1
|
Ustsinau U, Ehret V, Fürnsinn C, Scherer T, Helbich TH, Hacker M, Krššák M, Philippe C. Novel approach using [ 18F]FTHA-PET and de novo synthesized VLDL for assessment of FFA metabolism in a rat model of diet induced NAFLD. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1839-1848. [PMID: 37625314 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The worldwide prevalence of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) raises concerns about associated risk factors, such as obesity and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, for leading causes of disability and death. Besides Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Spectroscopy (MRS), functional imaging with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) could contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of NAFLD. Here we describe a novel approach using the PET tracer [18F]FTHA, which is an analog of long-chain free fatty acids (FFA) and is taken up by tissues to enter mitochondria or to be incorporated into complex lipids for further export as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats, after 6 weeks on a high-fat diet (HFD), were used as a model of diet induced NAFLD, while a standard diet (SD) served as a control group. Liver fat was estimated by MR spectroscopy at a 9.4 T system for phenotyping. To measure hepatic FFA uptake, rats underwent 60 min dynamic [18F]FTHA-PET scans after unrestricted access to food (HFD: n = 6; SD: n = 6) or overnight (≤16h) fasting (HFD: n = 6; SD: n = 5). FFA removal was assessed from incorporated 18F-residual in de novo synthesized VLDL out of plasma. RESULTS MRS of the liver confirmed the presence of NAFLD (>5.6% fat). Under non-fasting conditions, hepatic [18F]FTHA uptake was significantly increased in NAFLD: SUVmean (p = 0.03) within [0; 60] min interval, SUVmean (p = 0.01) and SUVmax (p = 0.03) within [30; 60] min interval. SUVs for hepatic uptake under fasting conditions were not significantly different between the groups. Analysis of FFA removal demonstrated elevated values of 18F-residue in the VLDL plasma fraction of the healthy group compared to the NAFLD (p = 0.0569). CONCLUSION Our novel approach for assessing FFA metabolism using [18F]FTHA demonstrated differences in the hepatic FFA uptake and FFA incorporation into VLDL between healthy and NAFLD rats. [18F]FTHA-PET could be used to study metabolic disturbances involved in the progression of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usevalad Ustsinau
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Ehret
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Fürnsinn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas H Helbich
- Division of Molecular and Structural Preclinical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cecile Philippe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bai Y, Li T, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang C, Ju S, Zhou C, Chen Y, Yao W, Xiong B. Aerobic exercise and vitamin E improve high-fat diet-induced NAFLD in rats by regulating the AMPK pathway and oxidative stress. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2621-2632. [PMID: 37219594 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a major chronic liver disease. We explored simple and effective ways to improve NAFLD and investigate the mechanism of action. METHODS NAFLD was induced in 40 rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate the progression and improvement of NAFLD. The treatment-related interventions included aerobic exercise (E) and vitamin E (VE) supplementation. Expression levels of proteins related to fat metabolism were also assessed. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver and serum lipid metabolism were analyzed using biochemical methods. RESULTS Aerobic exercise and vitamin E effectively improved NAFLD in rats, resulting in decreased hepatic fat accumulation, reduced hepatocyte ballooning, and decreased triglyceride levels. Combination therapy achieved the best effect. Both aerobic exercise and vitamin E activate the AMPK pathway to phosphorylate acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and reduce fatty acid synthesis. The expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) was decreased significantly in the treated groups, particularly in the E + VE + HFD group. The expression of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1C (CPT1C) significantly increased in the treated groups, particularly in the E + VE + HFD group. Compared with the control group, reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the E + HFD group were slightly decreased, while that in the VE + HFD group were significantly decreased, with the even greater reduction observed in the E + VE + HFD group. CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise and vitamin E supplementation can improve HFD-induced NAFLD in rats by regulating the AMPK pathway and reducing oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaowei Bai
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tongqiang Li
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yingliang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shuguang Ju
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McDonough DJ, Mathew M, Pope ZC, Schreiner PJ, Jacobs DR, VanWagner LB, Carr JJ, Terry JG, Gabriel KP, Reis JP, Pereira MA. Aerobic and Muscle-Strengthening Physical Activity, Television Viewing, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The CARDIA Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5603. [PMID: 37685671 PMCID: PMC10488389 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in U.S. adults is over 30%, yet the role of lifestyle factors in the etiology of NAFLD remains understudied. We examined the associations of physical activity, by intensity and type, and television viewing with prevalent NAFLD. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of a population-based sample of 2726 Black (49%) and White (51%) adults (Mean (SD) age, 50 (3.6) years; 57.3% female) from the CARDIA study. Exposures were aerobic activity by intensity (moderate, vigorous; hours/week); activity type (aerobic, muscle-strengthening; hours/week); and television viewing (hours/week), examined concurrently in all models and assessed by validated questionnaires. Our outcome was NAFLD (liver attenuation < 51 Hounsfield Units), measured by non-contrast computed tomography, after exclusions for other causes of liver fat. Covariates were sex, age, race, study center, education, diet quality, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and body mass index or waist circumference. RESULTS 648 participants had NAFLD. In the fully adjusted modified Poisson regression model, the risk ratios per interquartile range of each exposure were moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 1.10 (95% CI, 0.97-1.26); vigorous-intensity aerobic activity, 0.72 (0.63-0.82); muscle-strengthening activity, 0.89 (0.80-1.01); and television viewing, 1.20 (1.10-1.32). Relative to less active participants with higher levels of television viewing, those who participated in ≥2 h/week of both vigorous-intensity aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity and <7 h/week of television viewing had 65% lower risk of NAFLD (risk ratio = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.23-0.51). CONCLUSION Adults who follow public health recommendations for vigorous-aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity, as well as minimize television viewing, are considerably less likely to have NAFLD than those who do not follow the recommendations and who have relatively high levels of television viewing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. McDonough
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.M.); (P.J.S.); (D.R.J.J.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Mahesh Mathew
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.M.); (P.J.S.); (D.R.J.J.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Zachary C. Pope
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, NY 55902, USA;
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY 14625, USA
| | - Pamela J. Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.M.); (P.J.S.); (D.R.J.J.); (M.A.P.)
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.M.); (P.J.S.); (D.R.J.J.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Lisa B. VanWagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - John Jeffrey Carr
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.J.C.); (J.G.T.)
| | - James G. Terry
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.J.C.); (J.G.T.)
