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Gong H, Zhu C, Han D, Liu S. Secreted Glycoproteins That Regulate Synaptic Function: the Dispatchers in the Central Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2719-2727. [PMID: 37924485 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains. As widely distributed functional proteins in the body, glycoproteins are essential for cellular development, cellular function maintenance, and intercellular communication. Glycoproteins not only play a role in the cell and the membrane, but they are also secreted in the intercell. These secreted glycoproteins are critical to the central nervous system for neurodevelopment and synaptic transmission. More specifically, secreted glycoproteins play indispensable roles in neurite growth mediation, axon guiding, synaptogenesis, neuronal differentiation, the release of synaptic vesicles, subunit composition of neurotransmitter receptors, and neurotransmitter receptor trafficking among other things. Abnormal expressions of secreted glycoproteins in the central nervous system are associated with abnormal neuron development, impaired synaptic organization/transmission, and neuropsychiatric disorders. This article reviews the secreted glycoproteins that regulate neuronal development and synaptic function in the central nervous system, and the molecular mechanism of these regulations, providing reference for research about synaptic function regulation and related central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Gong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Conglei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuyang People's Hospital, Fuyang, Anhui, China
| | - Di Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Sen Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Kozlov M. What the Stanford president's resignation can teach lab leaders. Nature 2023:10.1038/d41586-023-02438-3. [PMID: 37501000 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
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3
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Zhou Y, Tao L, Zhu Y. TempShift Reveals the Sequential Development of Human Neocortex and Skewed Developmental Timing of Down Syndrome Brains. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1070. [PMID: 37509002 PMCID: PMC10377154 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Development is a complex process involving precise regulation. Developmental regulation may vary in tissues and individuals, and is often altered in disorders. Currently, the regulation of developmental timing across neocortical areas and developmental changes in Down syndrome (DS) brains remain unclear. The changes in regulation are often accompanied by changes in the gene expression trajectories, which can be divided into two scenarios: (1) changes of gene expression trajectory shape that reflect changes in cell type composition or altered molecular machinery; (2) temporal shift of gene expression trajectories that indicate different regulation of developmental timing. Therefore, we developed an R package TempShift to separates these two scenarios and demonstrated that TempShift can distinguish temporal shift from different shape (DiffShape) of expression trajectories, and can accurately estimate the time difference between multiple trajectories. We applied TempShift to identify sequential gene expression across 11 neocortical areas, which suggested sequential occurrence of synapse formation and axon guidance, as well as reconstructed interneuron migration pathways within neocortex. Comparison between healthy and DS brains revealed increased microglia, shortened neuronal migration process, and delayed synaptogenesis and myelination in DS. These applications also demonstrate the potential of TempShift in understanding gene expression temporal dynamics during different biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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4
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Dailey-Krempel B, Martin AL, Jo HN, Junge HJ, Chen Z. A tug of war between DCC and ROBO1 signaling during commissural axon guidance. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112455. [PMID: 37149867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic and coordinated axonal responses to changing environments are critical for establishing neural connections. As commissural axons migrate across the CNS midline, they are suggested to switch from being attracted to being repelled in order to approach and to subsequently leave the midline. A molecular mechanism that is hypothesized to underlie this switch in axonal responses is the silencing of Netrin1/Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma (DCC)-mediated attraction by the repulsive SLIT/ROBO1 signaling. Using in vivo approaches including CRISPR-Cas9-engineered mouse models of distinct Dcc splice isoforms, we show here that commissural axons maintain responsiveness to both Netrin and SLIT during midline crossing, although likely at quantitatively different levels. In addition, full-length DCC in collaboration with ROBO3 can antagonize ROBO1 repulsion in vivo. We propose that commissural axons integrate and balance the opposing DCC and Roundabout (ROBO) signaling to ensure proper guidance decisions during midline entry and exit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew L Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ha-Neul Jo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harald J Junge
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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5
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Mastick GS, Jones LE, Kidd T. Axons will not be silenced! A balancing act of attractive receptors. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112493. [PMID: 37149870 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons crossing the CNS midline regulate their responsiveness to both attractive and repulsive cues. In this issue, Dailey-Krempel et al. find different modes of action for DCC isoforms and uncover evidence against the silencing model of axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren E Jones
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Thomas Kidd
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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6
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Yuan N, Wang X, He M. Robo2 promotes osteoblast differentiation and mineralization through autophagy and is activated by parathyroid hormone induction. Ann Anat 2023; 248:152070. [PMID: 36801365 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a systemic skeletal disorder, osteoporosis can increase fracture risk. This study wants to discuss the mechanism of osteoporosis and find possible molecular therapy. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) was utilized to stimulate MC3T3-E1 to establish a cellular osteoporosis model in vitro. METHODS Initially, the viability of BMP2-induced MC3T3-E1 was assessed with a Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. By real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot, Robo2 expression after roundabout (Robo) silencing or overexpression was estimated. Besides, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, mineralization level and LC3II green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression were evaluated using ALP assay, Alizarin red staining and immunofluorescence staining, separately. Additionally, the expression of proteins related to osteoblast differentiation and autophagy was analyzed by RT-qPCR and western blot. Then, following autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) treatment, osteoblast differentiation and mineralization were measured again. RESULTS MC3T3-E1 cells were differentiated into osteoblasts under BMP2 induction and Robo2 expression was greatly ascended. After Robo2 silencing, Robo2 expression was markedly diminished. ALP activity and mineralization level in BMP2-induced MC3T3-E1 cells were declined after depleting Robo2. Robo2 expression was conspicuously enhanced after overexpressing Robo2. Robo2 overexpression promoted the differentiation and mineralization of BMP2-induced MC3T3-E1 cells. Rescue experiments revealed that Robo2 silence and its overexpression could regulate the autophagy of BMP2-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells. After 3-MA treatment, the increased ALP activity and mineralization level of BMP2-induced MC3T3-E1 cells with Robo2 upregulation were reduced. Furthermore, parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH1-34) treatment enhanced the expression of ALP, Robo2, LC3II and Beclin-1 and reduced the levels of LC3I and p62 of MC3T3-E1 cells concentration-dependently. CONCLUSION Collectively, Robo2, which was activated by PTH1-34, promoted osteoblast differentiation and mineralization through autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Minghai He
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
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Cortés E, Pak JS, Özkan E. Structure and evolution of neuronal wiring receptors and ligands. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:27-60. [PMID: 35727136 PMCID: PMC10084454 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental properties of a neuronal circuit is the map of its connections. The cellular and developmental processes that allow for the growth of axons and dendrites, selection of synaptic targets, and formation of functional synapses use neuronal surface receptors and their interactions with other surface receptors, secreted ligands, and matrix molecules. Spatiotemporal regulation of the expression of these receptors and cues allows for specificity in the developmental pathways that wire stereotyped circuits. The families of molecules controlling axon guidance and synapse formation are generally conserved across animals, with some important exceptions, which have consequences for neuronal connectivity. Here, we summarize the distribution of such molecules across multiple taxa, with a focus on model organisms, evolutionary processes that led to the multitude of such molecules, and functional consequences for the diversification or loss of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph S Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Editorial Expression of Concern. Science 2022; 378:1284. [PMID: 36520150 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Dyer O. Stanford University investigates its president for alleged research misconduct. BMJ 2022; 379:o2980. [PMID: 36593563 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Şen S, Erber R. Neuronal Guidance Molecules in Bone Remodeling and Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710077. [PMID: 36077474 PMCID: PMC9456342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During orthodontic tooth movement, mechanically induced remodeling occurs in the alveolar bone due to the action of orthodontic forces. The number of factors identified to be involved in mechanically induced bone remodeling is growing steadily. With the uncovering of the functions of neuronal guidance molecules (NGMs) for skeletal development as well as for bone homeostasis, NGMs are now also among the potentially significant factors for the regulation of bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. This narrative review attempts to summarize the functions of NGMs in bone homeostasis and provides insight into the currently sparse literature on the functions of these molecules during orthodontic tooth movement. Presently, four families of NGMs are known: Netrins, Slits, Semaphorins, ephrins and Eph receptors. A search of electronic databases revealed roles in bone homeostasis for representatives from all four NGM families. Functions during orthodontic tooth movement, however, were only identified for Semaphorins, ephrins and Eph receptors. For these, crucial prerequisites for participation in the regulation of orthodontically induced bone remodeling, such as expression in cells of the periodontal ligament and in the alveolar bone, as well as mechanical inducibility, were shown, which suggests that the importance of NGMs in orthodontic tooth movement may be underappreciated to date and further research might be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Şen
