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Heiser BJ, Veyssi A, Ghosh D. Recent strategies for enhanced delivery of mRNA to the lungs. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2025; 20:1043-1069. [PMID: 40190037 PMCID: PMC12051540 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2025.2485669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
mRNA-based therapies have emerged as a transformative tool in modern medicine, gaining significant attention following their successful use in COVID-19 vaccines. Delivery to the lungs offers several compelling advantages for mRNA delivery. The lungs are one of the most vascularized organs in the body, which provides an extensive surface area that can facilitate efficient drug transport. Local delivery to the lungs bypasses gastrointestinal degradation, potentially enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In addition, the extensive capillary network of the lungs provides an ideal target for systemic delivery. However, developing effective mRNA therapies for the lungs presents significant challenges. The complex anatomy of the lungs and the body's immune response to foreign particles create barriers to delivery. This review discusses key approaches for overcoming these challenges and improving mRNA delivery to the lungs. It examines both local and systemic delivery strategies aimed at improving lung delivery while mitigating off-target effects. Although substantial progress has been made in lung-targeted mRNA therapies, challenges remain in optimizing cellular uptake and achieving therapeutic efficacy within pulmonary tissues. The continued refinement of delivery strategies that enhance lung-specific targeting while minimizing degradation is critical for the clinical success of mRNA-based pulmonary therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany J. Heiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Arian Veyssi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Debadyuti Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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2
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Berkenfeld K, Carneiro S, Corzo C, Laffleur F, Salar-Behzadi S, Winkeljann B, Esfahani G. Formulation strategies, preparation methods, and devices for pulmonary delivery of biologics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 204:114530. [PMID: 39393712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Biological products, including vaccines, blood components, and recombinant therapeutic proteins, are derived from natural sources such as humans, animals, or microorganisms and are typically produced using advanced biotechnological methods. The success of biologics, particularly monoclonal antibodies, can be attributed to their favorable safety profiles and target specificity. However, their large molecular size presents significant challenges in drug delivery, particularly in overcoming biological barriers. Pulmonary delivery has emerged as a promising route for administering biologics, offering non-invasive delivery with rapid absorption, high systemic bioavailability, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism. This review first details the anatomy and physiological barriers of the respiratory tract and the associated challenges of pulmonary drug delivery (PDD). It further discusses innovations in PDD, the impact of particle size on drug deposition, and the use of secondary particles, such as nanoparticles, to enhance bioavailability and targeting. The review also explains various devices used for PDD, including dry powder inhalers (DPIs) and nebulizers, highlighting their advantages and limitations in delivering biologics. The role of excipients in improving the stability and performance of inhalation products is also addressed. Since dry powders are considered the suitable format for delivering biomolecules, particular emphasis is placed on the excipients used in DPI development. The final section of the article reviews and compares various dry powder manufacturing methods, clarifying their clinical relevance and potential for future applications in the field of inhalable drug formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Berkenfeld
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Street 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology Research Scientists (PETRS)
| | - Simone Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus B, 81377 München, Germany; Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München 80799, Germany; Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology Research Scientists (PETRS)
| | - Carolina Corzo
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria; Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology Research Scientists (PETRS)
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology Research Scientists (PETRS)
| | - Sharareh Salar-Behzadi
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology Research Scientists (PETRS)
| | - Benjamin Winkeljann
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus B, 81377 München, Germany; Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München 80799, Germany; RNhale GmbH, München 81371, Germany; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Helmholtz Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Germany; Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology Research Scientists (PETRS)
| | - Golbarg Esfahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4, Halle 06120, Saale, Germany; Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology Research Scientists (PETRS).
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3
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Marwitz F, Hädrich G, Redinger N, Besecke KFW, Li F, Aboutara N, Thomsen S, Cohrs M, Neumann PR, Lucas H, Kollan J, Hozsa C, Gieseler RK, Schwudke D, Furch M, Schaible U, Dailey LA. Intranasal Administration of Bedaquiline-Loaded Fucosylated Liposomes Provides Anti-Tubercular Activity while Reducing the Potential for Systemic Side Effects. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:3222-3232. [PMID: 39136125 PMCID: PMC11406518 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Liposomal formulations of antibiotics for inhalation offer the potential for the delivery of high drug doses, controlled drug release kinetics in the lung, and an excellent safety profile. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo performance of a liposomal formulation for the poorly soluble, antituberculosis agent, bedaquiline. Bedaquiline was encapsulated within monodisperse liposomes of ∼70 nm at a relatively high drug concentration (∼3.6 mg/mL). Formulations with or without fucose residues, which bind to C-type lectin receptors and mediate a preferential binding to macrophage mannose receptor, were prepared, and efficacy was assessed in an in vivo C3HeB/FeJ mouse model of tuberculosis infection (H37Rv strain). Seven intranasal instillations of 5 mg/kg bedaquiline formulations administered every second day resulted in a significant reduction in lung burden (∼0.4-0.6 Δlog10 CFU), although no differences between fucosylated and nonfucosylated formulations were observed. A pharmacokinetic study in healthy, noninfected Balb/c mice demonstrated that intranasal administration of a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg bedaquiline liposomal formulation (fucosylated) improved the lung bioavailability 6-fold compared to intravenous administration of the same formulation at the same dose. Importantly, intranasal administration reduced systemic concentrations of the primary metabolite, N-desmethyl-bedaquiline (M2), compared with both intravenous and oral administration. This is a clinically relevant finding as the M2 metabolite is associated with a higher risk of QT-prolongation in predisposed patients. The results clearly demonstrate that a bedaquiline liposomal inhalation suspension may show enhanced antitubercular activity in the lung while reducing systemic side effects, thus meriting further nonclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Marwitz
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40, Borstel 23845, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Gabriela Hädrich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 ,Vienna 1090, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Natalja Redinger
- Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40 ,Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Karen F W Besecke
- Rodos Biotarget GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Siegfried Hameln GmbH, Langes Feld 13 ,Hameln 31789, Germany
- Cardior Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Hollerithallee 20 ,Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 ,Vienna 1090, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences (PhaNuSpo), University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 ,Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Nadine Aboutara
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40, Borstel 23845, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Simone Thomsen
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Michaela Cohrs
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
- General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460 ,Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Paul Robert Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Henrike Lucas
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Julia Kollan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Constantin Hozsa
- Rodos Biotarget GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Siegfried Hameln GmbH, Langes Feld 13 ,Hameln 31789, Germany
| | - Robert K Gieseler
- Rodos Biotarget GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25 ,Bochum 44892, Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40, Borstel 23845, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Borstel 23845, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel 23845, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Sciences (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Marcus Furch
- Rodos Biotarget GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Certmedica International GmbH, Magnolienweg 17 ,Aschaffenburg 63741, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaible
- German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Borstel 23845, Germany
- Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40 ,Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Lea Ann Dailey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 ,Vienna 1090, Austria
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4
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Dong L, Zhuang X. Insights into Inhalation Drug Disposition: The Roles of Pulmonary Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4671. [PMID: 38731891 PMCID: PMC11083391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The past five decades have witnessed remarkable advancements in the field of inhaled medicines targeting the lungs for respiratory disease treatment. As a non-invasive drug delivery route, inhalation therapy offers numerous benefits to respiratory patients, including rapid and targeted exposure at specific sites, quick onset of action, bypassing first-pass metabolism, and beyond. Understanding the characteristics of pulmonary drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes is crucial for comprehending efficient drug exposure and clearance processes within the lungs. These processes are intricately linked to both local and systemic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on lung transporters and metabolizing enzymes while exploring their roles in exogenous and endogenous substance disposition. Additionally, we identify and discuss the principal challenges in this area of research, providing a foundation for future investigations aimed at optimizing inhaled drug administration. Moving forward, it is imperative that future research endeavors to focus on refining and validating in vitro and ex vivo models to more accurately mimic the human respiratory system. Such advancements will enhance our understanding of drug processing in different pathological states and facilitate the discovery of novel approaches for investigating lung-specific drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes. This deeper insight will be crucial in developing more effective and targeted therapies for respiratory diseases, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China;
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5
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Gameli PS, Taoussi O, Basile G, Carlier J, Busardò FP. Metabolism Study of Anamorelin, a GHSR1a Receptor Agonist Potentially Misused in Sport, with Human Hepatocytes and LC-HRMS/MS. Metabolites 2023; 13:949. [PMID: 37623892 PMCID: PMC10456928 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anamorelin, developed for the treatment of cancer cachexia, is an orally active medication that improves appetite and food intake, thereby increasing body mass and physical functioning. It is classified as a growth hormone secretagogue and strictly monitored by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), owing to its anabolic enhancing potential. Identifying anamorelin and/or metabolite biomarkers of consumption is critical in doping controls. However, there are currently no data available on anamorelin human metabolic fate. The aim of this study was to investigate and identify biomarkers characteristic of anamorelin intake using in silico metabolite predictions with GLORYx, in vitro incubation with 10-donor-pooled human hepatocytes, liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) analysis, and data processing with Thermo Scientific's Compound Discoverer. In silico prediction resulted in N-acetylation at the methylalanyl group as the main transformation (score, 88%). Others including hydroxylation at the indole substructure, and oxidation and N-demethylation at the trimethylhydrazino group were predicted (score, ≤36%). Hepatocyte incubations resulted in 14 phase I metabolites formed through N-demethylation at the trimethylhydrazino group, N-dealkylation at the piperidine ring, and oxidation at the indole and methylalanyl groups; and two phase II glucuronide conjugates occurring at the indole. We propose four metabolites detected as specific biomarkers for toxicological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Sellase Gameli
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (P.S.G.); (O.T.); (F.P.B.)
| | - Omayema Taoussi
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (P.S.G.); (O.T.); (F.P.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Basile
- Department of Trauma Surgery, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Jeremy Carlier
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (P.S.G.); (O.T.); (F.P.B.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (P.S.G.); (O.T.); (F.P.B.)