| | - Kelley Pettee Gabriel
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Jared P. Reis
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Mark A. Pereira
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.M.); (P.J.S.); (D.R.J.J.); (M.A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Taylor JA, Greenhaff PL, Bartlett DB, Jackson TA, Duggal NA, Lord JM. Multisystem physiological perspective of human frailty and its modulation by physical activity. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1137-1191. [PMID: 36239451 PMCID: PMC9886361 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
"Frailty" is a term used to refer to a state characterized by enhanced vulnerability to, and impaired recovery from, stressors compared with a nonfrail state, which is increasingly viewed as a loss of resilience. With increasing life expectancy and the associated rise in years spent with physical frailty, there is a need to understand the clinical and physiological features of frailty and the factors driving it. We describe the clinical definitions of age-related frailty and their limitations in allowing us to understand the pathogenesis of this prevalent condition. Given that age-related frailty manifests in the form of functional declines such as poor balance, falls, and immobility, as an alternative we view frailty from a physiological viewpoint and describe what is known of the organ-based components of frailty, including adiposity, the brain, and neuromuscular, skeletal muscle, immune, and cardiovascular systems, as individual systems and as components in multisystem dysregulation. By doing so we aim to highlight current understanding of the physiological phenotype of frailty and reveal key knowledge gaps and potential mechanistic drivers of the trajectory to frailty. We also review the studies in humans that have intervened with exercise to reduce frailty. We conclude that more longitudinal and interventional clinical studies are required in older adults. Such observational studies should interrogate the progression from a nonfrail to a frail state, assessing individual elements of frailty to produce a deep physiological phenotype of the syndrome. The findings will identify mechanistic drivers of frailty and allow targeted interventions to diminish frailty progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Taylor
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David B Bartlett
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Jackson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, https://ror.org/03angcq70University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Niharika A Duggal
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, https://ror.org/03angcq70University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M Lord
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, https://ror.org/03angcq70University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Haufe S, Hupa-Breier KL, Bayerle P, Boeck HT, Rolff S, Sundermeier T, Kerling A, Eigendorf J, Kück M, Hanke AA, Ensslen R, Nachbar L, Lauenstein D, Böthig D, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Stiesch M, Terkamp C, Wedemeyer H, Haverich A, Tegtbur U. Telemonitoring-Supported Exercise Training in Employees With Metabolic Syndrome Improves Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 12:e00371. [PMID: 34140456 PMCID: PMC8216678 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major health problem worldwide and the main risk factor for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Established treatment options are lifestyle interventions facilitating dietary change and increased physical activity. Here, we tested the effect of a telemonitoring-supported intervention on liver parameter of inflammation and fibrosis in individuals with MetS. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, parallel-group, and assessor-blind study performed in workers of the main Volkswagen factory (Wolfsburg, Germany). Volunteers with diagnosed MetS were randomly assigned (1:1) to a 6-month lifestyle intervention focusing on supervised, activity-tracker-guided exercise or to a waiting-list control group. This secondary analysis assessed the effect of the intervention on liver enzymes and MAFLD-related parameters. RESULTS We screened 543 individuals between October 10, 2017, and February 27, 2018, of whom 314 were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 160) or control group (n = 154). Liver transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase significantly decreased after 6 months in the intervention group compared with the CG. Furthermore, an aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index score as a marker for liver fibrosis significantly decreased in the intervention group. These improvements were associated with changes in obesity and exercise capacity. DISCUSSION A 6-month lifestyle intervention based on exercise training with individualized telemonitoring-based supervision led to improvements of liver inflammation and fibrosis in employees with MetS. Therefore, this intervention shows therapeutic potential for individuals at high risk of MAFLD (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03293264).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Haufe
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
- Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Katharina L. Hupa-Breier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Pauline Bayerle
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Hedwig T. Boeck
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Simone Rolff
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | | | - Arno Kerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Julian Eigendorf
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Momme Kück
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Alexander A. Hanke
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | | | | | | | - Dietmar Böthig
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Germany;
| | | | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christoph Terkamp
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Axel Haverich
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Germany;
| | - Uwe Tegtbur
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Heiskanen MA, Honkala SM, Hentilä J, Ojala R, Lautamäki R, Koskensalo K, Lietzén MS, Saunavaara V, Saunavaara J, Helmiö M, Löyttyniemi E, Nummenmaa L, Collado MC, Malm T, Lahti L, Pietiläinen KH, Kaprio J, Rinne JO, Hannukainen JC. Systemic cross-talk between brain, gut, and peripheral tissues in glucose homeostasis: effects of exercise training (CROSSYS). Exercise training intervention in monozygotic twins discordant for body weight. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:16. [PMID: 33627179 PMCID: PMC7905681 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and physical inactivity are major global public health concerns, both of which increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Regulation of glucose homeostasis involves cross-talk between the central nervous system, peripheral tissues, and gut microbiota, and is affected by genetics. Systemic cross-talk between brain, gut, and peripheral tissues in glucose homeostasis: effects of exercise training (CROSSYS) aims to gain new systems-level understanding of the central metabolism in human body, and how exercise training affects this cross-talk. METHODS CROSSYS is an exercise training intervention, in which participants are monozygotic twins from pairs discordant for body mass index (BMI) and within a pair at least the other is overweight. Twins are recruited from three population-based longitudinal Finnish twin studies, including twins born in 1983-1987, 1975-1979, and 1945-1958. The participants undergo 6-month-long exercise intervention period, exercising four times a week (including endurance, strength, and high-intensity training). Before and after the exercise intervention, comprehensive measurements are performed in Turku PET Centre, Turku, Finland. The measurements include: two positron emission tomography studies (insulin-stimulated whole-body and tissue-specific glucose uptake and neuroinflammation), magnetic resonance imaging (brain morphology and function, quantification of body fat masses and organ volumes), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (quantification of fat within heart, pancreas, liver and tibialis anterior muscle), echocardiography, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue biopsies, a neuropsychological test battery as well as biosamples from blood, urine and stool. The participants also perform a maximal exercise capacity test and tests of muscular strength. DISCUSSION This study addresses the major public health problems related to modern lifestyle, obesity, and physical inactivity. An eminent strength of this project is the possibility to study monozygotic twin pairs that share the genome at the sequence level but are discordant for BMI that is a risk factor for metabolic impairments such as insulin resistance. Thus, this exercise training intervention elucidates the effects of obesity on metabolism and whether regular exercise training is able to reverse obesity-related impairments in metabolism in the absence of the confounding effects of genetic factors. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03730610 . Prospectively registered 5 November 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marja A Heiskanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Sanna M Honkala
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Hentilä
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Ronja Ojala
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Kalle Koskensalo
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Martin S Lietzén
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Virva Saunavaara
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Saunavaara
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Helmiö
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria C Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- Functional Food Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leo Lahti
- Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Obesity Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Crudele A, Panera N, Braghini MR, Balsano C, Alisi A. The pharmacological treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:1219-1227. [PMID: 32981386 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1829468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in childhood/adolescence. It comprises a broad spectrum of liver disease severity ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. To date lifestyle modifications, diet and physical activity represent the main option for the management of pediatric NAFLD, but numerous treatments classified depending on the mechanism of action, have been introduced. In keeping with, bariatric surgery, insulin sensitizers, antioxidants, probiotic and dietary supplementations have been evaluated in pediatric clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This review describes, after a search in PubMed/MEDLINE database, the current pediatric NAFLD non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments and their effects on biochemical and histological features. We report not only the efficacy of the diet coupled with regular exercise but also advantages of the pharmacological treatments used in combination with lifestyle interventions in pediatric NAFLD. EXPERT OPINION Since pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have demonstrated variable effects in pediatric NAFLD, it is clear that safe and specific and efficient therapeutic strategies have not yet been identified. Therefore, large and long-term clinical trials in children are needed to find a way to reverse the liver tissue damage and the NAFLD-related long-term morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Crudele
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Panera
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Braghini
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome, Italy
| | - Clara Balsano
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health & Environmental Sciences-MESVA, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Joo JH, Kim HJ, Park EC, Jang SI. Association between sitting time and non-alcoholic fatty live disease in South Korean population: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:212. [PMID: 32967678 PMCID: PMC7513533 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To examine the association between sitting time and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among South Koreans aged ≥20 years. Methods Data from the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for the analysis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was diagnosed according to a hepatic steatosis index of > 36. Sitting time was categorized into as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 using the age-adjusted quartile with Q4 being the longest sitting hour. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between sitting time and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in South Korean population. Results A total of 13,518 participants were enrolled. The odds for having NAFLD in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 (sitting hours) were 1.07 (CI: 0.88–1.31), 1.16 (CI: 1.96–1.41), and 1.34 (CI: 1.11–1.61), respectively. The odds ratio increased in magnitude with longer hours of sitting time (test for trend: P-value = 0.0002). Conclusion Advising physical exercises and discouraging sedentary activities may help to alleviate NAFLD among the South Korean population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hong Joo
