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Abstract
The pineal gland is a interface between light-dark cycle and shows neuro-endocrine functions. Melatonin is the primary hormone of pineal gland, secreted at night. The night-time melatonin peak regulates the physiological functions at dark. Melatonin has several unique features as it synchronises internal rhythm with daily and seasonal variations, regulates circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle. Physiologically melatonin involves in detoxification of free radicals, immune functions, neuro-protection, oncostatic effects, cardiovascular functions, reproduction, and foetal development. The precise functions of melatonin are exhibited by specific receptors. In relation to pathophysiology, impaired melatonin secretion promotes sleep disorder, cancer progression, type-2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Several reports have highlighted the therapeutic benefits of melatonin specially related to cancer protection, sleep disorder, psychiatric disorders, and jet lag problems. This review will touch the most of the area of melatonin-oriented health impacts and its therapeutic aspects.
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Hagström A, Kal Omar R, Williams PA, Stålhammar G. The rationale for treating uveal melanoma with adjuvant melatonin: a review of the literature. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:398. [PMID: 35413810 PMCID: PMC9006630 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09464-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Uveal melanoma is a rare form of cancer with high mortality. The incidence of metastases is attributed to early seeding of micrometastases from the eye to distant organs, primarily the liver. Once these seeded clusters of dormant tumor cells grow into larger radiologically detectable macrometastases, median patient survival is about 1 year. Melatonin is an important hormone for synchronizing circadian rhythms. It is also involved in other aspects of human physiology and may offer therapeutic benefits for a variety of diseases including cancer. Methods Articles involving the physiological effects of melatonin, pharmacokinetics, and previous use in cancer studies were acquired using a comprehensive literature search in the Medline (PubMed) and Web of Science databases. In total, 147 publications were selected and included in the review. Results Melatonin has been observed to suppress the growth of cancer cells, inhibit metastatic spread, enhance immune system functions, and act as an anti-inflammatory in both in vitro and in vivo models. Melatonin may also enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments such as immuno- and chemotherapy. Numerous studies have shown promising results for oral melatonin supplementation in patients with other forms of cancer including cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cell line and animal studies support a hypothesis in which similar benefits may exist for uveal melanoma. Conclusions Given its low cost, good safety profile, and limited side effects, there may be potential for the use of melatonin as an adjuvant oncostatic treatment. Future avenues of research could include clinical trials to evaluate the effect of melatonin in prevention of macrometastases of uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hagström
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, D1:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ruba Kal Omar
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, D1:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pete A Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Stålhammar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden.,St. Erik Eye Hospital, Box 4078, 171 04, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tang H, Shi X, Zhu P, Guo W, Li J, Yan B, Zhang S. Melatonin inhibits gallbladder cancer cell migration and invasion via ERK-mediated induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:609. [PMID: 34188711 PMCID: PMC8227585 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a naturally occurring molecule secreted by the pineal gland that exhibits antitumor properties and prevents the development of human cancer. However, little is known regarding the effects of melatonin on gallbladder cancer (GBC) cells. The present study aimed to investigate the role of melatonin on the prevention of GBC cell invasion. The GBC cell line, GBC-SD, was treated with different concentrations of melatonin for different time periods, and the data indicated that melatonin markedly inhibited the invasion of GBC cells. Following treatment of GBC cells with melatonin, the protein levels of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, significantly increased, while the expression levels of the mesenchymal markers, N-cadherin, Snail and vimentin, notably decreased. In addition, melatonin inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Following treatment of the cells with the ERK activator, tert-Butylhydroquinone, the anti-invasive effects of melatonin were reversed by rescuing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in GBC cells. Taken together, these results suggest that melatonin inhibits GBC invasiveness by blocking the ERK signaling pathway. Thus, melatonin may be used as a potential novel cancer therapeutic drug for the treatment of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Tang
- ZhengZhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Bing Yan
- ZhengZhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- ZhengZhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Cyst Reduction by Melatonin in a Novel Drosophila Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225477. [PMID: 33238462 PMCID: PMC7700119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) causes progressive cystic degeneration of the renal tubules, the nephrons, eventually severely compromising kidney function. ADPKD is incurable, with half of the patients eventually needing renal replacement. Treatments for ADPKD patients are limited and new effective therapeutics are needed. Melatonin, a central metabolic regulator conserved across all life kingdoms, exhibits oncostatic and oncoprotective activity and no detected toxicity. Here, we used the Bicaudal C (BicC) Drosophila model of polycystic kidney disease to test the cyst-reducing potential of melatonin. Significant cyst reduction was found in the renal (Malpighian) tubules upon melatonin administration and suggest mechanistic sophistication. Similar to vertebrate PKD, the BicC fly PKD model responds to the antiproliferative drugs rapamycin and mimics of the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac). Melatonin appears to be a new cyst-reducing molecule with attractive properties as a potential candidate for PKD treatment.
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Ao L, Li L, Sun H, Chen H, Li Y, Huang H, Wang X, Guo Z, Zhou R. Transcriptomic analysis on the effects of melatonin in gastrointestinal carcinomas. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:233. [PMID: 32689938 PMCID: PMC7372748 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin has been shown with anticancer property and therapeutic potential for tumors. However, there lacks a systematic study on the molecular pathways of melatonin and its antitumor effects in gastrointestinal carcinomas. METHODS Using the gene expression profiles of four cancer cell lines from three types of gastrointestinal carcinomas before and after melatonin treatment, including gastric carcinoma (GC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and biological pathways influenced by melatonin were identified. The qRT-PCR analyses were performed to validate the effects of melatonin on 5-FU resistance-related genes in CRC. RESULTS There were 17 pathways commonly altered by melatonin in the three cancer types, including FoxO signaling pathways enriched by the upregulated DEGs and cell cycle signaling pathways enriched by the downregulated DEGs, confirmed the dual role of melatonin to tumor growth, pro-apoptosis and anti-proliferation. DEGs upregulated in the three types of cancer tissues but reversely downregulated by melatonin were commonly enriched in RNA transport, spliceosome and cell cycle signaling pathways, which indicate that melatonin might exert antitumor effects through these pathways. Our results further showed that melatonin can downregulate the expression levels of 5-FU resistance-related genes, such as thymidylate synthase in GC and ATR, CHEK1, BAX and MYC in CRC. The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that melatonin enhanced the sensitivity of CRC 5-FU resistant cells by decreasing the expression of ATR. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin exerts the effects of pro-apoptosis and anti-proliferation on gastrointestinal carcinomas, and might increase the sensitivity of 5-FU in GC and CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China. .,Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Huaqin Sun
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Huxing Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Xianlong Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Ruixiang Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China. .,Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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El-Sherif A, El-Sherif S, Taylor AH, Ayakannu T. Ovarian Cancer: Lifestyle, Diet and Nutrition. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1092-1107. [PMID: 32674720 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1792948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Sherif
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Arrow Park Hospital, Upton, UK
| | - Sherif El-Sherif
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West Cumberland Hospital, Whitehaven, UK
| | - Anthony Henry Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Thangesweran Ayakannu
- Gynaecology Oncology Cancer Centre, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Samanta S. Melatonin: an endogenous miraculous indolamine, fights against cancer progression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1893-1922. [PMID: 32583237 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03292-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melatonin is an amphipathic indolamine molecule ubiquitously present in all organisms ranging from cyanobacteria to humans. The pineal gland is the site of melatonin synthesis and secretion under the influence of the retinohypothalamic tract. Some extrapineal tissues (skin, lens, gastrointestinal tract, testis, ovary, lymphocytes, and astrocytes) also enable to produce melatonin. Physiologically, melatonin regulates various functions like circadian rhythm, sleep-wake cycle, gonadal activity, redox homeostasis, neuroprotection, immune-modulation, and anticancer effects in the body. Inappropriate melatonin secretion advances the aging process, tumorigenesis, visceral adiposity, etc. METHODS: For the preparation of this review, I had reviewed the literature on the multidimensional activities of melatonin from the NCBI website database PubMed, Springer Nature, Science Direct (Elsevier), Wiley Online ResearchGate, and Google Scholar databases to search relevant articles. Specifically, I focused on the roles and mechanisms of action of melatonin in cancer prevention. RESULTS The actions of melatonin are primarily mediated by G-protein coupled MT1 and MT2 receptors; however, several intracellular protein and nuclear receptors can modulate the activity. Normal levels of the melatonin protect the cells from adverse effects including carcinogenesis. Therapeutically, melatonin has chronomedicinal value; it also shows a remarkable anticancer property. The oncostatic action of melatonin is multidimensional, associated with the advancement of apoptosis, the arrest of the cell cycle, inhibition of metastasis, and antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION The present review has emphasized the mechanism of the anti-neoplastic activity of melatonin that increases the possibilities of the new approaches in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department Physiology, Midnapore College, Paschim Medinipur, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721101, India.
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Kasi R, Yeo PL, Yen NK, Koh RY, Ponnudurai G, Tiong YL, Chye SM. Melatonin Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits the Proliferation of Cancer Cells via Reactive Oxygen Species-mediated MAPK and mTOR Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2212697x06666191116151114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Recent human and animal studies have demonstrated the oncostatic properties
of N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) in different types of cancer. However, in few cancer
cell lines including colorectal cancer cell line (HT-29), acute T cell leukemia cell line (JURKAT)
and cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), precise oncostatic mechanism induced by melatonin is yet to be
described.
Objectives:
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of melatonin in HT-29, JURKAT and
HeLa cells and to determine the underlying molecular mechanism.
