal feces through diverse exposure pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Vasco
- Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Soledad Sarzosa
- Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Liseth Salinas
- Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Torres
- Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Melissa J. Perry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Samuel J. Simmens
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Joseph N. S. Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jay P. Graham
- University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California
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21
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Odyniec M, Stenzel T, Ławreszuk D, Bancerz-Kisiel A. Bioserotypes, Virulence Markers, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica Strains Isolated from Free-Living Birds. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020:8936591. [PMID: 32258154 PMCID: PMC7103032 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8936591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The risk of meat contamination with Yersinia enterocolitica poses a threat to consumers and persons who come into contact with bird carcasses. The occurrence of Y. enterocolitica in the vast majority of migratory game species, the capercaillie, and the black grouse has never been studied in Poland, Europe, or in the world. The material for the study consisted of cloacal swabs obtained from 143 Eurasian coots, 50 mallards, 30 pochards, 27 greylag geese, 22 white-fronted geese, 22 bean geese, 20 green-winged teals, and 10 tufted ducks, as well as fecal swabs obtained from 105 capercaillie and 18 black grouse. Bacteriological examinations of 894 samples taken from 447 birds led to the isolation of 20 strains with the biochemical features characteristic of the genus Yersinia. All 20 strains were molecularly examined, and the genes characteristic of Y. enterocolitica were detected in 8 strains. The isolated strains harbored amplicons whose size corresponded to ystB gene fragments. Four strains belonged to bioserotype 1A/NI, one strain was identified as bioserotype 1B/O:9, and one as 1A/O:9. The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica was determined at 1.4% in green-winged teals, at 5.0% in Eurasian coots, and at 4.8% in capercaillie. All strains were resistant to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ampicillin, and cefalexin. The strains isolated from migratory birds were also resistant to kanamycin and streptomycin, and they were characterized by resistance or intermediate resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, and tetracycline, to which the strains isolated from the capercaillie were susceptible. Yersinia enterocolitica was not detected in the remaining bird species. The presence of Y. enterocolitica in green-winged teals, Eurasian coots, and capercaillie indicates that these birds could be carriers, potential reservoirs, and sources of infection for humans. They can also be regarded as reliable bioindicators of Y. enterocolitica in their respective habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Odyniec
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dorota Ławreszuk
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Poland
| | - Agata Bancerz-Kisiel
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
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22
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Davies RH, Lawes JR, Wales AD. Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:329-339. [PMID: 31025713 PMCID: PMC6849757 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a recent trend to feed pet dogs and cats in Britain and other developed countries on raw meat and animal by-products using either commercial preparations or home recipes. This shift from heat-treated processed food has been driven by perceived health benefits to pets and a suspicion of industrially produced pet food. The diets of wild-living related species have been used as a rationale for raw feeding, but differences in biology and lifestyle impose limitations on such comparisons. Formal evidence does exist for claims by raw-feeding proponents of an altered intestinal microbiome and (subjectively) improved stool quality. However, there is currently neither robust evidence nor identified plausible mechanisms for many of the wide range of other claimed benefits. There are documented risks associated with raw feeding, principally malnutrition (inexpert formulation and testing of diets) and infection affecting pets and/or household members. Surveys in Europe and North America have consistently found Salmonella species in a proportion of samples, typically of fresh-frozen commercial diets. Another emerging issue concerns the risk of introducing antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Raw pet food commonly exceeds hygiene thresholds for counts of Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria often encode resistance to critically important antibiotics such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and raw-fed pets create an elevated risk of shedding such resistant bacteria. Other infectious organisms that may be of concern include Listeria, shiga toxigenic E scherichia coli , parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii and exotic agents such as the zoonotic livestock pathogen Brucella suis, recently identified in European Union and UK raw pet meat imported from Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Davies
- Department of Bacteriology and Food SafetyAnimal and Plant Health Agency (APHA – Weybridge)Addlestone, KT15 3NBUK
| | - J. R. Lawes
- Department of Epidemiological SciencesAnimal and Plant Health Agency (APHA – Weybridge)Addlestone, KT15 3NBUK
| | - A. D. Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildford, GU2 7ALUK
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Ukuku DO, Bari ML. Yersinia enterocolitica. Food Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819972.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schmühl C, Beckstette M, Heroven AK, Bunk B, Spröer C, McNally A, Overmann J, Dersch P. Comparative Transcriptomic Profiling of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 and O:8 Reveals Major Expression Differences of Fitness- and Virulence-Relevant Genes Indicating Ecological Separation. mSystems 2019; 4:e00239-18. [PMID: 31020044 DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00239-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a major diarrheal pathogen and is associated with a large range of gut-associated diseases. Members of this species have evolved into different phylogroups with genotypic variations. We performed the first characterization of the Y. enterocolitica transcriptional landscape and tracked the consequences of the genomic variations between two different pathogenic phylogroups by comparing their RNA repertoire, promoter usage, and expression profiles under four different virulence-relevant conditions. Our analysis revealed major differences in the transcriptional outputs of the closely related strains, pointing to an ecological separation in which one is more adapted to an environmental lifestyle and the other to a mostly mammal-associated lifestyle. Moreover, a variety of pathoadaptive alterations, including alterations in acid resistance genes, colonization factors, and toxins, were identified which affect virulence and host specificity. This illustrates that comparative transcriptomics is an excellent approach to discover differences in the functional output from closely related genomes affecting niche adaptation and virulence, which cannot be directly inferred from DNA sequences. Yersinia enterocolitica is a