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-431-5002-6301
| | - Ralf Erber
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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de Torres-Jurado A, Manzanero-Ortiz S, Carmena A. Glial-secreted Netrins regulate Robo1/Rac1-Cdc42 signaling threshold levels during Drosophila asymmetric neural stem/progenitor cell division. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2174-2188.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Cho HJ, Kim H, Lee YS, Moon SA, Kim JM, Kim H, Kim MJ, Yu J, Kim K, Baek IJ, Lee SH, Ahn KH, Kim S, Kang JS, Koh JM. SLIT3 promotes myogenic differentiation as a novel therapeutic factor against muscle loss. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:1724-1740. [PMID: 34423586 PMCID: PMC8718016 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia and osteoporosis frequently co-occur in the elderly and have common pathophysiological determinants. Slit guidance ligand 3 (SLIT3) has been recently discovered as a novel therapeutic factor against osteoporosis, and a SLIT3 fragment containing the second leucine-rich repeat domain (LRRD2) had a therapeutic efficacy against osteoporosis. However, a role of SLIT3 in the skeletal muscle is unknown. METHODS Skeletal muscle mass, strength, and/or physical activity were evaluated in Slit3-/- , ovariectomized, and aged mice, based on the measurements of muscle weight and grip strength, Kondziella's inverted hanging test, and/or wheel-running test. Skeletal muscles were also histologically evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin staining and/or immunofluorescence. The ovariectomized and aged mice were intravenously injected with recombinant SLIT3 LRRD2 for 4 weeks. C2C12 cells were used to know cellular effects of SLIT3, such as in vitro myogenesis, fusion, cell viability, and proliferation, and also used to evaluate its molecular mechanisms by immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, western blotting, real-time PCR, siRNA transfection, and receptor-ligand binding ELISA. RESULTS Slit3-deficient mice exhibited decreased skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical activity. The relative masses of gastrocnemius and soleus were lower in the Slit3-/- mice (0.580 ± 0.039% and 0.033 ± 0.003%, respectively) than those in the WT littermates (0.622 ± 0.043% and 0.038 ± 0.003%, respectively) (all, P < 0.05). Gastrocnemius of Slit3-/- mice showed the reduced number of Type I and Type IIa fibres (all, P < 0.05), but not of Type IIb and Type IIx fibres. SLIT3 activated β-catenin signalling by promoting its release from M-cadherin, thereby increasing myogenin expression to stimulate myoblast differentiation. In vitro experiments involving ROBO2 expression, knockdown, and interaction with SLIT3 indicated that ROBO2 functions as a SLIT3 receptor to aid myoblast differentiation. SLIT3 LRRD2 dissociated M-cadherin-bound β-catenin and up-regulated myogenin expression to increase myoblast differentiation, in a manner similar to full-length SLIT3. Systemic treatment with SLIT3 LRRD2 increased skeletal muscle mass in both ovariectomized and aged mice (all, P < 0.05). The relative masses of gastrocnemius and soleus were higher in the treated aged mice (0.548 ± 0.045% and 0.033 ± 0.005%, respectively) than in the untreated aged mice (0.508 ± 0.016% and 0.028 ± 0.003%, respectively) (all, P < 0.05). SLIT3 LRRD2 treatment increased the hanging duration of the aged mice by approximately 1.7-fold (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SLIT3 plays a sarcoprotective role by activating β-catenin signalling. SLIT3 LRRD2 can potentially be used as a therapeutic agent against muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jin Cho
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeonmok Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Ah Moon
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hanjun Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Yu
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Sungsub Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Binamé F, Pham-Van LD, Bagnard D. Manipulating oligodendrocyte intrinsic regeneration mechanism to promote remyelination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5257-5273. [PMID: 34019104 PMCID: PMC11073109 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In demyelinated lesions, astrocytes, activated microglia and infiltrating macrophages secrete several factors regulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells' behaviour. What appears to be the initiation of an intrinsic mechanism of myelin repair is only leading to partial recovery and inefficient remyelination, a process worsening over the course of the disease. This failure is largely due to the concomitant accumulation of inhibitory cues in and around the lesion sites opposing to growth promoting factors. Here starts a complex game of interactions between the signalling pathways controlling oligodendrocytes migration or differentiation. Receptors of positive or negative cues are modulating Ras, PI3K or RhoGTPases pathways acting on oligodendrocyte cytoskeleton remodelling. From the description of this intricate signalling network, this review addresses the extent to which the modulation of the global response to inhibitory cues may pave the route towards novel therapeutic approaches for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Binamé
- INSERM U1119, Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy (BMNST Lab), Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Pôle API, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, France
| | - Lucas D Pham-Van
- INSERM U1119, Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy (BMNST Lab), Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Pôle API, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Bagnard
- INSERM U1119, Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy (BMNST Lab), Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Pôle API, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, France.
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14
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Beccacece L, Abondio P, Cilli E, Restani D, Luiselli D. Human Genomics and the Biocultural Origin of Music. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5397. [PMID: 34065521 PMCID: PMC8160972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Music is an exclusive feature of humankind. It can be considered as a form of universal communication, only partly comparable to the vocalizations of songbirds. Many trends of research in this field try to address music origins, as well as the genetic bases of musicality. On one hand, several hypotheses have been made on the evolution of music and its role, but there is still debate, and comparative studies suggest a gradual evolution of some abilities underlying musicality in primates. On the other hand, genome-wide studies highlight several genes associated with musical aptitude, confirming a genetic basis for different musical skills which humans show. Moreover, some genes associated with musicality are involved also in singing and song learning in songbirds, suggesting a likely evolutionary convergence between humans and songbirds. This comprehensive review aims at presenting the concept of music as a sociocultural manifestation within the current debate about its biocultural origin and evolutionary function, in the context of the most recent discoveries related to the cross-species genetics of musical production and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Beccacece
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Paolo Abondio
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Cilli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna—Ravenna Campus, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (E.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Donatella Restani
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna—Ravenna Campus, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (E.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna—Ravenna Campus, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (E.C.); (D.R.)
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15
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One Raft to Guide Them All, and in Axon Regeneration Inhibit Them. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095009. [PMID: 34066896 PMCID: PMC8125918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system damage caused by traumatic injuries, iatrogenicity due to surgical interventions, stroke and neurodegenerative diseases is one of the most prevalent reasons for physical disability worldwide. During development, axons must elongate from the neuronal cell body to contact their precise target cell and establish functional connections. However, the capacity of the adult nervous system to restore its functionality after injury is limited. Given the inefficacy of the nervous system to heal and regenerate after damage, new therapies are under investigation to enhance axonal regeneration. Axon guidance cues and receptors, as well as the molecular machinery activated after nervous system damage, are organized into lipid raft microdomains, a term typically used to describe nanoscale membrane domains enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids that act as signaling platforms for certain transmembrane proteins. Here, we systematically review the most recent findings that link the stability of lipid rafts and their composition with the capacity of axons to regenerate and rebuild functional neural circuits after damage.