Methods:
Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
(MTT) assay while cell cycle, apoptosis and membrane potential were analysed by flow cytometry.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by 2',7'.dichlorofluorescein diacetate(DCFH-DA)
staining. Protein expressions were determined by Western blot.
Results:
Our results showed that melatonin suppressed cell proliferation, increased the number of sub
G1 hypodiploid cells and cell cycle arrest in HT-29, JURKAT and HeLa cells. Besides, melatonin also
induced early and late apoptosis, although there were marked variations in responses between different
cell lines (sensitivity; HeLa > HT-29 >JURKAT). Apart from that, staining with DCHF-DA
demonstrated ROS production that was induced in a dose-dependent manner in HeLa, HT-29 and
JURKAT cells. Moreover, the apoptotic process and oncostatic effect of melatonin were seen to be
associated with extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun
NH (2)-terminal kinase (SAPK-JNK) signalling cascades in HeLa cells. In HT-29 and JURKAT cells,
melatonin induced apoptosis via activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38), ERK and
SAPK-JNK signalling pathways. In all three cell lines, the apoptotic event was triggered by the
mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated activation of the downstream target rapamycininsensitive
companion of mTOR (RICTOR) and/or regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (RAPTOR)
proteins.
Conclusions:
Our findings confirm that melatonin induces apoptosis through reactive oxygen speciesmediated
dysregulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mTOR signalling pathways in
these cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Kasi
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Pei Ling Yeo
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Ng. Khuen Yen
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | | | - Yee Lian Tiong
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Melatonin enhances hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in human dental pulp cells. J Dent Sci 2019; 14:370-377. [PMID: 31890124 PMCID: PMC6921122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Melatonin, at physiological concentrations, was previously found to inhibit proliferation and promote odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs), but its effect on apoptosis is unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of melatonin on the H2O2-mediated viability reduction and apoptosis in hDPCs. Materials and methods hDPCs were treated with H2O2 (0, 250, 500, 1000 μmol/L), melatonin (0, 10−12, 10−10, 10−8 mol/L), and melatonin with H2O2 for 24 h. CCK-8 assays were performed to evaluate cell viability. Apoptosis was measured by DAPI and Annexin V/propidium iodide staining. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by CellROX® staining and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was examined by JC-1 staining. Results H2O2 obviously decreased the viability of hDPCs in a concentration-dependent manner and melatonin alone also reduced viability by 16–20%. Melatonin was also found to enhance H2O2-induced toxicity in a concentration-dependent manner, and the highest physiological concentration of melatonin (10−8 mol/L) had the most obvious effect (P < 0.001). Treating H2O2-exposed hDPCs with melatonin significantly increased the ratio of apoptotic cells with condensed and deformed nuclei (P < 0.001), as well as the percentage of Annexin V-positive cells (P < 0.01). Furthermore, melatonin significantly increased intracellular ROS levels and induced the loss of ΔΨm in H2O2-exposed cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion Our results indicate that melatonin, at physiological concentrations, can enhance H2O2-induced apoptosis in hDPCs and increase H2O2-mediated ROS production and ΔΨm loss. Further studies are needed to investigate whether melatonin targets the mitochondrial death pathway during the process.
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de Almeida Chuffa LG, Seiva FRF, Cucielo MS, Silveira HS, Reiter RJ, Lupi LA. Mitochondrial functions and melatonin: a tour of the reproductive cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:837-863. [PMID: 30430198 PMCID: PMC11105419 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancers of the reproductive organs have a strong association with mitochondrial defects, and a deeper understanding of the role of this organelle in preneoplastic-neoplastic changes is important to determine the appropriate therapeutic intervention. Mitochondria are involved in events during cancer development, including metabolic and oxidative status, acquisition of metastatic potential, resistance to chemotherapy, apoptosis, and others. Because of their origin from melatonin-producing bacteria, mitochondria are speculated to produce melatonin and its derivatives at high levels; in addition, exogenously administered melatonin accumulates in the mitochondria against a concentration gradient. Melatonin is transported into tumor cell by GLUT/SLC2A and/or by the PEPT1/2 transporters, and plays beneficial roles in mitochondrial homeostasis, such as influencing oxidative phosphorylation and electron flux, ATP synthesis, bioenergetics, calcium influx, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Moreover, melatonin promotes mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating nuclear DNA and mtDNA transcriptional activities. This review focuses on the main functions of melatonin on mitochondrial processes, and reviews from a mechanistic standpoint, how mitochondrial crosstalk evolved in ovarian, endometrial, cervical, breast, and prostate cancers relative to melatonin's known actions. We put emphasis on signaling pathways whereby melatonin interferes within cancer-cell mitochondria after its administration. Depending on subtype and intratumor metabolic heterogeneity, melatonin seems to be helpful in promoting apoptosis, anti-proliferation, pro-oxidation, metabolic shifting, inhibiting neovasculogenesis and controlling inflammation, and restoration of chemosensitivity. This results in attenuation of development, progression, and metastatic potential of reproductive cancers, in addition to lowering the risk of recurrence and improving the life quality of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, São Paulo State University, P.O Box: 18618-689, R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Maira Smaniotto Cucielo
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, São Paulo State University, P.O Box: 18618-689, R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Spaulonci Silveira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, São Paulo State University, P.O Box: 18618-689, R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UTHealth, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Luiz Antonio Lupi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, São Paulo State University, P.O Box: 18618-689, R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Yuan X, Zhu C, Wang M, Mo F, Du W, Ma X. Night Shift Work Increases the Risks of Multiple Primary Cancers in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 61 Articles. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 27:25-40. [PMID: 29311165 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have examined associations between night shift work and the risks of common cancers among women, with varying conclusions. We did a meta-analysis to identify whether long-term night shift work increased the risks of common cancers in women. We enrolled 61 articles involving 114,628 cases and 3,909,152 participants from Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia. Risk estimates were performed with a random-effect model or a fixed-effect model. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses about breast cancer were conducted to explore possible sources of heterogeneity. In addition, we carried out a dose-response analysis to quantitatively estimate the accumulative effect of night shift work on the risk of breast cancer. A positive relationship was revealed between long-term night shift work and the risks of breast [OR = 1.316; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.196-1.448], digestive system (OR = 1.177; 95% CI, 1.065-1.301), and skin cancer (OR = 1.408; 95% CI, 1.024-1.934). For every 5 years of night shift work, the risk of breast cancer in women was increased by 3.3% (OR = 1.033; 95% CI, 1.012-1.056). Concerning the group of nurses, long-term night shift work presented potential carcinogenic effect in breast cancer (OR = 1.577; 95% CI, 1.235-2.014), digestive system cancer (OR = 1.350; 95% CI, 1.030-1.770), and lung cancer (OR = 1.280; 95% CI, 1.070-1.531). This systematic review confirmed the positive association between night shift work and the risks of several common cancers in women. We identified that cancer risk of women increased with accumulating years of night shift work, which might help establish and implement effective measures to protect female night shifters. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(1); 25-40. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Chenjing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Manni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Fei Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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12
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Hao J, Fan W, Li Y, Tang R, Tian C, Yang Q, Zhu T, Diao C, Hu S, Chen M, Guo P, Long Q, Zhang C, Qin G, Yu W, Chen M, Li L, Qin L, Wang J, Zhang X, Ren Y, Zhou P, Zou L, Jiang K, Guo W, Deng W. Melatonin synergizes BRAF-targeting agent vemurafenib in melanoma treatment by inhibiting iNOS/hTERT signaling and cancer-stem cell traits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:48. [PMID: 30717768 PMCID: PMC6360719 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the selective inhibitor of BRAF kinase, vemurafenib exhibits effective antitumor activities in patients with V600 BRAF mutant melanomas. However, acquired drug resistance invariably develops after its initial treatment. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of iNOS and hTERT, p-p65, Epcam, CD44, PCNA in mice with melanoma xenografts. The proliferation and migration of melanoma cells were detected by MTT, tumorsphere culture, cell cycle, cell apoptosis, AO/EB assay and colony formation, transwell assay and scratch assay in vitro, and tumor growth differences were observed in xenograft nude mice. Changes in the expression of key molecules in the iNOS/hTERT signaling pathways were detected by western blot. Nucleus-cytoplasm separation, and immunofluorescence analyses were conducted to explore the location of p50/p65 in melanoma cell lines. Flow cytometry assay were performed to determine the expression of CD44. Pull down assay and ChIP assay were performed to detect the binding ability of p65 at iNOS and hTERT promoters. Additionally, hTERT promoter-driven luciferase plasmids were transfected in to melanoma cells with indicated treatment to determine luciferase activity of hTERT. RESULTS Melatonin significantly and synergistically enhanced vemurafenib-mediated inhibitions of proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion and promoted vemurafenib-induced apoptosis, cell cycle arresting and stemness weakening in melanoma cells. Further mechanism study revealed that melatonin enhanced the antitumor effect of vemurafenib by abrogating nucleus translocation of NF-κB p50/p65 and their binding at iNOS and hTERT promoters, thereby suppressing the expression of iNOS and hTERT. The elevated anti-tumor capacity of vemurafenib upon co-treatment with melatonin was also evaluated and confirmed in mice with melanoma xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results demonstrate melatonin synergizes the antitumor effect of vemurafenib in human melanoma by inhibiting cell proliferation and cancer-stem cell traits via targeting NF-κB/iNOS/hTERT signaling pathway, and suggest the potential of melatonin in antagonizing the toxicity of vemurafenib and augmenting its sensitivities in melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Hao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ranran Tang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunfang Tian
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tianhua Zhu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chaoliang Diao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Manyu Chen
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wendan Yu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liren Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Qin
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Penghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Wuguo Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China.
