1
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Lee JH. Host-Microbe Interactions Regulate Intestinal Stem Cells and Tissue Turnover in Drosophila. Int J Stem Cells 2024; 17:51-58. [PMID: 38123486 PMCID: PMC10899887 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc23172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
With the activity of intestinal stem cells and continuous turnover, the gut epithelium is one of the most dynamic tissues in animals. Due to its simple yet conserved tissue structure and enteric cell composition as well as advanced genetic and histologic techniques, Drosophila serves as a valuable model system for investigating the regulation of intestinal stem cells. The Drosophila gut epithelium is in constant contact with indigenous microbiota and encounters externally introduced "non-self" substances, including foodborne pathogens. Therefore, in addition to its role in digestion and nutrient absorption, another essential function of the gut epithelium is to control the expansion of microbes while maintaining its structural integrity, necessitating a tissue turnover process involving intestinal stem cell activity. As a result, the microbiome and pathogens serve as important factors in regulating intestinal tissue turnover. In this manuscript, I discuss crucial discoveries revealing the interaction between gut microbes and the host's innate immune system, closely associated with the regulation of intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation, ultimately contributing to epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Mannino MC, Cassidy MB, Florez S, Rusan Z, Chakraborty S, Schoborg T. Mutations in abnormal spindle disrupt temporal transcription factor expression and trigger immune responses in the Drosophila brain. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad188. [PMID: 37831641 PMCID: PMC10697820 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordination of cellular behaviors during neurodevelopment is critical for determining the form, function, and size of the central nervous system (CNS). Mutations in the vertebrate Abnormal Spindle-Like, Microcephaly Associated (ASPM) gene and its Drosophila melanogaster ortholog abnormal spindle (asp) lead to microcephaly (MCPH), a reduction in overall brain size whose etiology remains poorly defined. Here, we provide the neurodevelopmental transcriptional landscape for a Drosophila model for autosomal recessive primary microcephaly-5 (MCPH5) and extend our findings into the functional realm to identify the key cellular mechanisms responsible for Asp-dependent brain growth and development. We identify multiple transcriptomic signatures, including new patterns of coexpressed genes in the developing CNS. Defects in optic lobe neurogenesis were detected in larval brains through downregulation of temporal transcription factors (tTFs) and Notch signaling targets, which correlated with a significant reduction in brain size and total cell numbers during the neurogenic window of development. We also found inflammation as a hallmark of asp mutant brains, detectable throughout every stage of CNS development, which also contributes to the brain size phenotype. Finally, we show that apoptosis is not a primary driver of the asp mutant brain phenotypes, further highlighting an intrinsic Asp-dependent neurogenesis promotion mechanism that is independent of cell death. Collectively, our results suggest that the etiology of the asp mutant brain phenotype is complex and that a comprehensive view of the cellular basis of the disorder requires an understanding of how multiple pathway inputs collectively determine tissue size and architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Mannino
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Steven Florez
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Zeid Rusan
- Personalis, Inc., Fremont, CA 94555, USA
| | - Shalini Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Todd Schoborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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3
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Fan X, Huang T, Wang S, Yang Z, Song W, Zeng Y, Tong Y, Cai Y, Yang D, Zeng B, Zhang M, Ni Q, Li Y, Li D, Yang M. The adaptor protein 14-3-3zeta modulates intestinal immunity and aging in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105414. [PMID: 37918806 PMCID: PMC10724694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins that coordinate the complex transcriptional networks of aging have not been completely documented. Protein 14-3-3zeta is an adaptor protein that coordinates signaling and transcription factor networks, but its function in aging is not fully understood. Here, we showed that the protein expression of 14-3-3zeta gradually increased during aging. High levels of 14-3-3zeta led to shortened lifespan and imbalance of intestinal immune homeostasis in Drosophila, but the decrease in 14-3-3zeta protein levels by RNAi was able to significantly promote the longevity and intestinal immune homeostasis of fruit flies. Importantly, we demonstrate that adult-onset administration of TIC10, a compound that reduces the aging-related AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways, rescues the shortened lifespan of 14-3-3zeta-overexpressing flies. This finding suggests that 14-3-3zeta plays a critical role in regulating the aging process. Our study elucidates the role of 14-3-3zeta in natural aging and provides the rationale for subsequent 14-3-3zeta-based antiaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Fan
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tiantian Huang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ziyue Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Song
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yao Zeng
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; Technology Institute of Silk and Mulberry, Chong Qing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yingdong Tong
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yujuan Cai
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Deying Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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4
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Socha C, Pais IS, Lee KZ, Liu J, Liégeois S, Lestradet M, Ferrandon D. Fast drosophila enterocyte regrowth after infection involves a reverse metabolic flux driven by an amino acid transporter. iScience 2023; 26:107490. [PMID: 37636057 PMCID: PMC10448536 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon exposure to a bacterial pore-forming toxin, enterocytes rapidly purge their apical cytoplasm into the gut lumen, resulting in a thin intestinal epithelium. The enterocytes regain their original shape and thickness within 16 h after the ingestion of the bacteria. Here, we show that the regrowth of Drosophila enterocytes entails an inversion of metabolic fluxes from the organism back toward the intestine. We identify a proton-assisted transporter, Arcus, that is required for the reverse absorption of amino acids and the timely recovery of the intestinal epithelium. Arcus is required for a peak of amino acids appearing in the hemolymph shortly after infection. The regrowth of enterocytes involves the insulin signaling pathway and Myc. The purge decreases Myc mRNA levels, which subsequently remain at low levels in the arcus mutant. Interestingly, the action of arcus and Myc in the intestinal epithelium is not cell-autonomous, suggesting amino acid fluxes within the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Socha
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, RIDI UPR 9022, F67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Inês S. Pais
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, RIDI UPR 9022, F67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kwang-Zin Lee
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, RIDI UPR 9022, F67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Samuel Liégeois
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, RIDI UPR 9022, F67084 Strasbourg, France
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Matthieu Lestradet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, RIDI UPR 9022, F67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Ferrandon
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, RIDI UPR 9022, F67084 Strasbourg, France
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China
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5
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Qush A, Al Khatib HA, Rachid H, Al-Tamimi H, Al-Eshaq A, Al-Adwi S, Yassine HM, Kamareddine L. Intake of caffeine containing sugar diet remodels gut microbiota and perturbs Drosophila melanogaster immunity and lifespan. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105149. [PMID: 37169244 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The diet-microbiome-immunity axis is one among the many arms that draw up the "we are what we intake" proclamation. As such, studies on the effect of food and beverage intake on the gut environment and microbiome and on modulating immunological responses and the host's susceptibility to pathogens are on the rise. A typical accompaniment in different sustenance we consume on daily basis is the trimethylxanthine alkaloid caffeine. Being a chief component in our regular aliment, a better understanding of the effect of caffeine containing food and beverages on our gut-microbiome-immunity axis and henceforth on our health is much needed. In this study, we shed more light on the effect of oral consumption of caffeine supplemented sugar diet on the gut environment, specifically on the gut microbiota, innate immunity and host susceptibility to pathogens using the Drosophila melanogaster model organism. Our findings reveal that the oral intake of a dose-specific caffeine containing sucrose/agarose sugar diet causes a significant alteration within the fly gut milieu demarcated by microbial dysbiosis and an elevation in the production of reactive oxygen species and expression of immune-deficiency (Imd) pathway-dependent antimicrobial peptide genes. The oral intake of caffeine containing sucrose/agarose sugar diet also renders the flies more susceptible to bacterial infection and shortens their lifespan in both infection and non-infection settings. Our findings set forth additional insight into the potentiality of diet to alter the gut milieu and highlight the importance of dietary control on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Qush