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16
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Morcom L, Gobius I, Marsh APL, Suárez R, Lim JWC, Bridges C, Ye Y, Fenlon LR, Zagar Y, Douglass AM, Donahoo ALS, Fothergill T, Shaikh S, Kozulin P, Edwards TJ, Cooper HM, Sherr EH, Chédotal A, Leventer RJ, Lockhart PJ, Richards LJ. DCC regulates astroglial development essential for telencephalic morphogenesis and corpus callosum formation. eLife 2021; 10:e61769. [PMID: 33871356 PMCID: PMC8116049 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The forebrain hemispheres are predominantly separated during embryogenesis by the interhemispheric fissure (IHF). Radial astroglia remodel the IHF to form a continuous substrate between the hemispheres for midline crossing of the corpus callosum (CC) and hippocampal commissure (HC). Deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC) and netrin 1 (NTN1) are molecules that have an evolutionarily conserved function in commissural axon guidance. The CC and HC are absent in Dcc and Ntn1 knockout mice, while other commissures are only partially affected, suggesting an additional aetiology in forebrain commissure formation. Here, we find that these molecules play a critical role in regulating astroglial development and IHF remodelling during CC and HC formation. Human subjects with DCC mutations display disrupted IHF remodelling associated with CC and HC malformations. Thus, axon guidance molecules such as DCC and NTN1 first regulate the formation of a midline substrate for dorsal commissures prior to their role in regulating axonal growth and guidance across it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morcom
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ilan Gobius
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ashley PL Marsh
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s HospitalParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Rodrigo Suárez
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Jonathan WC Lim
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Caitlin Bridges
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Yunan Ye
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Laura R Fenlon
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Yvrick Zagar
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la VisionParisFrance
| | - Amelia M Douglass
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | - Thomas Fothergill
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Samreen Shaikh
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Peter Kozulin
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Timothy J Edwards
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of MedicineBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Helen M Cooper
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - IRC5 Consortium
- Members and Affiliates of the International Research Consortium for the Corpus Callosum and Cerebral Connectivity (IRC5)Los AngelesUnited States
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Institute of Human Genetics and Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la VisionParisFrance
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Neuroscience Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s HospitalParkvilleAustralia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s HospitalParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Linda J Richards
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical SciencesBrisbaneAustralia
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17
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Lysosomal Function and Axon Guidance: Is There a Meaningful Liaison? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020191. [PMID: 33573025 PMCID: PMC7911486 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal trajectories and neural circuit activities strongly rely on a complex system of molecular cues that finely orchestrate the patterning of neural commissures. Several of these axon guidance molecules undergo continuous recycling during brain development, according to incompletely understood intracellular mechanisms, that in part rely on endocytic and autophagic cascades. Based on their pivotal role in both pathways, lysosomes are emerging as a key hub in the sophisticated regulation of axonal guidance cue delivery, localization, and function. In this review, we will attempt to collect some of the most relevant research on the tight connection between lysosomal function and axon guidance regulation, providing some proof of concepts that may be helpful to understanding the relation between lysosomal storage disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
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18
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Terzi A, Roeder H, Weaver CJ, Suter DM. Neuronal NADPH oxidase 2 regulates growth cone guidance downstream of slit2/robo2. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:3-21. [PMID: 33191581 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) are membrane-bound multi-subunit protein complexes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that regulate many cellular processes. Emerging evidence suggests that Nox-derived ROS also control neuronal development and axonal outgrowth. However, whether Nox act downstream of receptors for axonal growth and guidance cues is presently unknown. To answer this question, we cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) derived from zebrafish embryos and exposed these neurons to netrin-1, slit2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). To test the role of Nox in cue-mediated growth and guidance, we either pharmacologically inhibited Nox or investigated neurons from mutant fish that are deficient in Nox2. We found that slit2-mediated growth cone collapse, and axonal retraction were eliminated by Nox inhibition. Though we did not see an effect of either BDNF or netrin-1 on growth rates, growth in the presence of netrin-1 was reduced by Nox inhibition. Furthermore, attractive and repulsive growth cone turning in response to gradients of BDNF, netrin-1, and slit2, respectively, were eliminated when Nox was inhibited in vitro. ROS biosensor imaging showed that slit2 treatment increased growth cone hydrogen peroxide levels via mechanisms involving Nox2 activation. We also investigated the possible relationship between Nox2 and slit2/Robo2 signaling in vivo. astray/nox2 double heterozygote larvae exhibited decreased area of tectal innervation as compared to individual heterozygotes, suggesting both Nox2 and Robo2 are required for establishment of retinotectal connections. Our results provide evidence that Nox2 acts downstream of slit2/Robo2 by mediating growth and guidance of developing zebrafish RGC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Terzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Haley Roeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Cory J Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Daniel M Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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19
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miR-218 in Adolescence Predicts and Mediates Vulnerability to Stress. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 89:911-919. [PMID: 33384174 PMCID: PMC8052258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a period of increased vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, including depression. Discovering novel biomarkers to identify individuals who are at high risk is very much needed. Our previous work shows that the microRNA miR-218 mediates susceptibility to stress and depression in adulthood by targeting the netrin-1 guidance cue receptor gene Dcc in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). METHODS Here, we investigated whether miR-218 regulates Dcc expression in adolescence and could serve as an early predictor of lifetime stress vulnerability in male mice. RESULTS miR-218 expression in the mPFC increases from early adolescence to adulthood and correlates negatively with Dcc levels. In blood, postnatal miR-218 expression parallels changes occurring in the mPFC. Notably, circulating miR-218 levels in adolescence associate with vulnerability to social defeat stress in adulthood, with high levels associated with social avoidance severity. Indeed, downregulation of miR-218 in the mPFC in adolescence promotes resilience to stress in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS miR-218 expression in adolescence may serve both as a marker of risk and as a target for early interventions.
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20
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Peregrina C, Del Toro D. FLRTing Neurons in Cortical Migration During Cerebral Cortex Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578506. [PMID: 33043013 PMCID: PMC7527468 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, two coordinated events shape the morphology of the mammalian cerebral cortex, leading to the cortex's columnar and layered structure: the proliferation of neuronal progenitors and cortical migration. Pyramidal neurons originating from germinal zones migrate along radial glial fibers to their final position in the cortical plate by both radial migration and tangential dispersion. These processes rely on the delicate balance of intercellular adhesive and repulsive signaling that takes place between neurons interacting with different substrates and guidance cues. Here, we focus on the function of the cell adhesion molecules fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins (FLRTs) in regulating both the radial migration of neurons, as well as their tangential spread, and the impact these processes have on cortex morphogenesis. In combining structural and functional analysis, recent studies have begun to reveal how FLRT-mediated responses are precisely tuned - from forming different protein complexes to modulate either cell adhesion or repulsion in neurons. These approaches provide a deeper understanding of the context-dependent interactions of FLRTs with multiple receptors involved in axon guidance and synapse formation that contribute to finely regulated neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Peregrina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Del Toro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Gorla M, Bashaw GJ. Molecular mechanisms regulating axon responsiveness at the midline. Dev Biol 2020; 466:12-21. [PMID: 32818516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development in bilaterally symmetric organisms, correct midline crossing is important for the proper formation of functional neural circuits. The aberrant development of neural circuits can result in multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including horizontal gaze palsy, congenital mirror movement disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate proper axon guidance at the midline can provide insights into the pathology of neurological disorders. The signaling mechanisms that regulate midline crossing have been extensively studied in the Drosophila ventral nerve cord and the mouse embryonic spinal cord. In this review, we discuss these axon guidance mechanisms, highlighting the most recent advances in the understanding of how commissural axons switch their responsiveness from attractants to repellents during midline crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Gorla
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Greg J Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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22
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Rozbesky D, Jones EY. Cell guidance ligands, receptors and complexes - orchestrating signalling in time and space. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 61:79-85. [PMID: 31862615 PMCID: PMC7171467 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Members of four cell guidance molecule families (the netrins, slits, ephrins and semaphorins) interact with their cognate cell surface receptors to guide cells during development and maintain tissue homeostasis. Integrated structure and cell-based analyses are providing insight into the mechanisms by which these signalling systems can deliver myriad outcomes that require exquisite accuracy in timing and location. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the roles of oligomeric states, auto-inhibition, signalling assembly size and composition in cell guidance cue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rozbesky
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom.