zoonotic pathogen and an important cause of bacterial gastrointestinal infections in humans. Large-scale population genomic analyses revealed genetic and phenotypic diversity of this bacterial species, but little is known about the differences in the transcriptome organization, small RNA (sRNA) repertoire, and transcriptional output. Here, we present the first comparative high-resolution transcriptome analysis of Y. enterocolitica strains representing highly pathogenic phylogroup 2 (serotype O:8) and moderately pathogenic phylogroup 3 (serotype O:3) grown under four infection-relevant conditions. Our transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) approach revealed 1,299 and 1,076 transcriptional start sites and identified strain-specific sRNAs that could contribute to differential regulation among the phylogroups. Comparative transcriptomics further uncovered major gene expression differences, in particular, in the temperature-responsive regulon. Multiple virulence-relevant genes are differentially regulated between the two strains, supporting an ecological separation of phylogroups with certain niche-adapted properties. Strong upregulation of the ystA enterotoxin gene in combination with constitutive high expression of cell invasion factor InvA further showed that the toxicity of recent outbreak O:3 strains has increased. Overall, our report provides new insights into the specific transcriptome organization of phylogroups 2 and 3 and reveals gene expression differences contributing to the substantial phenotypic differences that exist between the lineages. IMPORTANCEYersinia enterocolitica is a major diarrheal pathogen and is associated with a large range of gut-associated diseases. Members of this species have evolved into different phylogroups with genotypic variations. We performed the first characterization of the Y. enterocolitica transcriptional landscape and tracked the consequences of the genomic variations between two different pathogenic phylogroups by comparing their RNA repertoire, promoter usage, and expression profiles under four different virulence-relevant conditions. Our analysis revealed major differences in the transcriptional outputs of the closely related strains, pointing to an ecological separation in which one is more adapted to an environmental lifestyle and the other to a mostly mammal-associated lifestyle. Moreover, a variety of pathoadaptive alterations, including alterations in acid resistance genes, colonization factors, and toxins, were identified which affect virulence and host specificity. This illustrates that comparative transcriptomics is an excellent approach to discover differences in the functional output from closely related genomes affecting niche adaptation and virulence, which cannot be directly inferred from DNA sequences.
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Strydom H, Wang J, Paine S, Dyet K, Cullen K, Wright J. Evaluating sub-typing methods for pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica to support outbreak investigations in New Zealand. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e186. [PMID: 31364520 PMCID: PMC6518587 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of human yersiniosis in New Zealand has increased between 2013 and 2017. For surveillance and outbreak investigations it is essential that an appropriate level of discrimination between pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica isolates is provided, in order to support epidemiological linking of connected cases. Subtyping of 227 Y. enterocolitica isolates was performed using a range of different typing methods, including biotyping, serotyping and seven loci multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). In addition, core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (core SNP) analysis and multi-locus sequence typing were performed on a subset of 69 isolates. Sixty-seven different MLVA types were identified. One MLVA profile was associated with an outbreak in the Bay of Plenty region, supported by epidemiological data. Core SNP analysis showed that all the outbreak-related isolates clustered together. The subtyping and epidemiological evidence suggests that the outbreak of yersiniosis in the Bay of Plenty region between October and December 2016 could be attributed to a point source. However, subtyping results further suggest that the same clone was isolated from several regions between August 2016 and March 2017. Core SNP analysis and MLVA typing failed to differentiate between Y. enterocolitica biotype 2 and biotype 3. For this reason, we propose that these biotypes should be reported as a single type namely: Y. enterocolitica biotype 2/3 and that the serotype should be prioritised as an indicator of prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Strydom
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research (ESR), Porirua, New Zealand
| | - J. Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research (ESR), Porirua, New Zealand
| | - S. Paine
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research (ESR), Porirua, New Zealand
| | - K. Dyet
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research (ESR), Porirua, New Zealand
| | - K. Cullen
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research (ESR), Porirua, New Zealand
| | - J. Wright
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research (ESR), Porirua, New Zealand
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Yagüe-Muñoz A, Arnedo-Pena A, Herrera-León S, Meseguer-Ferrer N, Vizcaíno-Batllés A, Romeu-García MÀ, Safont-Adsuara L, Bellido-Blasco JB. Descriptive epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in a high-incidence area over an 8-year period, 2006-2013. EDICS project. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018; 37:441-447. [PMID: 30553619 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Descriptive epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in an area of Castellón (Spain) between 2006 and 2013 from Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated in the area and confirmed by the Spanish national reference laboratory. There were a total of 144 cases. The estimated incidence was 9.7 cases per 105 person-year. The age group most affected was 0-4 years (rate 110.3 per 105 p-y), with a maximum in infants aged 6 to 11 months of age (190.4 per 105 p-y). The average duration of the disease was 15.5 days. 7% of the patients were hospitalised. Only 2 outbreaks of a family nature related to the consumption of pork were detected. The temporal evolution reflects higher incidence during the winter season (January). The most common exposure factor among the cases was the consumption of dried pork sausage (50% of the cases interviewed). The 58 typed strains were all of the biotype 4, serotype O:3, except one O:9. We distinguished 21 pulsotypes grouped in 8 clusters with a similarity of 97%. Over a number of years, a substitution of some pulsotypes for others was observed. Yersiniosis has a high incidence in our area, with a clear seasonality of winter predominance. It affects very young children, in particular. The strains are of the same serotype, but the variety of pulsotypes changed over time. As an exposure factor for further analytical studies, the consumption of some pork products is proposed, without ruling out other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Arnedo-Pena
- Sección Epidemiología, Centro Salud Pública, Castelló, España; CIBER-ESP grupo 41; Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pública Navarra, Pamplona, España
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan Bautista Bellido-Blasco
- Sección Epidemiología, Centro Salud Pública, Castelló, España; CIBER-ESP grupo 41; Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), España.