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6
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Tu B, Gao Y, An X, Wang H, Huang Y. Localized delivery of nanomedicine and antibodies for combating COVID-19. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:1828-1846. [PMID: 36168329 PMCID: PMC9502448 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been a major health burden in the world. So far, many strategies have been investigated to control the spread of COVID-19, including social distancing, disinfection protocols, vaccines, and antiviral treatments. Despite the significant achievement, due to the constantly emerging new variants, COVID-19 is still a great challenge to the global healthcare system. It is an urgent demand for the development of new therapeutics and technologies for containing the wild spread of SARS-CoV-2. Inhaled administration is useful for the treatment of lung and respiratory diseases, and enables the drugs to reach the site of action directly with benefits of decreased dose, improved safety, and enhanced patient compliance. Nanotechnology has been extensively applied in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In this review, the inhaled nanomedicines and antibodies, as well as intranasal nanodrugs, for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanrong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinran An
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, SIMM, CAS, Zhongshan 528437, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Shanghai 201203, China
- Taizhou University, School of Advanced Study, Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, Taizhou 318000, China
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7
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Wheeler AM, Eberhard CD, Mosher EP, Yuan Y, Wilkins HN, Seneviratne HK, Orsburn BC, Bumpus NN. Achieving a Deeper Understanding of Drug Metabolism and Responses Using Single-Cell Technologies. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:350-359. [PMID: 36627162 PMCID: PMC10029823 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in single-cell technologies have enabled detection of RNA, proteins, metabolites, and xenobiotics in individual cells, and the application of these technologies has the potential to transform pharmacological research. Single-cell data has already resulted in the development of human and model species cell atlases, identifying different cell types within a tissue, further facilitating the characterization of tumor heterogeneity, and providing insight into treatment resistance. Research discussed in this review demonstrates that distinct cell populations express drug metabolizing enzymes to different extents, indicating there may be variability in drug metabolism not only between organs, but within tissue types. Additionally, we put forth the concept that single-cell analyses can be used to expose underlying variability in cellular response to drugs, providing a unique examination of drug efficacy, toxicity, and metabolism. We will outline several of these techniques: single-cell RNA-sequencing and mass cytometry to characterize and distinguish different cell types, single-cell proteomics to quantify drug metabolizing enzymes and characterize cellular responses to drug, capillary electrophoresis-ultrasensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection and single-probe single-cell mass spectrometry for detection of drugs, and others. Emerging single-cell technologies such as these can comprehensively characterize heterogeneity in both cell-type-specific drug metabolism and response to treatment, enhancing progress toward personalized and precision medicine. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Recent technological advances have enabled the analysis of gene expression and protein levels in single cells. These types of analyses are important to investigating mechanisms that cannot be elucidated on a bulk level, primarily due to the variability of cell populations within biological systems. Here, we summarize cell-type-specific drug metabolism and how pharmacologists can utilize single-cell approaches to obtain a comprehensive understanding of drug metabolism and cellular heterogeneity in response to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Wheeler
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Colten D Eberhard
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Eric P Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Yuting Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Hannah N Wilkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Benjamin C Orsburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
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8
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Involvement of esterases in the pulmonary metabolism of beclomethasone dipropionate and the potential influence of cannabis use. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Kelty J, Kovalchuk N, Uwimana E, Yin L, Ding X, Van Winkle L. In vitro airway models from mice, rhesus macaques, and humans maintain species differences in xenobiotic metabolism and cellular responses to naphthalene. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L308-L328. [PMID: 35853015 PMCID: PMC9423729 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00349.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The translational value of high-throughput toxicity testing will depend on pharmacokinetic validation. Yet, popular in vitro airway epithelia models were optimized for structure and mucociliary function without considering the bioactivation or detoxification capabilities of lung-specific enzymes. This study evaluated xenobiotic metabolism maintenance within differentiated air-liquid interface (ALI) airway epithelial cell cultures (human bronchial; human, rhesus, and mouse tracheal), isolated airway epithelial cells (human, rhesus, and mouse tracheal; rhesus bronchial), and ex vivo microdissected airways (rhesus and mouse) by measuring gene expression, glutathione content, and naphthalene metabolism. Glutathione levels and detoxification gene transcripts were measured after 1-h exposure to 80 µM naphthalene (a bioactivated toxicant) or reactive naphthoquinone metabolites. Glutathione and glutathione-related enzyme transcript levels were maintained in ALI cultures from all species relative to source tissues, while cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene expression declined. Notable species differences among the models included a 40-fold lower total glutathione content for mouse ALI trachea cells relative to human and rhesus; a higher rate of naphthalene metabolism in mouse ALI cultures for naphthalene-glutathione formation (100-fold over rhesus) and naphthalene-dihydrodiol production (10-fold over human); and opposite effects of 1,2-naphthoquinone exposure in some models-glutathione was depleted in rhesus tissue but rose in mouse ALI samples. The responses of an immortalized bronchial cell line to naphthalene and naphthoquinones were inconsistent with those of human ALI cultures. These findings of preserved species differences and the altered balance of phase I and phase II xenobiotic metabolism among the characterized in vitro models should be considered for future pulmonary toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn Kelty
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nataliia Kovalchuk
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Eric Uwimana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Lei Yin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Laura Van Winkle
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
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10
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Czechtizky W, Su W, Ripa L, Schiesser S, Höijer A, Cox RJ. Advances in the design of new types of inhaled medicines. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 61:93-162. [PMID: 35753716 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of small molecule drugs has proven very efficacious for the treatment of respiratory diseases due to enhanced efficacy and a favourable therapeutic index compared with other dosing routes. It enables targeted delivery to the lung with rapid onset of therapeutic action, low systemic drug exposure, and thereby reduced systemic side effects. An increasing number of pharmaceutical companies and biotechs are investing in new modalities-for this review defined as therapeutic molecules with a molecular weight >800Da and therefore beyond usual inhaled small molecule drug-like space. However, our experience with inhaled administration of PROTACs, peptides, oligonucleotides (antisense oligonucleotides, siRNAs, miRs and antagomirs), diverse protein scaffolds, antibodies and antibody fragments is still limited. Investigating the retention and metabolism of these types of molecules in lung tissue and fluid will contribute to understanding which are best suited for inhalation. Nonetheless, the first such therapeutic molecules have already reached the clinic. This review will provide information on the physiology of healthy and diseased lungs and their capacity for drug metabolism. It will outline the stability, aggregation and immunogenicity aspects of new modalities, as well as recap on formulation and delivery aspects. It concludes by summarising clinical trial outcomes with inhaled new modalities based on information available at the end of 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werngard Czechtizky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Wu Su
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lena Ripa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stefan Schiesser
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Andreas Höijer
- Cardiovascular, Renal & Metabolism CMC Projects, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rhona J Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal & Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
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11
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Ladumor MK, Unadkat JD. Predicting Regional Respiratory Tissue and Systemic Concentrations of Orally Inhaled Drugs through a Novel PBPK Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:519-528. [PMID: 35246463 PMCID: PMC9073946 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral inhalation (OI) of drugs is the route of choice to treat respiratory diseases or for recreational drug use (e.g., cannabis). After OI, the drug is deposited in and systemically absorbed from various regions of the respiratory tract. Measuring regional respiratory tissue drug concentrations at the site of action is important for evaluating the efficacy and safety of orally inhaled drugs (OIDs). Because such a measurement is routinely not possible in humans, the only alternative is to predict these concentrations, for example by physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Therefore, we developed an OI-PBPK model to integrate the interplay between regional respiratory drug deposition and systemic absorption to predict regional respiratory tissue and systemic drug concentrations. We validated our OI-PBPK model by comparing the simulated and observed plasma concentration-time profiles of two OIDs, morphine and nicotine. Furthermore, we performed sensitivity analyses to quantitatively demonstrate the impact of key parameters on the extent and pattern of regional respiratory drug deposition, absorption, and the resulting regional respiratory tissue and systemic plasma concentrations. Our OI-PBPK model can be applied to predict regional respiratory tissue and systemic drug concentrations to optimize OID formulations, delivery systems, and dosing regimens. Furthermore, our model could be used to establish the bioequivalence of generic OIDs for which systemic plasma concentrations are not measurable or are not a good surrogate of the respiratory tissue drug concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our OI-PBPK model is the first comprehensive model to predict regional respiratory deposition, as well as systemic and regional tissue concentrations of OIDs, especially at the drug's site of action, which is difficult to measure in humans. This model will help optimize OID formulations, delivery systems, dosing regimens, and bioequivalence assessment of generic OID. Furthermore, this model can be linked with organs-on-chips, pharmacodynamic and quantitative systems pharmacology models to predict and evaluate the safety and efficacy of OID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur K Ladumor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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12