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hebah A Al Khatib
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hajar Rachid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hend Al-Tamimi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alyaa Al-Eshaq
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shaima Al-Adwi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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6
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Gao X, Wang P, Yan Z, Yang Q, Huang X, Zhang S, Gun S. Molecular characterization and function of JAK/STAT pathway in IPEC-J2 cells during Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin stimulation. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1177-1184. [PMID: 37436554 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal infection with C. perfringens is responsible for outbreaks of diarrhea in piglets. Janus kinase / signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) is a vital signaling pathway that regulates cellular activity and inflammatory response, closely correlated with multiple diseases development and advances. Currently, the potential effect of JAK/STAT on C. perfringens beta2 (CPB2) treatment on porcine intestinal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells has not been explored. The expression of JAK/STAT genes or proteins in IPEC-J2 cells induced by CPB2 were observed by qRT-PCR and Western blot, and further used WP1066 to explore the effect of JAK2/STAT3 on mechanism employed by CPB2 on apoptosis, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines of IPEC-J2 cells. JAK2, JAK3, STAT1, STAT3, STAT5A and STAT6 were highly expressed in CPB2-induced IPEC-J2 cells, among which STAT3 had the highest expression. Moreover, apoptosis, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were attenuated via blocking the activation of JAK2/STAT3 by using WP1066 in CPB2-treated IPEC-J2 cells. Furthermore, WP1066 significantly suppressed the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and TNF-α induced by CPB2 in IPEC-J2 cells.Our findings provide some insights into the functional roles of JAK2/STAT3 in piglets against to C. perfringens infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- Farmer Education and Training Work Station of Gansu province, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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7
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Mannino MC, Bartels Cassidy M, Florez S, Rusan Z, Chakraborty S, Schoborg T. The neurodevelopmental transcriptome of the Drosophila melanogaster microcephaly gene abnormal spindle reveals a role for temporal transcription factors and the immune system in regulating brain size. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523369. [PMID: 36711768 PMCID: PMC9882087 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of cellular behaviors during neurodevelopment is critical for determining the form, function, and size of the central nervous system. Mutations in the vertebrate Abnormal Spindle-Like, Microcephaly Associated (ASPM) gene and its Drosophila melanogaster ortholog abnormal spindle (asp) lead to microcephaly, a reduction in overall brain size whose etiology remains poorly defined. Here we provide the neurodevelopmental transcriptional landscape for a Drosophila model for autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) and extend our findings into the functional realm in an attempt to identify the key cellular mechanisms responsible for Asp-dependent brain growth and development. We identify multiple transcriptomic signatures, including new patterns of co-expressed genes in the developing CNS. Defects in optic lobe neurogenesis were detected in larval brains through downregulation of temporal transcription factors (tTFs) and Notch signaling targets, which correlated with a significant reduction in brain size and total cell numbers during the neurogenic window of development. We also found inflammation as a hallmark of asp MCPH brains, detectable throughout every stage of CNS development, which also contributes to the brain size phenotype. Finally, we show that apoptosis is not a primary driver of the asp MCPH phenotype, further highlighting an intrinsic Asp-dependent neurogenesis promotion mechanism that is independent of cell death. Collectively, our results suggest that the etiology of asp MCPH is complex and that a comprehensive view of the cellular basis of the disorder requires an understanding of how multiple pathway inputs collectively determine the microcephaly phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Mannino
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Steven Florez
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Shalini Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Todd Schoborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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8
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Abstract
The gut epithelia of virtually all animals harbor complex microbial communities that play an important role in maintaining immune and cellular homeostasis. Gut microbiota have evolutionarily adapted to the host gut environment, serving as key regulators of intestinal stem cells to promote a healthy gut barrier and modulate epithelial self-renewal. Disruption of these populations has been associated with inflammatory disorders or cancerous lesions of the intestine. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling gut-microbe interactions are only partially understood due to the high diversity and biologically dynamic nature of these microorganisms. This article reviews the current knowledge on Drosophila gut microbiota and its role in signaling pathways that are crucial for the induction of distinct homeostatic and immune responses. Thanks to the genetic tractability of Drosophila and its cultivable and simple microbiota, this association model offers new efficient tools for investigating the crosstalk between a host and its microbiota while providing a framework for a better understanding of the ecological and evolutionary roles of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Tafesh-Edwards
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
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9
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Jeong SH, Lee HJ, Lee SJ. Recent Advances in CRISPR-Cas Technologies for Synthetic Biology. J Microbiol 2023; 61:13-36. [PMID: 36723794 PMCID: PMC9890466 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
With developments in synthetic biology, "engineering biology" has emerged through standardization and platformization based on hierarchical, orthogonal, and modularized biological systems. Genome engineering is necessary to manufacture and design synthetic cells with desired functions by using bioparts obtained from sequence databases. Among various tools, the CRISPR-Cas system is modularly composed of guide RNA and Cas nuclease; therefore, it is convenient for editing the genome freely. Recently, various strategies have been developed to accurately edit the genome at a single nucleotide level. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas technology has been extended to molecular diagnostics for nucleic acids and detection of pathogens, including disease-causing viruses. Moreover, CRISPR technology, which can precisely control the expression of specific genes in cells, is evolving to find the target of metabolic biotechnology. In this review, we summarize the status of various CRISPR technologies that can be applied to synthetic biology and discuss the development of synthetic biology combined with CRISPR technology in microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Jeong
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Joung Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Lee SH, Hwang D, Goo TW, Yun EY. Prediction of intestinal stem cell regulatory genes from Drosophila gut damage model created using multiple inducers: Differential gene expression-based protein-protein interaction network analysis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:104539. [PMID: 36087786 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal tissue functions in innate immunity to prevent the entry of harmful substances, and to maintain homeostasis through the constant proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISC). To understand the mechanisms which regulate ISC in response to gut damage, we identified 81 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through RNA-seq analysis after oral administration of three intestinal-damaging substances to Drosophila melanogaster. Through protein-protein interaction (PPI) and functional annotation studies, the top 22 DEGs ordered by the number of nodes in the PPI network were analyzed in relation to cell development. Through network topology analysis, we identified 12 essential seed genes. From this we confirmed that p53, RpL17, Fmr1, Stat92E, CG31343, Cnot4, CG9281, CG8184, Evi5, and to were essential for ISC proliferation during gut damage using knockdown RNAi Drosophila. This study presents a method for identifying candidate genes relating to intestinal damage that has scope for furthering our understanding of gut disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Dooseon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Tae-Won Goo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38766, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Yun
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
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11