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23
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Abstract
The spinal cord receives, relays and processes sensory information from the periphery and integrates this information with descending inputs from supraspinal centres to elicit precise and appropriate behavioural responses and orchestrate body movements. Understanding how the spinal cord circuits that achieve this integration are wired during development is the focus of much research interest. Several families of proteins have well-established roles in guiding developing spinal cord axons, and recent findings have identified new axon guidance molecules. Nevertheless, an integrated view of spinal cord network development is lacking, and many current models have neglected the cellular and functional diversity of spinal cord circuits. Recent advances challenge the existing spinal cord axon guidance dogmas and have provided a more complex, but more faithful, picture of the ontogenesis of vertebrate spinal cord circuits.
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24
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McCormick LE, Gupton SL. Mechanistic advances in axon pathfinding. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 63:11-19. [PMID: 31927278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of a functional nervous system entails establishing connectivity between appropriate synaptic partners. During axonal pathfinding, the developing axon navigates through the extracellular environment, extending toward postsynaptic targets. In the early 1900s, Ramon y Cajal suggested that the growth cone, a specialized, dynamic, and cytoskeletal-rich structure at the tip of the extending axon, is guided by chemical cues in the extracellular environment. A century of work supports this hypothesis and introduced myriad guidance cues and receptors that promote a variety of growth cone behaviors including extension, pause, collapse, retraction, turning, and branching. Here, we highlight research from the last two years regarding pathways implicated in axon pathfinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCormick
- UNC Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie L Gupton
- UNC Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, 115 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
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25
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Niimi T. Roles of Slit Ligands and Their Roundabout (Robo) Family of Receptors in Bone Remodeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 21:143-154. [PMID: 32986130 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Slit guidance ligands (Slits) and their roundabout (Robo) family of receptors are well-known axon guidance molecules that were originally identified in Drosophila mutants with commissural axon pathfinding defects. However, Slit-Robo signaling has been shown to be involved in not only neurogenesis, but also the development of other organs such as the kidney and heart. Recently, it was also revealed that Slit-Robo signaling plays an important role in bone metabolism. For example, osteoclast-derived Slit3 plays an osteoprotective role by synchronously stimulating bone formation by osteoblasts and suppressing bone resorption by osteoclasts through Robo receptors expressed on osteoblastic and osteoclastic cell lineages, making it a potential therapeutic target for metabolic bone disorders. Furthermore, osteoblast-derived Slit3 promotes bone formation indirectly as a proangiogenic factor. This review summarizes the recent progress on defining the roles of the Slit-Robo signaling in bone metabolism, and discusses the possible roles of the interaction between Robo and neural epidermal growth factor-like (NEL)-like (NELL) proteins that are novel ligands for Robo receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Niimi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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26
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Zhang JH, Zhao YF, He XX, Zhao Y, He ZX, Zhang L, Huang Y, Wang YB, Hu L, Liu L, Yu HL, Xu JH, Lai MM, Zhao DD, Cui L, Guo WX, Xiong WC, Ding YQ, Zhu XJ. DCC-Mediated Dab1 Phosphorylation Participates in the Multipolar-to-Bipolar Transition of Migrating Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 22:3598-3611. [PMID: 29590626 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons undergo inside-out migration to their final destinations during neocortical development. Reelin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of disabled 1 (Dab1) is a critical mechanism controlling cortical neuron migration. However, the roles of Reelin-independent phosphorylation of Dab1 remain unclear. Here, we report that deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC) interacts with Dab1 via its P3 domain. Netrin 1, a DCC ligand, induces Dab1 phosphorylation at Y220 and Y232. Interestingly, knockdown of DCC or truncation of its P3 domain dramatically delays neuronal migration and impairs the multipolar-to-bipolar transition of migrating neurons. Notably, the migration delay and morphological transition defects are rescued by the expression of a phospho-mimetic Dab1 or a constitutively active form of Fyn proto-oncogene (Fyn), a member of the Src-family tyrosine kinases that effectively induces Dab1 phosphorylation. Collectively, these findings illustrate a DCC-Dab1 interaction that ensures proper neuronal migration during neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hua-Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jia-Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ming-Ming Lai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44120, USA
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China.
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27
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Ephrin-A5 potentiates netrin-1 axon guidance by enhancing Neogenin availability. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12009. [PMID: 31427645 PMCID: PMC6700147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal growth cones are guided by molecular cues in the extracellular environment. The mechanisms of combinatorial integration of guidance signals at the growth cone cell membrane are still being unravelled. Limb-innervating axons of vertebrate spinal lateral motor column (LMC) neurons are attracted to netrin-1 via its receptor, Neogenin, and are repelled from ephrin-A5 through its receptor EphA4. The presence of both cues elicits synergistic guidance of LMC axons, but the mechanism of this effect remains unknown. Using fluorescence immunohistochemistry, we show that ephrin-A5 increases LMC growth cone Neogenin protein levels and netrin-1 binding. This effect is enhanced by overexpressing EphA4 and is inhibited by blocking ephrin-A5-EphA4 binding. These effects have a functional consequence on LMC growth cone responses since bath addition of ephrin-A5 increases the responsiveness of LMC axons to netrin-1. Surprisingly, the overexpression of EphA4 lacking its cytoplasmic tail, also enhances Neogenin levels at the growth cone and potentiates LMC axon preference for growth on netrin-1. Since netrins and ephrins participate in a wide variety of biological processes, the enhancement of netrin-1 signalling by ephrins may have broad implications.