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Bushweller L, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wu X. Generation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Polarized Hepatocytes. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e345. [PMID: 35007406 PMCID: PMC9175647 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) are valuable tools to study liver biology. HLCs, however, lack certain key in vivo characteristics relevant to their physiological function. One such characteristic is cellular polarity, which is critical to hepatocyte counter-current flow systems involving canalicular bile secretion and sinusoidal secretion of large quantities of serum proteins into blood. Model systems using non-polarized hepatocytes, therefore, cannot recapitulate this physiological function of hepatocytes. Here, we describe a stepwise protocol to generate hPSC-derived polarized HLCs (pol-HLCs), which feature clearly defined basolateral and apical membranes separated by tight junctions. Pol-HLCs not only display many hepatic functions but are also capable of directional cargo secretion, mimicking the counter-current flow systems. We describe protocols for stem cell culture maintenance and for differentiating hPSCs into pol-HLCs. In addition, we describe protocols to assay the pol-HLCs for basic hepatic functions and polarized hepatic characteristics. Once successfully differentiated, these pol-HLCs can be used as an in vitro model system to study hepatocyte biology, disease mechanisms, genetic variation, and drug metabolism. The establishment of hepatic polarity from non-polarized hPSCs also provides a useful tool to study the development and maintenance of hepatic polarity. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Maintenance of hPSCs Basic Protocol 2: Differentiation of hPSCs to pol-HLCs Basic Protocol 3: Assaying pol-HLCs for basic hepatic functions Support Protocol 1: Assessment of pol-HLC monolayer tightness Support Protocol 2: Assessment of pol-HLC polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Bushweller
- Infection Biology Program and Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio,Cleveland Clinic College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Infection Biology Program and Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fan Zhang
- Infection Biology Program and Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Xianfang Wu
- Infection Biology Program and Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio,Corresponding author:
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13
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Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV; GS-5734, Veklury), the first FDA-approved antiviral to treat COVID-19, is a single-diastereomer monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analogue. RDV is taken up in the target cells and metabolized in multiple steps to form the active nucleoside triphosphate (TP) (GS-443902), which, in turn, acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of multiple viral RNA polymerases. In this report, we profiled the key enzymes involved in the RDV metabolic pathway with multiple parallel approaches: (i) bioinformatic analysis of nucleoside/nucleotide metabolic enzyme mRNA expression using public human tissue and lung single-cell bulk mRNA sequence (RNA-seq) data sets, (ii) protein and mRNA quantification of enzymes in human lung tissue and primary lung cells, (iii) biochemical studies on the catalytic rate of key enzymes, (iv) effects of specific enzyme inhibitors on the GS-443902 formation, and (v) the effects of these inhibitors on RDV antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture. Our data collectively demonstrated that carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and cathepsin A (CatA) are enzymes involved in hydrolyzing RDV to its alanine intermediate MetX, which is further hydrolyzed to the monophosphate form by histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1). The monophosphate is then consecutively phosphorylated to diphosphate and triphosphate by cellular phosphotransferases. Our data support the hypothesis that the unique properties of RDV prodrug not only allow lung-specific accumulation critical for the treatment of respiratory viral infection such as COVID-19 but also enable efficient intracellular metabolism of RDV and its MetX to monophosphate and successive phosphorylation to form the active TP in disease-relevant cells.
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14
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Chang RYK, Chow MY, Khanal D, Chen D, Chan HK. Dry powder pharmaceutical biologics for inhalation therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:64-79. [PMID: 33705876 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic biologics such as genes, peptides, proteins, virus and cells provide clinical benefits and are becoming increasingly important tools in respiratory medicine. Pulmonary delivery of therapeutic biologics enables the potential for safe and effective treatment option for respiratory diseases due to high bioavailability while minimizing absorption into the systemic circulation, reducing off-target toxicity to other organs. Development of inhalable powder formulation requires stabilization of complex biological materials, and each type of biologics may present unique challenges and require different formulation strategy combined with manufacture process to ensure biological and physical stabilities during production and over shelf-life. This review examines key formulation strategies for stabilizing proteins, nucleic acids, virus (bacteriophages) and bacterial cells in inhalable powders. It also covers characterization methods used to assess physicochemical properties and aerosol performance of the powders, biological activity and structural integrity of the biologics, and chemical analysis at the nanoscale. Furthermore, the review includes manufacture technologies which are based on lyophilization and spray-drying as they have been applied to manufacture Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved protein powders. In perspective, formulation and manufacture of inhalable powders for biologic are highly challenging but attainable. The key requirements are the stability of both the biologics and the powder, along with the powder dispersibility. The formulation to be developed depends on the manufacture process as it will subject the biologics to different stresses (temperature, mechanical and chemical) which could lead to degradation by different pathways. Stabilizing excipients coupled with the suitable choice of process can alleviate the stability issues of inhaled powders of biologics.
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15
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Enlo-Scott Z, Bäckström E, Mudway I, Forbes B. Drug metabolism in the lungs: opportunities for optimising inhaled medicines. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:611-625. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1908262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Enlo-Scott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Erica Bäckström
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ian Mudway
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Units in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards and Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Forbes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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16
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Abed S, Turner R, Serniuck N, Tat V, Naiel S, Hayat A, Mekhael O, Vierhout M, Ask K, Rullo AF. Cell-specific drug targeting in the lung. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114577. [PMID: 33887259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-targeted drug delivery systems have several limitations including the decreased bioavailability of the drug, poor stability and rapid clearance in addition to off-target distribution. Cell-specific targeted delivery approaches promise to overcome some of these limitations and enhance therapeutic selectivity. In this review, we aim to discuss cell-specific targeted approachesin the lung at the biochemical and molecular levels. These approaches include;a) directly administered small molecule drugs with intracellular action; b) targeted biologics and synthetic hybrids with extracellular action; c) site activateddrugs; and d) delivery systems.We discuss the pharmaceutical and biochemical parameters that govern the fate of drug molecules at delivery sites while presenting an overview of relevant literature surrounding this area of research and current advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumeya Abed
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca Turner
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nickolas Serniuck
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Victor Tat
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Safaa Naiel
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Hayat
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Olivia Mekhael
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Anthony F Rullo
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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17
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A Systematic Study of the In Vitro Pharmacokinetics and Estimated Human In Vivo Clearance of Indole and Indazole-3-Carboxamide Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Detected on the Illicit Drug Market. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051396. [PMID: 33807614 PMCID: PMC7961380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro pharmacokinetic studies were conducted on enantiomer pairs of twelve valinate or tert-leucinate indole and indazole-3-carboxamide synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) detected on the illicit drug market to investigate their physicochemical parameters and structure-metabolism relationships (SMRs). Experimentally derived Log D7.4 ranged from 2.81 (AB-FUBINACA) to 4.95 (MDMB-4en-PINACA) and all SCRAs tested were highly protein bound, ranging from 88.9 ± 0.49% ((R)-4F-MDMB-BINACA) to 99.5 ± 0.08% ((S)-MDMB-FUBINACA). Most tested SCRAs were cleared rapidly in vitro in pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) and pooled cryopreserved human hepatocytes (pHHeps). Intrinsic clearance (CLint) ranged from 13.7 ± 4.06 ((R)-AB-FUBINACA) to 2944 ± 95.9 mL min−1 kg−1 ((S)-AMB-FUBINACA) in pHLM, and from 110 ± 34.5 ((S)-AB-FUBINACA) to 3216 ± 607 mL min−1 kg−1 ((S)-AMB-FUBINACA) in pHHeps. Predicted Human in vivo hepatic clearance (CLH) ranged from 0.34 ± 0.09 ((S)-AB-FUBINACA) to 17.79 ± 0.20 mL min−1 kg−1 ((S)-5F-AMB-PINACA) in pHLM and 1.39 ± 0.27 ((S)-MDMB-FUBINACA) to 18.25 ± 0.12 mL min−1 kg−1 ((S)-5F-AMB-PINACA) in pHHeps. Valinate and tert-leucinate indole and indazole-3-carboxamide SCRAs are often rapidly metabolised in vitro but are highly protein bound in vivo and therefore predicted in vivo CLH is much slower than CLint. This is likely to give rise to longer detection windows of these substances and their metabolites in urine, possibly as a result of accumulation of parent drug in lipid-rich tissues, with redistribution into the circulatory system and subsequent metabolism.