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Zhai J, Li W, Liu X, Wang D, Zhang D, Liu Y, Liang X, Chen Z. Tiny Drosophila intestinal stem cells, big power. Cell Biol Int 2022; 47:3-14. [PMID: 36177490 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The signaling pathways are highly conserved between Drosophila and mammals concerning intestinal development, regeneration, and disease. The powerful genetic tools of Drosophila make it a valuable and convenient alternative to answer basic biological questions that can not be addressed using mammalian models. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how we use fly midgut to answer the following key questions: (1) How intestine stem cell niches are established; (2) which factors control asymmetric division of stem cells; (3) how intestinal cells interact with environmental factors, such as tissue damage, microbiota, and diet; (4) how to screen aging/cancer-related factors or drugs by fly intestine stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhai
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Wanyang Li
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Di Wang
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Dongli Zhang
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Xiuwen Liang
- Hulunbuir City People's Hospital, Hulunbuir City, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
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12
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Córdova-García G, Esquivel CJ, Pérez-Staples D, Ruiz-May E, Herrera-Cruz M, Reyes-Hernández M, Abraham S, Aluja M, Sirot L. Characterization of reproductive proteins in the Mexican fruit fly points towards the evolution of novel functions. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212806. [PMID: 35765836 PMCID: PMC9240691 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) modify female phenotypes and have wide-ranging evolutionary implications on fitness in many insects. However, in the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens, a highly destructive agricultural pest, the functions of Sfps are still largely unknown. To gain insights into female phenotypes regulated by Sfps, we used nano-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to conduct a proteomic analysis of the soluble proteins from reproductive organs of A. ludens. The proteins predicted to be transferred from males to females during copulation were 100 proteins from the accessory glands, 69 from the testes and 20 from the ejaculatory bulb, resulting in 141 unique proteins after accounting for redundancies from multiple tissues. These 141 included orthologues to Drosophila melanogaster proteins involved mainly in oogenesis, spermatogenesis, immune response, lifespan and fecundity. In particular, we found one protein associated with female olfactory response to repellent stimuli (Scribble), and two related to memory formation (aPKC and Shibire). Together, these results raise the possibility that A. ludens Sfps could play a role in regulating female olfactory responses and memory formation and could be indicative of novel evolutionary functions in this important agricultural pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Córdova-García
- INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas Veracruzanas 101, Col. E. Zapata, Xalapa, CP 91090 Veracruz, México
| | | | - Diana Pérez-Staples
- INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas Veracruzanas 101, Col. E. Zapata, Xalapa, CP 91090 Veracruz, México
| | - Eliel Ruiz-May
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Antigua Carretera a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Mariana Herrera-Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex-Hda de Aguilera S/N, C.P. 68020, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | - Martha Reyes-Hernández
- Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Col. Lomas del Valle, CP 45129 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Solana Abraham
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecoetológicas de Moscas de la Fruta y sus Enemigos Naturales (LIEMEN), PROIMI-Biotecnología, CONICET, Avenida Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros s/n, CP 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Martín Aluja
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Antigua Carretera a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Laura Sirot
- Department of Biology, College of Wooster, 931 College Mall, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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13
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Mutations of γCOP Gene Disturb Drosophila melanogaster Innate Immune Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126499. [PMID: 35742941 PMCID: PMC9223523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly) is a valuable experimental platform for modeling host–pathogen interactions. It is also commonly used to define innate immunity pathways and to understand the mechanisms of both host tolerance to commensal microbiota and response to pathogenic agents. Herein, we investigate how the host response to bacterial infection is mirrored in the expression of genes of Imd and Toll pathways when D. melanogaster strains with different γCOP genetic backgrounds are infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Using microarray technology, we have interrogated the whole-body transcriptome of infected versus uninfected fruit fly males with three specific genotypes, namely wild-type Oregon, γCOPS057302/TM6B and γCOP14a/γCOP14a. While the expression of genes pertaining to Imd and Toll is not significantly modulated by P. aeruginosa infection in Oregon males, many of the components of these cascades are up- or downregulated in both infected and uninfected γCOPS057302/TM6B and γCOP14a/γCOP14a males. Thus, our results suggest that a γCOP genetic background modulates the gene expression profiles of Imd and Toll cascades involved in the innate immune response of D. melanogaster, inducing the occurrence of immunological dysfunctions in γCOP mutants.
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14
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García-Gamboa R, Domínguez-Simi MÁ, Gradilla-Hernández MS, Bravo-Madrigal J, Moya A, González-Avila M. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans, Used in Synbiotic Combination with Lactobacillus spp. Against Candida albicans. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 77:212-219. [PMID: 35461373 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-00966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest in the search for new alternatives to antimicrobial drugs, and the use of prebiotics and probiotics is a promising approach to this problem. This study aimed to assess the effect of inulin-type fructans, used in synbiotic combinations with Lactobacillus paracasei or Lactobacillus plantarum, on the production of short-chain fatty acids and antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. The inhibition assay using the L. paracasei and L. plantarum supernatants resulting from the metabolization of inulin-type fructans displayed growth inhibition and antibiofilm formation against C. albicans. Inhibition occurred at concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50% of the L. paracasei supernatant and at a concentration of 50% of the L. plantarum supernatant. The analysis of short-chain fatty acids by gas chromatography showed that lactic acid was the dominating produced metabolite. However, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were also detected in supernatants from both probiotics. Therefore, the synbiotic formulation of L. paracasei or L. plantarum in the presence of inulin-type fructans constitutes with anticandidal effect is a possible option to produce antifungal drugs or antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo García-Gamboa
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, col Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, Col. Nuevo México, Jalisco, C.P. 45138, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Domínguez-Simi
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, col Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Misael Sebastián Gradilla-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, Col. Nuevo México, Jalisco, C.P. 45138, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Jorge Bravo-Madrigal
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, col Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Andrés Moya
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO), Av. de Cataluña 21, 46020, València, Spain
| | - Marisela González-Avila
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, col Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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15
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Katsaounou K, Nicolaou E, Vogazianos P, Brown C, Stavrou M, Teloni S, Hatzis P, Agapiou A, Fragkou E, Tsiaoussis G, Potamitis G, Zaravinos A, Andreou C, Antoniades A, Shiammas C, Apidianakis Y. Colon Cancer: From Epidemiology to Prevention. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060499. [PMID: 35736432 PMCID: PMC9229931 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers affecting humans, with a complex genetic and environmental aetiology. Unlike cancers with known environmental, heritable, or sex-linked causes, sporadic CRC is hard to foresee and has no molecular biomarkers of risk in clinical use. One in twenty CRC cases presents with an established heritable component. The remaining cases are sporadic and associated with partially obscure genetic, epigenetic, regenerative, microbiological, dietary, and lifestyle factors. To tackle this complexity, we should improve the practice of colonoscopy, which is recommended uniformly beyond a certain age, to include an assessment of biomarkers indicative of individual CRC risk. Ideally, such biomarkers will be causal to the disease and potentially modifiable upon dietary or therapeutic interventions. Multi-omics analysis, including transcriptional, epigenetic as well as metagenomic, and metabolomic profiles, are urgently required to provide data for risk analyses. The aim of this article is to provide a perspective on the multifactorial derailment of homeostasis leading to the initiation of CRC, which may be explored via multi-omics and Gut-on-Chip analysis to identify much-needed predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Katsaounou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (K.K.); (S.T.)