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Rusak LA, de Castro Lisboa Pereira R, Freitag IG, Hofer CB, Hofer E, Asensi MD, Vallim DC. Rapid detection of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 using a duplex PCR assay. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 154:107-111. [PMID: 30366064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is a zoonotic agent that causes gastrointestinal diseases and some extraintestinal disorders in humans. Y. enterocolitica ssp. palearctica bioserotype 4/O:3 is the primary pathogenic bioserotype in Europe, where it has a high public health relevance. The isolation and identification of Y. enterocolitica from various sources on selective media have been seldom successful due to several reasons. In an attempt to overcome the problems associated with traditional culture-based methods, we developed a single duplex PCR assay for the detection of Y. enterocolitica ssp. palearctica bioserotype 4/O:3 using DNA extracted from a source. We combined the primer for tufA (elongation factor Tu) with the primer for rfbC (the biosynthesis of the O side chain) in one single reaction, which showed good results when we analyzed 88 Yersinia strains and when it was tested in the DNA from stool samples of two groups of pregnant women, one comprising HIV-positive women and the other comprising of HIV-negative women. Furthermore, the duplex PCR assay was found to be 16 times better in detecting Yersinia spp. in stool samples than the culture-based method. In addition, it was found to be a rapid screening method for the detection of Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3, and it could still detect other Y. enterocolitica serotypes and Yersinia species as well. We anticipate that the duplex PCR assay could be a useful tool for hospital and veterinary surveillance studies on Yersinia worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Alves Rusak
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infecção Hospitalar, Rio de Janeiro /RJ, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas/Setor Listeria, Rio de Janeiro /RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Isabelle Geoffroy Freitag
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas/Setor Listeria, Rio de Janeiro /RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, /RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristina Barroso Hofer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, /RJ, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Hofer
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas/Setor Listeria, Rio de Janeiro /RJ, Brazil
| | - Marise Dutra Asensi
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infecção Hospitalar, Rio de Janeiro /RJ, Brazil
| | - Deyse Christina Vallim
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas/Setor Listeria, Rio de Janeiro /RJ, Brazil
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Springer K, Reuter S, Knüpfer M, Schmauder L, Sänger PA, Felsl A, Fuchs TM. Activity of a Holin-Endolysin System in the Insecticidal Pathogenicity Island of Yersinia enterocolitica. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:e00180-18. [PMID: 29866807 DOI: 10.1128/JB.00180-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans. Because of its low-temperature-dependent insecticidal activity, it can oscillate between invertebrates and mammals as host organisms. The insecticidal activity of strain W22703 is associated with a pathogenicity island of 19 kb (Tc-PAI Ye ), which carries regulators and genes encoding the toxin complex (Tc). The island also harbors four phage-related and highly conserved genes of unknown functions, which are polycistronically transcribed. Two open reading frames showed significant homologies to holins and endolysins and exhibited lytic activity in Escherichia coli cells upon overexpression. When a set of Yersinia strains was tested in an equivalent manner, highly diverse susceptibilities to lysis were observed, and some strains were resistant to lysis. If cell lysis occurred (as demonstrated by membrane staining), it was more pronounced when two accessory elements of the cassette coding for an i-spanin and an o-spanin were included in the overexpression construct. The pore-forming function of the putative holin, HolY, was demonstrated by complementation of the lysis defect of a phage λ S holin mutant. In experiments performed with membrane preparations, ElyY exhibited high specificity for W22703 peptidoglycan, with a cleavage activity resembling that of lysozyme. Although the functionality of the lysis cassette from Tc-PAI Ye was demonstrated in this study, its biological role remains to be elucidated.IMPORTANCE The knowledge of how pathogens survive in the environment is pivotal for our understanding of bacterial virulence. The insecticidal and nematocidal activity of Yersinia spp., by which the bacteria gain access to nutrients and thus improve their environmental fitness, is conferred by the toxin complex (Tc) encoded on a highly conserved pathogenicity island termed Tc-PAI Ye While the regulators and the toxin subunits of the island had been characterized in some detail, the role of phage-related genes within the island remained to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that this cassette encodes a holin, an endolysin, and two spanins that, at least upon overexpression, lyse Yersinia strains.