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18
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Sarcinelli MA, Martins da Silva T, Artico Silva AD, Ferreira de Carvalho Patricio B, Mendes de Paiva FC, Santos de Lima R, Leal da Silva M, Antunes Rocha HV. The pulmonary route as a way to drug repositioning in COVID-19 therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 63:102430. [PMID: 33649708 PMCID: PMC7903910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The outbreak of the disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) has been affecting society's routine and its patterns of interaction worldwide, in addition to the impact on the global economy. To date, there is still no clinically effective treatment for this comorbidity, and drug repositioning might be a good strategy considering the established clinical safety profile. In this context, since COVID-19 affects the respiratory tract, a promising approach would be the pulmonary drug delivery. Objective Identify repurposing drug candidates for the treatment of COVID-19 based on the data of ongoing clinical trials and in silico studies and also assess their potential to be applied in formulations for pulmonary administration. Method A integrative literature review was conducted between June and July 2020, by extracting the results from Clinical Trials, PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct databases. Results By crossing the results obtained from diverse sources, 21 common drugs were found, from which only 4 drugs presented studies of pulmonary release formulations, demonstrating the need for greater investment and incentive in this field. Conclusion Even though the lung is a target that facilitates viral infection and replication, formulations for pulmonary delivery of suitable drugs are still lacking for COVID-19 treatment. However, it is indisputable that the pandemic constitutes a concrete demand, with a profound impact on public health, and that, with the appropriate investments, it will give the pharmaceutical industry an opportunity to reinforce the pulmonary delivery field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Alvares Sarcinelli
- Laboratório de Micro e Nanotecnologia, Instituto de Tecnologia Em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil.,Rede Rio de Inovação em Nanossistemas para a Saúde - NanoSAÚDE/ FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thalita Martins da Silva
- Laboratório de Micro e Nanotecnologia, Instituto de Tecnologia Em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil.,Rede Rio de Inovação em Nanossistemas para a Saúde - NanoSAÚDE/ FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Pesquisa Translacional em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil
| | - Andressa Daniele Artico Silva
- Laboratório de Micro e Nanotecnologia, Instituto de Tecnologia Em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil.,Rede Rio de Inovação em Nanossistemas para a Saúde - NanoSAÚDE/ FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Ferreira de Carvalho Patricio
- Laboratório de Micro e Nanotecnologia, Instituto de Tecnologia Em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil.,Rede Rio de Inovação em Nanossistemas para a Saúde - NanoSAÚDE/ FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávia Costa Mendes de Paiva
- Laboratório de Micro e Nanotecnologia, Instituto de Tecnologia Em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil.,Rede Rio de Inovação em Nanossistemas para a Saúde - NanoSAÚDE/ FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Pesquisa Translacional em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil
| | - Raissa Santos de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-361, Brazil
| | - Manuela Leal da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-361, Brazil.,Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Helvécio Vinícius Antunes Rocha
- Laboratório de Micro e Nanotecnologia, Instituto de Tecnologia Em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil.,Rede Rio de Inovação em Nanossistemas para a Saúde - NanoSAÚDE/ FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Pesquisa Translacional em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil
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19
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Douafer H, Andrieu V, Brunel JM. Scope and limitations on aerosol drug delivery for the treatment of infectious respiratory diseases. J Control Release 2020; 325:276-292. [PMID: 32652109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistance has created an urgent need for the development of new methods for antibiotics delivery to patients with pulmonary infections in order to mainly increase the effectiveness of the drugs administration, to minimize the risk of emergence of resistant strains, and to prevent patients reinfection. Since bacterial resistance is often related to antibiotic concentration, their pulmonary administration could eradicate strains resistant to the same drug at the concentration achieved through the systemic circulation. Pulmonary administration offers several advantages; it directly targets the site of the infection which allows the inhaled dose of the drug to be reduced compared to that administered orally or parenterally while keeping the same local effect. The review article is made with an objective to compile information about various existing modern technologies developed to provide greater patient compliance and reduce the undesirable side effect of the drugs. In conclusion, aerosol antibiotic delivery appears as one of the best technologies for the treatment of pulmonary infectious diseases and able to limit the systemic adverse effects related to the high drug dose and to make life easier for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Douafer
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, SSA, MCT, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Véronique Andrieu
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille, France
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20
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Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-Based Proteomics of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112718. [PMID: 32545386 PMCID: PMC7321193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying proteins in biological samples, outperforming conventional antibody-based methods in many aspects. LC-MS/MS-based proteomics studies have revealed the protein abundances of many drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in tissues relevant to drug metabolism and disposition. Previous studies have consistently demonstrated marked interindividual variability in DMET protein expression, suggesting that varied DMET function is an important contributing factor for interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of medications. Moreover, differential DMET expression profiles were observed across different species and in vitro models. Therefore, caution must be exercised when extrapolating animal and in vitro DMET proteomics findings to humans. In recent years, DMET proteomics has been increasingly utilized for the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, and DMET proteins have also been proposed as biomarkers for prediction of the PK and PD of the corresponding substrate drugs. In sum, despite the existence of many challenges in the analytical technology and data analysis methods of LC-MS/MS-based proteomics, DMET proteomics holds great potential to advance our understanding of PK behavior at the individual level and to optimize treatment regimens via the DMET protein biomarker-guided precision pharmacotherapy.
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21
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Patel A, Wilson R, Harrell AW, Taskar KS, Taylor M, Tracey H, Riddell K, Georgiou A, Cahn AP, Marotti M, Hessel EM. Drug Interactions for Low-Dose Inhaled Nemiralisib: A Case Study Integrating Modeling, In Vitro, and Clinical Investigations. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:307-316. [PMID: 32009006 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro data for low-dose inhaled phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta inhibitor nemiralisib revealed that it was a substrate and a potent metabolism-dependent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 and a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. An integrated in silico, in vitro, and clinical approach including a clinical drug interaction study as well as a bespoke physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to assess the drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk. Inhaled nemiralisib (100 µg, single dose) was coadministered with itraconazole, a potent P4503A4/P-gp inhibitor, following 200 mg daily administrations for 10 days in 20 male healthy subjects. Systemic exposure to nemiralisib (AUC0-inf) increased by 2.01-fold versus nemiralisib alone. To extrapolate the clinical data to other P4503A4 inhibitors, an inhaled PBPK model was developed using Simcyp software. Retrospective simulation of the victim risk showed good agreement between simulated and observed data (AUC0-inf ratio 2.3 vs. 2.01, respectively). Prospective DDI simulations predicted a weak but manageable drug interaction when nemiralisib was coadministered with other P4503A4 inhibitors, such as the macrolides clarithromycin and erythromycin (simulated AUC0-inf ratio of 1.7), both common comedications in the intended patient populations. PBPK and static mechanistic models were also used to predict a negligible perpetrator DDI effect for nemiralisib on other P4503A4 substrates, including midazolam (a sensitive probe substrate of P4503A4) and theophylline (a narrow therapeutic index drug and another common comedication). In summary, an integrated in silico, in vitro, and clinical approach including an inhalation PBPK model has successfully discharged any potential patient DDI risks in future nemiralisib clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This paper describes the integration of in silico, in vitro, and clinical data to successfully discharge potential drug-drug interaction risks for a low-dose inhaled drug. This work featured assessment of victim and perpetrator risks of drug transporters and cytochrome P450 enzymes, utilizing empirical and mechanistic approaches combined with clinical data (drug interaction and human absorption, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approaches to facilitate bespoke risk assessment in target patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Patel
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Robert Wilson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Andrew W Harrell
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Kunal S Taskar
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Maxine Taylor
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Helen Tracey
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Kylie Riddell
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Alex Georgiou
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Anthony P Cahn
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Miriam Marotti
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Edith M Hessel
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
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Bayat F, Hosseinpour-Moghadam R, Mehryab F, Fatahi Y, Shakeri N, Dinarvand R, Ten Hagen TLM, Haeri A. Potential application of liposomal nanodevices for non-cancer diseases: an update on design, characterization and biopharmaceutical evaluation. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 277:102121. [PMID: 32092487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes, lipid-based vesicular systems, have attracted major interest as a means to improve drug delivery to various organs and tissues in the human body. Recent literature highlights the benefits of liposomes for use as drug delivery systems, including encapsulating of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargos, passive and active targeting, enhanced drug bioavailability and therapeutic effects, reduced systemic side effects, improved cargo penetration into the target tissue and triggered contents release. Pioneering work of liposomes researchers led to introduction of long-circulating, ligand-targeted and triggered release liposomes, as well as, liposomes containing nucleic acids and vesicles containing combination of cargos. Altogether, these findings have led to widespread application of liposomes in a plethora of areas from cancer to conditions such as cardiovascular, neurologic, respiratory, skin, autoimmune and eye disorders. There are numerous review articles on the application of liposomes in treatment of cancer, which seems the primary focus, whereas other diseases also benefit from liposome-mediated treatments. Therefore, this article provides an illustrated detailed overview of liposomal formulations, in vitro characterization and their applications in different disorders other than cancer. Challenges and future directions, which must be considered to obtain the most benefit from applications of liposomes in these disorders, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Bayat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hosseinpour-Moghadam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mehryab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Niayesh Shakeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Timo L M Ten Hagen