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28
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Park SJ, Lee JY, Lee SH, Koh JM, Kim BJ. SLIT2 inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption by suppression of Cdc42 activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:868-874. [PMID: 31084928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Axon guidance molecules, originally found to mediate the positioning of axons during nerve development, have been receiving great attention due to their critical roles in regulating bone metabolism. Recently, SLITs, another group of neuronal guidance proteins, were found to be significantly expressed in bone cells. Furthermore, we had provided experimental evidence that SLIT3 is an osteoclast-secreted coupling factor playing an osteoprotective role. Therefore, we hypothesized that SLIT2, a member of the SLIT family, may also affect bone homeostasis. SLIT2 suppressed osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner and in vitro bone resorption by more than 80%. Consistently, the expression of osteoclast differentiation markers, such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Trap) and calcitonin receptor (Ctr), was decreased by SLIT2. The migration and fusion of preosteoclasts were markedly reduced in the presence of SLIT2, suggesting that SLIT2 mainly functions in the early stage of osteoclastogenesis. SLIT2 suppressed Cdc42 activity among small GTPases, whereas Cdc42 overexpression almost completely reversed the SLIT2-mediated suppression of osteoclast differentiation. Among ROBO1-4, the SLIT receptors, ROBO1 and ROBO3 were known to be predominantly expressed in osteoclast lineages. A binding ELISA experiment in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages showed that ROBO1, rather than ROBO3, was directly associated with SLIT2, and gene silencing with Robo1 siRNA blocked the SLIT2-mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, our results indicated that SLIT2 inhibits osteoclastogenesis and the resultant bone resorption by decreasing Cdc42 activity, suggesting that this was a potential therapeutic target in metabolic bone diseases related to high bone turnover states.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jeong Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
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29
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Ye X, Qiu Y, Gao Y, Wan D, Zhu H. A Subtle Network Mediating Axon Guidance: Intrinsic Dynamic Structure of Growth Cone, Attractive and Repulsive Molecular Cues, and the Intermediate Role of Signaling Pathways. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:1719829. [PMID: 31097955 PMCID: PMC6487106 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1719829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental feature of both early nervous system development and axon regeneration is the guidance of axonal projections to their targets in order to assemble neural circuits that control behavior. In the navigation process where the nerves grow toward their targets, the growth cones, which locate at the tips of axons, sense the environment surrounding them, including varies of attractive or repulsive molecular cues, then make directional decisions to adjust their navigation journey. The turning ability of a growth cone largely depends on its highly dynamic skeleton, where actin filaments and microtubules play a very important role in its motility. In this review, we summarize some possible mechanisms underlying growth cone motility, relevant molecular cues, and signaling pathways in axon guidance of previous studies and discuss some questions regarding directions for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dong Wan
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huifeng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
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30
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Bonanomi D, Valenza F, Chivatakarn O, Sternfeld MJ, Driscoll SP, Aslanian A, Lettieri K, Gullo M, Badaloni A, Lewcock JW, Hunter T, Pfaff SL. p190RhoGAP Filters Competing Signals to Resolve Axon Guidance Conflicts. Neuron 2019; 102:602-620.e9. [PMID: 30902550 PMCID: PMC8608148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rich functional diversity of the nervous system is founded in the specific connectivity of the underlying neural circuitry. Neurons are often preprogrammed to respond to multiple axon guidance signals because they use sequential guideposts along their pathways, but this necessitates a strict spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular signaling to ensure the cues are detected in the correct order. We performed a mouse mutagenesis screen and identified the Rho GTPase antagonist p190RhoGAP as a critical regulator of motor axon guidance. Rather than acting as a compulsory signal relay, p190RhoGAP uses a non-conventional GAP-independent mode to transiently suppress attraction to Netrin-1 while motor axons exit the spinal cord. Once in the periphery, a subset of axons requires p190RhoGAP-mediated inhibition of Rho signaling to target specific muscles. Thus, the multifunctional activity of p190RhoGAP emerges from its modular design. Our findings reveal a cell-intrinsic gate that filters conflicting signals, establishing temporal windows of signal detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Bonanomi
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabiola Valenza
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Onanong Chivatakarn
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew J Sternfeld
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shawn P Driscoll
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron Aslanian
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karen Lettieri
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Miriam Gullo
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aurora Badaloni
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Joseph W Lewcock
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Samuel L Pfaff
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
The creation of complex neuronal networks relies on ligand-receptor interactions that mediate attraction or repulsion towards specific targets. Roundabouts comprise a family of single-pass transmembrane receptors facilitating this process upon interaction with the soluble extracellular ligand Slit protein family emanating from the midline. Due to the complexity and flexible nature of Robo receptors , their overall structure has remained elusive until now. Recent structural studies of the Robo 1 and Robo 2 ectodomains have provided the basis for a better understanding of their signalling mechanism. These structures reveal how Robo receptors adopt an auto-inhibited conformation on the cell surface that can be further stabilised by cis and/or trans oligmerisation arrays. Upon Slit -N binding Robo receptors must undergo a conformational change for Ig4 mediated dimerisation and signaling, probably via endocytosis. Furthermore, it's become clear that Robo receptors do not only act alone, but as large and more complex cell surface receptor assemblies to manifest directional and growth effects in a concerted fashion. These context dependent assemblies provide a mechanism to fine tune attractive and repulsive signals in a combinatorial manner required during neuronal development. While a mechanistic understanding of Slit mediated Robo signaling has advanced significantly further structural studies on larger assemblies are required for the design of new experiments to elucidate their role in cell surface receptor complexes. These will be necessary to understand the role of Slit -Robo signaling in neurogenesis, angiogenesis, organ development and cancer progression. In this chapter, we provide a review of the current knowledge in the field with a particular focus on the Roundabout receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bisiak
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France.
| | - Andrew A McCarthy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France.
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32
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Ducuing H, Gardette T, Pignata A, Tauszig-Delamasure S, Castellani V. Commissural axon navigation in the spinal cord: A repertoire of repulsive forces is in command. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 85:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Cárdenas A, Villalba A, de Juan Romero C, Picó E, Kyrousi C, Tzika AC, Tessier-Lavigne M, Ma L, Drukker M, Cappello S, Borrell V. Evolution of Cortical Neurogenesis in Amniotes Controlled by Robo Signaling Levels. Cell 2018; 174:590-606.e21. [PMID: 29961574 PMCID: PMC6063992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cortex size differs dramatically between reptiles, birds, and mammals, owing to developmental differences in neuron production. In mammals, signaling pathways regulating neurogenesis have been identified, but genetic differences behind their evolution across amniotes remain unknown. We show that direct neurogenesis from radial glia cells, with limited neuron production, dominates the avian, reptilian, and mammalian paleocortex, whereas in the evolutionarily recent mammalian neocortex, most neurogenesis is indirect via basal progenitors. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments in mouse, chick, and snake embryos and in human cerebral organoids demonstrate that high Slit/Robo and low Dll1 signaling, via Jag1 and Jag2, are necessary and sufficient to drive direct neurogenesis. Attenuating Robo signaling and enhancing Dll1 in snakes and birds recapitulates the formation of basal progenitors and promotes indirect neurogenesis. Our study identifies modulation in activity levels of conserved signaling pathways as a primary mechanism driving the expansion and increased complexity of the mammalian neocortex during amniote evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cárdenas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
| | - Ana Villalba
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
| | - Camino de Juan Romero
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
| | - Esther Picó
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Athanasia C Tzika
- Department Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Le Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Micha Drukker
- Institute of Stem Cell Research and the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain.
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Martinez D, Zuhdi N, Reyes M, Ortega B, Giovannone D, Lee VM, de Bellard ME. Screen for Slit/Robo signaling in trunk neural cells reveals new players. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 28:22-33. [PMID: 29427758 PMCID: PMC5980643 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Slits ligands and their Robo receptors are involved in quite disparate cell signaling pathways that include axon guidance, cell proliferation, cell motility and angiogenesis. Neural crest cells emerge by delamination from neural cells in the dorsal neural tube, and give rise to various components of the peripheral nervous system in vertebrates. It is well established that these cells change from a non-migratory to a highly migratory state allowing them to reach distant regions before they differentiate. However, but the mechanism controlling this delamination and subsequent migration are still not fully understood. The repulsive Slit ligand family members, have been classified also as true tumor suppressor molecules. The present study explored in further detail what possible Slit/Robo signals are at play in the trunk neural cells and neural crest cells by carrying out a microarray after Slit2 gain of function in trunk neural tubes. We found that in addition to molecules known to be downstream of Slit/Robo signaling, there were a large set of molecules known to be important in maintaining cells in non-motile, epithelia phenotype. Furthermore, we found new molecules previously not associated with Slit/Robo signaling: cell proliferation markers, Ankyrins and RAB intracellular transporters. Our findings suggest that neural crest cells use and array of different Slit/Robo pathways during their transformation from non-motile to highly motile cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin Martinez
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Nora Zuhdi
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Michelle Reyes
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Blanca Ortega
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Dion Giovannone
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Vivian M Lee
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Maria Elena de Bellard
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States.