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Jun Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,27th Infantry Division Medical Dispensary Operation Branch, Hwacheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Park
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-In Jang
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Linecker M, Frick L, Kron P, Limani P, Kambakamba P, Tschuor C, Langiewicz M, Kachaylo E, Tian Y, Schneider MA, Ungethüm U, Calo N, Foti M, Dufour JF, Graf R, Humar B, Clavien PA. Exercise Improves Outcomes of Surgery on Fatty Liver in Mice: A Novel Effect Mediated by the AMPK Pathway. Ann Surg 2020; 271:347-355. [PMID: 30138163 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether exercise improves outcomes of surgery on fatty liver, and whether pharmacological approaches can substitute exercising programs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Steatosis is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, and decreases the liver's ability to handle inflammatory stress or to regenerate after tissue loss. Exercise activates adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) and mitigates steatosis; however, its impact on ischemia-reperfusion injury and regeneration is unknown. METHODS We used a mouse model of simple, diet-induced steatosis and assessed the impact of exercise on metabolic parameters, ischemia-reperfusion injury and regeneration after hepatectomy. The same parameters were evaluated after treatment of mice with the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR). Mice on a control diet served as age-matched controls. RESULTS A 4-week-exercising program reversed steatosis, lowered insulin levels, and improved glucose tolerance. Exercise markedly enhanced the ischemic tolerance and the regenerative capacity of fatty liver. Replacing exercise with AICAR was sufficient to replicate the above benefits. Both exercise and AICAR improved survival after extended hepatectomy in mice challenged with a Western diet, indicating protection from resection-induced liver failure. CONCLUSIONS Exercise efficiently counteracts the metabolic, ischemic, and regenerative deficits of fatty liver. AICAR acts as an exercise mimetic in settings of fatty liver disease, an important finding given the compliance issues associated with exercise. Exercising, or its substitution through AICAR, may provide a feasible strategy to negate the hepatic consequences of energy-rich diet, and has the potential to extend the application of liver surgery if confirmed in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Linecker
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Frick
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kron
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Perparim Limani
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patryk Kambakamba
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Tschuor
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Magda Langiewicz
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Kachaylo
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yinghua Tian
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A Schneider
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Udo Ungethüm
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Calo
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bostjan Humar
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhatt SP, Misra A, Nigam P. Nutrition and physical activity in Asian Indians with non-alcoholic fatty liver: A case control study. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1271-1274. [PMID: 31336476 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM We tested the hypothesis that Asian Indians with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) would have imbalanced diets and lower intensity of physical activity than those without NAFLD. METHODS We studied dietary intake, intensity of physical activity and anthropometric and metabolic profiles in subjects with NAFLD and in healthy controls. Complete clinical, biochemical, dietary and physical activity profiles were studied for 169 cases and 173 controls in a prospective manner. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to identify the predictors of NAFLD [odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI)]. RESULTS The mean dietary intakes of total energy, carbohydrate, protein, total fat, saturated fat and total cholesterol were significantly higher, while intake of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly lower in cases as compared to controls (p < 0.01 for all). Further, mean physical activity in a day (expressed as MET.Minutes) and total energy expenditure were significantly lower in cases than in controls (33.3 ± 3.6 vs.36.2 ± 0.5, p = 0.001 and 2707.6 ± 505.6 vs. 2904.3 ± 690.3, p = 0.02, respectively). On multivariate analysis, percentage dietary total fat intake (OR: 13.4; 95% CI: 4.6-39.3, p = 0.001), homeostatis model assessment for insulin resistance (OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 3.2-14.8, p = 0.001) abdominal obesity (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5-5.0, p = 0.001) and high serum triglycerides (OR: 2.1; 95%CI: 1.2-3.8, p = 0.007) were associated with an increased risk for development of NAFLD. CONCLUSION Decrease in intake of total dietary fats and improvement of insulin resistance, abdominal obesity and blood triglycerides should be important measures for management of NAFLD in Asian Indians in north India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surya Prakash Bhatt
- National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), SDA, New Delhi, 110016, India; Diabetes Foundation (India), New Delhi, 110016, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Anoop Misra
- National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), SDA, New Delhi, 110016, India; Diabetes Foundation (India), New Delhi, 110016, India; Fortis C-DOC Center of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases, and Endocrinology, B16, Chirag Enclave, New Delhi, India.
| | - Priyanka Nigam
- National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), SDA, New Delhi, 110016, India; Diabetes Foundation (India), New Delhi, 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gormsen LC, Søndergaard E, Christensen NL, Jakobsen S, Nielsen EHT, Munk OL, Tolbod LP, Jessen N, Nielsen S. Metformin does not affect postabsorptive hepatic free fatty acid uptake, oxidation or resecretion in humans: A 3-month placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:1435-1444. [PMID: 29405635 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore whether the pre-clinical findings that metformin improves lipid metabolism, possibly through modulation of intrahepatic partitioning of fatty acids towards oxidation and away from re-esterification and resecretion as triglycerides (TGs), can be translated to a human setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a 3-month randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D; n = 24) and healthy controls (n = 12). Patients with T2D received either placebo (placebo group) or 1000 mg metformin twice daily (metformin group), while healthy subjects were all treated with metformin (control group). Hepatic fatty acid metabolism was measured by [11 C]palmitate positron-emission tomography, hepatic TG secretion and peripheral oxidation by ex vivo labelled [1-14 C]VLDL-TG and VLDL particle size by TG/apolipoprotein B ratio. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray and whole-body lipid oxidation by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Metformin treatment for 3 months produced the anticipated decrease in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in the metformin group (FPG 7.9 ± 1.8 mM [study day 1] vs 6.4 ± 1.1 mM [study day 2]), whereas patients in the placebo group and healthy controls had similar FPG levels before and after the trial (mixed model group vs time interaction; P = .003); however, contrary to our hypothesis, metformin treatment did not affect hepatic lipid metabolism or peripheral oxidation. CONCLUSION The observed beneficial effects on lipid metabolism during metformin treatment in humans appear to be secondary to long-term alterations in body composition or glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars C Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Esben Søndergaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nana L Christensen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen Jakobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Erik H T Nielsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ole L Munk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lars P Tolbod
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oh S, Han G, Kim B, Shoda J. Regular Exercise as a Secondary Practical Treatment for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. EXERCISE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.26644/em.2018.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
13
|
Abstract
Adipose tissue and liver are central tissues in whole body energy metabolism. Their composition, structure, and function can be noninvasively imaged using a variety of measurement techniques that provide a safe alternative to an invasive biopsy. Imaging of adipose tissue is focused on quantitating the distribution of adipose tissue in subcutaneous and intra-abdominal (visceral) adipose tissue depots. Also, detailed subdivisions of adipose tissue can be distinguished with modern imaging techniques. Adipose tissue (or adipocyte) accumulation or infiltration of other organs can also be imaged, with intramuscular adipose tissue a common example. Although liver fat content is now accurately imaged using standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, inflammation and fibrosis are more difficult to determine noninvasively. Liver imaging efforts are therefore concerted on developing accurate imaging markers of liver fibrosis and inflammatory status. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is presently the most reliable imaging technique for measuring liver fibrosis but requires an external device for introduction of shear waves to the liver. Methods using multiparametric diffusion, perfusion, relaxometry, and hepatocyte-specific MRI contrast agents may prove to be more easily implemented by clinicians, provided they reach similar accuracy as MRE. Adipose tissue imaging is experiencing a revolution with renewed interest in characterizing and identifying distinct adipose depots, among them brown adipose tissue. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides an interesting yet underutilized way of imaging adipose tissue metabolism through its fatty acid composition. Further studies may shed light on the role of fatty acid composition in different depots and why saturated fat in subcutaneous adipose tissue is a marker of high insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Lundbom
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fakhoury-Sayegh N, Younes H, Heraoui GNHA, Sayegh R. Nutritional Profile and Dietary Patterns of Lebanese Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111245. [PMID: 29135945 PMCID: PMC5707717 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the most common liver disease in the world. Dietary habits have a significant impact on the biological and physical profile of patients and increase the risk of NAFLD. The overall pattern of diet intake is more associated with health outcomes than nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional profile and the dietary patterns of Lebanese NAFLD patients and compare it with controls. During this study; 112 NAFLD Lebanese adult patients (55 men and 57 women); and 110 controls (44 men and 66 women) were recruited. Dietary intake was evaluated by two 24-h recalls and a semi-quantitative 90-item food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were determined by factor analysis. Results from the study demonstrated that 40% of cases belonged to the high fruit group as compared to 30% following a high meat; fast food dietary pattern. Both groups increased the odds of NAFLD by four-fold (p < 0.05). The traditional diet decreases the odds by 33% after adjustment with the covariables. The high fruit diet group was, as with the high meat, fast food dietary pattern, the main potential risk factor for NAFLD in Lebanese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fakhoury-Sayegh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University, Damascus Road, P.O. Box 11-5076, Riad el Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Hassan Younes
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, 19, rue Pierre Waguet, 60026 Beauvais CEDEX, France.