- Laboratory Experimental Surgical Oncology, Section Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Azadeh Haeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Grenha A, Alves AD, Guerreiro F, Pinho J, Simões S, Almeida AJ, Gaspar MM. Inhalable locust bean gum microparticles co-associating isoniazid and rifabutin: Therapeutic assessment in a murine model of tuberculosis infection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 147:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Rubin K, Ewing P, Bäckström E, Abrahamsson A, Bonn B, Kamata S, Grime K. Pulmonary Metabolism of Substrates for Key Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes by Human Alveolar Type II Cells, Human and Rat Lung Microsomes, and the Isolated Perfused Rat Lung Model. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020117. [PMID: 32024122 PMCID: PMC7076545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant pulmonary metabolism of inhaled drugs could have drug safety implications or influence pharmacological effectiveness. To study this in vitro, lung microsomes or S9 are often employed. Here, we have determined if rat and human lung microsomes are fit for purpose or whether it is better to use specific cells where drug-metabolizing enzymes are concentrated, such as alveolar type II (ATII) cells. Activities for major hepatic and pulmonary human drug-metabolizing enzymes are assessed and the data contextualized towards an in vivo setting using an ex vivo isolated perfused rat lung model. Very low rates of metabolism are observed in incubations with human ATII cells when compared to isolated hepatocytes and fewer of the substrates are found to be metabolized when compared to human lung microsomal incubations. Reactions selective for flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs), CYP1B1, CYP2C9, CYP2J2, and CYP3A4 all show significant rates in human lung microsomal incubations, but all activities are higher when rat lung microsomes are used. The work also demonstrates that a lung microsomal intrinsic clearance value towards the lower limit of detection for this parameter (3 µL/min/mg protein) results in a very low level of pulmonary metabolic clearance during the absorption period, for a drug dosed into the lung in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Rubin
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden (P.E.); (E.B.); (A.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Pär Ewing
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden (P.E.); (E.B.); (A.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Erica Bäckström
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden (P.E.); (E.B.); (A.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Anna Abrahamsson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden (P.E.); (E.B.); (A.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Britta Bonn
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden (P.E.); (E.B.); (A.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Satoshi Kamata
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-0000, Japan;
| | - Ken Grime
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden (P.E.); (E.B.); (A.A.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Qian Y, Gurley BJ, Markowitz JS. The Potential for Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Cannabis Products and Conventional Medications. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 39:462-471. [PMID: 31433338 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased cannabis use and recent drug approvals pose new challenges for avoiding drug interactions between cannabis products and conventional medications. This review aims to identify drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters that are affected by concurrent cannabis use and, conversely, those co-prescribed medications that may alter the exposure to one or more cannabinoids. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted utilizing the Google Scholar search engine and MEDLINE (PubMed) database through March 2019. All articles describing in vitro or clinical studies of cannabis drug interaction potential were retrieved for review. Additional articles of interest were obtained through cross-referencing of published bibliographies. FINDINGS After comparing the in vitro inhibition parameters to physiologically achievable cannabinoid concentrations, it was concluded that CYP2C9, CYP1A1/2, and CYP1B1 are likely to be inhibited by all 3 major cannabinoids Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). The isoforms CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2B6, and CYP2J2 are inhibited by THC and CBD. CYP3A4/5/7 is potentially inhibited by CBD. Δ-Tetrahydrocannabinol also activates CYP2C9 and induces CYP1A1. For non-CYP drug-metabolizing enzymes, UGT1A9 is inhibited by CBD and CBN, whereas UGT2B7 is inhibited by CBD but activated by CBN. Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) is potentially inhibited by THC and CBD. Clinical studies suggest inhibition of CYP2C19 by CBD, inhibition of CYP2C9 by various cannabis products, and induction of CYP1A2 through cannabis smoking. Evidence of CBD inhibition of UGTs and CES1 has been shown in some studies, but the data are limited at present. We did not identify any clinical studies suggesting an influence of cannabinoids on drug transporters, and in vitro results suggest that a clinical interaction is unlikely. CONCLUSIONS Medications that are prominent substrates for CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP1A2 may be particularly at risk of altered disposition by concomitant use of cannabis or 1 or more of its constituents. Caution should also be given when coadministered drugs are metabolized by UGT or CES1, on which subject the information remains limited and further investigation is warranted. Conversely, conventional drugs with strong inhibitory or inductive effects on CYP3A4 are expected to affect CBD disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Qian
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - John S Markowitz
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Xenobiotica-metabolizing enzymes in the lung of experimental animals, man and in human lung models. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3419-3489. [PMID: 31673725 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The xenobiotic metabolism in the lung, an organ of first entry of xenobiotics into the organism, is crucial for inhaled compounds entering this organ intentionally (e.g. drugs) and unintentionally (e.g. work place and environmental compounds). Additionally, local metabolism by enzymes preferentially or exclusively occurring in the lung is important for favorable or toxic effects of xenobiotics entering the organism also by routes other than by inhalation. The data collected in this review show that generally activities of cytochromes P450 are low in the lung of all investigated species and in vitro models. Other oxidoreductases may turn out to be more important, but are largely not investigated. Phase II enzymes are generally much higher with the exception of UGT glucuronosyltransferases which are generally very low. Insofar as data are available the xenobiotic metabolism in the lung of monkeys comes closed to that in the human lung; however, very few data are available for this comparison. Second best rate the mouse and rat lung, followed by the rabbit. Of the human in vitro model primary cells in culture, such as alveolar macrophages and alveolar type II cells as well as the A549 cell line appear quite acceptable. However, (1) this generalization represents a temporary oversimplification born from the lack of more comparable data; (2) the relative suitability of individual species/models is different for different enzymes; (3) when more data become available, the conclusions derived from these comparisons quite possibly may change.
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27
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Li D, Qi C, Zhou J, Wen Z, Zhu X, Xia H, Song J. LPS-induced inflammation delays the transportation of ASP + due to down-regulation of OCTN1/2 in alveolar epithelial cells. J Drug Target 2019; 28:437-447. [PMID: 31591905 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1678169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic cation transporters (OCTNs) can significantly affect drug disposition in alveolar epithelial cells (A549), but this process is not well understood. We investigated the expression and function of OCTN1/2 in A549 cells under different inflammatory status to examine pulmonary drug distribution. This experiment used lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated A549 cells to mimic inflammation in alveolar epithelial cells, and the expression of OCTN1/2, interleukin-6 (IL6), IL18, IL1β and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was investigated by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The fluorescent compound 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (ASP+) was chosen as a probe to study the activity of OCTN1/2. OCTN1/2 down-regulation induced by LPS was more pronounced than that in normal control (NC) groups. Experiments further detected the release of inflammatory factors that revealed a negative correlation between OCTN1/2 expression and inflammation secretion in human alveolar epithelial cells exposed to different concentrations of LPS. The Michaelis constant (Km) and apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of ASP+ were also decreased significantly. Our results thus show that LPS-induced inflammation could inhibit the expression and activity of OCTN1/2 in vitro and reduce the distribution of inhaled medicine in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalang Li
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanzong Qi
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Zeqiang Wen
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Jue Song
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
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Yilmaz Y, Williams G, Walles M, Manevski N, Krähenbühl S, Camenisch G. Comparison of Rat and Human Pulmonary Metabolism Using Precision-cut Lung Slices (PCLS). Drug Metab Lett 2019; 13:53-63. [PMID: 30345935 DOI: 10.2174/1872312812666181022114622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the liver is the primary organ of drug metabolism, the lungs also contain drug-metabolizing enzymes and may, therefore, contribute to the elimination of drugs. In this investigation, the Precision-cut Lung Slice (PCLS) technique was standardized with the aims of characterizing and comparing rat and human pulmonary drug metabolizing activity. METHOD Due to the limited availability of human lung tissue, standardization of the PCLS method was performed with rat lung tissue. Pulmonary enzymatic activity was found to vary significantly with rat age and rat strain. The Dynamic Organ Culture (DOC) system was superior to well-plates for tissue incubations, while oxygen supply appeared to have a limited impact within the 4h incubation period used here. RESULTS The metabolism of a range of phase I and phase II probe substrates was assessed in rat and human lung preparations. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity was relatively low in both species, whereas phase II activity appeared to be more significant. CONCLUSION PCLS is a promising tool for the investigation of pulmonary drug metabolism. The data indicates that pulmonary CYP activity is relatively low and that there are significant differences in enzyme activity between rat and human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yildiz Yilmaz
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gareth Williams
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Walles