| | | | - Paris Vogazianos
- Stremble Ventures Ltd., Limassol 4042, Cyprus; (P.V.); (C.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Cameron Brown
- Stremble Ventures Ltd., Limassol 4042, Cyprus; (P.V.); (C.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Marios Stavrou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (M.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Savvas Teloni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (K.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Pantelis Hatzis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari 16672, Greece;
| | - Agapios Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus;
| | | | | | | | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus;
- Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
| | - Chrysafis Andreou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (M.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Athos Antoniades
- Stremble Ventures Ltd., Limassol 4042, Cyprus; (P.V.); (C.B.); (A.A.)
| | | | - Yiorgos Apidianakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (K.K.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Zeng T, Su HA, Liu YL, Li JF, Jiang DX, Lu YY, Qi YX. Serotonin modulates insect gut bacterial community homeostasis. BMC Biol 2022; 20:105. [PMID: 35550116 PMCID: PMC9103294 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metazoan guts are in permanent contact with microbial communities. However, the host mechanisms that have developed to manage the dynamic changes of these microorganisms and maintain homeostasis remain largely unknown. Results Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) was found to modulate gut microbiome homeostasis via regulation of a dual oxidase (Duox) gene expression in both Bactrocera dorsalis and Aedes aegypti. The knockdown of the peripheral 5-HT biosynthetic gene phenylalanine hydroxylase (TPH) increased the expression of Duox and the activity of reactive oxygen species, leading to a decrease in the gut microbiome load. Moreover, the TPH knockdown reduced the relative abundance of the bacterial genera Serratia and Providencia, including the opportunistic pathogens, S. marcescens and P. alcalifaciens in B. dorsalis. Treatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan, a precursor of 5-HT synthesis, fully rescued the TPH knockdown-induced phenotype. Conclusions The findings reveal the important contribution of 5-HT in regulating gut homeostasis, providing new insights into gut–microbe interactions in metazoans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01319-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hong-Ai Su
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ya-Lan Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jian-Fang Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ding-Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Yue Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yi-Xiang Qi
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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17
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Sina Rahme B, Lestradet M, Di Venanzio G, Ayyaz A, Yamba MW, Lazzaro M, Liégeois S, Garcia Véscovi E, Ferrandon D. The fliR gene contributes to the virulence of S. marcescens in a Drosophila intestinal infection model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3068. [PMID: 35197500 PMCID: PMC8866479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06780-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic bacterium that infects a wide range of hosts including humans. It is a potent pathogen in a septic injury model of Drosophila melanogaster since a few bacteria directly injected in the body cavity kill the insect within a day. In contrast, flies do not succumb to ingested bacteria for days even though some bacteria cross the intestinal barrier into the hemolymph within hours. The mechanisms by which S. marcescens attacks enterocytes and damages the intestinal epithelium remain uncharacterized. To better understand intestinal infections, we performed a genetic screen for loss of virulence of ingested S. marcescens and identified FliR, a structural component of the flagellum, as a virulence factor. Next, we compared the virulence of two flagellum mutants fliR and flhD in two distinct S. marcescens strains. Both genes are required for S. marcescens to escape the gut lumen into the hemocoel, indicating that the flagellum plays an important role for the passage of bacteria through the intestinal barrier. Unexpectedly, fliR but not flhD is involved in S. marcescens-mediated damages of the intestinal epithelium that ultimately contribute to the demise of the host. Our results therefore suggest a flagellum-independent role for fliR in bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bechara Sina Rahme
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire du CNRS, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthieu Lestradet
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire du CNRS, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gisela Di Venanzio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Cellular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Arshad Ayyaz
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire du CNRS, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Miriam Wennida Yamba
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire du CNRS, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Martina Lazzaro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Cellular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Samuel Liégeois
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire du CNRS, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eleonora Garcia Véscovi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Cellular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Dominique Ferrandon
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire du CNRS, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
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18
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Abstract
In adult insects, as in vertebrates, the gut epithelium is a highly regenerative tissue that can renew itself rapidly in response to changing inputs from nutrition, the gut microbiota, ingested toxins, and signals from other organs. Because of its cellular and genetic similarities to the mammalian intestine, and its relevance as a target for the control of insect pests and disease vectors, many researchers have used insect intestines to address fundamental questions about stem cell functions during tissue maintenance and regeneration. In Drosophila, where most of the experimental work has been performed, not only are intestinal cell types and behaviors well characterized, but numerous cell signaling interactions have been detailed that mediate gut epithelial regeneration. A prevailing model for regenerative responses in the insect gut invokes stress sensing by damaged enterocytes (ECs) as a principal source for signaling that activates the division of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and the growth and differentiation of their progeny. However, extant data also reveal alternative mechanisms for regeneration that involve ISC-intrinsic functions, active culling of healthy epithelial cells, enhanced EC growth, and even cytoplasmic shedding by infected ECs. This article reviews current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in gut regeneration in several insect models (Drosophila and Aedes of the order Diptera, and several Lepidoptera).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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19
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Chen W, Liu D, Ren C, Su X, Wong CK, Yang R. A Special Network Comprised of Macrophages, Epithelial Cells, and Gut Microbiota for Gut Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020307. [PMID: 35053422 PMCID: PMC8774616 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of gut epithelial cells derived immunological factors such as cytokines and chemokines, which are stimulated by the gut microbiota, can regulate host immune responses to maintain a well-balance between gut microbes and host immune system. Multiple specialized immune cell populations, such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), innate lymphoid cells, and T regulatory (Treg) cells, can communicate with intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and/or the gut microbiota bi-directionally. The gut microbiota contributes to the differentiation and function of resident macrophages. Situated at the interface between the gut commensals and macrophages, the gut epithelium is crucial for gut homeostasis in microbial recognition, signaling transformation, and immune interactions, apart from being a physical barrier. Thus, three distinct but interactive components—macrophages, microbiota, and IEC—can form a network for the delicate and dynamic regulation of intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the crucial features of gut microbiota, macrophages, and IEC. We will also summarize recent advances in understanding the cooperative and dynamic interactions among the gut microbiota, gut macrophages, and IEC, which constitute a special network for gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.C.); (D.L.); (C.R.); (X.S.)
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.C.); (D.L.); (C.R.); (X.S.)
| | - Changhao Ren
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.C.); (D.L.); (C.R.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaomin Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.C.); (D.L.); (C.R.); (X.S.)
| | - Chun-Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Rongcun Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.C.); (D.L.); (C.R.); (X.S.)
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence:
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20
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Ye L, Rawls JF. Microbial influences on gut development and gut-brain communication. Development 2021; 148:dev194936. [PMID: 34758081 PMCID: PMC8627602 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The developmental programs that build and sustain animal forms also encode the capacity to sense and adapt to the microbial world within which they evolved. This is abundantly apparent in the development of the digestive tract, which typically harbors the densest microbial communities of the body. Here, we review studies in human, mouse, zebrafish and Drosophila that are revealing how the microbiota impacts the development of the gut and its communication with the nervous system, highlighting important implications for human and animal health.