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Rodio DM, Bressan A, Ambrosi C, Scribano D, Tolli R, Mansour W, Speziale F, Antonelli G, Trancassini M, Pietropaolo V. Yersinia enterocolitica in Italy: A Case of Septicemia and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:156. [PMID: 29881725 PMCID: PMC5978273 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia in a 63-year-old patient admitted to the Vascular Surgery Department of Umberto I Hospital (Rome, Italy) for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The microorganism, recovered from both peripheral blood cultures and aneurysmatic aortic wall specimens, was identified as Y. enterocolitica using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analysis (MALDI-TOF MS) and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The isolate responsible for septicemia belonged to the O:9 serotype (biogroup 2). A genetic screening of the isolate made it possible to detect the presence of both the yst and ail genes, encoding a heat-stable enterotoxin and a protein involved in invasion/adherence and serum resistance, respectively. Our case contributes in enriching epidemiological data concerning Y. enterocolitica infections, which might represent severe complications in patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, this study, together with the others, should be regarded as valuable and useful tools for monitoring the rate of infections worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella M. Rodio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Bressan
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Dani Di Giò Foundation–Onlus, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Tolli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana Mariano Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Wassim Mansour
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Division, Department of Surgery Paride Stefanini, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Speziale
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Division, Department of Surgery Paride Stefanini, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Trancassini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Salem M, Skurnik M. Genomic Characterization of Sixteen Yersinia enterocolitica-Infecting Podoviruses of Pig Origin. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040174. [PMID: 29614052 PMCID: PMC5923468 DOI: 10.3390/v10040174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica causes enteric infections in humans and animals. Human infections are often caused by contaminated pork meat. Y. enterocolitica colonizes pig tonsils and pigs secrete both the human pathogen and its specific bacteriophages into the stools. In this work, sixteen Y. enterocolitica—infecting lytic bacteriophages isolated from pig stools originating from several pig farms were characterized. All phages belong to the Podoviridae family and their genomes range between 38,391–40,451 bp in size. The overall genome organization of all the phages resembled that of T7-like phages, having 3–6 host RNA polymerase (RNAP)-specific promoters at the beginning of the genomes and 11–13 phage RNAP-specific promoters as well as 3–5 rho-independent terminators, scattered throughout the genomes. Using a ligation-based approach, the physical termini of the genomes containing direct terminal repeats of 190–224 bp were established. No genes associated with lysogeny nor any toxin, virulence factor or antibiotic resistance genes were present in the genomes. Even though the phages had been isolated from different pig farms the nucleotide sequences of their genomes were 90–97% identical suggesting that the phages were undergoing microevolution within and between the farms. Lipopolysaccharide was found to be the surface receptor of all but one of the phages. The phages are classified as new species within the T7virus genus of Autographivirinae subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabruka Salem
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi 16063, Libya.
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.
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Syczyło K, Platt-Samoraj A, Bancerz-Kisiel A, Szczerba-Turek A, Pajdak-Czaus J, Łabuć S, Procajło Z, Socha P, Chuzhebayeva G, Szweda W. The prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in game animals in Poland. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195136. [PMID: 29596492 PMCID: PMC5875811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural reservoirs of Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica comprise different animal species, but little is known about the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of yersiniosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica among game animals in Poland. The bio-serotypes and the pathogenicity markers of the analyzed isolates were determined. The experimental material comprised rectal swabs from 857 free-living animals hunter-harvested over a period of 2 years (2013-2014) in hunting districts across Poland. The isolates from bacteriological studies were confirmed by PCR and bio-serotyped based on the results of biochemical and agglutination tests. In the group of the 218 analyzed isolates of Y. enterocolitica, 133 were derived from wild boars, 70 from red deer, 11 from roe deer and 4 from fallow deer, and they accounted for 61.0%, 32.1%, 5.1% and 1.8% of all isolates, respectively. Bio-serotyping assays revealed that 91.7% of the examined isolates belonged to biotype 1A (200/218). The remaining 18 isolates belonged to bio-serotypes 1B/NI (3/218, 1.4%), 1B/O:8 (1/218, 0.5%), 2/NI (6/218, 2.8%), 2/O:27 (1/218, 0.5%), 2/O:3 (1/218, 0.5%), 2/O:9 (2/218, 0.9%), 3/NI (2/218, 0.9%), 4/O:3 (1/218, 0.5%) and 4/O:9 (1/218, 0.5%). The ail gene, a suggestive virulence gene for Y. enterocolitica, has been found in 30 isolates from 20 wild boars, in 6 isolates from red deer, and in 1 isolate from roe deer. Our study demonstrated that Y. enterocolitica is frequently isolated from game animals in Poland, which poses a risk of spreading these infectious agents to other animal species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Syczyło
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Platt-Samoraj
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agata Bancerz-Kisiel
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Szczerba-Turek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Pajdak-Czaus
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sebastian Łabuć
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Procajło
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Socha
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Gulzhan Chuzhebayeva
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, Baitursynov Kostanay State University, Baitursynov 47, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Wojciech Szweda
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, Olsztyn, Poland