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nenad Manevski
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian Camenisch
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Rangaraj N, Pailla SR, Sampathi S. Insight into pulmonary drug delivery: Mechanism of drug deposition to device characterization and regulatory requirements. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 54:1-21. [PMID: 30447295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjun Rangaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-HYD), Balanagar, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Sravanthi Reddy Pailla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-HYD), Balanagar, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Sunitha Sampathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-HYD), Balanagar, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Mishra M, Jiang H, Chawsheen HA, Gerard M, Toledano MB, Wei Q. Nrf2-activated expression of sulfiredoxin contributes to urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2018; 432:216-226. [PMID: 29906488 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Cigarette smoking and exposure to chemical carcinogens are among the risk factors of lung tumorigenesis. In this study, we found that cigarette smoke condensate and urethane significantly stimulated the expression of sulfiredoxin (Srx) at the transcript and protein levels in cultured normal lung epithelial cells, and such stimulation was mediated through the activation of nuclear related factor 2 (Nrf2). To study the role of Srx in lung cancer development in vivo, mice with Srx wildtype, heterozygous or knockout genotype were subjected to the same protocol of urethane treatment to induce lung tumors. By comparing tumor multiplicity and volume between groups of mice with different genotype, we found that Srx knockout mice had a significantly lower number and smaller size of lung tumors. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that loss of Srx led to a decrease of tumor cell proliferation as well as an increase of tumor cell apoptosis. These data suggest that Srx may have an oncogenic role that contributes to the development of lung cancer in smokers or urethane-exposed human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murli Mishra
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Hedy A Chawsheen
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Matthieu Gerard
- Epigenetic Regulation and Cancer Group, Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay (iBiTecS), CEA-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel B Toledano
- Oxidative Stress and Cancer Group (LSOC), Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay (iBiTecS), CEA-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Qiou Wei
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Fröhlich E. Toxicity of orally inhaled drug formulations at the alveolar barrier: parameters for initial biological screening. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:891-905. [PMID: 28574335 PMCID: PMC8241192 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1333172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral delivery is the most common mode of systemic drug application. Inhalation is mainly used for local therapy of lung diseases but may also be a promising route for systemic delivery of drugs that have poor oral bioavailability. The thin alveolar barrier enables fast and efficient uptake of many molecules and could deliver small molecules and proteins, which are susceptible to degradation and show poor absorption by oral application. The low rate of biotransformation and proteolytic degradation increases bioavailability of drugs but accumulation of not absorbed material may impair normal lung function. This limitation is more relevant for compounds that should be systematically active because higher doses have to be applied to the lung. The review describes processes that determine absorption of orally inhaled formulations, namely dissolution in the lung lining fluid and uptake and degradation by alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages. Dissolution testing in simulated lung fluid, screening for cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory action in respiratory cells and study of macrophage morphology, and phagocytosis can help to identify adverse effects of pulmonary formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- a Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,b Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH , Graz , Austria
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Bäckman P, Arora S, Couet W, Forbes B, de Kruijf W, Paudel A. Advances in experimental and mechanistic computational models to understand pulmonary exposure to inhaled drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 113:41-52. [PMID: 29079338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of local exposure following inhalation of a locally acting pulmonary drug is central to the successful development of novel inhaled medicines, as well as generic equivalents. This work provides a comprehensive review of the state of the art with respect to multiscale computer models designed to provide a mechanistic prediction of local and systemic drug exposure following inhalation. The availability and quality of underpinning in vivo and in vitro data informing the computer based models is also considered. Mechanistic modelling of local exposure has the potential to speed up and improve the chances of successful inhaled API and product development. Although there are examples in the literature where this type of modelling has been used to understand and explain local and systemic exposure, there are two main barriers to more widespread use. There is a lack of generally recognised commercially available computational models that incorporate mechanistic modelling of regional lung particle deposition and drug disposition processes to simulate free tissue drug concentration. There is also a need for physiologically relevant, good quality experimental data to inform such modelling. For example, there are no standardized experimental methods to characterize the dissolution of solid drug in the lungs or measure airway permeability. Hence, the successful application of mechanistic computer models to understand local exposure after inhalation and support product development and regulatory applications hinges on: (i) establishing reliable, bio-relevant means to acquire experimental data, and (ii) developing proven mechanistic computer models that combine: a mechanistic model of aerosol deposition and post-deposition processes in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models that predict free local tissue concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumit Arora
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - William Couet
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | | | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
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Argikar UA, Dumouchel JL, Kramlinger VM, Cirello AL, Gunduz M, Dunne CE, Sohal B. Do We Need to Study Metabolism and Distribution in the Eye: Why, When, and Are We There Yet? J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2276-2281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lau M, Young PM, Traini D. A review of co-milling techniques for the production of high dose dry powder inhaler formulation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1229-1238. [PMID: 28367654 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1313858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery by inhalation offers several advantages compared to other dosage forms, including rapid clinical onset, high bioavailability, and minimal systemic side effects. Drug delivery to the lung can be achieved as liquid suspensions or solutions in nebulizers and pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDI), or as dry powders in dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Compared to other delivery systems, DPIs are, in many cases, considered the most convenient as they are breath actuated and do not require the use of propellants. Currently, the delivery of low drug doses for the treatment of lung conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are well established, with numerous commercial products available on the market. The delivery of low doses can be achieved from either standard carrier- or aggregate-based formulations, which are unsuitable in the delivery of high doses due to particle segregation associated with carrier active site saturation and the cohesiveness of micronized aggregates which have poor flow and de-agglomeration properties. High-dose delivery is required for the treatment of lung infection (i.e. antibiotics) and in the emerging application of drug delivery for the management of systemic conditions (i.e. diabetes). Therefore, there is a demand for new methods for production of high-dose dry powder formulations. This paper presents a review of co-mill processing, for the production of high-efficiency inhalation therapies, including the jet mill, mechanofusion, or ball mill methodologies. We investigate the different techniques, additives, and drugs studied, and impact on performance in DPI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lau
- a The Woolcock Institute for Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology , Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Paul M Young
- a The Woolcock Institute for Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology , Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- a The Woolcock Institute for Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology , Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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Jacobson GA, Raidal S, Robson K, Narkowicz CK, Nichols DS, Haydn Walters E. Bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetics of (R)-salbutamol and (S)-salbutamol enantiomers in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and lung tissue of horses. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:1436-1445. [PMID: 28061018 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Salbutamol is usually administered as a racemic mixture but little is known about the enantioselectivity of salbutamol pharmacokinetics in the lung. This study was designed to investigate enantiomer concentrations in lung tissue after inhaled dosing. METHODS Horses (n = 12) received racemic salbutamol 1000 μg via inhalation. Enantioselective ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine salbutamol concentrations in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) sampled 2, 5, 10 and 15 min after administration, in central lung (endoscopic bronchial biopsy) and peripheral lung (percutaneous pulmonary biopsy) tissues (at 20 and 25 min respectively), and in plasma samples. RESULTS Mean ± 95% confidence interval (CI) yield of PELF was 57 ± 10 mg. Initial mean ± 95%CI (R)- and (S)-salbutamol PELF concentrations were 389 ± 189 ng g-1 and 378 ± 177 ng g-1 respectively, and both reduced approximately 50% by 15 min. Mean ± 95%CI central lung levels of drug were higher than peripheral lung tissue for both (R)-salbutamol (875 ± 945 vs. 49.5 ± 12 ng g-1 ) and (S)-salbutamol (877 ± 955 vs. 50.9 ± 12 ng g-1 ) respectively. There was no evidence of enantioselectivity in PELF or central lung but minor (~2%) enantioselectivity was observed in the peripheral lung. Enantioselectivity was clearly evident in plasma with (S):(R) ratio of 1.25 and 1.14 for both area under the concentration-time curve (0-25 min) and Cmax respectively. CONCLUSIONS PELF sampling in horses offers sufficient yield allowing direct detection of drug and, combined with tissue sampling, is a valuable model to investigate bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetics. Salbutamol did not demonstrate enantioselectivity in PELF or central lung tissue uptake following acute dosing, however, enantioselective plasma concentrations were demonstrated, with minor enantioselectivity in the peripheral lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Jacobson
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sharanne Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Robson
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - E Haydn Walters