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21
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Aromolaran O, Beder T, Adedeji E, Ajamma Y, Oyelade J, Adebiyi E, Koenig R. Predicting host dependency factors of pathogens in Drosophila melanogaster using machine learning. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4581-4592. [PMID: 34471501 PMCID: PMC8385402 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens causing infections, and particularly when invading the host cells, require the host cell machinery for efficient regeneration and proliferation during infection. For their life cycle, host proteins are needed and these Host Dependency Factors (HDF) may serve as therapeutic targets. Several attempts have approached screening for HDF producing large lists of potential HDF with, however, only marginal overlap. To get consistency into the data of these experimental studies, we developed a machine learning pipeline. As a case study, we used publicly available lists of experimentally derived HDF from twelve different screening studies based on gene perturbation in Drosophila melanogaster cells or in vivo upon bacterial or protozoan infection. A total of 50,334 gene features were generated from diverse categories including their functional annotations, topology attributes in protein interaction networks, nucleotide and protein sequence features, homology properties and subcellular localization. Cross-validation revealed an excellent prediction performance. All feature categories contributed to the model. Predicted and experimentally derived HDF showed a good consistency when investigating their common cellular processes and function. Cellular processes and molecular function of these genes were highly enriched in membrane trafficking, particularly in the trans-Golgi network, cell cycle and the Rab GTPase binding family. Using our machine learning approach, we show that HDF in organisms can be predicted with high accuracy evidencing their common investigated characteristics. We elucidated cellular processes which are utilized by invading pathogens during infection. Finally, we provide a list of 208 novel HDF proposed for future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi Aromolaran
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Thomas Beder
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Eunice Adedeji
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Yvonne Ajamma
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Jelili Oyelade
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Rainer Koenig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
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22
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Vandehoef C, Molaei M, Karpac J. Dietary Adaptation of Microbiota in Drosophila Requires NF-κB-Dependent Control of the Translational Regulator 4E-BP. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107736. [PMID: 32521261 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nutrients shape complex interactions between hosts and their commensal gut bacteria, further promoting flexibility in host-microbiota associations that can drive nutritional symbiosis. However, it remains less clear if diet-dependent host signaling mechanisms also influence these associations. Using Drosophila, we show here that nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/Relish, an innate immune transcription factor emerging as a signaling node linking nutrient-immune-metabolic interactions, is vital to adapt gut microbiota species composition to host diet macronutrient composition. We find that Relish is required within midgut enterocytes to amplify host-Lactobacillus associations, an important bacterial mediator of nutritional symbiosis, and thus modulate microbiota composition in response to dietary adaptation. Relish limits diet-dependent transcriptional inducibility of the cap-dependent translation inhibitor 4E-BP/Thor to control microbiota composition. Furthermore, maintaining cap-dependent translation in response to dietary adaptation is critical to amplify host-Lactobacillus associations. These results highlight that NF-κB-dependent host signaling mechanisms, in coordination with host translation control, shape diet-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crissie Vandehoef
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Maral Molaei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jason Karpac
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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23
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Sciambra N, Chtarbanova S. The Impact of Age on Response to Infection in Drosophila. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050958. [PMID: 33946849 PMCID: PMC8145649 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This review outlines the known cellular pathways and mechanisms involved in Drosophila age-dependent immunity to pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. We discuss the implication of host signaling pathways such as the Toll, Immune Deficiency (IMD), Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), and Insulin/Insulin Growth Factor/Target of Rapamycin (IIS/TOR) on immune function with aging. Additionally, we review the effects that factors such as sexual dimorphism, environmental stress, and cellular physiology exert on age-dependent immunity in Drosophila. We discuss potential tradeoffs between heightened immune function and longevity in the absence of infection, and we provide detailed tables outlining the various assays and pathogens used in the cited studies, as well as the age, sex, and strains of Drosophila used. We also discuss the overlapping effects these pathways and mechanisms have on one another. We highlight the great utility of Drosophila as a model organism and the importance of a greater focus on age-dependent antiviral immunity for future studies.
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24
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Xu L, Qi J, Wen Y, Liang W, Wang L, Yang Z, Yang X, Qi Y, Duan M, Zhao K, Gu J, Shen Y, Rao P, Ding M, Ren S, Li L, Liu G. A polyA DNA probe-based ultra-sensitive and structure-distinguishable electrochemical biosensor for the analysis of RNAi transgenic maize. Analyst 2021; 146:3526-3533. [PMID: 33881427 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00313e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the application of RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly developing in GMO technology, accurate and sensitive detection of functional RNA molecules was urgently needed, for the safety and functional assessment of RNAi crops. In this work, we developed an electrochemical biosensor for transgene-derived long RNA based on a poly-adenine (polyA) DNA capture probe. The polyA self-assembling monolayer (SAM) provided enhanced interface stability and optimized surface density for the subsequent hybridization of the long RNA molecule. A multiple reporter probe system (MRP) containing 12 reporter probes (RPs) and 2 spacers was applied to open the complex molecular secondary structure and hybridize with the long RNA, with the critical assistance of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). By using 3 addressable RPs, structural recognition was performed among long stem-loop RNA, long dsRNA (no loop), and siRNA. Excellent selectivity was achieved when the extracted total RNA samples were directly analyzed. When reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) technology was combined, the sensitivity was improved to 10 aM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first electrochemical biosensor with the excellent capability of quantification and structural analysis of the long RNA of the RNAi GMO. Our work shows great potential in a wide range of RNAi GMO samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Jiawei Qi
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China. and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Wen
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Wen Liang
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Lele Wang
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Xue Yang
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Yu Qi
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Manlei Duan
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Keke Zhao
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Jie Gu
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Yiji Shen
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Pinhua Rao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China
| | - Min Ding
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Shuzhen Ren
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
| | - Liang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and testing technology, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.
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25
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Takemura M, Bowden N, Lu YS, Nakato E, O'Connor MB, Nakato H. Drosophila MOV10 regulates the termination of midgut regeneration. Genetics 2021; 218:6156853. [PMID: 33693718 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which stem cell proliferation is precisely controlled during the course of regeneration are poorly understood. Namely, how a damaged tissue senses when to terminate the regeneration process, inactivates stem cell mitotic activity, and organizes ECM integrity remain fundamental unanswered questions. The Drosophila midgut intestinal stem cell (ISC) offers an excellent model system to study the molecular basis for stem cell inactivation. Here, we show that a novel gene, CG6967 or dMOV10, is induced at the termination stage of midgut regeneration, and shows an inhibitory effect on ISC proliferation. dMOV10 encodes a putative component of the microRNA (miRNA) gene silencing complex (miRISC). Our data, along with previous studies on the mammalian MOV10, suggest that dMOV10 is not a core member of miRISC, but modulates miRISC activity as an additional component. Further analyses identified direct target mRNAs of dMOV10-containing miRISC, including Daughter against Dpp (Dad), a known inhibitor of BMP/TGF-β signaling. We show that RNAi knockdown of Dad significantly impaired ISC division during regeneration. We also identified six miRNAs that are induced at the termination stage and their potential target transcripts. One of these miRNAs, mir-1, is required for proper termination of ISC division at the end of regeneration. We propose that miRNA-mediated gene regulation contributes to the precise control of Drosophila midgut regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Takemura
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nanako Bowden
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yi-Si Lu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eriko Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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26
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Complete Genome Sequence of Serratia marcescens FY, Isolated from Drosophila melanogaster. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/45/e00755-20. [PMID: 33153999 PMCID: PMC7645654 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00755-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, the fruit fly frequently encounters various pathogens that cause a decrease in host fitness. Here, we present the genome sequence of Serratia marcescens strain FY, which was isolated from the intestines of a Drosophila specimen. The complete genome sequence comprises one chromosome of 5,074,453 bp and two plasmids of 100,934 bp and 87,789 bp. A total of 4,891 coding sequences are predicted from this assembly.