| | - Gessica N H A Heraoui
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University, Damascus Road, P.O. Box 11-5076, Riad el Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Raymond Sayegh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Damascus Road, P.O. Box 11-5076, Riad el Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sjöros TJ, Heiskanen MA, Motiani KK, Löyttyniemi E, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Savisto NJ, Solin O, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in both leg and arm muscles after sprint interval and moderate-intensity training in subjects with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:77-87. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | | | - K. K. Motiani
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - E. Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | | | - K. A. Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku PET Centre; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - N. J. Savisto
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - O. Solin
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku PET Centre; Åbo Akademi University; Turku Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brouwers B, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Effects of exercise training on intrahepatic lipid content in humans. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2068-79. [PMID: 27393135 PMCID: PMC5016557 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is the most common liver disorder in western society. Various factors may play a role in determining hepatic fat content, such as delivery of lipids to the liver, de novo lipogenesis, hepatic lipid oxidation, secretion of intrahepatic lipids to the circulation or a combination of these. If delivery of lipids to the liver outweighs the sum of hepatic lipid oxidation and secretion, the intrahepatic lipid (IHL) content starts to increase and NAFL may develop. NAFL is closely related to obesity and insulin resistance and a fatty liver increases the vulnerability to type 2 diabetes development. Exercise training is a cornerstone in the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. There is a large body of literature describing the beneficial metabolic consequences of exercise training on skeletal muscle metabolism. Recent studies have started to investigate the effects of exercise training on liver metabolism but data is still limited. Here, first, we briefly discuss the routes by which IHL content is modulated. Second, we review whether and how these contributing routes might be modulated by long-term exercise training. Third, we focus on the effects of acute exercise on IHL metabolism, since exercise also might affect hepatic metabolism in the physically active state. This will give insight into whether the effect of exercise training on IHL could be explained by the accumulated effect of acute bouts of exercise, or whether adaptations might occur only after long-term exercise training. The primary focus of this review will be on observations made in humans. Where human data is missing, data obtained from well-accepted animal models will be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Brouwers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center +, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Eskelinen JJ, Heinonen I, Löyttyniemi E, Hakala J, Heiskanen MA, Motiani KK, Virtanen K, Pärkkä JP, Knuuti J, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Left ventricular vascular and metabolic adaptations to high-intensity interval and moderate intensity continuous training: a randomized trial in healthy middle-aged men. J Physiol 2016; 594:7127-7140. [PMID: 27500951 DOI: 10.1113/jp273089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become popular, time-sparing alternative to moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), although the cardiac vascular and metabolic effects of HIIT are incompletely known. We compared the effects of 2-week interventions with HIIT and MICT on myocardial perfusion and free fatty acid and glucose uptake. Insulin-stimulated myocardial glucose uptake was decreased by training without any significantly different response between the groups, whereas free fatty acid uptake remained unchanged. Adenosine-stimulated myocardial perfusion responded differently to the training modes (change in mean HIIT: -19%; MICT: +9%; P = 0.03 for interaction) and was correlated with myocardial glucose uptake for the entire dataset and especially after HIIT training. HIIT and MICT induce similar metabolic and functional changes in the heart, although myocardial vascular hyperaemic reactivity is impaired after HIIT, and this should be considered when prescribing very intense HIIT for previously untrained subjects. ABSTRACT High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient way of obtaining the health benefits of exercise, although the cardiac effects of this training mode are incompletely known. We compared the effects of short-term HIIT and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) interventions on myocardial perfusion and metabolism and cardiac function in healthy, sedentary, middle-aged men. Twenty-eight healthy, middle-aged men were randomized to either HIIT or MICT groups (n = 14 in both) and underwent six cycle ergometer training sessions within 2 weeks (HIIT session: 4-6 × 30 s all-out cycling/4 min recovery, MICT session 40-60 min at 60% V̇O2 peak ). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) was performed to measure cardiac structure and function and positron emission tomography was used to measure myocardial perfusion at baseline and during adenosine stimulation, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (MGU) and fasting free fatty acid uptake (MFFAU). End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes increased and ejection fraction slightly decreased with both training modes, although no other changes in CMRI were observed. MFFAU and basal myocardial perfusion remained unchanged. MGU was decreased by training (HIIT from 46.5 to 35.9; MICT from 47.4 to 44.4 mmol 100 g-1 min-1 , P = 0.007 for time, P = 0.11 for group × time). Adenosine-stimulated myocardial perfusion responded differently to the training modes (change in mean HIIT: -19%; MICT: +9%; P = 0.03 for group × time interaction). HIIT and MICT induce similar metabolic and functional changes in the heart, although myocardial vascular hyperaemic reactivity is impaired after HIIT. This should be taken into account when prescribing very intense HIIT for previously untrained subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University Of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Juuso Hakala
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Jussi P Pärkkä
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear medicine, and PET, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear medicine, and PET, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Heiskanen MA, Leskinen T, Heinonen IHA, Löyttyniemi E, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen K, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Right ventricular metabolic adaptations to high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training in healthy middle-aged men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H667-75. [PMID: 27448554 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00399.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent studies on structural and functional adaptations of the right ventricle (RV) to exercise training, adaptations of its metabolism remain unknown. We investigated the effects of short-term, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on RV glucose and fat metabolism. Twenty-eight untrained, healthy 40-55 yr-old-men were randomized into HIIT (n = 14) and MICT (n = 14) groups. Subjects performed six supervised cycle ergometer training sessions within 2 wk (HIIT session: 4-6 × 30 s all-out cycling/4-min recovery; MICT session: 40-60 min at 60% peak O2 uptake). Primary outcomes were insulin-stimulated RV glucose uptake (RVGU) and fasted state RV free fatty acid uptake (RVFFAU) measured by positron emission tomography. Secondary outcomes were changes in RV structure and function, determined by cardiac magnetic resonance. RVGU decreased after training (-22% HIIT, -12% MICT, P = 0.002 for training effect), but RVFFAU was not affected by the training (P = 0.74). RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, respectively, increased +5 and +7% for HIIT and +4 and +8% for MICT (P = 0.002 and 0.005 for training effects, respectively), but ejection fraction mildly decreased (-2% HIIT, -4% MICT, P = 0.034 for training effect). RV mass and stroke volume remained unaltered. None of the observed changes differed between the training groups (P > 0.12 for group × training interaction). Only 2 wk of physical training in previously sedentary subjects induce changes in RV glucose metabolism, volumes, and ejection fraction, which precede exercise-induced hypertrophy of RV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilkka H A Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University Of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Marchesini G, Petta S, Dalle Grave R. Diet, weight loss, and liver health in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology, evidence, and practice. Hepatology 2016; 63:2032-43. [PMID: 26663351 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver accumulation results from an imbalance between lipid deposition and removal, driven by the hepatic synthesis of triglycerides and de novo lipogenesis. The habitual diet plays a relevant role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and both risky (e.g., fructose) and protective foods (Mediterranean diet) have been described, but the contribution of excess calories remains pivotal. Accordingly, weight loss is the most effective way to promote liver fat removal. Several controlled studies have confirmed that an intense approach to lifestyle changes, carried on along the lines of cognitive-behavior treatment, is able to attain the desired 7%-10% weight loss, associated with reduced liver fat, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remission, and also reduction of fibrosis. Even larger effects are reported after bariatric surgery-induced weight loss in NAFLD, where 80% of subjects achieve NASH resolution at 1-year follow-up. These results provide solid data to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the pharmacological treatment of NASH. The battle against metabolic diseases, largely fueled by increased liver fat, needs a comprehensive approach to be successful in an obesiogenic environment. In this review, we will discuss the role of hepatic lipid metabolism, genetic background, diet, and physical activity on fatty liver. They are the basis for a lifestyle approach to NAFLD treatment. (Hepatology 2016;63:2032-2043).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Marchesini
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases & Clinical Dietetics, "Alma Mater Studiorum" University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Petta
- Di.Bi.M.I.S, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dalle Grave
- Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Garda (VR), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Saran U, Humar B, Kolly P, Dufour JF. Hepatocellular carcinoma and lifestyles. J Hepatol 2016; 64:203-14. [PMID: 26341826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The majority of hepatocellular carcinoma occurs over pre-existing chronic liver diseases that share cirrhosis as an endpoint. In the last decade, a strong association between lifestyle and hepatocellular carcinoma has become evident. Abundance of energy-rich food and sedentary lifestyles have caused metabolic conditions such as obesity and diabetes mellitus to become global epidemics. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are both tightly linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and also increase hepatocellular carcinoma risk independent of cirrhosis. Emerging data suggest that physical activity not only counteracts obesity, diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but also reduces cancer risk. Physical activity exerts significant anticancer effects in the absence of metabolic disorders. Here, we present a systematic review on lifestyles and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Saran
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Bostjan Humar