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Yau A, Haque M. Shiftwork Association with Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancers Among Healthcare Workers: A Literature Review. Medeni Med J 2019; 34:387-395. [PMID: 32821466 PMCID: PMC7433719 DOI: 10.5222/mmj.2019.54775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The round-the-clock demands of healthcare services, coupled with the shortage of healthcare providers in many parts of the world, have made shiftwork widespread among healthcare workers. Understanding how to mitigate unfavourable effects of shiftwork on well-being is essential to improve health promotion, to prevent disease prevention, and to increase quality of life. This comprehensive review aims to present evidence linking shiftwork with cardiovascular diseases and cancers among healthcare workers. Several studies have demonstrated evidence indicating the relationship between long-term exposure to shiftwork tempo and a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Health workers are increasingly witnesing unfavourable effects of shiftwork on their health state. Shiftwork disturbs circadian rhythm and cardiopulmonary processes, leading to adverse health outcomes. Increasing prevalence of shiftwork in healthcare industries due to population expansion and public health threat of cancers call for investigation towards a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of shiftwork-induced diseases. The shift work period has been considered in different studies using various criteria, resulting in inconsistent definition of measurement criteria leading to misclassification of the study population. There is a need for a more considerable and holistic effort towards standardization of shiftwork definition and conduct an assessment to establish a more conveniently appliacable framework for intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamu Yau
- Naresuan University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Phitsanulok, Thailand Texas A&M University, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas, USA.,Bayero University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mainul Haque
- Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Department of Pharmacology, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Lu KH, Su SC, Lin CW, Hsieh YH, Lin YC, Chien MH, Reiter RJ, Yang SF. Melatonin attenuates osteosarcoma cell invasion by suppression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 24 through inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. J Pineal Res 2018; 65:e12507. [PMID: 29766567 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, with its high metastatic potential, is the most prevalent malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Melatonin possesses multiple tumor-suppressing properties for a myriad of tumors, but little is known about the effects of melatonin on osteosarcoma metastasis. In this study, we demonstrated that melatonin elicited very low cytotoxicity and significantly inhibited cellular motility, migration, and invasion in human osteosarcoma U2OS and HOS cells. Moreover, using RNA sequencing technology, we revealed that melatonin repressed C-C motif chemokine ligand 24 (CCL24) gene expression in U2OS cells. Manipulation of CCL24 levels influenced the motility of osteosarcoma cells as cell migration and invasion were enhanced by the addition of recombinant human CCL24 and attenuated by the silencing of CCL24. Moreover, melatonin increased and decreased the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner in U2OS and HOS cells while exerting no evident influence on the level and activation of p38, Akt, FAK, steroid receptor coactivator, or Raf. In further functional experiments, the use of JNK inhibitors (SP600125 and DN-JNK) confirmed that the pharmaceutic inhibition of JNK augmented the melatonin-mediated CCL24 suppression and migration of U2OS cells. Overall, our results revealed that melatonin attenuated chemokine CCL24 levels through inhibition of the JNK pathway to hinder human osteosarcoma cell invasion, thereby highlighting the therapeutic potential of melatonin for osteosarcoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Hsiu Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chi Su
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Linkou and Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chiu Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Zemła A, Grzegorek I, Dzięgiel P, Jabłońska K. Melatonin Synergizes the Chemotherapeutic Effect of Cisplatin in Ovarian Cancer Cells Independently of MT1 Melatonin Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:801-809. [PMID: 28882945 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Melatonin (MLT), through the interaction with membrane melatonin receptors MT1, can improve the effectiveness of cytostatic agents, including cisplatin (CP). The aim of this study was to examine the synergistic effect of MLT and CP in three cell lines: IOSE 364, SK-OV-3 and OVCAR-3, as well as to assess the role of MT1 receptors in this mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the SRB assay we investigated the effect of different concentrations of CP and MLT on cell viability. Tests, using luzindole - MT1 inhibitor, allowed us to assess the potential involvement of MT1 in the mechanism of MLT action. RESULTS MLT at certain concentrations demonstrated a synergistic effect in combination with CP. The addition of luzindole did not affect the action of MLT in combination with CP. CONCLUSION In summary, the synergistic effect of MLT with CP seems to be independent of membrane MT1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Zemła
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Irmina Grzegorek
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland .,Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Jabłońska
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Menéndez-Menéndez J, Martínez-Campa C. Melatonin: An Anti-Tumor Agent in Hormone-Dependent Cancers. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:3271948. [PMID: 30386380 PMCID: PMC6189685 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3271948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland mainly during the night, since light exposure suppresses its production. Initially, an implication of this indoleamine in malignant disease was described in endocrine-responsive breast cancer. Data from several clinical trials and multiple experimental studies performed both in vivo and in vitro have documented that the pineal hormone inhibits endocrine-dependent mammary tumors by interfering with the estrogen signaling-mediated transcription, therefore behaving as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Additionally, melatonin regulates the production of estradiol through the control of the enzymes involved in its synthesis, acting as a selective estrogen enzyme modulator (SEEM). Many more mechanisms have been proposed during the past few years, including signaling triggered after activation of the membrane melatonin receptors MT-1 and MT-2, or else intracellular actions targeting molecules such as calmodulin, or binding intranuclear receptors. Similar results have been obtained in prostate (regulation of enzymes involved in androgen synthesis and modulation of androgen receptor levels and activity) and ovary cancer. Thus, tumor metabolism, gene expression, or epigenetic modifications are modulated, cell growth is impaired and angiogenesis and metastasis are inhibited. In the last decade, many more reports have demonstrated that melatonin is a promising adjuvant molecule with many potential beneficial consequences when included in chemotherapy or radiotherapy protocols designed to treat endocrine-responsive tumors. Therefore, in this state-of-the-art review, we aim to compile the knowledge about the oncostatic actions of the indoleamine in hormone-dependent tumors, and the latest findings concerning melatonin actions when administered in combination with radio- or chemotherapy in breast, prostate, and ovary cancers. As melatonin has no toxicity, it may be well deserve to be considered as an endogenously generated agent helpful in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Menéndez-Menéndez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria and Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Campa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria and Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
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17
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Chuffa LGDA, Reiter RJ, Lupi LA. Melatonin as a promising agent to treat ovarian cancer: molecular mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:945-952. [PMID: 28575150 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality rate of all gynecological cancers, and most patients develop chemoresistance after first-line treatments. Despite recent advances, the 5-year relative survival is ~45% for all OC subtypes, and invasive epithelial OC has only a 17% survival rate when diagnosed at a late stage. Identification of new efficacious molecules or biomarkers represents important opportunities in the treatment of OC. The pharmacological and physiological properties of melatonin indicate this agent could be useful against OC progression and metastasis. In normal cells, melatonin has potent antioxidant and anti-apoptotic actions. Conversely, melatonin has pro-oxidant as well as anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and immunomodulatory properties in many cancer types including hormone-dependent cancers. Although melatonin receptors have been identified in OC cells, the exact mechanism by which melatonin induces anticancer activities remains incompletely understood. Clinical studies have reported negative correlation between aggressiveness of OC and serum levels of melatonin, reinforcing the idea that melatonin may be a critical factor determining OC development. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest melatonin differentially regulates multiple signaling pathways in OC cells. This focused review explores the potential mechanisms of action of melatonin on cultured OC cells and in experimental models of OC in an attempt to clarify how melatonin modulates the signaling pathways involved in cancer cell apoptosis, survival, inflammation, proliferation and metabolic processes. Based on the evidence presented, we feel that melatonin, as an agent that controls cellular signals associated with malignancy, may be beneficial in combination with other therapeutics for OC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, Brazil and Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, Brazil and Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Luiz Antonio Lupi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, Brazil and Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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18
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Lo Sardo F, Muti P, Blandino G, Strano S. Melatonin and Hippo Pathway: Is There Existing Cross-Talk? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091913. [PMID: 28878191 PMCID: PMC5618562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is an indolic hormone that regulates a plethora of functions ranging from the regulation of circadian rhythms and antioxidant properties to the induction and maintenance of tumor suppressor pathways. It binds to specific receptors as well as to some cytosolic proteins, leading to several cellular signaling cascades. Recently, the involvement of melatonin in cancer insurgence and progression has clearly been demonstrated. In this review, we will first describe the structure and functions of melatonin and its receptors, and then discuss both molecular and epidemiological evidence on melatonin anticancer effects. Finally, we will shed light on potential cross-talk between melatonin signaling and the Hippo signaling pathway, along with the possible implications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lo Sardo
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Molecular Chemoprevention Group, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Muti
- Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Molecular Chemoprevention Group, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Strano
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Molecular Chemoprevention Group, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
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Tordjman S, Chokron S, Delorme R, Charrier A, Bellissant E, Jaafari N, Fougerou C. Melatonin: Pharmacology, Functions and Therapeutic Benefits. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:434-443. [PMID: 28503116 PMCID: PMC5405617 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161228122115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin synchronizes central but also peripheral oscillators (fetal adrenal gland, pancreas, liver, kidney, heart, lung, fat, gut, etc.), allowing temporal organization of biological functions through circadian rhythms (24-hour cycles) in relation to periodic environmental changes and therefore adaptation of the individual to his/her internal and external environment. Measures of melatonin are considered the best peripheral indices of human circadian timing based on an internal 24-hour clock. METHODS First, the pharmacology of melatonin (biosynthesis and circadian rhythms, pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action) is described, allowing a better understanding of the short and long term effects of melatonin following its immediate or prolonged release. Then, research related to the physiological effects of melatonin is reviewed. RESULTS The physiological effects of melatonin are various and include detoxification of free radicals and antioxidant actions, bone formation and protection, reproduction, and cardiovascular, immune or body mass regulation. Also, protective and therapeutic effects of melatonin are reported, especially with regard to brain or gastrointestinal protection, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases and oncostatic effects. CONCLUSION This review highlights the high number and diversity of major melatonin effects and opens important perspectives for measuring melatonin as a biomarker (biomarker of early identification of certain disorders and also biomarker of their follow-up) and using melatonin with clinical preventive and therapeutic applications in newborns, children and adults based on its physiological regulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Tordjman