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Patel B, Rashid J, Ahsan F. Aerosolizable modified-release particles of montelukast improve retention and availability of the drug in the lungs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 96:560-570. [PMID: 27989858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist available as oral tablets, is used as a second-line therapy in asthma. In this study, we sought to enhance the availability of montelukast in the lungs by encapsulating the drug in poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid)-based (PLGA) respirable large porous particles. We determined the oral and lung specific availability of montelukast by assessing metabolic stability of the drug in the lung and liver homogenates, respectively. We similarly measured the oral and inhalational bioavailability by monitoring the pharmacokinetics and disposition of the drug in live animals. After preparing montelukast-loaded particles with various polymers, in the absence or presence of polyethylenimine (PEI-1), we characterized the particles for physical-chemical properties, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, uptake by alveolar macrophages, deposition in the lungs, and safety after pulmonary administration. When incubated in lung or liver homogenates, the amount of intact drug in the lung homogenates was greater than that in the liver homogenates. Likewise, the extent of montelukast absorption via the lungs was greater than that via the oral route. Compared with smaller non-porous particles, large porous particles (PEI-1) were taken up by the alveolar macrophages at a lesser extent but deposited in the lungs at a greater extent. The levels of injury markers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), collected from rat lungs treated with PEI-1, were no different from that in BALF collected from saline treated rats. Overall, the retention time and concentration of montelukast in the lungs can be increased by formulating the drug in large porous particles of PLGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijeshkumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Jahidur Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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Matera MG, Rinaldi B, Calzetta L, Cazzola M. Assessing the viability of long-acting β 2-agonists in paediatric asthma patients: a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic perspective. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:129-136. [PMID: 27615145 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1234604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) combined with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are still commonly prescribed to asthmatic children. Unfortunately, pediatric LABA use is based primarily on data from adults, despite the fact that children are not simply small adults and the magnitude of changes in dose exposure and/or exposure response may not be solely reflected by differences in body weight. Areas covered: The differences in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of LABAs are described and discussed with reference children and adults. Expert opinion: Data on the PK behavior of LABAs is very limited and there is almost no data on once-daily LABAs available in the pediatric population. We do not believe that this is due to a fundamental lack of information because therapeutic response and adverse effects are more useful for the optimization of β2-agonist treatment than measurement of plasma drug concentrations per se. Nevertheless, population PK-PD studies in children are needed according to the European rules in order to define rational, patient-tailored dosing schemes. Population PK-PD modeling and simulation using non-linear mixed effect modeling should be considered as the preferred tool to develop effective and safe dosing regimens for children because they present an opportunity to analyze sparse and unbalanced datasets, thereby minimizing the burden for each child.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Second University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- b Department of Systems Medicine , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- b Department of Systems Medicine , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
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Foti RS, Tyndale RF, Garcia KLP, Sweet DH, Nagar S, Sharan S, Rock DA. "Target-Site" Drug Metabolism and Transport. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1156-68. [PMID: 25986849 PMCID: PMC11024933 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent symposium on "Target-Site" Drug Metabolism and Transport that was sponsored by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics at the 2014 Experimental Biology meeting in San Diego is summarized in this report. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter activity at the site of therapeutic action can affect the efficacy, safety, and metabolic properties of a given drug, with potential outcomes including altered dosing regimens, stricter exclusion criteria, or even the failure of a new chemical entity in clinical trials. Drug metabolism within the brain, for example, can contribute to metabolic activation of therapeutic drugs such as codeine as well as the elimination of potential neurotoxins in the brain. Similarly, the activity of oxidative and conjugative drug-metabolizing enzymes in the lung can have an effect on the efficacy of compounds such as resveratrol. In addition to metabolism, the active transport of compounds into or away from the site of action can also influence the outcome of a given therapeutic regimen or disease progression. For example, organic anion transporter 3 is involved in the initiation of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and may have a role in how uremic toxins enter pancreatic β-cells and ultimately contribute to the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes. Finally, it is likely that a combination of target-specific metabolism and cellular internalization may have a significant role in determining the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates, a finding which has resulted in the development of a host of new analytical methods that are now used for characterizing the metabolism and disposition of antibody-drug conjugates. Taken together, the research summarized herein can provide for an increased understanding of potential barriers to drug efficacy and allow for a more rational approach for developing safe and effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Foti
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Kristine L P Garcia
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Douglas H Sweet
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Swati Nagar
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Satish Sharan
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Dan A Rock
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
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Choi K, Pfund WP, Andersen ME, Thomas RS, Clewell HJ, LeCluyse EL. Development of 3D Dynamic Flow Model of Human Liver and Its Application to Prediction of Metabolic Clearance of 7-Ethoxycoumarin. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:641-51. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungju Choi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Harvey J. Clewell
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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40
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Berg T, Hegelund Myrbäck T, Olsson M, Seidegård J, Werkström V, Zhou XH, Grunewald J, Gustavsson L, Nord M. Gene expression analysis of membrane transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes in the lung of healthy and COPD subjects. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00054. [PMID: 25505599 PMCID: PMC4186441 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes for the first time the expression levels of genes encoding membrane transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes in the lungs of ex-smoking patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Membrane transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes are key determinants of drug uptake, metabolism, and elimination for systemically administered as well as inhaled drugs, with consequent influence on clinical efficacy and patient safety. In this study, while no difference in gene expression was found between healthy and COPD subjects, we identified a significant regional difference in mRNA expression of both membrane transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes between central and peripheral tissue in both healthy and COPD subjects. The majority of the differentially expressed genes were higher expressed in the central airways such as the transporters SLC2A1 (GLUT1), SLC28A3 (CNT3), and SLC22A4 (OCTN1) and the drug-metabolizing enzymes GSTZ1, GSTO2, and CYP2F1. Together, this increased knowledge of local pharmacokinetics in diseased and normal lung may improve modeling of clinical outcomes of new chemical entities intended for inhalation therapy delivered to COPD patients. In addition, based on the similarities between COPD and healthy subjects regarding gene expression of membrane transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes, our results suggest that clinical pharmacological studies in healthy volunteers could be a valid model of COPD patients regarding drug disposition of inhaled drugs in terms of drug metabolism and drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Berg
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna and CMM, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Johan Grunewald
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna and CMM, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Pulmonary disease has been the primary target of inhaled therapeutics for over 50 years. During that period, increasing interest has arisen in the use of this route of administration to gain access to the systemic circulation for the treatment of a number of diseases beyond the airways. In order to effectively employ this route, the barriers to transport from the lungs following deposition of aerosols must be considered, including the nature of the disease (whether proximal, as in pulmonary hypertension, or distal, as in diabetes). Delivery to the systemic circulation begins with the efficiency of aerosol generation and subsequent deposition in the airways and proceeds to the influence of mechanisms of clearance, including absorption, metabolism, and mucociliary and cell-mediated transport, on the residence time of the drugs in the lungs. The nature of the drug (small or large molecules/low or high molecular weight), susceptibility to degradation and general physicochemical properties play a role in the chemistry of its formulation, physics of aerosol delivery and biology of disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninell P. Mortensen
- Systems & Translational Sciences, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, 27709 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony J. Hickey
- Technology for Industry and the Environment, Discovery – Sciences – Technologies Group, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, 27709 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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42
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Polyethylene glycol-drug ester conjugates for prolonged retention of small inhaled drugs in the lung. J Control Release 2013; 171:234-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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43
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Mechanisms of absorption and elimination of drugs administered by inhalation. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:1027-45. [PMID: 23919477 DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery is an effective route for local or systemic drug administration. However, compared with other routes of administration, there is a scarcity of information on how drugs are absorbed from the lung. The different cell composition lining the airways and alveoli makes this task extremely complicated. Lung cell lines and primary culture cells are useful in studying the absorption mechanisms. However, it is imperative that these cell cultures express essential features required to study these mechanisms such as intact tight junctions and transporters. In vivo, the drug has to face defensive physical and immunological barriers such as mucociliary clearance and alveolar macrophages. Knowledge of the physicochemical properties of the drug and aerosol formulation is required. All of these factors interact together leading to either successful drug deposition followed by absorption or drug elimination. These aspects concerning drug transport in the lung are addressed in this review.