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35
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Zhao J, Mommersteeg MTM. Slit-Robo signalling in heart development. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:794-804. [PMID: 29538649 PMCID: PMC5909645 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Slit ligands and their Robo receptors are well-known for their roles during axon guidance in the central nervous system but are still relatively unknown in the cardiac field. However, data from different animal models suggest a broad involvement of the pathway in many aspects of heart development, from cardiac cell migration and alignment, lumen formation, chamber formation, to the formation of the ventricular septum, semilunar and atrioventricular valves, caval veins, and pericardium. Absence of one or more of the genes in the pathway results in defects ranging from bicuspid aortic valves to ventricular septal defects and abnormal venous connections to the heart. Congenital heart defects are the most common congenital malformations found in life new-born babies and progress in methods for large scale human genetic testing has significantly enhanced the identification of new causative genes involved in human congenital heart disease. Recently, loss of function variants in ROBO1 have also been linked to ventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot in patients. Here, we will give an overview of the role of the Slit-Robo signalling pathway in Drosophila, zebrafish, and mouse heart development. The extent of these data warrant further attention on the SLIT-ROBO signalling pathway as a candidate for an array of human congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhao
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Mathilda T M Mommersteeg
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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36
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Kim BJ, Lee YS, Lee SY, Baek WY, Choi YJ, Moon SA, Lee SH, Kim JE, Chang EJ, Kim EY, Yoon J, Kim SW, Ryu SH, Lee SK, Lorenzo JA, Ahn SH, Kim H, Lee KU, Kim GS, Koh JM. Osteoclast-secreted SLIT3 coordinates bone resorption and formation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1429-1441. [PMID: 29504949 PMCID: PMC5873876 DOI: 10.1172/jci91086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling is the process that links bone resorption to bone formation in a temporally and spatially coordinated manner within the remodeling cycle. Several lines of evidence point to the critical roles of osteoclast-derived coupling factors in the regulation of osteoblast performance. Here, we used a fractionated secretomic approach and identified the axon-guidance molecule SLIT3 as a clastokine that stimulated osteoblast migration and proliferation by activating β-catenin. SLIT3 also inhibited bone resorption by suppressing osteoclast differentiation in an autocrine manner. Mice deficient in Slit3 or its receptor, Robo1, exhibited osteopenic phenotypes due to a decrease in bone formation and increase in bone resorption. Mice lacking Slit3 specifically in osteoclasts had low bone mass, whereas mice with either neuron-specific Slit3 deletion or osteoblast-specific Slit3 deletion had normal bone mass, thereby indicating the importance of SLIT3 as a local determinant of bone metabolism. In postmenopausal women, higher circulating SLIT3 levels were associated with increased bone mass. Notably, injection of a truncated recombinant SLIT3 markedly rescued bone loss after an ovariectomy. Thus, these results indicate that SLIT3 plays an osteoprotective role by synchronously stimulating bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption, making it a potential therapeutic target for metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Jun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Sung Ah Moon
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | | | - Jin Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Whan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbook, South Korea
| | | | - Joseph A. Lorenzo
- Departments of Medicine and Orthopaedics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Seong Hee Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeonmok Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Up Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ghi Su Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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37
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Caterson B, Melrose J. Keratan sulfate, a complex glycosaminoglycan with unique functional capability. Glycobiology 2018; 28:182-206. [PMID: 29340594 PMCID: PMC5993099 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective keratan sulfate (KS) is the newest glycosaminoglycan (GAG) but the least understood. KS is a sophisticated molecule with a diverse structure, and unique functional roles continue to be uncovered for this GAG. The cornea is the richest tissue source of KS in the human body but the central and peripheral nervous systems also contain significant levels of KS and a diverse range of KS-proteoglycans with essential functional roles. KS also displays important cell regulatory properties in epithelial and mesenchymal tissues and in bone and in tumor development of diagnostic and prognostic utility. Corneal KS-I displays variable degrees of sulfation along the KS chain ranging from non-sulfated polylactosamine, mono-sulfated and disulfated disaccharide regions. Skeletal KS-II is almost completely sulfated consisting of disulfated disaccharides interrupted by occasional mono-sulfated N-acetyllactosamine residues. KS-III also contains highly sulfated KS disaccharides but differs from KS-I and KS-II through 2-O-mannose linkage to serine or threonine core protein residues on proteoglycans such as phosphacan and abakan in brain tissue. Historically, the major emphasis on the biology of KS has focused on its sulfated regions for good reason. The sulfation motifs on KS convey important molecular recognition information and direct cell behavior through a number of interactive proteins. Emerging evidence also suggest functional roles for the poly-N-acetyllactosamine regions of KS requiring further investigation. Thus further research is warranted to better understand the complexities of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, School of Biosciences, College of Biological & Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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38
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Golenkina S, Chaturvedi V, Saint R, Murray MJ. Frazzled can act through distinct molecular pathways in epithelial cells to regulate motility, apical constriction, and localisation of E-Cadherin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194003. [PMID: 29518139 PMCID: PMC5843272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Netrin receptors of the DCC/NEO/UNC-40/Frazzled family have well established roles in cell migration and axon guidance but can also regulate epithelial features such as adhesion, polarity and adherens junction (AJ) stability. Previously, we have shown that overexpression of Drosophila Frazzled (Fra) in the peripodial epithelium (PE) inhibits wing disc eversion and also generates cellular protrusions typical of motile cells. Here, we tested whether the molecular pathways by which Fra inhibits eversion are distinct from those driving motility. We show that in disc proper (DP) epithelial cells Fra, in addition to inducing F-Actin rich protrusions, can affect localization of AJ components and columnar cell shape. We then show that these phenotypes have different requirements for the three conserved Fra cytoplasmic P-motifs and for downstream genes. The formation of protrusions required the P3 motif of Fra, as well as integrins (mys and mew), the Rac pathway (Rac1, wave and, arpc3) and myosin regulatory light chain (Sqh). In contrast, apico-basal cell shape change, which was accompanied by increased myosin phosphorylation, was critically dependent upon the P1 motif and was promoted by RhoGef2 but inhibited by Rac1. Fra also caused a loss of AJ proteins (DE-Cad and Arm) from basolateral regions of epithelial cells. This phenotype required all 3 P-motifs, and was dependent upon the polarity factor par6. par6 was not required for protrusions or cell shape change, but was required to block eversion suggesting that control of AJ components may underlie the ability of Fra to promote epithelial stability. The results imply that multiple molecular pathways act downstream of Fra in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Golenkina
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vishal Chaturvedi
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Saint
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J. Murray
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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39
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Wang J, Ding M. Robo and Ror function in a common receptor complex to regulate Wnt-mediated neurite outgrowth in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2254-E2263. [PMID: 29463707 PMCID: PMC5877952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717468115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing axons are exposed to various guidance cues en route to their targets, but the mechanisms that govern the response of growth cones to combinations of signals remain largely elusive. Here, we found that the sole Robo receptor, SAX-3, in Caenorhabditis elegans functions as a coreceptor for Wnt/CWN-2 molecules. SAX-3 binds to Wnt/CWN-2 and facilitates the membrane recruitment of CWN-2. SAX-3 forms a complex with the Ror/CAM-1 receptor and its downstream effector Dsh/DSH-1, promoting signal transduction from Wnt to Dsh. sax-3 functions in Wnt-responsive cells and the SAX-3 receptor is restricted to the side of the cell from which the neurite is extended. DSH-1 has a similar asymmetric distribution, which is disrupted by sax-3 mutation. Taking these results together, we propose that Robo receptor can function as a Wnt coreceptor to regulate Wnt-mediated biological processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Biological Science Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Mei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China;
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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40