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Drake FN, Davis S, Khatiwada J, Williams L. Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> Found in Chitterlings, Raw Milk and Swine Fecal Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2018.810053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rouffaer LO, Baert K, Van den Abeele AM, Cox I, Vanantwerpen G, De Zutter L, Strubbe D, Vranckx K, Lens L, Haesebrouck F, Delmée M, Pasmans F, Martel A. Low prevalence of human enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Flanders. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175648. [PMID: 28403184 PMCID: PMC5389835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) have been identified as potential carriers of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, the etiological agents of yersiniosis, the third most reported bacterial zoonosis in Europe. Enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. are most often isolated from rats during yersiniosis cases in animals and humans, and from rats inhabiting farms and slaughterhouses. Information is however lacking regarding the extent to which rats act as carriers of these Yersinia spp.. In 2013, 1088 brown rats across Flanders, Belgium, were tested for the presence of Yersinia species by isolation method. Identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS, PCR on chromosomal- and plasmid-borne virulence genes, biotyping and serotyping. Yersinia spp. were isolated from 38.4% of the rats. Of these, 53.4% were designated Y. enterocolitica, 0.7% Y. pseudotuberculosis and 49.0% other Yersinia species. Two Y. enterocolitica possessing the virF-, ail- and ystA-gene were isolated. Additionally, the ystB-gene was identified in 94.1% of the other Y. enterocolitica isolates, suggestive for biotype 1A. Three of these latter isolates simultaneously possessed the ail-virulence gene. Significantly more Y. enterocolitica were isolated during winter and spring compared to summer. Based on our findings we can conclude that brown rats are frequent carriers for various Yersinia spp., including Y. pseudotuberculosis and (human pathogenic) Y. enterocolitica which are more often isolated during winter and spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieze Oscar Rouffaer
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristof Baert
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Ivo Cox
- Microbiology Laboratory, AZ Sint Lucas Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerty Vanantwerpen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Luc Lens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Michel Delmée
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Bursová Š, Necidová L, Haruštiaková D, Janštová B. Growth potential of Yersinia enterocolitica in pasteurised cow's and goat's milk stored at 8 °C and 24 °C. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Petsios S, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Sakkas H, Papadopoulou C. Conventional and molecular methods used in the detection and subtyping of Yersinia enterocolitica in food. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:55-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Leon-Velarde CG, Happonen L, Pajunen M, Leskinen K, Kropinski AM, Mattinen L, Rajtor M, Zur J, Smith D, Chen S, Nawaz A, Johnson RP, Odumeru JA, Griffiths MW, Skurnik M. Yersinia enterocolitica-Specific Infection by Bacteriophages TG1 and ϕR1-RT Is Dependent on Temperature-Regulated Expression of the Phage Host Receptor OmpF. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5340-53. [PMID: 27342557 PMCID: PMC4988191 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01594-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bacteriophages present huge potential both as a resource for developing novel tools for bacterial diagnostics and for use in phage therapy. This potential is also valid for bacteriophages specific for Yersinia enterocolitica To increase our knowledge of Y. enterocolitica-specific phages, we characterized two novel yersiniophages. The genomes of the bacteriophages vB_YenM_TG1 (TG1) and vB_YenM_ϕR1-RT (ϕR1-RT), isolated from pig manure in Canada and from sewage in Finland, consist of linear double-stranded DNA of 162,101 and 168,809 bp, respectively. Their genomes comprise 262 putative coding sequences and 4 tRNA genes and share 91% overall nucleotide identity. Based on phylogenetic analyses of their whole-genome sequences and large terminase subunit protein sequences, a genus named Tg1virus within the family Myoviridae is proposed, with TG1 and ϕR1-RT (R1RT in the ICTV database) as member species. These bacteriophages exhibit a host range restricted to Y. enterocolitica and display lytic activity against the epidemiologically significant serotypes O:3, O:5,27, and O:9 at and below 25°C. Adsorption analyses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and OmpF mutants demonstrate that these phages use both the LPS inner core heptosyl residues and the outer membrane protein OmpF as phage receptors. Based on RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomics, we also demonstrate that temperature-dependent infection is due to strong repression of OmpF at 37°C. In addition, ϕR1-RT was shown to be able to enter into a pseudolysogenic state. Together, this work provides further insight into phage-host cell interactions by highlighting the importance of understanding underlying factors which may affect the abundance of phage host receptors on the cell surface. IMPORTANCE Only a small number of bacteriophages infecting Y. enterocolitica, the predominant causative agent of yersiniosis, have been previously described. Here, two newly isolated Y. enterocolitica phages were studied in detail, with the aim of elucidating the host cell receptors required for infection. Our research further expands the repertoire of phages available for consideration as potential antimicrobial agents or as diagnostic tools for this important bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Leon-Velarde
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Pajunen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Leskinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Mattinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika Rajtor
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanna Zur
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Darren Smith
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Shu Chen
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayesha Nawaz
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger P Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph A Odumeru
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mansel W Griffiths
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