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27
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Kamareddine L, Najjar H, Sohail MU, Abdulkader H, Al-Asmakh M. The Microbiota and Gut-Related Disorders: Insights from Animal Models. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112401. [PMID: 33147801 PMCID: PMC7693214 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the scientific committee has called for broadening our horizons in understanding host–microbe interactions and infectious disease progression. Owing to the fact that the human gut harbors trillions of microbes that exhibit various roles including the production of vitamins, absorption of nutrients, pathogen displacement, and development of the host immune system, particular attention has been given to the use of germ-free (GF) animal models in unraveling the effect of the gut microbiota on the physiology and pathophysiology of the host. In this review, we discuss common methods used to generate GF fruit fly, zebrafish, and mice model systems and highlight the use of these GF model organisms in addressing the role of gut-microbiota in gut-related disorders (metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer), and in activating host defense mechanisms and amending pathogenic virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Kamareddine
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Hoda Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Muhammad Umar Sohail
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadil Abdulkader
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4403-4789
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28
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Vibrio cholerae-Symbiont Interactions Inhibit Intestinal Repair in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1088-1100.e5. [PMID: 31995751 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-mediated damage to the intestinal epithelium activates compensatory growth and differentiation repair programs in progenitor cells. Accelerated progenitor growth replenishes damaged tissue and maintains barrier integrity. Despite the importance of epithelial renewal to intestinal homeostasis, we know little about the effects of pathogen-commensal interactions on progenitor growth. We find that the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae blocks critical growth and differentiation pathways in Drosophila progenitors, despite extensive damage to epithelial tissue. We show that the inhibition of epithelial repair requires interactions between the Vibrio cholerae type six secretion system and a community of common symbiotic bacteria, as elimination of the gut microbiome is sufficient to restore homeostatic growth in infected intestines. This work highlights the importance of pathogen-symbiont interactions for intestinal immune responses and outlines the impact of the type six secretion system on pathogenesis.
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29
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Younes S, Al-Sulaiti A, Nasser EAA, Najjar H, Kamareddine L. Drosophila as a Model Organism in Host-Pathogen Interaction Studies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:214. [PMID: 32656090 PMCID: PMC7324642 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the genetic similarities and conserved pathways between a fruit fly and mammals, the use of the Drosophila model as a platform to unveil novel mechanisms of infection and disease progression has been justified and widely instigated. Gaining proper insight into host-pathogen interactions and identifying chief factors involved in host defense and pathogen virulence in Drosophila serves as a foundation to establish novel strategies for infectious disease prevention and control in higher organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Younes
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asma Al-Sulaiti
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hoda Najjar
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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30
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Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has historically been a workhorse model organism for studying developmental biology. In addition, Drosophila is an excellent model for studying how damaged tissues and organs can regenerate. Recently, new precision approaches that enable both highly targeted injury and genetic manipulation have accelerated progress in this field. Here, we highlight these techniques and review examples of recently discovered mechanisms that regulate regeneration in Drosophila larval and adult tissues. We also discuss how, by applying these powerful approaches, studies of Drosophila can continue to guide the future of regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel Smith-Bolton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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31
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Negi S, Das DK, Pahari S, Nadeem S, Agrewala JN. Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Induction and Regulation of Innate Immune Memory. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2441. [PMID: 31749793 PMCID: PMC6842962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota significantly regulates the development and function of the innate and adaptive immune system. The attribute of immunological memory has long been linked only with adaptive immunity. Recent evidence indicates that memory is also present in the innate immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages and natural killer cells. These cells exhibit pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs) expressed by the microbes. Interaction between PRRs and MAMPs is quite crucial since it triggers the sequence of signaling events and epigenetic rewiring that not only play a cardinal role in modulating the activation and function of the innate cells but also impart a sense of memory response. We discuss here how gut microbiota can influence the generation of innate memory and functional reprogramming of bone marrow progenitors that helps in protection against infections. This article will broaden our current perspective of association between the gut microbiome and innate memory. In the future, this knowledge may pave avenues for development and designing of novel immunotherapies and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Negi
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Gastroenterology Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deepjyoti Kumar Das
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Immunology Division, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sajid Nadeem
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Ropar, Rupnagar, India
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32
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Attardo GM, Abd-Alla AMM, Acosta-Serrano A, Allen JE, Bateta R, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Caers J, Caljon G, Christensen MB, Farrow DW, Friedrich M, Hua-Van A, Jennings EC, Larkin DM, Lawson D, Lehane MJ, Lenis VP, Lowy-Gallego E, Macharia RW, Malacrida AR, Marco HG, Masiga D, Maslen GL, Matetovici I, Meisel RP, Meki I, Michalkova V, Miller WJ, Minx P, Mireji PO, Ometto L, Parker AG, Rio R, Rose C, Rosendale AJ, Rota-Stabelli O, Savini G, Schoofs L, Scolari F, Swain MT, Takáč P, Tomlinson C, Tsiamis G, Van Den Abbeele J, Vigneron A, Wang J, Warren WC, Waterhouse RM, Weirauch MT, Weiss BL, Wilson RK, Zhao X, Aksoy S. Comparative genomic analysis of six Glossina genomes, vectors of African trypanosomes. Genome Biol 2019; 20:187. [PMID: 31477173 PMCID: PMC6721284 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse flies are distinguished from other Diptera by unique adaptations, including lactation and the birthing of live young (obligate viviparity), a vertebrate blood-specific diet by both sexes, and obligate bacterial symbiosis. This work describes the comparative analysis of six Glossina genomes representing three sub-genera: Morsitans (G. morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. austeni), Palpalis (G. palpalis, G. fuscipes), and Fusca (G. brevipalpis) which represent different habitats, host preferences, and vectorial capacity. RESULTS Genomic analyses validate established evolutionary relationships and sub-genera. Syntenic analysis of Glossina relative to Drosophila melanogaster shows reduced structural conservation across the sex-linked X chromosome. Sex-linked scaffolds show increased rates of female-specific gene expression and lower evolutionary rates relative to autosome associated genes. Tsetse-specific genes are enriched in protease, odorant-binding, and helicase activities. Lactation-associated genes are conserved across all Glossina species while male seminal proteins are rapidly evolving. Olfactory and gustatory genes are reduced across the genus relative to other insects. Vision-associated Rhodopsin genes show conservation of motion detection/tracking functions and variance in the Rhodopsin detecting colors in the blue wavelength ranges. CONCLUSIONS Expanded genomic discoveries reveal the genetics underlying Glossina biology and provide a rich body of knowledge for basic science and disease control. They also provide insight into the evolutionary biology underlying novel adaptations and are relevant to applied aspects of vector control such as trap design and discovery of novel pest and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - James E Allen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosemary Bateta