- Hospital-University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Guillaume Régnier Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35000, France
- Laboratory of Psychology of Perception, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris 75270, France
| | - Sylvie Chokron
- Laboratory of Psychology of Perception, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris 75270, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris 75019, France
| | - Annaëlle Charrier
- Hospital-University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Guillaume Régnier Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35000, France
| | - Eric Bellissant
- Inserm CIC 1414 Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35033, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35033, France
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Unité de recherche clinique Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, INSERM CIC-P 1402, Poitiers 86022, France
- INSERM U 1084 Laboratoire expérimental et clinique en Neurosciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers 86022, France
| | - Claire Fougerou
- Inserm CIC 1414 Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35033, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35033, France
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20
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Chuffa LGA, Lupi Júnior LA, Seiva FRF, Martinez M, Domeniconi RF, Pinheiro PFF, dos Santos LD, Martinez FE. Quantitative Proteomic Profiling Reveals That Diverse Metabolic Pathways Are Influenced by Melatonin in an in Vivo Model of Ovarian Carcinoma. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3872-3882. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo A. Chuffa
- Department
of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP − Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Lupi Júnior
- Department
of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP − Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio R. F. Seiva
- Institute
of Biology, North of Parana State University − UENP, CLM, Bandeirantes, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Martinez
- Department
of Morphology and Pathology, UFSCar − Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel F. Domeniconi
- Department
of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP − Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fernanda F. Pinheiro
- Department
of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP − Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucilene D. dos Santos
- Center
for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Eduardo Martinez
- Department
of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP − Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lin YW, Lee LM, Lee WJ, Chu CY, Tan P, Yang YC, Chen WY, Yang SF, Hsiao M, Chien MH. Melatonin inhibits MMP-9 transactivation and renal cell carcinoma metastasis by suppressing Akt-MAPKs pathway and NF-κB DNA-binding activity. J Pineal Res 2016; 60:277-90. [PMID: 26732239 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most lethal of all urological malignancies because of its potent metastasis potential. Melatonin exerts multiple tumor-suppressing activities through antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and anti-angiogenic actions and has been tested in clinical trials. However, the antimetastastic effect of melatonin and its underlying mechanism in RCC are unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that melatonin at the pharmacologic concentration (0.5-2 mm) considerably reduced the migration and invasion of RCC cells (Caki-1 and Achn). Furthermore, we found that melatonin suppressed metastasis of Caki-1 cells in spontaneous and experimental metastasis animal models. Mechanistic investigations revealed that melatonin transcriptionally inhibited MMP-9 by reducing p65- and p52-DNA-binding activities. Moreover, the Akt-mediated JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways were involved in melatonin-regulated MMP-9 transactivation and cell motility. Clinical samples revealed an inverse correlation between melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) and MMP-9 expression in normal kidney and RCC tissues. In addition, a higher survival rate was found in MTNR1A(high) /MMP-9(low) patients than in MTNR1A(low) /MMP-9(high) patients. Overall, our results provide new insights into the role of melatonin-induced molecular regulation in suppressing RCC metastasis and suggest that melatonin has potential therapeutic applications for metastastic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Ming Lee
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiunn Lee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Chu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng Tan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Yang
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Melatonin/HPβCD complex: Microwave synthesis, integration with chitosan scaffolds and inhibitory effects on MG-63CELLS. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:801-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE Melatonin has anti-carcinogenic properties, including modulation of estradiol production, cell cycle regulation, and promotion of apoptosis. Urinary melatonin has been inversely associated with breast cancer in some studies, but the association with ovarian cancer has not been investigated. METHODS We measured urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) in nested ovarian cancer case-control studies in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; n = 100 cases; 199 controls) and NHSII (n = 52 cases; 105 controls); samples were mainly from first morning voids. Controls were matched to cases on year of birth, menopause status, use of menopausal hormone therapy, and urine collection characteristics. We evaluated the association of tertiles of aMT6s, corrected for creatinine concentrations, with risk of ovarian cancer using conditional logistic regression. Models were adjusted for key ovarian cancer risk factors, and we additionally evaluated adjustment for usual sleep duration, snoring, and history of rotating night shift work. RESULTS aMT6s was not significantly associated with risk of ovarian cancer. In multivariable models, the odds ratio comparing the highest tertile of aMT6s to the lowest was 0.79, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.40-1.56 in the NHS and 2.88, and 95 % CI in the NHSII 0.97-8.52. Additional adjustment for sleep habits and night shift work had little impact on the observed results. We observed no clear association between urinary melatonin and ovarian cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with our previous study in which we reported no association between night shift work and ovarian cancer; however, given the small sample size in our study, additional evaluation in larger studies is warranted.
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Bułdak RJ, Pilc-Gumuła K, Bułdak Ł, Witkowska D, Kukla M, Polaniak R, Zwirska-Korczala K. Effects of ghrelin, leptin and melatonin on the levels of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activity and viability of the HCT 116 human colorectal carcinoma cell line. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2275-82. [PMID: 25873273 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of certain types of cancer, including colon cancer. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that produces biologically active substances, such as leptin and ghrelin. Recent research has suggested that adipose-derived hormones may be associated with mechanisms linked to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that pineal gland-derived melatonin possesses important oncostatic and antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to determine the effects of the adipokines ghrelin and leptin, and the melatonin on intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activity of selected antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase. The effects of these compounds were also determined on the viability of HCT 116 human colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro. The pro-oxidant and growth inhibitory effects of melatonin resulted in an accumulation of ROS and decreased antioxidant capacity in melatonin-treated cells. Ghrelin administration alone caused a significant decrease in the levels of ROS, due to an increased activity of CAT in the HCT 116 cells. In addition, the present study observed increased lipid peroxidation following melatonin treatment, and decreased levels of malondialdehyde following ghrelin or leptin treatment. In conclusion, ghrelin, leptin and melatonin have various influences on the antioxidant capacity of HCT 116 cells. Compared with the adipokines, treatment with melatonin increased ROS levels and decreased cellular viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Jakub Bułdak
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze 41‑808, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pilc-Gumuła
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze 41‑808, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40‑752, Poland
| | - Daria Witkowska
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze 41‑808, Poland
| | - Michał Kukla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40‑752, Poland
| | - Renata Polaniak
- Department of Human Nutrition, School of Public Health, Medical University of Silesia, Bytom 41‑902, Poland
| | - Krystyna Zwirska-Korczala
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze 41‑808, Poland
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Woo SM, Min KJ, Kwon TK. Melatonin-mediated Bim up-regulation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) down-regulation enhances tunicamycin-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:310-20. [PMID: 25711465 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is involved in many physiological functions, and it has differential effects on apoptosis in normal and cancer cells. However, the mechanism of its antitumor roles is not well understood. In this study, we show that melatonin enhances tunicamycin-induced apoptosis in human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Melatonin up-regulates pro-apoptotic protein Bim expression at the transcriptional levels in the presence of tunicamycin. Melatonin inhibits tunicamycin-induced COX-2 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of COX-2 activity using the COX-2 inhibitor, NS398, increases tunicamycin-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, these effects were not associated with melatonin receptor signal pathways. Pertussis toxin (a general Gi protein inhibitor) or luzindole (a nonspecific melatonin receptor antagonist) did not reverse the effect of melatonin. In addition, melatonin blocked tunicamycin-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity, p65 nuclear translocation, and p38 MAPK activation. Melatonin-mediated p38 MAPK inhibition contributed to decreased COX-2 mRNA stability. Taken together, our results suggest that melatonin enhances antitumor function through up-regulation of Bim expression and down-regulation of COX-2 expression in tunicamycin-treated MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, South Korea
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Melatonin attenuates the TLR4-mediated inflammatory response through MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways in an in vivo model of ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:34. [PMID: 25655081 PMCID: PMC4322437 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are effector molecules expressed on the surface of ovarian cancer (OC) cells, but the functions of the TLR2/TLR4 signaling pathways in these cells remain unclear. Melatonin (mel) acts as an anti-inflammatory factor and has been reported to modulate TLRs in some aggressive tumor cell types. Therefore, we investigated OC and the effect of long-term mel therapy on the signaling pathways mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 via myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and toll-like receptor-associated activator of interferon (TRIF) in an ethanol-preferring rat model. Methods To induce OC, the left ovary of animals either consuming 10% (v/v) ethanol or not was injected directly under the bursa with a single dose of 100 μg of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) dissolved in 10 μL of sesame oil. The right ovaries were used as sham-surgery controls. After developing OC, half of the animals received i.p. injections of mel (200 μg/100 g b.w./day) for 60 days. Results Although mel therapy was unable to reduce TLR2 levels, it was able to suppress the OC-associated increase in the levels of the following proteins: TLR4, MyD88, nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB p65), inhibitor of NFkB alpha (IkBα), IkB kinase alpha (IKK-α), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), TRIF, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), interferon β (IFN-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6. In addition, mel significantly attenuated the expression of IkBα, NFkB p65, TRIF and IRF-3, which are involved in TLR4-mediated signaling in OC during ethanol intake. Conclusion Collectively, our results suggest that mel attenuates the TLR4-induced MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways in ethanol-preferring rats with OC.