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García-Martín E, Canto G, Agúndez JAG. Metabolic considerations of drugs in the treatment of allergic diseases. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1437-52. [PMID: 23902458 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.823400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical management of allergic diseases involves a number of drugs, most of which are extensively metabolized. This review aims to analyze the metabolism and the clinical implications of altered metabolism for these drugs. AREAS COVERED The authors present an overview of current knowledge of the metabolism of: antihistamine drugs, glucocorticoids, inhaled β-2 bronchodilators, anticholinergics and other drugs used in allergic diseases, such as cromoglycate, omalizumab, montelukast and epinephrine. Polymorphic drug metabolism is relevant for chlorpheniramine, loratadine and montelukast. Inhibition of drug metabolism is relevant for loratadine, methylprednisolone, fluticasone, mometasone, triamcinolone or prednisolone. Polymorphic pre-systemic metabolism may be relevant to budesonide, fluticasone, beclomethasone, mometasone or salmeterol. The authors also discuss the current information on gene variations according to the 1,000 genomes catalog and other databases. Finally, the authors review the clinical implications of these variations with a particular regard to drugs used in the management of allergic diseases. EXPERT OPINION Most drugs used in allergic diseases are extensively metabolized. Drug interaction or adverse reactions related to altered metabolism are relevant issues that should be considered in the management of allergic diseases. However, much additional research is required before defining pharmacogenomic biomarkers for the management of drugs used in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martín
- University of Extremadura, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Avda. de la Universidad s/n, E-10071, Cáceres , Spain +34927257000 ext 89676 ;
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Stockmann C, Fassl B, Gaedigk R, Nkoy F, Uchida DA, Monson S, Reilly CA, Leeder JS, Yost GS, Ward RM. Fluticasone propionate pharmacogenetics: CYP3A4*22 polymorphism and pediatric asthma control. J Pediatr 2013; 162:1222-7, 1227.e1-2. [PMID: 23290512 PMCID: PMC3620714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between allelic variations in genes involved in fluticasone propionate (FP) metabolism and asthma control among children with asthma managed with inhaled FP. STUDY DESIGN The relationship between variability in asthma control scores and genetic variation in drug metabolism was assessed by genotyping 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 genes. Genotype information was compared with asthma control scores (0=well controlled to 15=poorly controlled), determined using a questionnaire modified from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Expert Panel 3 guidelines. RESULTS Our study cohort comprised 734 children with asthma (mean age, 8.8±4.3 years) and was predominantly male (61%) and non-Hispanic white (53%). More than one-half of the children (56%; n=413) were receiving an inhaled glucocorticoid daily, with FP the most frequently prescribed agent (65%). Among the children receiving daily FP, single nucleotide polymorphisms in CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 were not associated with asthma control scores. In contrast, asthma control scores were significantly improved in the 20 children (7%) with the CYP3A4*22 allele (median, 3; range, 0-6) compared with the 201 children without the CYP3A4*22 allele (median, 4; range, 0-15; P=.02). The presence of CYP3A4*22 was associated with improved asthma control scores by 2.1 points (95% CI, 0.5-3.8). CONCLUSION The presence of CYP3A4*22, which is associated with decreased hepatic CYP3A4 expression and activity, was accompanied by improved asthma control in the FP-treated children. Decreased CYP3A4 activity may improve asthma control with inhaled FP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Stockmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine
,Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy
| | - Bernhard Fassl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Roger Gaedigk
- Developmental Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of Missouri Kansas City
| | - Flory Nkoy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Derek A. Uchida
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Steven Monson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | | | - J. Steven Leeder
- Developmental Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of Missouri Kansas City
| | - Garold S. Yost
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy
| | - Robert M. Ward
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine
,Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy
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Sharan S, Nagar S. Pulmonary metabolism of resveratrol: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1163-9. [PMID: 23474649 PMCID: PMC3629805 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.051326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of pulmonary metabolism in trans-resveratrol (RES) pharmacokinetics was studied in a mouse model. Plasma concentrations of RES and its major metabolites trans-resveratrol-3-sulfate (R3S) and trans-resveratrol-3-glucuronide (R3G) were compared after administration of RES by intravenous (IV) and intra-arterial (IA) routes. Total area under the curve (AUC) of RES decreased by approximately 50% when RES was administered by the IV route compared with the IA route. The AUC of R3G was also significantly higher in mice administered RES by the IV route compared with the IA route. In vitro studies performed with mouse and human lung fractions confirmed pulmonary metabolism of RES. Interestingly, mouse-lung fractions gave rise to both R3S and R3G, whereas human lung fractions yielded R3S. This indicates marked interspecies variation in RES conjugation, especially in the context of extrapolating rodent data to humans. Taken together, the results presented here underline, for the first time, the impact of pulmonary metabolism on resveratrol pharmacokinetics and interspecies differences in RES pulmonary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Sharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Koyama K, Nakai D, Takahashi M, Nakai N, Kobayashi N, Imai T, Izumi T. Pharmacokinetic mechanism involved in the prolonged high retention of laninamivir in mouse respiratory tissues after intranasal administration of its prodrug laninamivir octanoate. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:180-7. [PMID: 23091189 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.048280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2025] Open
Abstract
Laninamivir octanoate (LO) (Inavir; Daiichi Sankyo, Japan) is an ester prodrug of the neuraminidase inhibitor laninamivir. We previously reported that a prolonged high retention of laninamivir in mouse respiratory tissues was achieved by intranasal administration of LO. In this study, we evaluated intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics both in vivo and in vitro to investigate the potential mechanism involved in such a preferable retention. After intranasal administration of LO to mice (0.5 μmol/kg), the drug was distributed from the airway space into the lungs, and laninamivir remained in the lung at 24 hours postdose (2680 pmol/g), with a higher concentration than that in the epithelial lining fluid. The laninamivir was localized mainly on the epithelial cells of airway tracts, determined by microautoradiography using (14)C-labeled LO. In mouse airway epithelial cells, the cellular uptake and hydrolysis of LO were observed over incubation time without any apparent saturation at the highest concentration tested (1000 μM). Furthermore, after additional incubation in drug-free medium, the intracellular laninamivir was released very slowly into the medium with an estimate rate constant of 0.0707 h(-1), which was regarded as a rate-limiting step in the cellular retention. These results demonstrated that the prolonged high retention of laninamivir in the respiratory tissues was attributed to a consecutive series of three steps: uptake of LO into the airway epithelial cells, hydrolysis of LO into laninamivir by intracellular esterase(s), and limited efflux of the generated laninamivir due to its poor membrane permeability. This prodrug approach could be useful for lung-targeting drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Koyama
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2A2: cDNA construction, expression, and functional characterization in comparison with UGT2A1 and UGT2A3. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 19:923-34. [PMID: 19858781 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283330767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Characterize the expression and glucuronidation activities of the human uridine 5'-diphospho (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2A2. METHOD UGT2A1 was cloned from nasal mucosa mRNA. Synthetic cDNA for UGT2A2 was constructed assuming exon sharing between UGT2A1 and UGT2A2 (Mackenzie et al., Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 2005, 15:677-685). Exon 1 of UGT2A2 was amplified from genomic DNA and combined with exons 2-6 of UGT2A1. UGT2A3 was cloned from liver mRNA. Quantitative reverse-transcribed-PCR (RT-PCR) was used to evaluate the expression of all the three UGTs of subfamily 2A in different tissues. Recombinant UGT2A1, UGT2A2 and UGT2A3 were expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells and analyzed for glucuronidation activity towards different substrates. RESULTS DNA sequencing of RT-PCR products from human nasal mucosa mRNA, confirmed exon sharing between UGT2A1 and UGT2A2. In addition, it indicated that the N-terminal signal peptide sequence of UGT2A2 is the longest among the human UGTs. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that both UGT2A1 and UGT2A2 are mainly expressed in the nasal mucosa, and that their expression level in fetal samples was much higher than in adults. Activity assays with recombinant UGTs 2A1-2A3 showed broad substrate selectivity for UGT2A1 and UGT2A2. Although glucuronidation rates and substrate affinities were mostly higher in UGT2A1, the Km values for UDP-glucuronic acid were similar in both UGTs. In addition, there were regioselectivity differences between the two UGTs and, with a few substrates, particularly ethinylestradiol, the activity of UGT2A2 was higher. CONCLUSION UGT2A2 is mainly expressed in the nasal mucosa and it has glucuronidation activity towards several different endobiotic and xenobiotic substrates.
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Zhang L, Huang M, Blair IA, Penning TM. Detoxication of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione by sulfotransferases (SULTs) in human lung cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29909-20. [PMID: 22782890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.386052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are environmental and tobacco carcinogens. Human aldo-keto reductases catalyze the metabolic activation of proximate carcinogenic PAH trans-dihydrodiols to yield electrophilic and redox-active o-quinones. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione a representative PAH o-quinone is reduced back to the corresponding catechol to generate a futile redox-cycle. We investigated whether sulfonation of PAH catechols by human sulfotransferases (SULT) could intercept the catechol in human lung cells. RT-PCR identified SULT1A1, -1A3, and -1E1 as the isozymes expressed in four human lung cell lines. The corresponding recombinant SULTs were examined for their substrate specificity. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione was reduced to benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol by dithiothreitol under anaerobic conditions and then further sulfonated by the SULTs in the presence of 3'-[(35)S]phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate as the sulfonate group donor. The human SULTs catalyzed the sulfonation of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol and generated two isomeric benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol O-monosulfate products that were identified by reversed phase HPLC and by LC-MS/MS. The various SULT isoforms produced the two isomers in different proportions. Two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR assigned the two regioisomers of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol monosulfate as 8-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene-7-O-sulfate (M1) and 7-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene-8-O-sulfate (M2), respectively. The kinetic profiles of three SULTs were different. SULT1A1 gave the highest catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) and yielded a single isomeric product corresponding to M1. By contrast, SULT1E1 showed distinct substrate inhibition and formed both M1 and M2. Based on expression levels, catalytic efficiency, and the fact that the lung cells only produce M1, it is concluded that the major isoform that can intercept benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol is SULT1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Centers of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA
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Owen K. Regulatory toxicology considerations for the development of inhaled pharmaceuticals. Drug Chem Toxicol 2012; 36:109-18. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2011.648327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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