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Iqbal J, Yuen T, Kim SM, Zaidi M. Opening windows for bone remodeling through a SLIT. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1255-1257. [PMID: 29504950 DOI: 10.1172/jci120325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation and resorption are tightly coupled, and dysfunction of either process leads to bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. Bone-forming agents have been explored clinically to increase bone density; however, long-term efficacy of these strategies is limited due to the accompanying increase in resorption in response to increased bone formation. Axonal guidance molecules have recently been shown to regulate formation-resorption coupling and thus have the potential for osteoporosis therapy. In this issue of the JCI, Kim et al. demonstrate that osteoclast-secreted SLIT3 influences bone formation and resorption by promoting osteoblast migration and suppressing osteoclast differentiation. Activation of SLIT3/ROBO signaling in ovariectomized mice increased bone mass, suggesting that SLIT3 should be further explored as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Iqbal
- Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tony Yuen
- Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
| | - Se-Min Kim
- Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
| | - Mone Zaidi
- Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
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41
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Aleksandrova N, Gutsche I, Kandiah E, Avilov SV, Petoukhov MV, Seiradake E, McCarthy AA. Robo1 Forms a Compact Dimer-of-Dimers Assembly. Structure 2018; 26:320-328.e4. [PMID: 29307485 PMCID: PMC5807052 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Roundabout (Robo) receptors provide an essential repulsive cue in neuronal development following Slit ligand binding. This important signaling pathway can also be hijacked in numerous cancers, making Slit-Robo an attractive therapeutic target. However, little is known about how Slit binding mediates Robo activation. Here we present the crystal structure of Robo1 Ig1-4 and Robo1 Ig5, together with a negative stain electron microscopy reconstruction of the Robo1 ectodomain. These results show how the Robo1 ectodomain is arranged as compact dimers, mainly mediated by the central Ig domains, which can further interact in a "back-to-back" fashion to generate a tetrameric assembly. We also observed no change in Robo1 oligomerization upon interaction with the dimeric Slit2-N ligand using fluorescent imaging. Taken together with previous studies we propose that Slit2-N binding results in a conformational change of Robo1 to trigger cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Aleksandrova
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Irina Gutsche
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Eaazhisai Kandiah
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Sergiy V Avilov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Maxim V Petoukhov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany; Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 59, 119333 Moscow, Russian Federation; A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation; N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina Street 4, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew A McCarthy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France.
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42
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Liu X, Wang X, Fu SW, Wang M, Kang H, Guan H, Zhang S, Ma X, Lin S, Liu K, Feng Y, Dai C, Dai Z. Genetic association of deleted in colorectal carcinoma variants with breast cancer risk: A case-control study. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32765-73. [PMID: 27127179 PMCID: PMC5078049 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC), a netrin-1 dependence receptor, is correlated with cell progression, migration, and adhesion. Evidence indicated that DCC was frequently down-regulated in many cancers. However, the association of DCC with breast cancer remains uncertain. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the impact of three DCC gene variants (rs2229080, rs7504990, and rs4078288) on breast cancer susceptibility in Chinese women. This study included 560 breast cancer patients and 583 age-matched healthy controls from Northwest China. The three gene variants were genotyped via Sequenom MassARRAY. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized to evaluate the associations. We found that individuals with the rs2229080 C/G, C/C, and C/G-CC genotypes had a higher breast cancer risk, and the minor allele C was associated with increased breast cancer risk in an allele model. We observed a significantly decreased breast cancer risk with the rs7504990 C/T, T/T, and C/T-T/T genotypes, and the minor allele T was protective against breast cancer in an allele model. In addition, rs2229080 was associated with the axillary lymph node (LN) metastasis status. An age-stratified analysis revealed an association between rs2229080 and reduced breast cancer risk among older patients (≥ 49 years). Furthermore, the haplotype analysis showed that the Crs2229080Crs7504990Ars4078288 haplotype was associated with a decreased breast cancer risk. However, the results indicated a lack of association between rs4078288 and breast cancer risk. These findings affirmed that rs2229080 and rs7504990 polymorphisms in DCC might be related with breast cancer susceptibility in Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xijing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Sidney W Fu
- Division of Genomic Medicine/Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Huafeng Kang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Haitao Guan
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xiaobin Ma
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Shuai Lin
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yanjing Feng
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Cong Dai
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.,Division of Genomic Medicine/Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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43
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Kim M, Fontelonga TM, Lee CH, Barnum SJ, Mastick GS. Motor axons are guided to exit points in the spinal cord by Slit and Netrin signals. Dev Biol 2017; 432:178-191. [PMID: 28986144 PMCID: PMC5694371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the spinal cord, motor axons project out the neural tube at specific exit points, then bundle together to project toward target muscles. The molecular signals that guide motor axons to and out of their exit points remain undefined. Since motor axons and their exit points are located near the floor plate, guidance signals produced by the floor plate and adjacent ventral tissues could influence motor axons as they project toward and out of exit points. The secreted Slit proteins are major floor plate repellents, and motor neurons express two Slit receptors, Robo1 and Robo2. Using mutant mouse embryos at early stages of motor axon exit, we found that motor exit points shifted ventrally in Robo1/2 or Slit1/2 double mutants. Along with the ventral shift, mutant axons had abnormal trajectories both within the neural tube toward the exit point, and after exit into the periphery. In contrast, the absence of the major ventral attractant, Netrin-1, or its receptor, DCC caused motor exit points to shift dorsally. Netrin-1 attraction on spinal motor axons was demonstrated by in vitro explant assays, showing that Netrin-1 increased outgrowth and attracted cultured spinal motor axons. The opposing effects of Slit/Robo and Netrin-1/DCC signals were tested genetically by combining Netrin-1 and Robo1/2 mutations. The location of exit points in the combined mutants was significantly recovered to their normal position compared to Netrin-1 or Robo1/2 mutants. Together, these results suggest that the proper position of motor exit points is determined by a "push-pull" mechanism, pulled ventrally by Netrin-1/DCC attraction and pushed dorsally by Slit/Robo repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | | | - Clare H Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sarah J Barnum
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Grant S Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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44
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Kim M, Bjorke B, Mastick GS. Motor neuron migration and positioning mechanisms: New roles for guidance cues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:78-83. [PMID: 29141180 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Motor neurons differentiate from progenitor cells and cluster as motor nuclei, settling next to the floor plate in the brain stem and spinal cord. Although precise positioning of motor neurons is critical for their functional input and output, the molecular mechanisms that guide motor neurons to their proper positions remain poorly understood. Here, we review recent evidence of motor neuron positioning mechanisms, highlighting situations in which motor neuron cell bodies can migrate, and experiments that show that their migration is regulated by axon guidance cues. The view that emerges is that motor neurons are actively trapped or restricted in static positions, as the cells balance a push in the dorsal direction by repulsive Slit/Robo cues and a pull in the ventral direction by attractive Netrin-1/DCC cues. These new functions of guidance cues are necessary fine-tuning to set up patterns of motor neurons at their proper positions in the neural tube during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Brielle Bjorke
- Neuroscience Program, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Grant S Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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45
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Abstract
Motor neurons of the spinal cord are responsible for the assembly of neuromuscular connections indispensable for basic locomotion and skilled movements. A precise spatial relationship exists between the position of motor neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord and the course of their axonal projections to peripheral muscle targets. Motor neuron innervation of the vertebrate limb is a prime example of this topographic organization and by virtue of its accessibility and predictability has provided access to fundamental principles of motor system development and neuronal guidance. The seemingly basic binary map established by genetically defined motor neuron subtypes that target muscles in the limb is directed by a surprisingly large number of directional cues. Rather than being simply redundant, these converging signaling pathways are hierarchically linked and cooperate to increase the fidelity of axon pathfinding decisions. A current priority is to determine how multiple guidance signals are integrated by individual growth cones and how they synergize to delineate class-specific axonal trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Bonanomi