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Jablonska K, Pula B, Zemla A, Kobierzycki C, Kedzia W, Nowak-Markwitz E, Spaczynski M, Zabel M, Podhorska-Okolow M, Dziegiel P. Expression of the MT1 melatonin receptor in ovarian cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23074-89. [PMID: 25514412 PMCID: PMC4284755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death among women with genital tract disorders. Melatonin exhibits oncostatic properties which it may effect through binding to its membrane receptor, MT1. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of MT1 in OC cells and to correlate this with clinical and pathological data. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 84 cases of OC. Normal ovarian epithelial (IOSE 364) and OC (SK-OV-3, OVCAR-3) cell lines were used to examine the MT1 expression at protein level using the western blot and immunofluorescence technique. The expression of MT1 was observed as cytoplasmic-membrane (MT1CM) and membrane (MT1M) reactions. A positive correlation between MT1CM and MT1M was found in all the studied cases. There were no significant differences between the expression of MT1CM, MT1M, and histological type, staging, grading, presence of residual disease, or overall survival time. Immunofluorescence showed both MT1M and MT1CM expression in all the tested cell lines. Western blot illustrated the highest protein level of MT1 in IOSE 364 and the lowest in the OVCAR-3. The results indicate the limited prognostic significance of MT1 in OC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jablonska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław 50-368, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Pula
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław 50-368, Poland.
| | - Agata Zemla
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław 50-368, Poland.
| | | | - Witold Kedzia
- Department of Gynecology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-535, Poland.
| | - Ewa Nowak-Markwitz
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-535, Poland.
| | - Marek Spaczynski
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-535, Poland.
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław 50-368, Poland.
| | | | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław 50-368, Poland.
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Ordoñez R, Carbajo-Pescador S, Prieto-Dominguez N, García-Palomo A, González-Gallego J, Mauriz JL. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and nuclear factor kappa B contribute to melatonin prevention of motility and invasiveness in HepG2 liver cancer cells. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:20-30. [PMID: 24117795 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal human cancers worldwide because of its high incidence and its metastatic potential. Extracellular matrix degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been connected with cancer cell invasion, and it has been suggested that inhibition of MMPs by synthetic and natural inhibitors may be of great importance in the HCC therapies. Melatonin, the main product of the pineal gland, exerts antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and antiangiogenic properties in HepG2 human hepatocellular cells, and exhibits anti-invasive and antimetastatic activities by suppressing the enzymatic activity of MMP-9 in different tumor types. However, the underlying mechanism of anti-invasive activity in HCC models has not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that 1 mm melatonin dosage reduced in IL-1β-induced HepG2 cells MMP-9 gelatinase activity and inhibited cell invasion and motility through downregulation of MMP-9 gene expression and upregulation of the MMP-9-specific inhibitor tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1. No significant changes were observed in the expression and activity of MMP-2, the other proteinase implicated in matrix collagen degradation, and its tissue inhibitor, TIMP-2. Also, melatonin significantly suppressed IL-1β-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) translocation and transcriptional activity. In summary, we demonstrate that melatonin modulates motility and invasiveness of HepG2 cell in vitro through a molecular mechanism that involves TIMP-1 upregulation and attenuation of MMP-9 expression and activity via NF-κB signal pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ordoñez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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Liu L, Xu Y, Reiter RJ. Melatonin inhibits the proliferation of human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63. Bone 2013; 55:432-8. [PMID: 23470834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It seems established that the onset of osteosarcoma and the reduction in melatonin production run in parallel; this suggests that the decline in the cancer-inhibiting agent, melatonin, may contribute to the occurrence of osteosarcoma and that melatonin supplementation may have promise for preventing the development and progression of this condition. There is, however, no direct evidence regarding an antiproliferative effect of melatonin in osteosarcoma cells. In the current study, we examined whether melatonin inhibits the proliferation of human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63. MTT staining showed that at 4 mM-10 mM concentrations, melatonin significantly reduced the MG-63 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry documented that 4 mM melatonin significantly increased the fraction of cells in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle, while simultaneously reducing the proportion in the S and G(2)/M phases. Western blot and real-time PCR analyses further confirmed that melatonin's inhibitory effect was possibly because of downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4, related to the G(1) phase, and of cyclin B1 and CDK1, related to the G(2)/M phase. There was no downregulation of cyclin E, CDK2, and cyclin A, which are related to G(1)/S transition and S phase. These findings provide evidence that melatonin may significantly inhibit human osteosarcoma cell proliferation in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner and this inhibition involves the downregulation of cyclin D1, CDK4, cyclin B1 and CDK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
The objective of the study was to perform a literature review on the health consequences of working rotating shifts and implications for structural design. A literature search was performed in June 2012 and a selection of the most relevant peer-review articles was included in the present review. Shift workers are more likely to suffer from a circadian sleep disorder characterized by sleepiness and insomnia. Shift work is associated with decreased productivity, impaired safety, diminished quality of life and adverse effects on health. Circadian disruption resulting from rotating shift work has also been associated with increased risk for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. This article summarizes the known health effects of shift work and discusses how light can be used as a countermeasure to minimize circadian disruption at night while maintaining alertness. In the context of the lighted environment, implications for the design of newborn intensive care units are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Figueiro
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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Carbajo-Pescador S, Steinmetz C, Kashyap A, Lorenz S, Mauriz JL, Heise M, Galle PR, González-Gallego J, Strand S. Melatonin induces transcriptional regulation of Bim by FoxO3a in HepG2 cells. Br J Cancer 2012; 108:442-9. [PMID: 23257900 PMCID: PMC3566813 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Melatonin induces apoptosis in many different cancer cell lines, including hepatocellular carcinoma cells. However, the responsible pathways have not been clearly elucidated. A member of the forkhead transcription factors' family, FoxO3a, has been implicated in the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim (a Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death). In this study, we used human HepG2 liver cancer cells as an in vitro model to investigate whether melatonin treatment induces Bim through regulation by the transcription factor FoxO3a. Methods: Cytotoxicity of melatonin was compared in HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells and primary human hepatocytes. Proapoptotic Bim expression was analysed by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Reporter gene assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to analyse whether FoxO3a transactivates the Bim promoter. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to study the role of FoxO3a in Bim expression. Immunofluorescence was performed to analyse FoxO3a localisation in HepG2 cells. Results: Melatonin treatment induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells, but not in primary human hepatocytes. The proapoptotic effect was mediated by increased expression of the BH3-only protein Bim. During melatonin treatment, we observed increased transcriptional activity of the forkhead-responsive element and could demonstrate that FoxO3a binds to a specific sequence within the Bim promoter. Furthermore, melatonin reduced phosphorylation of FoxO3a at Thr32 and Ser253, and induced its increased nuclear localisation. Moreover, silencing experiments with FoxO3a siRNA prevented Bim upregulation. Conclusion: This study shows that melatonin can induce apoptosis in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells through the upregulation of proapoptotic Bim mediated by nuclear translocation and activation of the transcription factor FoxO3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carbajo-Pescador
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) and Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain
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Hardeland R. Neurobiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of melatonin deficiency and dysfunction. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:640389. [PMID: 22629173 PMCID: PMC3354573 DOI: 10.1100/2012/640389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a highly pleiotropic signaling molecule, which is released as a hormone of the pineal gland predominantly during night. Melatonin secretion decreases during aging. Reduced melatonin levels are also observed in various diseases, such as types of dementia, some mood disorders, severe pain, cancer, and diabetes type 2. Melatonin dysfunction is frequently related to deviations in amplitudes, phasing, and coupling of circadian rhythms. Gene polymorphisms of melatonin receptors and circadian oscillator proteins bear risks for several of the diseases mentioned. A common symptom of insufficient melatonin signaling is sleep disturbances. It is necessary to distinguish between symptoms that are curable by short melatonergic actions and others that require extended actions during night. Melatonin immediate release is already effective, at moderate doses, for reducing difficulties of falling asleep or improving symptoms associated with poorly coupled circadian rhythms, including seasonal affective and bipolar disorders. For purposes of a replacement therapy based on longer-lasting melatonergic actions, melatonin prolonged release and synthetic agonists have been developed. Therapies with melatonin or synthetic melatonergic drugs have to consider that these agents do not only act on the SCN, but also on numerous organs and cells in which melatonin receptors are also expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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Hardeland R, Madrid JA, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin, the circadian multioscillator system and health: the need for detailed analyses of peripheral melatonin signaling. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:139-66. [PMID: 22034907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating regarding the importance of circadian core oscillators, several associated factors, and melatonin signaling in the maintenance of health. Dysfunction of endogenous clocks, melatonin receptor polymorphisms, age- and disease-associated declines of melatonin likely contribute to numerous diseases including cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes type 2, hypertension, and several mood and cognitive disorders. Consequences of gene silencing, overexpression, gene polymorphisms, and deviant expression levels in diseases are summarized. The circadian system is a complex network of central and peripheral oscillators, some of them being relatively independent of the pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Actions of melatonin on peripheral oscillators are poorly understood. Various lines of evidence indicate that these clocks are also influenced or phase-reset by melatonin. This includes phase differences of core oscillator gene expression under impaired melatonin signaling, effects of melatonin and melatonin receptor knockouts on oscillator mRNAs or proteins. Cross-connections between melatonin signaling pathways and oscillator proteins, including associated factors, are discussed in this review. The high complexity of the multioscillator system comprises alternate or parallel oscillators based on orthologs and paralogs of the core components and a high number of associated factors with varying tissue-specific importance, which offers numerous possibilities for interactions with melatonin. It is an aim of this review to stimulate research on melatonin signaling in peripheral tissues. This should not be restricted to primary signal molecules but rather include various secondarily connected pathways and discriminate between direct effects of the pineal indoleamine at the target organ and others mediated by modulation of oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