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Keto-Timonen R, Hietala N, Palonen E, Hakakorpi A, Lindström M, Korkeala H. Cold Shock Proteins: A Minireview with Special Emphasis on Csp-family of Enteropathogenic Yersinia. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1151. [PMID: 27499753 PMCID: PMC4956666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved a number of mechanisms for coping with stress and adapting to changing environmental conditions. Many bacteria produce small cold shock proteins (Csp) as a response to rapid temperature downshift (cold shock). During cold shock, the cell membrane fluidity and enzyme activity decrease, and the efficiency of transcription and translation is reduced due to stabilization of nucleic acid secondary structures. Moreover, protein folding is inefficient and ribosome function is hampered. Csps are thought to counteract these harmful effects by serving as nucleic acid chaperons that may prevent the formation of secondary structures in mRNA at low temperature and thus facilitate the initiation of translation. However, some Csps are non-cold inducible and they are reported to be involved in various cellular processes to promote normal growth and stress adaptation responses. Csps have been shown to contribute to osmotic, oxidative, starvation, pH and ethanol stress tolerance as well as to host cell invasion. Therefore, Csps seem to have a wider role in stress tolerance of bacteria than previously assumed. Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are enteropathogens that can spread through foodstuffs and cause an enteric infection called yersiniosis. Enteropathogenic Yersinia are psychrotrophs that are able to grow at temperatures close to 0°C and thus they set great challenges for the modern food industry. To be able to efficiently control psychrotrophic Yersinia during food production and storage, it is essential to understand the functions and roles of Csps in stress response of enteropathogenic Yersinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Keto-Timonen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Hietala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eveliina Palonen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Hakakorpi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Lindström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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Kameyama M, Yabata J, Obane N, Otsuka H, Nomura Y. Detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in pet Djungarian hamsters in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1639-1641. [PMID: 27396397 PMCID: PMC5095638 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was examined
in 151 pet animals including 108 rodents, 39 rabbits and four sugar gliders from 13 pet stores in the Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Y.
enterocolitica serogroup O:3 biotype 3 negative for the Voges-Proskauer reaction (O:3/3 variant VP-) was isolated from five Djungarian hamsters
(Phodopus sungorus) raised at the same pet store. These pathogenic Y. enterocolitica isolates carried the virulence genes,
yadA, ail and virF, and were shown to be clonal by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with
NotI digestion. This is a first report of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica O:3/3 variant VP- in pet Djungarian hamsters in
Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kameyama
- Department of Health Science, Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 2-5-67, Aoi, Yamaguchi 753-0821, Japan
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Rahikainen Ibañez T, Laukkanen-Ninios R, Hakkinen M, Johansson T, Vilar M, Korkeala H. Prevalence of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in Finnish Slaughter Pigs. J Food Prot 2016; 79:677-81. [PMID: 27052875 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica was determined in tonsil and intestinal content samples from 388 healthy fattening pigs at the four biggest Finnish slaughterhouses. These slaughterhouses process 73% of pigs in Finland. Tonsil samples were tested by PCR targeted for yadA, and intestinal samples were cultured. All pathogenic Y. enterocolitica isolates represented bioserotype 4/O:3. The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in tonsil samples was 60% (95% confidence limit, 55.4 to 65.1%), and its prevalence in intestinal samples was 26% (95% confidence limit, 22.1 to 31.2%). The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in tonsil and intestinal samples varied between the four slaughterhouses. The tonsil prevalence of Y. enterocolitica was higher in slaughterhouse B, and the prevalence in intestinal content was higher in slaughterhouse C. There were more positive results in both tonsil and intestinal samples in pigs coming from fattening farms than in pigs coming from farrowing-and-fattening farms. A seasonal variation was observed in the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in intestinal samples, with the highest prevalence during July and August, but no seasonal variation was detected in tonsil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rahikainen Ibañez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
| | - R Laukkanen-Ninios
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland
| | - M Hakkinen
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Johansson
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Vilar
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland
| | - H Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland
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Abstract
Enteric pathogens such as Salmonella and Yersinia evolved numerous strategies to survive and proliferate in different environmental reservoirs and mammalian hosts. Deciphering common and pathogen-specific principles for how these bacteria adjust and coordinate spatiotemporal expression of virulence determinants, stress adaptation, and metabolic functions is fundamental to understand microbial pathogenesis. In order to manage sudden environmental changes, attacks by the host immune systems and microbial competition, the pathogens employ a plethora of transcriptional and post-transcriptional control elements, including transcription factors, sensory and regulatory RNAs, RNAses, and proteases, to fine-tune and control complex gene regulatory networks. Many of the contributing global regulators and the molecular mechanisms of regulation are frequently conserved between Yersinia and Salmonella. However, the interplay, arrangement, and composition of the control elements vary between these closely related enteric pathogens, which generate phenotypic differences leading to distinct pathogenic properties. In this overview we present common and different regulatory networks used by Salmonella and Yersinia to coordinate the expression of crucial motility, cell adhesion and invasion determinants, immune defense strategies, and metabolic adaptation processes. We highlight evolutionary changes of the gene regulatory circuits that result in different properties of the regulatory elements and how this influences the overall outcome of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Erhardt