- Department of Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Kolly
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Heiskanen MA, Leskinen T, Eskelinen JJ, Heinonen IHA, Löyttyniemi E, Virtanen K, Pärkkä JP, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Different Predictors of Right and Left Ventricular Metabolism in Healthy Middle-Aged Men. Front Physiol 2015; 6:389. [PMID: 26733882 PMCID: PMC4685066 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV) plays a crucial role in the outcome of various cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies on RV metabolism are sparse although evidence implies it may differ from left ventricular (LV) metabolism. Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to determine predictors of RV glucose uptake (GU) and free fatty acid uptake (FFAU) and (2) to compare them to predictors of LV metabolism in healthy middle-aged men. Altogether 28 healthy, sedentary, middle-aged (40-55 years) men were studied. Insulin-stimulated GU and fasting FFAU were measured by positron emission tomography and RV and LV structural and functional parameters by cardiac magnetic resonance. Several parameters related to whole-body health were also measured. Predictors of RV and LV metabolism were determined by pairwise correlation analysis, lasso regression models, and variable clustering using heatmap. RVGU was most strongly predicted by age and moderately by RV ejection fraction (EF). The strongest determinants of RVFFAU were exercise capacity (peak oxygen uptake), resting heart rate, LVEF, and whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake rate. When considering LV metabolism, age and RVEF were associated also with LVGU. In addition, LVGU was strongly, and negatively, influenced by whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake rate. LVFFAU was predicted only by LVEF. This study shows that while RV and LV metabolism have shared characteristics, they also have unique properties. Age of the subject should be taken into account when measuring myocardial glucose utilization. Ejection fraction is related to myocardial metabolism, and even so that RVEF may be more closely related to GU of both ventricles and LVEF to FFAU of both ventricles, a finding supporting the ventricular interdependence. However, only RV fatty acid utilization associates with exercise capacity so that better physical fitness in a relatively sedentary population is related with decreased RV fat metabolism. To conclude, this study highlights the need for further study designed specifically on less-known RV, as the results on LV metabolism and physiology may not be directly applicable to the RV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ilkka H A Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of TurkuTurku, Finland; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heinonen I, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC, Duncker DJ, Nuutila P, Knuuti J. Organ-specific physiological responses to acute physical exercise and long-term training in humans. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:421-36. [PMID: 25362636 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00067.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all tissues in the human body rely on aerobic metabolism for energy production and are therefore critically dependent on continuous supply of oxygen. Oxygen is provided by blood flow, and, in essence, changes in organ perfusion are also closely associated with alterations in tissue metabolism. In response to acute exercise, blood flow is markedly increased in contracting skeletal muscles and myocardium, but perfusion in other organs (brain and bone) is only slightly enhanced or is even reduced (visceral organs). Despite largely unchanged metabolism and perfusion, repeated exposures to altered hemodynamics and hormonal milieu produced by acute exercise, long-term exercise training appears to be capable of inducing effects also in tissues other than muscles that may yield health benefits. However, the physiological adaptations and driving-force mechanisms in organs such as brain, liver, pancreas, gut, bone, and adipose tissue, remain largely obscure in humans. Along these lines, this review integrates current information on physiological responses to acute exercise and to long-term physical training in major metabolically active human organs. Knowledge is mostly provided based on the state-of-the-art, noninvasive human imaging studies, and directions for future novel research are proposed throughout the review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; and
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nassir F, Rector RS, Hammoud GM, Ibdah JA. Pathogenesis and Prevention of Hepatic Steatosis. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2015; 11:167-175. [PMID: 27099587 PMCID: PMC4836586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is defined as intrahepatic fat of at least 5% of liver weight. Simple accumulation of triacylglycerols in the liver could be hepatoprotective; however, prolonged hepatic lipid storage may lead to liver metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and advanced forms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Several mechanisms are involved in the accumulation of intrahepatic fat, including increased flux of fatty acids to the liver, increased de novo lipogenesis, and/or reduced clearance through β-oxidation or very-low-density lipoprotein secretion. This article summarizes the mechanisms involved in the accumulation of triacylglycerols in the liver, the clinical implications, and the prevention of hepatic steatosis, with a focus on the role of mitochondrial function and lifestyle modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Nassir
- Dr Nassir is an assistant research professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine in Columbia, Missouri. Dr Rector is an assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine; he is also a research health scientist in the Research Service at the Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital in Columbia, Missouri. Dr Hammoud is an associate professor of clinical medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatol ogy at the University of Missouri School of Medicine. Dr Ibdah is a professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine, where he is also the director of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; in addition, he is a research health scientist in the Research Service at the Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital
| | - R Scott Rector
- Dr Nassir is an assistant research professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine in Columbia, Missouri. Dr Rector is an assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine; he is also a research health scientist in the Research Service at the Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital in Columbia, Missouri. Dr Hammoud is an associate professor of clinical medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatol ogy at the University of Missouri School of Medicine. Dr Ibdah is a professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine, where he is also the director of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; in addition, he is a research health scientist in the Research Service at the Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital
| | - Ghassan M Hammoud
- Dr Nassir is an assistant research professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine in Columbia, Missouri. Dr Rector is an assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine; he is also a research health scientist in the Research Service at the Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital in Columbia, Missouri. Dr Hammoud is an associate professor of clinical medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatol ogy at the University of Missouri School of Medicine. Dr Ibdah is a professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine, where he is also the director of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; in addition, he is a research health scientist in the Research Service at the Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital
| | - Jamal A Ibdah
- Dr Nassir is an assistant research professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine in Columbia, Missouri. Dr Rector is an assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine; he is also a research health scientist in the Research Service at the Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital in Columbia, Missouri. Dr Hammoud is an associate professor of clinical medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatol ogy at the University of Missouri School of Medicine. Dr Ibdah is a professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine, where he is also the director of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; in addition, he is a research health scientist in the Research Service at the Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Queiroga MR, Barbieri RA, Ferreira SA, Luchessi AD, Hirata RDC, Hirata MH, Kokubun E. Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on PPARG mRNA expression using monozygotic twin case control. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:538732. [PMID: 25879043 PMCID: PMC4388019 DOI: 10.1155/2015/538732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) on anthropometric variables and PPARG mRNA expression was investigated. Monozygotic twin pairs aged 11-18 years were grouped into discordant (D) and concordant (C) high and low VO2max groups. VO2max was determined by progressive maximal exercise test on treadmill with gas exchange analysis. Body mass (BM), BMI, waist circumference (WC), triceps (TR), and subscapular (SB) skinfold thicknesses were measured. Twins from the discordant group had differences in VO2max values (D-high = 45.9 ± 10.0 versus D-low = 32.4 ± 10.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.025), while no differences were found in the concordant group (C-high = 42.4 ± 9.2 versus C-low = 38.8 ± 9.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.952). In discordant group, VO2max was negatively correlated with TR + SB (r = -0.540, P = 0.021) and positively correlated with PPARG expression in leukocytes (r = 0.952, P = 0.001). Moreover, PPARG expression was directly correlated with BM (r = 0.714, P = 0.047) and height (r = 0.762, P = 0.028). In concordant twins, VO2max was inversely correlated with BM (r = -0.290, P = 0.027), BMI (r = -0.472, P = 0.001), WC (r = -0.426, P = 0.001), and TR + SB (r = -0.739, P = 0.001). Twins D-high had 1.78-fold greater PPARG expression when compared with twins D-low (P = 0.048). In conclusion, the cardiorespiratory fitness may modulate PPARG expression in childhood and adolescence, independently of the genetic background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto Queiroga
- Departamento de Educação Física da Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO), Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
- *Marcos Roberto Queiroga:
| | - Ricardo Augusto Barbieri
- Departamento de Educação Física da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24 A 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Aires Ferreira
- Departamento de Educação Física da Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO), Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - André Ducati Luchessi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, 384, 59012-570 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Rosario Dominguez Crespo Hirata
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Kokubun
- Departamento de Educação Física da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24 A 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Effects of physical activity upon the liver. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:1-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
26
|