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Carbajo-Pescador S, García-Palomo A, Martín-Renedo J, Piva M, González-Gallego J, Mauriz JL. Melatonin modulation of intracellular signaling pathways in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line: role of the MT1 receptor. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:463-71. [PMID: 21718361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin reduces proliferation in many different cancer cell lines. However, studies on the oncostatic effects of melatonin in hepatocarcinoma are limited. We have previously demonstrated that melatonin administration induces cycle arrest, apoptosis, and changes in the expression of its specific receptors in HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells. In this study, we used the receptor antagonist luzindole to assess the contribution of MT1 melatonin membrane receptor to melatonin effects on cell viability, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) activation, and cAMP levels. Additionally, effects of MT1 inhibition on mRNA levels of cytosolic quinone reductase type-2 (NQO2) receptor and nuclear retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) were tested. Melatonin, at 1000 and 2500 μm, significantly reduced cell viability. Pre-incubation with luzindole partially inhibited the effects of melatonin on cell viability. Melatonin at 2500 μm significantly reduced cAMP levels, and this effect was partially blocked by luzindole. Both melatonin concentrations increased the expression of phosphorylated p38, ERK, and JNK. ERK activation was completely abolished in the presence of luzindole. NQO2 but not RORα mRNA level significantly increased in luzindole-treated cells. Results obtained provide evidence that the melatonin effects on cell viability and proliferation in HepG2 cells are partially mediated through the MT1 membrane receptor, which seems to be related also with melatonin modulation of cAMP and ERK activation. This study also highlights a possible interplay between MT1 and NQO2 melatonin receptors in liver cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carbajo-Pescador
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas and Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain
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Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) have been under intense scientific investigation for a number of years. However, only recently the unique class III HDAC, sirtuins, have gained increasing investigational momentum. Originally linked to longevity in yeast, sirtuins and more specifically, SIRT1 have been implicated in numerous biological processes having both protective and/or detrimental effects. SIRT1 appears to play a critical role in the process of carcinogenesis, especially in age-related neoplasms. Similarly, alterations in circadian rhythms as well as production of the pineal hormone melatonin have been linked to aging and cancer risk. Melatonin has been found act as a differentiating agent in some cancer cells and to lower their invasive and metastatic status. In addition, melatonin synthesis and release occurs in a circadian rhythm fashion and it has been linked to the core circadian machinery genes (Clock, Bmal1, Periods, and Cryptochromes). Melatonin has also been associated with chronotherapy, the timely administration of chemotherapy agents to optimize trends in biological cycles. Interestingly, a recent set of studies have linked SIRT1 to the circadian rhythm machinery through direct deacetylation activity as well as through the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) salvage pathway. In this review, we provide evidence for a possible connection between sirtuins, melatonin, and the circadian rhythm circuitry and their implications in aging, chronomodulation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Jung-Hynes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Address correspondence to: Nihal Ahmad, Ph.D., Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, MSC 423, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706; Phone: (608) 263-5359; Fax: (608) 263-5223;
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Carbajo-Pescador S, Martín-Renedo J, García-Palomo A, Tuñón MJ, Mauriz JL, González-Gallego J. Changes in the expression of melatonin receptors induced by melatonin treatment in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. J Pineal Res 2009; 47:330-8. [PMID: 19817970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Melatonin, an indoleamine hormone, exerts anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-aging, and antitumor effects. Previous studies have shown that melatonin can act through specific receptors, including MT(1), MT(2), MT(3) receptors as well as a nuclear receptor belonging to the orphan nuclear receptor family. Recently, we have described their role in the oncostatic and pro-apoptotic effects of melatonin on HepG2 human HCC cells. However, the potential role of the different melatonin cellular receptors on its antiproliferative effects remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the effect of melatonin treatment on HepG2 human HCC cells, analyzing cell cycle arrest and melatonin receptor expression. Melatonin was administered for 2, 4, and 6 days at 1000 or 2500 microm. Melatonin induced a dose- and time-dependent inhibition on cell proliferation. This treatment caused an alteration in the cell cycle, with an increase in the number of cells in G(2)/M phase at both 1000 and 2500 microm melatonin concentrations, and a significant increase on S phase cell percentage by the highest dose. Furthermore, increases in protein expression of MT(1), MT(3), and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-alpha were found after melatonin treatments. These increases were coincident with a significant induction in the expression of p21 protein, which negatively regulates cell cycle progression. Our results confirm the antitumor effect of melatonin in HCC cells, suggesting that its oncostatic properties are related, at least in part, to changes on the expression of their different subtypes of receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Melatonin/pharmacology
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Receptors, Melatonin/genetics
- Receptors, Melatonin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carbajo-Pescador
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas and Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain
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37
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Sharma S, Haldar C. Comparative effect of melatonin and vitamin E on phenylhydrazine-induced toxicity in the spleen of Funambulus pennanti. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2009; 24:1-9. [PMID: 18442075 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) oxidation resulting in free iron release followed by free radical generation has increased frequency of cancer. This study aims towards the dose-dependent response of PHZ and the role of melatonin in comparison with vitamin E following PHZ-induced toxicity within the lymphoid tissue (spleen) of Indian tropical seasonal breeder, Funambulus pennanti, during reproductively active phase. An increase in the damages in terms of lipid peroxidation (LPO), apoptosis percentage, and splenomegaly was observed following different doses of PHZ treatment, i.e., 0.025, 0.5, and 1 mg/100 g body weight (b.wt.), where dose of 1 mg/100 g b.wt. showed more significant damages. Both melatonin (0.5 mg/100 g b.wt.) and vitamin E (1 mg/100 g b.wt.) administration ameliorated oxidative damages of 1 mg/100 g b.wt. PHZ-treated group. Melatonin altered PHZ-induced responses significantly to a greater degree than vitamin E as evidenced by LPO status, SOD activity, and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity of antioxidants. Thus, melatonin might be able to restrict carcinogenic property of PHZ-induced oxidative stress by protecting macromolecules of the cell from harmful effects of PHZ and instead preserving cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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38
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Mirick DK, Davis S. Melatonin as a Biomarker of Circadian Dysregulation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:3306-13. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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39
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Martín-Renedo J, Mauriz JL, Jorquera F, Ruiz-Andrés O, González P, González-Gallego J. Melatonin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line. J Pineal Res 2008; 45:532-40. [PMID: 19012662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin reduces proliferation in many different cancer cell lines. However, studies on the oncostatic effects of melatonin in the treatment of hepatocarcinoma are limited. In this study, we examined the effect of melatonin administration on HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells, analyzing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways. Melatonin was dissolved in the cell culture media in 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide and administered at different concentrations for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days. Melatonin at concentrations 1000-10,000 microM caused a dose- and time-dependent reduction in cell number. Furthermore, melatonin treatment induced apoptosis with increased caspase-3 activity and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis. Proapoptotic effects of melatonin were related to cytosolic cytochrome c release, upregulation of Bax and induction of caspase-9 activity. Melatonin treatment also resulted in increased caspase-8 activity, although no significant change was observed in Fas-L expression. In addition, JNK 1,-2 and -3 and p38, members of the MAPK family, were upregulated by melatonin treatment. Growth inhibition by melatonin altered the percentage or cells in G0-G1 and G2/M phases indicating cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. The reduced cell proliferation and alterations of cell cycle were coincident with a significant increase in the expression of p53 and p21 proteins. These novel findings show that melatonin, by inducing cell death and cell cycle arrest, might be useful as adjuvant in hepatocarcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martín-Renedo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.