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelle Caers
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - David W Farrow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aurélie Hua-Van
- Laboratoire Evolution, Genomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Denis M Larkin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Daniel Lawson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Lehane
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vasileios P Lenis
- Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ernesto Lowy-Gallego
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosaline W Macharia
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna R Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Heather G Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Daniel Masiga
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gareth L Maslen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Irina Matetovici
- Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irene Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Michalkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang J Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Minx
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya.,Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lino Ometto
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrew G Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Rio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Clair Rose
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Grazia Savini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martin T Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Peter Takáč
- Department of Animal Systematics, Ústav zoológie SAV; Scientica, Ltd, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Etoloakarnania, Greece
| | | | - Aurelien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology and Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Attardo GM, Abd-Alla AMM, Acosta-Serrano A, Allen JE, Bateta R, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Caers J, Caljon G, Christensen MB, Farrow DW, Friedrich M, Hua-Van A, Jennings EC, Larkin DM, Lawson D, Lehane MJ, Lenis VP, Lowy-Gallego E, Macharia RW, Malacrida AR, Marco HG, Masiga D, Maslen GL, Matetovici I, Meisel RP, Meki I, Michalkova V, Miller WJ, Minx P, Mireji PO, Ometto L, Parker AG, Rio R, Rose C, Rosendale AJ, Rota-Stabelli O, Savini G, Schoofs L, Scolari F, Swain MT, Takáč P, Tomlinson C, Tsiamis G, Van Den Abbeele J, Vigneron A, Wang J, Warren WC, Waterhouse RM, Weirauch MT, Weiss BL, Wilson RK, Zhao X, Aksoy S. Comparative genomic analysis of six Glossina genomes, vectors of African trypanosomes. Genome Biol 2019; 20:187. [PMID: 31477173 DOI: 10.1101/531749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse flies are distinguished from other Diptera by unique adaptations, including lactation and the birthing of live young (obligate viviparity), a vertebrate blood-specific diet by both sexes, and obligate bacterial symbiosis. This work describes the comparative analysis of six Glossina genomes representing three sub-genera: Morsitans (G. morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. austeni), Palpalis (G. palpalis, G. fuscipes), and Fusca (G. brevipalpis) which represent different habitats, host preferences, and vectorial capacity. RESULTS Genomic analyses validate established evolutionary relationships and sub-genera. Syntenic analysis of Glossina relative to Drosophila melanogaster shows reduced structural conservation across the sex-linked X chromosome. Sex-linked scaffolds show increased rates of female-specific gene expression and lower evolutionary rates relative to autosome associated genes. Tsetse-specific genes are enriched in protease, odorant-binding, and helicase activities. Lactation-associated genes are conserved across all Glossina species while male seminal proteins are rapidly evolving. Olfactory and gustatory genes are reduced across the genus relative to other insects. Vision-associated Rhodopsin genes show conservation of motion detection/tracking functions and variance in the Rhodopsin detecting colors in the blue wavelength ranges. CONCLUSIONS Expanded genomic discoveries reveal the genetics underlying Glossina biology and provide a rich body of knowledge for basic science and disease control. They also provide insight into the evolutionary biology underlying novel adaptations and are relevant to applied aspects of vector control such as trap design and discovery of novel pest and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - James E Allen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosemary Bateta
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelle Caers
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - David W Farrow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aurélie Hua-Van
- Laboratoire Evolution, Genomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Denis M Larkin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Daniel Lawson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Lehane
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vasileios P Lenis
- Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ernesto Lowy-Gallego
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosaline W Macharia
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna R Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Heather G Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Daniel Masiga
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gareth L Maslen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Irina Matetovici
- Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irene Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Michalkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang J Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Minx
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lino Ometto
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrew G Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Rio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Clair Rose
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Grazia Savini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martin T Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Peter Takáč
- Department of Animal Systematics, Ústav zoológie SAV; Scientica, Ltd, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Etoloakarnania, Greece
| | | | - Aurelien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology and Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Regulation of the expression of nine antimicrobial peptide genes by TmIMD confers resistance against Gram-negative bacteria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10138. [PMID: 31300668 PMCID: PMC6626034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune deficiency (IMD) is a death domain-containing protein that is essential for the IMD/NF-κB humoral and epithelial immune responses to Gram-negative bacteria and viruses in insects. In the immune signaling cascade, IMD is recruited together with FADD and the caspase DREDD after the mobilization of PGRP receptors. Activated IMD regulates the expression of effector antimicrobial peptides (AMP) that protect against invading microorganisms. To date, most studies of the IMD pathway, and the IMD gene in particular, have been restricted to Drosophila; few similar studies have been conducted in other model insects. Herein, we cloned and functionally characterized an IMD homolog from the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor (TmIMD) and studied its role in host survival in the context of pathogenic infections. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the conserved caspase cleavage site and inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-binding motif (IBM). TmIMD expression was high in the hemocytes and Malpighian tubules of Tenebrio late-instar larvae and adults. At 3 and 6 hours’ post-infection with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans, TmIMD expression significantly increased compared with mock-infected controls. Knockdown of the TmIMD transcript by RNAi significantly reduced host resistance to the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli and fungus C. albicans in a survival assay. Strikingly, the expression of nine T. molitor AMPs (TmTenecin1, TmTenecin2, TmTenecin4, TmDefensin2, TmColeoptericin1, TmColeoptericin2, TmAttacin1a, TmAttacin1b, and TmAttacin2) showed significant downregulation in TmIMD knockdown larvae challenged with E. coli. These results suggest that TmIMD is required to confer humoral immunity against the Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli by inducing the expression of critical transcripts that encode AMPs.