Mitchel EB, Lavine JE. Review article: the management of paediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40:1155-70. [PMID: 25267322 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health concern given the recent increase in its prevalence and link to obesity and other metabolic comorbidities. Current treatment strategies involve lifestyle changes. Other surgical and pharmacologic interventions have been proposed; however, limited randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in the paediatric population restrict their use. AIM To review the current management of paediatric NAFLD, including lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions, and to formulate recommendations for study design for future studies. METHODS A MEDLINE, Pubmed and Cochrane Review database search used a combination of keywords, including NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), paediatric, treatments, lifestyle changes, bariatric surgery, orlistat, metformin, thiazolidinediones, vitamin E, cysteamine bitartrate, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, pentoxyfylline, farnesoid X receptor agonist and toll-like receptor modifiers. The articles were selected based on their relevance to the review. RESULTS Lifestyle interventions involving diet and exercise remain first-line treatment for paediatric NAFLD. Bariatric surgery, orlistat, insulin sensitisers and UDCA have been evaluated but are not recommended as first or second-line therapy. Medications such as cysteamine bitartrate, probiotics, polyunsaturated fats and pentoxyfilline share beneficial effects in trials, however, there is a paucity of adequately powered RCTs in which liver histology is evaluated. Vitamin E has been shown to be effective and safe in improving NASH histology in children. CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle intervention should be first-line treatment for paediatric NAFLD. Vitamin E should be considered for those with biopsy-proven NASH or borderline NASH failing first-line therapy. Other therapeutics show promising results but require larger RCTs with convincing endpoints. Improved screening techniques, objective validated inclusion criteria and outcome measures as well as rigour in study design are necessary for propelling therapeutic discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E B Mitchel
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are an increasingly common chronic liver disease closely associated with diabetes and obesity that have reached epidemic proportions. Reports on the prevalence of NAFLD have suggested that 27-34% of the general population in the USA and 40-90% of the obese population worldwide have this disease. Increasing urbanisation rate and associated inappropriate lifestyle changes are not only the risk factors of diabetes, but also unmask genetic predisposition in various populations for the metabolic syndrome and its manifestations including NAFLD and NASH. Lifestyle modifications and balanced nutrition are among the foremost management strategies along with ursodeoxycholic acid, metformin, vitamin E and pentoxifylline. Although weight reduction associated with current therapeutic strategies has shown some promise, maintaining it in the long run is largely unsuccessful. With the safety of pharmacotherapy still being uncertain and can be started only after confirmation, other reasonable interventions such as nutrition hold promise in preventing disease progression. The role of dietary components including branched-chain amino acids, methionine, choline and folic acid is currently being evaluated in various clinical trials. Nutritional approaches sought to overcome the limitations of pharmacotherapy also include evaluating the effects of natural ingredients, such as silymarin and spirulina, on liver disease. Understanding the specific interaction between nutrients and dietary needs in NAFLD and maintaining this balance through either a diet or a nutritional product thus becomes extremely important in providing a more realistic and feasible alternative to treat NAFLD. A planned complete nutritional combination addressing specific needs and helping to prevent the progression of NAFLD is the need of the hour to avert people from ending up with complications.
Collapse
|
28
|
Queiroga MR, Barbieri RA, Ferreira SA, Luchessi AD, Silbiger VN, Hirata RDC, Hirata MH, Kokubun E. Glucose metabolism in discordant monozygotic twins for cardiorespiratory fitness. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2014; 31:77-82. [PMID: 23703048 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822013000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if glucose and insulin concentrations are regulated by cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) regardless of their genetic effects. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 38 pairs of young monozygotic twins (11 to 18 years-old). All subjects underwent a progressive maximal exercise test on a treadmill to determine the VO2max with gas exchange analysis (MedGraphics VO2000® - Medical Graphics Corp., St. Paul, MN). Blood samples were drawn after fasting to determine glucose and insulin levels. Monozygosity was confirmed by genotyping 15 informative genetic markers. Nine pairs had at least 10mL.kg-1.min-1 difference in VO2max and were divided into the more and less active group, according to their VO2max. Mean differences between more and less active groups were evaluated by Wilcoxon's test for paired data. RESULTS On average, twins from the more active group presented a 17% (13.5±3.7mL.kg-1.min-1) higher VO2max compared to their less active siblings. No significant differences were observed between the groups for fasting insulin (36.5±34.6 versus 25.3±13.7mg/dL; p<0.813). However, the more active twins had lower fasting glucose than the less active ones (82.9±7.3 versus 86.7±7.6mg/dL; p<0.010). CONCLUSIONS In this case-control study (discordant monozygotic twins), the less active co-twins were characterized by higher fasting plasma glucose levels. This implies that poor cardiorespiratory fitness can be associated with defective glucose metabolism regardless of genetic factors.
Collapse
|
29
|
Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:1143-211. [PMID: 23798298 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1164] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are major killers in the modern era. Physical inactivity is a primary cause of most chronic diseases. The initial third of the article considers: activity and prevention definitions; historical evidence showing physical inactivity is detrimental to health and normal organ functional capacities; cause versus treatment; physical activity and inactivity mechanisms differ; gene-environment interaction (including aerobic training adaptations, personalized medicine, and co-twin physical activity); and specificity of adaptations to type of training. Next, physical activity/exercise is examined as primary prevention against 35 chronic conditions [accelerated biological aging/premature death, low cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, hypertension, stroke, congestive heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, arterial dyslipidemia, hemostasis, deep vein thrombosis, cognitive dysfunction, depression and anxiety, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, balance, bone fracture/falls, rheumatoid arthritis, colon cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, polycystic ovary syndrome, erectile dysfunction, pain, diverticulitis, constipation, and gallbladder diseases]. The article ends with consideration of deterioration of risk factors in longer-term sedentary groups; clinical consequences of inactive childhood/adolescence; and public policy. In summary, the body rapidly maladapts to insufficient physical activity, and if continued, results in substantial decreases in both total and quality years of life. Taken together, conclusive evidence exists that physical inactivity is one important cause of most chronic diseases. In addition, physical activity primarily prevents, or delays, chronic diseases, implying that chronic disease need not be an inevitable outcome during life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Booth
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vajro P, Lenta S, Pignata C, Salerno M, D'Aniello R, De Micco I, Paolella G, Parenti G. Therapeutic options in pediatric non alcoholic fatty liver disease: current status and future directions. Ital J Pediatr 2012; 38:55. [PMID: 23075296 PMCID: PMC3534557 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-38-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemics of overweight and obesity has resulted in a significant increase of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a potentially progressive condition. Currently, obesity related hepatopathy represents therefore the main cause of pediatric chronic liver disease. The first choice treatment at all ages is weight loss and/or lifestyle changes, however compliance is very poor and a pharmacological approach has become necessary. In the present article we present a systematic literature review focusing on established pediatric NALFD drugs (ursodeoxycholic acid, insulin sensitizers, and antioxidants) and on innovative therapeutic options as well. Regarding the former ones, a pediatric pilot study highlighted that ursodeoxycholic acid is not efficient on transaminases levels and bright liver. Similarly, a recent large scale, multicenter randomized clinical trial (TONIC study) showed that also insulin sensitizers and antioxidant vitamin E have scarce effects on serum transaminase levels. Among a large series of novel therapeutic approaches acting on recently proposed different pathomechanisms, probiotics seem hitherto the most interesting and reasonable option for their safety and tolerability. Toll-like receptors modifiers, Pentoxifylline, and Farnesoid X receptors agonists have been still poorly investigated, and will need further studies before becoming possible promising innovative therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Vajro
- Medical School of the University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zelber-Sagi S, Ratziu V, Oren R. Nutrition and physical activity in NAFLD: an overview of the epidemiological evidence. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:3377-89. [PMID: 21876630 PMCID: PMC3160564 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i29.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been recognized as a major health burden. The high prevalence of NAFLD is probably due to the contemporary epidemics of obesity, unhealthy dietary pattern, and sedentary lifestyle. The efficacy and safety profile of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of NAFLD remains uncertain and obesity is strongly associated with hepatic steatosis; therefore, the first line of treatment is lifestyle modification. The usual management of NAFLD includes gradual weight reduction and increased physical activity (PA) leading to an improvement in serum liver enzymes, reduced hepatic fatty infiltration, and, in some cases, a reduced degree of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Nutrition has been demonstrated to be associated with NAFLD and Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in both animals and humans, and thus serves as a major route of prevention and treatment. However, most human studies are observational and retrospective, allowing limited inference about causal associations. Large prospective studies and clinical trials are now needed to establish a causal relationship. Based on available data, patients should optimally achieve a 5%-10% weight reduction. Setting realistic goals is essential for long-term successful lifestyle modification and more effort must be devoted to informing NAFLD patients of the health benefits of even a modest weight reduction. Furthermore, all NAFLD patients, whether obese or of normal weight, should be informed that a healthy diet has benefits beyond weight reduction. They should be advised to reduce saturated/trans fat and increase polyunsaturated fat, with special emphasize on omega-3 fatty acids. They should reduce added sugar to its minimum, try to avoid soft drinks containing sugar, including fruit juices that contain a lot of fructose, and increase their fiber intake. For the heavy meat eaters, especially those of red and processed meats, less meat and increased fish intake should be recommended. Minimizing fast food intake will also help maintain a healthy diet. PA should be integrated into behavioral therapy in NAFLD, as even small gains in PA and fitness may have significant health benefits. Potentially therapeutic dietary supplements are vitamin E and vitamin D, but both warrant further research. Unbalanced nutrition is not only strongly associated with NAFLD, but is also a risk factor that a large portion of the population is exposed to. Therefore, it is important to identify dietary patterns that will serve as modifiable risk factors for the prevention of NAFLD and its complications.