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40
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Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Cardinali DP. Therapeutic Actions of Melatonin in Cancer: Possible Mechanisms. Integr Cancer Ther 2008; 7:189-203. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735408322846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a phylogenetically well-preserved molecule with diverse physiological functions. In addition to its well-known regulatory control of the sleep/wake cycle, as well as circadian rhythms generally, melatonin is involved in immunomodulation, hematopoiesis, and antioxidative processes. Recent human and animal studies have now shown that melatonin also has important oncostatic properties. Both at physiological and pharmacological doses melatonin exerts growth inhibitory effects on breast cancer cell lines. In hepatomas, through its activation of MT 1 and MT2 receptors, melatonin inhibits linoleic acid uptake, thereby preventing the formation of the mitogenic metabolite 1,3-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. In animal model studies, melatonin has been shown to have preventative action against nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced liver cancer. Melatonin also inhibits the growth of prostate tumors via activation of MT1 receptors thereby inducing translocation of the androgen receptor to the cytoplasm and inhibition of the effect of endogenous androgens. There is abundant evidence indicating that melatonin is involved in preventing tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. The anticarcinogenic effect of melatonin on neoplastic cells relies on its antioxidant, immunostimulating, and apoptotic properties. Melatonin's oncostatic actions include the direct augmentation of natural killer (NK) cell activity, which increases immunosurveillance, as well as the stimulation of cytokine production, for example, of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-12, and interferon (IFN)-γ. In addition to its direct oncostatic action, melatonin protects hematopoietic precursors from the toxic effect of anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Melatonin secretion is impaired in patients suffering from breast cancer, endometrial cancer, or colorectal cancer. The increased incidence of breast cancer and colorectal cancer seen in nurses and other night shift workers suggests a possible link between diminished secretion of melatonin and increased exposure to light during nighttime. The physiological surge of melatonin at night is thus considered a “natural restraint” on tumor initiation, promotion, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataramanujan Srinivasan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - D Warren Spence
- Sleep and Alertness Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ilya Trakht
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
| | - Daniel P. Cardinali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
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41
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Otálora BB, Madrid JA, Alvarez N, Vicente V, Rol MA. Effects of exogenous melatonin and circadian synchronization on tumor progression in melanoma-bearing C57BL6 mice. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:307-15. [PMID: 18339126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythmicity impairment reportedly becomes significant as a tumor progresses, while the incidence of cancer can be affected by disruption of the circadian system. Melatonin has oncostatic effects on several types of cancer (breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers), while it can be self-defeating in others, such as lymphoma. Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers in humans; however, it seems to respond positively to melatonin in vitro. The present work tested whether body temperature (BT) rhythms are impaired by tumor progression, and whether exogenous melatonin restricts tumor growth and restores circadian rhythmicity; therefore, enhancing survival. To this end, C57 mice were intraperitoneal implanted with a temperature data logger and subcutaneously inoculated with melanoma cells. Animals were then submitted to light-dark (LD) 12:12 cycles or continuous light (LL), with or without melatonin administration. Under LD light conditions, the BT rhythm exhibited a marked reduction in the first circadian harmonic amplitude, and increased phase instability (Rayleigh vector) as the tumor progressed. Melatonin administration (2 mg/kg BW/day), on the other hand, increased the BT rhythm amplitude and phase stability, reduced tumor weight and prevented intraperitoneal dissemination. Exposure to LL induced a free-running rhythm (1500 min), significantly increasing tumor malignity, and therefore reducing survival. Surprisingly, the highest tumor weights and morbidity by metastasis were seen in the LL group treated with melatonin probably because this indoleamine was being administered at different subjective hours to free-running animals. Circadian rhythmicity can thus be used as a marker rhythm for tumor progression, as rhythm impairment increases along with tumor malignancy. While melatonin administration improves rhythmicity and enhances survival under LD conditions, the results are self-defeating when they coexist with circadian disruption as it occurs under LL. This emphasizes the importance of taking into account endogenous rhythmicity and limiting melatonin administration to the subjective night in order to restrict melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Otálora
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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42
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García-Navarro A, González-Puga C, Escames G, López LC, López A, López-Cantarero M, Camacho E, Espinosa A, Gallo MA, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Cellular mechanisms involved in the melatonin inhibition of HT-29 human colon cancer cell proliferation in culture. J Pineal Res 2007; 43:195-205. [PMID: 17645698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties of melatonin in human colon cancer cells in culture were recently reported. To address the mechanisms involved in these actions, HT-29 human colon cancer cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum at 37 degrees C. Cell proliferation was assessed by the incorporation of [(3)H]-thymidine into DNA. Cyclic nucleotide levels, nitrite concentration, glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities, and glutathione levels were assessed after the incubation of these cells with the following drugs: melatonin membrane receptor agonists 2-iodo-melatonin, 2-iodo-N-butanoyl-5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methoxycarbonylamino-N-acetyltryptamine (GR-135,531), and the antagonists luzindole, 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin, and prazosin; the melatonin nuclear receptor agonist CGP 52608, and four synthetic kynurenines analogs to melatonin 2-acetamide-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid, 2-acetamide-4-(2-amino-5-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid, 2-butyramide-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid and 2-butyramide-4-(2-amino-5-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid. The results show that the membrane receptors are not necessary for the antiproliferative effect of melatonin and the participation of the nuclear receptor in this effect is suggested. Moreover, the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions of melatonin, counteracting the oxidative status and reducing the production of nitric oxide by cultured HT-29 cells seem to be directly involved in the oncostatic properties of melatonin. Some of the synthetic kynurenines exert higher antiproliferative effects than melatonin. The results reinforce the clinical interest of melatonin due to the different mechanisms involved in its oncostatic role, and suggest a new synthetic pathway to obtain melatonin agonists with clinical applications to oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana García-Navarro
- Departamento de Cirugía, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
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43
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Dopfel RP, Schulmeister K, Schernhammer ES. Nutritional and lifestyle correlates of the cancer-protective hormone melatonin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 31:140-8. [PMID: 17418976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite growing support for melatonin as a promising agent for cancer treatment and possibly cancer prevention, few studies have elucidated factors that influence endogenous melatonin. This overview summarizes dietary and lifestyle factors that have been shown to affect circulating melatonin levels. BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS To date, many animal studies and in vitro experiments have illustrated that melatonin possesses oncostatic activity. Mechanisms that are currently being studied include melatonin's activity as an indirect antioxidant and free radical scavenger; its action on the immune system; suppression of fatty acid uptake and metabolism; and its ability to increase the degradation of calmoduline and to induce apoptosis. Studies further suggest that melatonin reduces local estrogen synthesis, through down-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary reproductive axis and direct actions of melatonin at the tumor cell level, thus behaving as a SERM. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS Several small clinical trials have demonstrated that melatonin has some potential, either alone or in combination with standard cancer therapy, to yield favorable responses. Melatonin or its precursor tryptophan have been found in numerous edible plants, but more studies are needed to evaluate the influence of diets rich in tryptophan and melatonin on circulating melatonin levels in humans. Age, BMI, parity, and the use of certain drugs remain the factors that have been associated most consistently with aMT6s levels. DISCUSSION Further insights into the effects of dietary and lifestyle factors that modulate circulating melatonin levels may provide the basis for novel interventions to exploit melatonin for the prevention and treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina P Dopfel
- Harvard University, A.L.M. Program, Biological Sciences, 51 Brattle Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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44
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Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule and widely distributed in nature, with functional activity occurring in unicellular organisms, plants, fungi and animals. In most vertebrates, including humans, melatonin is synthesized primarily in the pineal gland and is regulated by the environmental light/dark cycle via the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Pinealocytes function as 'neuroendocrine transducers' to secrete melatonin during the dark phase of the light/dark cycle and, consequently, melatonin is often called the 'hormone of darkness'. Melatonin is principally secreted at night and is centrally involved in sleep regulation, as well as in a number of other cyclical bodily activities. Melatonin is exclusively involved in signaling the 'time of day' and 'time of year' (hence considered to help both clock and calendar functions) to all tissues and is thus considered to be the body's chronological pacemaker or 'Zeitgeber'. Synthesis of melatonin also occurs in other areas of the body, including the retina, the gastrointestinal tract, skin, bone marrow and in lymphocytes, from which it may influence other physiological functions through paracrine signaling. Melatonin has also been extracted from the seeds and leaves of a number of plants and its concentration in some of this material is several orders of magnitude higher than its night-time plasma value in humans. Melatonin participates in diverse physiological functions. In addition to its timekeeping functions, melatonin is an effective antioxidant which scavenges free radicals and up-regulates several antioxidant enzymes. It also has a strong antiapoptotic signaling function, an effect which it exerts even during ischemia. Melatonin's cytoprotective properties have practical implications in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Melatonin also has immune-enhancing and oncostatic properties. Its 'chronobiotic' properties have been shown to have value in treating various circadian rhythm sleep disorders, such as jet lag or shift-work sleep disorder. Melatonin acting as an 'internal sleep facilitator' promotes sleep, and melatonin's sleep-facilitating properties have been found to be useful for treating insomnia symptoms in elderly and depressive patients. A recently introduced melatonin analog, agomelatine, is also efficient for the treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar affective disorder. Melatonin's role as a 'photoperiodic molecule' in seasonal reproduction has been established in photoperiodic species, although its regulatory influence in humans remains under investigation. Taken together, this evidence implicates melatonin in a broad range of effects with a significant regulatory influence over many of the body's physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Pandi-Perumal
- Comprehensive Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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45