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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46
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Marsh APL, Edwards TJ, Galea C, Cooper HM, Engle EC, Jamuar SS, Méneret A, Moutard ML, Nava C, Rastetter A, Robinson G, Rouleau G, Roze E, Spencer-Smith M, Trouillard O, Billette de Villemeur T, Walsh CA, Yu TW, Heron D, Sherr EH, Richards LJ, Depienne C, Leventer RJ, Lockhart PJ. DCC mutation update: Congenital mirror movements, isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum, and developmental split brain syndrome. Hum Mutat 2017; 39:23-39. [PMID: 29068161 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) gene encodes the netrin-1 (NTN1) receptor DCC, a transmembrane protein required for the guidance of commissural axons. Germline DCC mutations disrupt the development of predominantly commissural tracts in the central nervous system (CNS) and cause a spectrum of neurological disorders. Monoallelic, missense, and predicted loss-of-function DCC mutations cause congenital mirror movements, isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), or both. Biallelic, predicted loss-of-function DCC mutations cause developmental split brain syndrome (DSBS). Although the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to disease remain poorly understood, they are thought to stem from reduced or perturbed NTN1 signaling. Here, we review the 26 reported DCC mutations associated with abnormal CNS development in humans, including 14 missense and 12 predicted loss-of-function mutations, and discuss their associated clinical characteristics and diagnostic features. We provide an update on the observed genotype-phenotype relationships of congenital mirror movements, isolated ACC and DSBS, and correlate this to our current understanding of the biological function of DCC in the development of the CNS. All mutations and their associated phenotypes were deposited into a locus-specific LOVD (https://databases.lovd.nl/shared/genes/DCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P L Marsh
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy J Edwards
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Charles Galea
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics (D4), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen M Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Saumya S Jamuar
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Moutard
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France.,UPMC, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre de référence "Neurogénétique", Paris, France
| | - Caroline Nava
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Rastetter
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Gail Robinson
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Megan Spencer-Smith
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oriane Trouillard
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Billette de Villemeur
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France.,UPMC, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France.,INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy W Yu
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Delphine Heron
- UPMC, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Linda J Richards
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christel Depienne
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Médicine translationnelle et Neurogénétique, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Laboratoires de génétique, Institut de génétique médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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47
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Li J, Zhou C, Wang G, Wang S, Ni S, Ye M, Zhang J. Promoter hypermethylation of SLIT2 is a risk factor and potential diagnostic biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Gene 2017; 644:74-79. [PMID: 29107007 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SLIT2 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene and recent studies have shown that SLIT2 expression is suppressed or reduced by hypermethylation in the promoter region in various cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between SLIT2 promoter methylation and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its relative diagnostic ability for NPC. Bisulfite pyrosequencing technology was performed to measure methylation levels of the SLIT2 promoter in tissue and plasma samples from 61 NPC patients and 38 normal volunteers. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the diagnostic ability of SLIT2 methylation for diagnosing NPC. Our results showed that methylation levels of the SLIT2 promoter were significantly higher in NPC patients compared with individuals, both in tissue samples (P=2.57E-10) and plasma samples (plasma: P=3.86E-13). In addition, the frequency of SLIT2 promoter methylation markedly increased in the advanced stage (tissue: P=3.50E-05; plasma: P=1.14E-04) and advanced T classified (tissue: P=9.00E-06; plasma: P=3.80E-05), as well as in lymph node metastasis patients (tissue: P=1.82E-03; plasma: P=2.22E-03). In addition, the AUCs according to tissue and plasma samples were 0.846 and 0.866, respectively. When these two sample-types were combined, the AUC increased slightly to 0.874. Our study revealed that elevated SLIT2 promoter methylation contributed to the risk of NPC, as well as being involved in its progression and metastasis. Therefore, the methylated SLIT2 promoter could serve as a potential biomarker for diagnosing NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chongchang Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guoli Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaomin Wang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuming Ni
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China.
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48
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Lei H, Yan Z, Sun X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Ma C, Xu Q, Wang R, Jarvis ED, Sun Z. Axon guidance pathways served as common targets for human speech/language evolution and related disorders. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 174:1-8. [PMID: 28692932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human and several nonhuman species share the rare ability of modifying acoustic and/or syntactic features of sounds produced, i.e. vocal learning, which is the important neurobiological and behavioral substrate of human speech/language. This convergent trait was suggested to be associated with significant genomic convergence and best manifested at the ROBO-SLIT axon guidance pathway. Here we verified the significance of such genomic convergence and assessed its functional relevance to human speech/language using human genetic variation data. In normal human populations, we found the affected amino acid sites were well fixed and accompanied with significantly more associated protein-coding SNPs in the same genes than the rest genes. Diseased individuals with speech/language disorders have significant more low frequency protein coding SNPs but they preferentially occurred outside the affected genes. Such patients' SNPs were enriched in several functional categories including two axon guidance pathways (mediated by netrin and semaphorin) that interact with ROBO-SLITs. Four of the six patients have homozygous missense SNPs on PRAME gene family, one youngest gene family in human lineage, which possibly acts upon retinoic acid receptor signaling, similarly as FOXP2, to modulate axon guidance. Taken together, we suggest the axon guidance pathways (e.g. ROBO-SLIT, PRAME gene family) served as common targets for human speech/language evolution and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimeng Lei
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhangming Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Children Healthcare, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Department of Children Healthcare, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Caihong Ma
- Reproductive Medicine Center of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qunyuan Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Hengkuan Telegenomics Co., Ltd., 36/F, 5 Meiyuan Rd., Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815-6789, USA
| | - Zhirong Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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49
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Abstract
Growth factor signaling has long been known to stimulate cellular growth and motility. That it might also directly promote repulsive signaling, however, is a surprising finding reported by Yoon et al. (2017) in this issue of Developmental Cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Schmucker
- Neuronal Wiring Laboratory, Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, University of Leuven (KUL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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50
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Theofanopoulou C, Gastaldon S, O’Rourke T, Samuels BD, Messner A, Martins PT, Delogu F, Alamri S, Boeckx C. Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185306. [PMID: 29045412 PMCID: PMC5646786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identifies and analyzes statistically significant overlaps between selective sweep screens in anatomically modern humans and several domesticated species. The results obtained suggest that (paleo-)genomic data can be exploited to complement the fossil record and support the idea of self-domestication in Homo sapiens, a process that likely intensified as our species populated its niche. Our analysis lends support to attempts to capture the "domestication syndrome" in terms of alterations to certain signaling pathways and cell lineages, such as the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina Theofanopoulou
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute for Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simone Gastaldon
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas O’Rourke
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bridget D. Samuels
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Angela Messner
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francesco Delogu
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Saleh Alamri
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cedric Boeckx
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute for Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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