Collapse
|
32
|
Rector RS, Thyfault JP. Does physical inactivity cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1828-35. [PMID: 21565984 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00384.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While physical activity represents a key element in the prevention and management of many chronic diseases, we and others believe that physical inactivity is a primary cause of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Unfortunately, accumulating evidence suggests that we have engineered physical activity out of our normal daily living activity. One such consequence of our sedentary and excessive lifestyle is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is now considered the most common cause of chronic liver disease in Westernized societies. In this review, we will present evidence that physical inactivity, low aerobic fitness, and overnutrition, either separately or in combination, are an underlying cause of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Rector
- Departments of Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hannukainen JC, Borra R, Linderborg K, Kallio H, Kiss J, Lepomäki V, Kalliokoski KK, Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Heinonen OJ, Komu M, Parkkola R, Ahotupa M, Lehtimäki T, Huupponen R, Iozzo P, Nuutila P. Liver and pancreatic fat content and metabolism in healthy monozygotic twins with discordant physical activity. J Hepatol 2011; 54:545-52. [PMID: 21112658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ectopic fat in muscle and liver is linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recently, pancreatic lipid accumulation has also been associated with β-cell dysfunction and reduced insulin production, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes. Physical exercise training has been shown to attenuate β-cell dysfunction in patients, but little is known about its effects on pancreatic and hepatic fat accumulation. In this study, we validated in-vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) in pancreatic fat measurement with biochemical measurements in a pig model. Thereafter, the effects of increased physical activity on the amounts of pancreatic and liver fat were studied in eight monozygotic twin pairs who have discordant physical activity and fitness. METHODS Pancreatic fat content was studied in 15 pigs using (1)H MRS and/or biochemical analyses. In addition, liver and pancreatic fat were assessed using (1)H MRS in eight monozygotic male twin pairs with 18% mean difference in VO(2max) between the twin brothers. RESULTS Twins with higher physical fitness had 23% less liver fat (1.3±1.3% vs. 2.1±2.6%, p=0.022) but no such difference was observed in the pancreatic fat (8.2±9.3% vs. 9.8±8.5%, respectively, p=0.3). Hepatic fat content was inversely associated with VO(2max). A positive association was found between pancreatic and liver fat contents (β=5.18, p=0.012). Pancreatic fat content was also associated with insulin sensitivity indexes and plasma adiponectin and glutamyltransferase concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic fat content is associated with insulin resistance and hepatic fat content. An active lifestyle seems to beneficially influence hepatic fat metabolism.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fat accumulation in the liver is strongly associated with metabolic dysfunction. Regular exercise improves many cardiometabolic risks factors; however, its effect on intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content remains elusive. This article summarizes available data regarding the effects of exercise on IHTG. RECENT FINDINGS Several but not all observational studies report negative associations of habitual physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with IHTG and the prevalence of fatty liver. Aerobic exercise training in combination with hypocaloric diet reduces IHTG by a considerable amount (20-60%), even when weight loss is mild (<5%); hence weight loss per se may not be a critical factor. Longitudinal studies involving exercise training without dietary restriction and no weight loss demonstrate that increased cardiorespiratory fitness and reduced intra-abdominal adiposity are not invariably associated with liver fat depletion, whereas relatively large exercise-induced reductions in IHTG content (20-40%) can occur even in the absence of changes in body weight, body composition, or visceral adipose tissue. Although the majority of studies have examined aerobic training, resistance exercise has also been shown to be inversely associated with the prevalence of fatty liver in humans and effectively reduces IHTG content in animals. SUMMARY Exercise does hold promise as an effective treatment for hepatic steatosis; this field of research is still in its infancy, and there is much more to be learned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Johnson NA, George J. Fitness versus fatness: moving beyond weight loss in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2010; 52:370-81. [PMID: 20578153 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a cause of both liver-related morbidity and mortality and cardiometabolic risk has led to the search for effective lifestyle strategies to reduce liver fat. Lifestyle intervention comprising dietary restriction in conjunction with increased physical activity has shown clear hepatic benefits when weight loss approximating 3%-10% of body weight is achieved. Yet, the poor sustainability of weight loss challenges the current therapeutic focus on body weight and highlights the need for alternative strategies for NAFLD management. Epidemiologic data show an independent relationship between liver fat, physical activity, and fitness, and a growing body of longitudinal research demonstrates that increased physical activity participation per se significantly reduces hepatic steatosis and serum aminotransferases in individuals with NAFLD, independent of weight loss. Mechanistic insights to explain this interaction are outlined, and recommendations for the implementation of lifestyle intervention involving physical activity are discussed. In light of the often poor sustainability of weight loss strategies, and the viability of physical activity therapy, clinicians should assess physical fitness and physical activity habits, educate patients on the benefits of fitness outside of weight loss, and focus on behavior change which promotes physical activity adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Johnson
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK, Borra RJM, Viljanen APM, Janatuinen T, Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Heinonen OJ, Viljanen T, Haaparanta M, Iozzo P, Parkkola R, Nuutila P. Higher free fatty acid uptake in visceral than in abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue in men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:261-5. [PMID: 19696757 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue has been shown to have high lipolytic activity. The aim of this study was to examine whether free fatty acid (FFA) uptake into visceral adipose tissue is enhanced compared to abdominal subcutaneous tissue in vivo. Abdominal adipose tissue FFA uptake was measured using positron emission tomography (PET) and [(18)F]-labeled 6-thia-hepta-decanoic acid ([(18)F]FTHA) and fat masses using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 18 healthy young adult males. We found that FFA uptake was 30% higher in visceral compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue (0.0025 +/- 0.0018 vs. 0.0020 +/- 0.0016 micromol/g/min, P = 0.005). Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue FFA uptakes were strongly associated with each other (P < 0.001). When tissue FFA uptake per gram of fat was multiplied by the total tissue mass, total FFA uptake was almost 1.5 times higher in abdominal subcutaneous than in visceral adipose tissue. In conclusion, we observed enhanced FFA uptake in visceral compared to abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and, simultaneously, these metabolic rates were strongly associated with each other. The higher total tissue FFA uptake in subcutaneous than in visceral adipose tissue indicates that although visceral fat is active in extracting FFA, its overall contribution to systemic metabolism is limited in healthy lean males. Our results indicate that subcutaneous, rather than visceral fat storage plays a more direct role in systemic FFA availability. The recognized relationship between abdominal visceral fat mass and metabolic complications may be explained by direct effects of visceral fat on the liver.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ko JS. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2010; 56:6-14. [DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2010.56.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Johnson NA, Sachinwalla T, Walton DW, Smith K, Armstrong A, Thompson MW, George J. Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss. Hepatology 2009; 50:1105-12. [PMID: 19637289 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Weight loss remains the most common therapy advocated for reducing hepatic lipid in obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Yet, reduction of body weight by lifestyle intervention is often modest, and thus, therapies which effectively modulate the burden of fatty liver but are not contingent upon weight loss are of the highest practical significance. However, the effect of aerobic exercise on liver fat independent of weight loss has not been clarified. We assessed the effect of aerobic exercise training on hepatic, blood, abdominal and muscle lipids in 19 sedentary obese men and women using magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). Four weeks of aerobic cycling exercise, in accordance with current physical activity guidelines, significantly reduced visceral adipose tissue volume by 12% (P < 0.01) and hepatic triglyceride concentration by 21% (P < 0.05). This was associated with a significant (14%) reduction in plasma free fatty acids (P < 0.05). Exercise training did not alter body weight, vastus lateralis intramyocellular triglyceride concentration, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue volume, (1)H-MRS-measured hepatic lipid saturation, or HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; P > 0.05). CONCLUSION These data provide the first direct experimental evidence demonstrating that regular aerobic exercise reduces hepatic lipids in obesity even in the absence of body weight reduction. Physical activity should be strongly promoted for the management of fatty liver, the benefits of which are not exclusively contingent upon weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Johnson