- Young Investigator Group Infection Biology of Salmonella, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Dersch
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
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Lucero-Estrada CSM, Soria JM, Favier GI, Escudero ME. Evaluation of the pathogenic potential, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genomic relations of Yersinia enterocolitica strains from food and human origin. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:851-60. [PMID: 26370735 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a food-borne pathogen that causes gastroenteritis with occasional postinfection sequels. This study was aimed to determinate the pathogenic potential, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genomic relationships of Y. enterocolitica strains of different bioserotypes (B/O) isolated from foods and human samples in San Luis, Argentina. Strains obtained by culture were bioserotyped and characterized by phenotypic and genotypic virulence markers, antimicrobial susceptibility, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Yersinia enterocolitica was detected in 9.2% of 380 samples, with a distribution of 10.6% (30/284) for food products and 5.2% (5/96) for human samples. Regarding the pathogenic potential, B1A strains of different serotypes were virF(-) ail(-), of which 72.0% (13/18) were ystB(+) with virulence-related phenotypic characteristics. Among B2/O:9 isolates, 75.0% (9/12) exhibited the genotype virF(+) ail(+) ystB(-) along with phenotypic traits associated with virulence; the same genotype was observed in 80.0% (4/5) of B3/O:3 and B3/O:5 strains. By PFGE, it was possible to separate Y. enterocolitica biotypes into 4 clonal groups (A to D) with 23 genomic types, generating a discriminatory index of 0.96. All isolates were susceptible to antimicrobials used for clinical treatment. This study highlights the presence of pathogenic bioserotypes and the high genomic diversity of the Y. enterocolitica strains isolated in our region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia S M Lucero-Estrada
- a Microbiología General, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque 1, 1° Piso, 5700, San Luis, Argentina.,b Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IMIBIO-CONICET), Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque 1, 1° Piso, 5700, San Luis, Argentina
| | - José Miguel Soria
- a Microbiología General, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque 1, 1° Piso, 5700, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Isabel Favier
- a Microbiología General, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque 1, 1° Piso, 5700, San Luis, Argentina
| | - María Esther Escudero
- a Microbiología General, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque 1, 1° Piso, 5700, San Luis, Argentina
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Novoslavskij A, Terentjeva M, Eizenberga I, Valciņa O, Bartkevičs V, Bērziņš A. Major foodborne pathogens in fish and fish products: a review. ANN MICROBIOL 2016; 66:1-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Liang J, Duan R, Xia S, Hao Q, Yang J, Xiao Y, Qiu H, Shi G, Wang S, Gu W, Wang C, Wang M, Tian K, Luo L, Yang M, Tian H, Wang J, Jing H, Wang X. Ecology and geographic distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica among livestock and wildlife in China. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:125-31. [PMID: 25987302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The results in this study show the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica varies in different animal species and regions of China. The highest prevalence is among pigs (12.91%), followed by dogs (9.80%), Ochotona curzoniae (plateau pica) (6.76%), chickens (4.50%), rodents (3.40%), cattle (2.78%) and sheep (0.89%). Pathogenic isolates comprised the majority of the Y. enterocolitica recovered from pigs (73.50%) and dogs (59.44%); whereas the nonpathogenic Y. enterocolitica made up most of poultry and wildlife recovered strains. A correlation analysis comparing the prevalence and geographic factors showed the isolation rate of Y. enterocolitica in pigs and dogs was negatively correlated with elevation (r=-0.50, P<0.05) and annual average air temperature (r=-0.43, P<0.05), but there was positive correlation with annual precipitation (r=0.43, P<0.05); conversely, the isolation rate from wildlife is positively correlated with elevation (r=0.3, P<0.05) contrary to the result seen in livestock. Twelve novel biotype 2 pathogenic Y. enterocolitica carried ail and ystB virulence genes, and one biotype 1A nonpathogenic strain positive with ail, ystB and ystA genes were isolated from Microtus fuscus (Qinghai vole) on plague foci of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau. The PFGE pattern K6GN11C30021 was predominant in pigs (44.25%) and patients (41.18%); K6GN11C30068 was predominant in dogs (40.16%). Animal isolates from the same region shared the same pattern (K6GN11C30021 and K6GN11C30012), indicating they may be from the same clone and arose through cross infection. Moreover, the identical PFGE pattern among local animals and diarrhea patients suggested that the animals may be the source of infections in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Liang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Duan
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Xia
- Henan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiong Hao
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jinchuan Yang
- Xuzhou Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuchun Xiao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Qiu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxiang Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shukun Wang
- Yuxi Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi, China
| | - Wenpeng Gu
- Yunnan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Chunxiang Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, China
| | - Mingliu Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kecheng Tian
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Longze Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiazheng Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiqi Jing
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia cause a well-characterized spectrum of disease in humans, ranging from asymptomatic carriage to hemorrhagic colitis and fatal typhoidal fever. These pathogens are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness in the United States each year, with substantial costs measured in hospitalizations and lost productivity. In the developing world, illness caused by these pathogens is not only more prevalent but also associated with a greater case-fatality rate. Classic methods for identification rely on selective media and serology, but newer methods based on mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction show great promise for routine clinical testing.