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Schernhammer E, Chen H, Ritz B. Circulating Melatonin Levels: Possible Link Between Parkinson’s Disease and Cancer Risk? Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17:577-82. [PMID: 16596313 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-005-9002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lower rates of cancer mortality/incidence in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have given rise to speculations about risk or preventative factors common to both diseases, including life-style factors (such as smoking) and genetic susceptibility. Melatonin, a hormone known for its sleep regulatory effects, may play an important role in carcinogenesis as suggested by substantial laboratory and less direct epidemiologic evidence. Particularly, a reduction in melatonin, such as experienced by persons who are exposed to light at night, appears to increase cancer risk. Variations in melatonin levels have been linked to PD in several different ways. Some studies show higher morning melatonin levels in PD patients than in healthy controls. One could speculate that the sleep disorders that affect almost two thirds of those suffering from PD and can precede PD motor symptoms by several years may be associated with variations in melatonin levels. Moreover, in animal models, interventions that increase the bioavailability of melatonin appears to increase the severity of parkinsonian symptoms, whereas reduction in melatonin by pinealectomy or exposure to bright light can enhance recovery from parkinsonisms symptoms. Finally, preliminary epidemiological evidence suggests that longer years of working night shifts is associated with a reduced risk of PD among participants of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), whereas longer hours of sleep appear to increase their risk. In sum, while lower melatonin concentrations may predict a higher cancer risk, there is also some evidence that they may be associated with a lower risk of PD. We therefore hypothesize that elevated circulating melatonin levels in PD patients may contribute to their lower cancer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schernhammer
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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46
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Davis S, Mirick DK. Circadian Disruption, Shift Work and the Risk of Cancer: A Summary of the Evidence and Studies in Seattle. Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17:539-45. [PMID: 16596308 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-005-9010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the possibility that disruption of normal circadian rhythm may increase the risk of developing cancer. Persons who engage in nightshift work may exhibit altered nighttime melatonin levels and reproductive hormone profiles that could increase the risk of hormone-related diseases, including breast cancer. Epidemiologic studies are now beginning to emerge suggesting that women who work at night, and who experience sleep deprivation, circadian disruption, and exposure to light-at-night are at an increased risk of breast cancer, and possibly colorectal cancer as well. Several studies have been conducted in Seattle recently to investigate the effects of factors that can disrupt circadian rhythm and alter normal nocturnal production of melatonin and reproductive hormones of relevance to breast cancer etiology. Studies completed to date have found: (1) an increased risk of breast cancer associated with indicators of exposure to light-at-night and night shift work; and (2) decreased nocturnal urinary levels of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin associated with exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields in the bedroom the same night, and a number of other factors including hours of daylight, season, alcohol consumption and body mass index. Recently completed is an experimental crossover study designed to investigate whether exposure to a 60-Hz magnetic field under controlled conditions in the home sleeping environment is associated with a decrease in nocturnal urinary concentration of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, and an increase in the urinary concentration of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and estradiol in a sample of healthy women of reproductive age. Presently underway is a study to determine whether working at night is associated with decreased levels of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, and increased urinary concentrations of the reproductive hormones listed above in a sample of healthy women of reproductive age, and to elucidate characteristics of sleep among night shift workers that are related to the hormone patterns identified. A proposal is under review to extend these studies to a sample of healthy men to investigate whether working at night is associated with decreased levels of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, and increased concentrations of urinary cortisol and cortisone, urinary levels of a number of androgen metabolites, and serum concentrations of a number of reproductive hormones. Secondarily, the proposed study will elucidate characteristics of sleep among night shift workers that are related to the hormone patterns identified, as well as investigate whether polymorphisms of the genes thought to regulate the human circadian clock are associated with the ability to adapt to night shift work. It is anticipated that collectively these studies will enhance our understanding of the role of circadian disruption in the etiology of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Davis
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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47
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Schernhammer ES, Kroenke CH, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Hankinson SE. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and their correlations with lifestyle factors and steroid hormone levels. J Pineal Res 2006; 40:116-24. [PMID: 16441548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2005.00285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to light at night, as experienced by rotating night shift workers, has been related to lower circulating levels of melatonin, a hormone with recognized cancer protective properties. However, little is known about the relationship of other lifestyle factors or endogenous sex steroid hormones with melatonin levels. We examined cross-sectional associations of age, reproductive and menopausal factors, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, smoking history, night shift work, as well as several other breast cancer risk factors, and circulating sex steroid hormone levels with creatinine-adjusted morning urinary melatonin (6-sulfatoxymelatonin, aMT6s) levels. Participants were 459 healthy, primarily premenopausal (age range 33-50 yr) women from the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II). Using multiple linear regression, we computed least-square mean hormone levels across categories of lifestyle factors. Age was inversely related to aMT6s levels, particularly before menopause (premenopausal women, <or=39 yr versus >or=49 yr; aMT6s, 20.8 ng/mg versus 11.8 ng/mg creatinine; P for trend, 0.02). In multivariate analyses, BMI was significantly and inversely associated with aMT6s levels (P for trend, <0.01). Higher pack-years of smoking were associated with significantly lower aMT6s levels (never smoker versus 15+ pack-years, aMT6s = 17.4 ng/mg versus 12.3 ng/mg creatinine; P for trend, 0.04). We also observed a positive association between parity and aMT6s levels (P for trend, <0.01), but no other reproductive factors nor any of the sex hormones (estradiol, progesterone, estrone, estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrostenedione, dehydroepiandrostenedione sulfate, testosterone, and androstenedione), as measured either in the luteal or the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, were significantly associated with aMT6s. In conclusion, higher age, BMI, and heavy smoking were significantly related to lower levels of melatonin, whereas parity was significantly associated with higher aMT6s levels. Melatonin levels may be one mechanism through which these factors influence the development of cancer, but more studies are needed to elucidate these mechanisms definitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva S Schernhammer
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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48
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Büyükavci M, Ozdemir O, Buck S, Stout M, Ravindranath Y, Savaşan S. Melatonin cytotoxicity in human leukemia cells: relation with its pro-oxidant effect. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2006; 20:73-9. [PMID: 16448397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2005.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin has a variety of functions in human physiology and is involved in a number of pathological events including neoplastic processes. The tissue protective actions of melatonin are attributed to its antioxidant activity though, under certain conditions, melatonin might also exert oxidant effects, particularly in cancer cells. This study evaluated the effects of 10(-5) and 10(-3) m concentrations of melatonin on human leukemia cells. Moderate cytotoxic effects of melatonin at 10(-3) m concentrations were observed in CMK, Jurkat and MOLT-4 cells which was associated with significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Melatonin treatment was not associated with significant cytotoxicity in HL-60 cells, although the generation of ROS was significantly increased. K562 and Daudi cells did not appear to be effected by melatonin treatment. Cellular membrane lipid peroxidation was not influenced by melatonin with the exception of CMK cells. Cell cycle kinetics were not affected in melatonin-treated samples, again with the exception of CMK cells which showed increased apoptosis. Melatonin, therefore, induces the production of ROS that may be associated with cytotoxicity depending on the concentration of melatonin in some leukemia cells and does not appear to stimulate leukemia cell growth. These pro-oxidant actions of melatonin may assist in limiting leukemic cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Büyükavci
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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49
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Megdal SP, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Pukkala E, Schernhammer ES. Night work and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2023-32. [PMID: 16084719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The association between occupations that involve night shift work (a surrogate for exposure to light at night with subsequent melatonin suppression) and breast cancer risk is uncertain. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to assess the effects of night work on breast cancer risk. Data sources were MEDLINE from January 1960 to January 2005, experts in the field, bibliographies, and abstracts. Search terms included night work terms, flight personnel terms, cancer terms, and risk terms. Independent data extraction by two authors using standardised forms was performed. The method of DerSimonian and Laird was used to derive combined estimates and Egger's; and Begg and Mazumdar's tests for publication bias were conducted. Based on 13 studies, including seven studies of airline cabin crew and six studies of other night shift workers, the aggregate estimate for all studies combined was 1.48 (95% CI, 1.36-1.61), with a similar significant elevation of breast cancer risk among female airline cabin crew (standardised incidence ratio (SIR), 1.44; 95% CI, 1.26-1.65), and female night workers (relative risk (RR), 1.51; 95% CI, 1.36-1.68) separately. We found some evidence suggesting confounding due to incomplete adjustment for breast cancer risk factors, with smaller effects in the studies that more completely adjusted for reproductive history and other confounding factors. Egger's and Begg and Mazumdar's tests for publication bias showed no significant asymmetry (P>0.05). Studies on night shift work and breast cancer risk collectively show an increased breast cancer risk among women. Publication bias is unlikely to have influenced the results.
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50
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González-Puga C, García-Navarro A, Escames G, León J, López-Cantarero M, Ros E, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Selective CCK-A but not CCK-B receptor antagonists inhibit HT-29 cell proliferation: synergism with pharmacological levels of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2005; 39:243-50. [PMID: 16150104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2005.00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Some data suggest that cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor agonists stimulate the growth of colon cancer. Melatonin, an endogenous indoleamine with strong antioxidant properties, displays antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties both in vivo or in vitro in several types of tumors. We used HT-29 human colon cancer cells, expressing CCK receptors, to test the antiproliferative effects of several antagonists of CCK-A and/or CCK-B and their possible synergism with melatonin. HT-29 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum at 37 degrees C. Cell proliferation was assessed by the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA. Annexin V-FITC plus propidium iodine were used for flow cytometry apoptosis/necrosis evaluation. The following drugs were tested: gastrin (CCK-B agonist); CCK-8s (CCK-A agonist); proglumide (CCK-A plus CCK-B antagonist); lorglumide (CCK-A antagonist); PD 135,158 (CCK-B antagonist and weak CCK-A agonist); devazepide or L 364,718 (CCK-A antagonist); L 365,260 (CCK-B antagonist), and melatonin. The results shown a lack of effects of gastrin on HT-29 cell proliferation, whereas CCK-8s induced proliferation at high doses. The order of the antiproliferative effect of the other drugs was devazepide > lorglumide > proglumide. These drugs produce cell death mainly inducing apoptosis. Melatonin showed strong antiproliferative effect at millimolar concentrations, and it induced apoptotic cell death. Melatonin generally enhanced the antiproliferative effects of devazepide, lorglumide and proglumide and increased the proglumide-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that melatonin and CCK-A antagonists are useful for controlling human colon cancer cell growth in culture and in combined therapy significantly increases their efficiency.
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