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Leisure-time physical activity and high-risk fat: a longitudinal population-based twin study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33:1211-8. [PMID: 19721451 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
40
|
Giesel VT, Reche M, Schneider L, Araújo LC, Scalco R, von Eye Corleta H, Capp E. Effects of intermittent high-intensity exercise and carbohydrate supplementation on IGF-1 and glycogen of Wistar rats. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:156-161. [PMID: 18835207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the association between glucose infusion during intermittent physical exercise and its metabolic effects on rats. DESIGN Forty male rats were divided into eight groups based on training (intermittent), exercise and carbohydrate intake (glucose 20%): TEC (trained exercised with carbohydrate), TES (trained exercised without carbohydrate), TNC (trained non-exercised with carbohydrate), TNS (trained non-exercised without carbohydrate), UEC (untrained exercised with carbohydrate), UES (untrained exercised without carbohydrate), UNC (untrained non-exercised with carbohydrate) and UNS (untrained non-exercised without carbohydrate). The training and/or exercise protocol consisted of the rats running on a treadmill for 1 min above the lactate threshold, or running below the lactate threshold for 30s, intermittently for 30 min. Blood was analyzed for glycemia, lactate and IGF-1. Muscle and liver glycogen were measured (T2). RESULTS Glycemia was found to be different in T2 compared to T1 in the TEC, TNC, UEC and UNC groups. Lactate was higher in T2 than in T1, but remained within the lactate threshold. Glycogen showed higher concentrations in the trained groups and, whether trained or not, in the supplemented groups. IGF-1 levels were higher in exercised rats independent of supplementation or glycogen levels. Trained rats showed lower IGF-1 when exercising than did the untrained animals. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that intermittent exercise is beneficial in preventing a trained lactate pool, and that, in association with glucose supplementation, intermittent exercise will be efficient both in preventing a trained lactate pool and in maintaining sufficient glycemia levels. Exercise raises IGF-1 levels, whereas training inverts this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Treichel Giesel
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Viljanen APM, Iozzo P, Borra R, Kankaanpää M, Karmi A, Lautamäki R, Järvisalo M, Parkkola R, Rönnemaa T, Guiducci L, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Mari A, Nuutila P. Effect of weight loss on liver free fatty acid uptake and hepatic insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:50-5. [PMID: 18957499 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight loss has been shown to decrease liver fat content and whole-body insulin resistance. The current study was conducted to investigate the simultaneous effects of rapid weight reduction with a very-low-calorie diet on liver glucose and fatty acid metabolism and liver adiposity. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that liver insulin resistance and free fatty acid uptake would decrease after weight loss and that they are associated with reduction of liver fat content. DESIGN Thirty-four healthy obese subjects (body mass index, 33.7 +/- 8.0 kg/m(2)) were studied before and after a very-low-calorie diet for 6 wk. Hepatic glucose uptake and endogenous glucose production were measured with [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose during hyperinsulinemic euglycemia and fasting hepatic fatty acid uptake with [(18)F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid and positron emission tomography. Liver volume and fat content were measured using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. RESULTS Subjects lost weight (11.2 +/- 2.9 kg; P < 0.0001). Liver volume decreased by 11% (P < 0.002), which was partly explained by decreased liver fat content (P < 0.0001). Liver free fatty acid uptake was 26% lower after weight loss (P < 0.003) and correlated with the decrement in liver fat content (r = 0.54; P < 0.03). Hepatic glucose uptake during insulin stimulation was unchanged, but the endogenous glucose production decreased by 40% (P < 0.04), and hepatic insulin resistance by 40% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The liver responds to a 6-wk period of calorie restriction with a parallel reduction in lipid uptake and storage, accompanied by enhancement of hepatic insulin sensitivity and clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antti P M Viljanen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zelber-Sagi S, Nitzan-Kaluski D, Goldsmith R, Webb M, Zvibel I, Goldiner I, Blendis L, Halpern Z, Oren R. Role of leisure-time physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study. Hepatology 2008; 48:1791-8. [PMID: 18972405 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Physical activity (PA) is commonly recommended for nonalchoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. However, there is limited evidence on the independent role of PA in NAFLD. The aim of this study was to examine the association between PA and NAFLD. We conducted a cross-sectional study of a subsample (n = 375) of the Israeli National Health and Nutrition Survey. Exclusion criteria were any known etiology for liver disease. Participants underwent an abdominal ultrasound examination; biochemical tests, including leptin, adiponectin, and resistin; and the noninvasive biomarker SteatoTest and anthropometric evaluations. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and a detailed PA questionnaire were administered. Three hundred forty-nine patients (52.7% men, 30.9% primary NAFLD) were included. The NAFLD group engaged in less aerobic, resistance, or other kinds of PA (P </= 0.03). The SteatoTest was significantly lower among subjects engaging in any PA or resistance PA at least once a week (P </= 0.01). PA at least once a week in all categories was associated with a reduced risk for abdominal obesity. Adjusting for sex, engaging in any kind of sports (odds ratio [OR] 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44-0.96 per 1 standard deviation increment in PA score) and resistance exercise (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.38-0.85) were inversely associated with NAFLD. These associations remained unchanged after adjusting for homeostasis model assessment, most nutritional factors, adiponectin, and resistin. Only the association with resistance PA remained significant with further adjustment for body mass index (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.44-0.85). Adding leptin or waist circumference to the model eliminated the statistical significance. CONCLUSION Habitual leisure-time PA, especially anaerobic, may play a protective role in NAFLD. This association appears to be mediated by a reduced rate of abdominal obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shira Zelber-Sagi
- The Liver Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Corrigendum. J Physiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.148528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
44
|
Holt HB, Wild SH, Wareham N, Ekelund U, Umpleby M, Shojaee-Moradie F, Holt RIG, Phillips DI, Byrne CD. Differential effects of fatness, fitness and physical activity energy expenditure on whole-body, liver and fat insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1698-706. [PMID: 17534596 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The relative contributions of fitness (maximal oxygen uptake), physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and fatness to whole-body, liver and fat insulin sensitivity is uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine whether fitness and PAEE are associated with whole-body, liver and fat insulin sensitivity independently of body fat. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 25 men (mean [SD] age 53 [6] years). Whole-body (M value) and liver (percentage suppression of endogenous glucose output) insulin sensitivity were estimated using a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. Insulin sensitivity in fat (insulin sensitivity index for NEFA) was estimated during an OGTT. Total and truncal fat were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, fitness by treadmill, and PAEE (n = 21) by 3 day heart rate monitoring and Baecke questionnaire. RESULTS In univariate analyses, fatness was strongly associated with insulin sensitivity (whole-body, liver and fat). Fitness was associated with whole-body (r = 0.53, p < 0.007) and liver (0.42, p = 0.04) insulin sensitivity, while PAEE was associated with liver insulin sensitivity (r = 0.55, p = 0.01). Regression models were established to describe associations between fatness, fitness and physical activity and measures of insulin sensitivity (whole-body, fat and liver) as outcomes. Only fatness was independently associated with whole-body insulin sensitivity (B coefficient -0.01, p = 0.001). Fitness was not associated with any outcome. Only PAEE was independently associated with liver insulin sensitivity (B coefficient 13.5, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Fatness explains most of the variance in whole-body insulin sensitivity. In contrast, PAEE explains most of the variance in liver insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H B Holt
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, DOHaD Division,School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|