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Jamali H, Paydar M, Radmehr B, Ismail S. Prevalence, characterization, and antimicrobial resistance of Yersinia species and Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from raw milk in farm bulk tanks. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:798-803. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Salem M, Virtanen S, Korkeala H, Skurnik M. Isolation and characterization of Yersinia-specific bacteriophages from pig stools in Finland. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:599-608. [PMID: 25495090 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Bacteriophages infect bacteria, and they are present everywhere in the world including the intestinal tracts of animals. Yersiniosis is a common foodborne infection caused by Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. As these bacteria are frequently isolated from pigs, we wanted to know whether Yersinia-specific bacteriophages are also present in the pig stools and, if so, whether there is a positive or negative association between the prevalence of the Yersinia phages and the pathogenic Yersinia in the stool samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Altogether 793 pig stool samples collected between November 2010 and March 2012 from 14 Finnish pig farms were screened for the presence of bacteriophages able to infect Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3, O:5,27 or O:9 strains, or Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype O:1a, O:1b or O:3 strains. Yersinia phages were isolated from 90 samples from eight farms. Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 was infected by 59 phages, 28 phages infected serotypes O:3 and O:5,27, and eight phages infected serotypes O:3, O:5,27 and O:9, and Y. pseudotuberculosis O:1a by eight phages. Many phages originating from pigs in the same farm were identical based on their restriction enzyme digestion patterns; 20 clearly different phages were selected for further characterization. Host ranges of these phages were tested with 94 Yersinia strains. Six of the phages infected eight strains, 13 phages infected three strains, and one phage infected only one strain, indicating that the phages had a relatively narrow host range. CONCLUSIONS There was a clear association between the presence of the host bacteria and specific phages in the stools. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The isolated bacteriophages may have potential as biocontrol agents for yersiniosis in both humans and pigs in future, and as alternatives or in addition to antibiotics. To our knowledge, this is the first reported isolation of Yersinia-specific phages from pig stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salem
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
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Gupta V, Gulati P, Bhagat N, Dhar MS, Virdi JS. Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in food: an overview. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:641-50. [PMID: 25410144 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a gastrointestinal pathogen which causes yersiniosis, an illness characterized by diarrhea, ileitis, and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Y. enterocolitica is transmitted via the feco-oral route by the consumption of contaminated food or water. Several phenotypic and genotypic methods have been developed to reliably detect Y. enterocolitica in food. However, the source of infection of many recently reported foodborne outbreaks remains obscure. The detection of this pathogen in food is a challenging task, since it shares similarities with other enteric bacteria. The presence of other microorganisms in the food samples makes it even more difficult to identify this slow-growing pathogen. Therefore, the present-day emphasis is on the development of sensitive, easily automated methods suitable for in-situ detection, allowing quick and cost-effective characterization of food samples. This review summarizes and compares the currently available cultural, immunological, and molecular methods, particularly in relation to their specific merits or demerits when implemented for the detection of Y. enterocolitica in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gupta
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Leon-Velarde CG, Kropinski AM, Chen S, Abbasifar A, Griffiths MW, Odumeru JA. Complete genome sequence of bacteriophage vB_YenP_AP5 which infects Yersinia enterocolitica of serotype O:3. Virol J 2014; 11:188. [PMID: 25347934 PMCID: PMC4283147 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteriophage vB_YenP_AP5 is a lytic bacteriophage capable of infecting Yersinia enterocolitica strains of serotype O:3, an epidemiologically significant serotype within this bacterial species that causes yersiniosis in humans. This work describes the complete genome sequence of this phage. RESULTS The genome consists of linear double-stranded DNA of 38,646 bp, with direct terminal repeats of 235 bp in length, and a GC content of 50.7%. There are 45 open reading frames which occupy 89.9% of the genome. Most of the proteins encoded by this virus exhibit sequence similarity to Yersinia phage φYeO3-12 and Salmonella phage φSG-JL2 proteins. CONCLUSIONS Genomic and morphological analyses place the bacteriophage vB_YenP_AP5 in the T7likevirus genus of the subfamily Autographivirinae within the family Podoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Leon-Velarde
- />Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 8J7 Canada
- />Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- />Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Shu Chen
- />Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 8J7 Canada
| | - Arash Abbasifar
- />Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Mansel W Griffiths
- />Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
- />Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Joseph A Odumeru
- />Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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Laukkanen-Ninios R, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Korkeala H. EnteropathogenicYersiniain the Pork Production Chain: Challenges for Control. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
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