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García Del Arco A, Edgar BA, Erhardt S. In Vivo Analysis of Centromeric Proteins Reveals a Stem Cell-Specific Asymmetry and an Essential Role in Differentiated, Non-proliferating Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1982-1993. [PMID: 29466727 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells of the Drosophila midgut (ISCs) are the only mitotically dividing cells of the epithelium and, therefore, presumably the only epithelial cells that require functional kinetochores for microtubule spindle attachment during mitosis. The histone variant CENP-A marks centromeric chromatin as the site of kinetochore formation and spindle attachment during mitotic chromosome segregation. Here, we show that centromeric proteins distribute asymmetrically during ISC division. Whereas newly synthesized CENP-A is enriched in differentiating progeny, CENP-C is undetectable in these cells. Remarkably, CENP-A persists in ISCs for weeks without being replaced, consistent with it being an epigenetic mark responsible for maintaining stem cell properties. Furthermore, CENP-A and its loading factor CAL1 were found to be essential for post-mitotic, differentiating cells; removal of any of these factors interferes with endoreduplication. Taken together, we propose two additional roles of CENP-A: to maintain stem cell-unique properties and to regulate post-mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana García Del Arco
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, and CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, and CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sylvia Erhardt
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, and CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Taracena ML, Hunt CM, Benedict MQ, Pennington PM, Dotson EM. Downregulation of female doublesex expression by oral-mediated RNA interference reduces number and fitness of Anopheles gambiae adult females. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:170. [PMID: 30992032 PMCID: PMC6466716 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions worldwide, with malaria alone killing over 400 thousand people per year and affecting hundreds of millions. To date, the best strategy to prevent the disease remains insecticide-based mosquito control. However, insecticide resistance as well as economic and social factors reduce the effectiveness of the current methodologies. Alternative control technologies are in development, including genetic control such as the sterile insect technique (SIT). The SIT is a pivotal tool in integrated agricultural pest management and could be used to improve malaria vector control. To apply the SIT and most other newer technologies against disease transmitting mosquitoes, it is essential that releases are composed of males with minimal female contamination. The removal of females is an essential requirement because released females can themselves contribute towards nuisance biting and disease transmission. Thus, females need to be eliminated from the cohorts prior to release. Manual separation of Anopheles gambiae pupae or adult mosquitoes based on morphology is time consuming, is not feasible on a large scale and has limited the implementation of the SIT technique. The doublesex (dsx) gene is one of the effector switches of sex determination in the process of sex differentiation in insects. Both males and females have specific splicing variants that are expressed across the different life stages. Using RNA interference (RNAi) to reduce expression of the female specific (dsxF) variant of this gene has proven to have detrimental effects to the females in other mosquito species, such as Aedes aegypti. We tested oral RNAi on dsx (AgdsxF) in An. gambiae. Methods We studied the expression pattern of the dsx gene in the An. gambiae G3 strain. We knocked down AgdsxF expression in larvae through oral delivery of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced by bacteria and observed its effects in adults. Results Our results show that feeding of AgdsxF dsRNA can effectively reduce (> 66%) the mRNA of female dsx transcript and that there is a concomitant reduction in the number of female larvae that achieve adulthood. Control groups produced 52% (± 3.9% SE) of adult males and 48% (± 4.0% SE) females, while AgdsxF dsRNA treated groups had 72.1% (± 4.0% SE) males vs 27.8% females (± 3.3% SE). In addition, the female adults produce fewer progeny, 37.1% (± 8.2% SE) less than the controls. The knockdown was sex-specific and had no impact on total numbers of viable male adults, in the male dsx transcripts or male fitness parameters such as longevity or body size. Conclusions These findings indicate that RNAi could be used to improve novel mosquito control strategies that require efficient sex separation and male-only release of An. gambiae by targeting sex determination genes such as AgdsxF. The advantages of using RNAi in a controlled setting for mosquito rearing are numerous, as the dose and time of exposure are controlled, and the possibility of off-target effects and the waste of female production would be significantly reduced. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3437-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel L Taracena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, MS G49, USA.
| | - Catherine M Hunt
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, MS G49, USA
| | - Mark Q Benedict
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, MS G49, USA
| | - Pamela M Pennington
- Centro de Estudios en Biotecnologia, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Avenida 11-95, 01015, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ellen M Dotson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, MS G49, USA
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Wang L, Sloan MA, Ligoxygakis P. Intestinal NF-κB and STAT signalling is important for uptake and clearance in a Drosophila-Herpetomonas interaction model. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007931. [PMID: 30822306 PMCID: PMC6415867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipteran insects transmit serious diseases to humans, often in the form of trypanosomatid parasites. To accelerate research in more difficult contexts of dipteran-parasite relationships, we studied the interaction of the model dipteran Drosophila melanogaster and its natural trypanosomatid Herpetomonas muscarum. Parasite infection reduced fecundity but not lifespan in NF-κB/Relish-deficient flies. Gene expression analysis implicated the two NF-κB pathways Toll and Imd as well as STAT signalling. Tissue specific knock-down of key components of these pathways in enterocytes (ECs) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) influenced initial numbers, infection dynamics and time of clearance. Herpetomonas triggered STAT activation and proliferation of ISCs. Loss of Relish suppressed ISCs, resulting in increased parasite numbers and delayed clearance. Conversely, overexpression of Relish increased ISCs and reduced uptake. Finally, loss of Toll signalling decreased EC numbers and enabled parasite persistence. This network of signalling may represent a general mechanism with which dipteran respond to trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Megan A. Sloan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Le T, Le SC, Yang H. Drosophila Subdued is a moonlighting transmembrane protein 16 (TMEM16) that transports ions and phospholipids. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4529-4537. [PMID: 30700552 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac118.006530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 16 (TMEM16) family members play numerous important physiological roles, ranging from controlling membrane excitability and secretion to mediating blood coagulation and viral infection. These diverse functions are largely due to their distinct biophysical properties. Mammalian TMEM16A and TMEM16B are Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCCs), whereas mammalian TMEM16F, fungal afTMEM16, and nhTMEM16 are moonlighting (multifunctional) proteins with both Ca2+-activated phospholipid scramblase (CaPLSase) and Ca2+-activated, nonselective ion channel (CAN) activities. To further understand the biological functions of the enigmatic TMEM16 proteins in different organisms, here, by combining an improved annexin V-based CaPLSase-imaging assay with inside-out patch clamp technique, we thoroughly characterized Subdued, a Drosophila TMEM16 ortholog. We show that Subdued is also a moonlighting transport protein with both CAN and CaPLSase activities. Using a TMEM16F-deficient HEK293T cell line to avoid strong interference from endogenous CaPLSases, our functional characterization and mutagenesis studies revealed that Subdued is a bona fide CaPLSase. Our finding that Subdued is a moonlighting TMEM16 expands our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TMEM16 proteins and their evolution and physiology in both Drosophila and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trieu Le
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Son C Le
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Huanghe Yang
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and .,Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Herrera SC, Bach EA. JAK/STAT signaling in stem cells and regeneration: from Drosophila to vertebrates. Development 2019; 146:dev167643. [PMID: 30696713 PMCID: PMC6361132 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT pathway is a conserved metazoan signaling system that transduces cues from extracellular cytokines into transcriptional changes in the nucleus. JAK/STAT signaling is best known for its roles in immunity. However, recent work has demonstrated that it also regulates critical homeostatic processes in germline and somatic stem cells, as well as regenerative processes in several tissues, including the gonad, intestine and appendages. Here, we provide an overview of JAK/STAT signaling in stem cells and regeneration, focusing on Drosophila and highlighting JAK/STAT pathway functions in proliferation, survival and cell competition that are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador C Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erika A Bach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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40
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Harsh S, Ozakman Y, Kitchen SM, Paquin-Proulx D, Nixon DF, Eleftherianos I. Dicer-2 Regulates Resistance and Maintains Homeostasis against Zika Virus Infection in Drosophila. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3058-3072. [PMID: 30305326 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks pose a massive public health threat in several countries. We have developed an in vivo model to investigate the host-ZIKV interaction in Drosophila We have found that a strain of ZIKV replicates in wild-type flies without reducing their survival ability. We have shown that ZIKV infection triggers RNA interference and that mutating Dicer-2 results in enhanced ZIKV load and increased susceptibility to ZIKV infection. Using a flavivirus-specific Ab, we have found that ZIKV is localized in the gut and fat body cells of the infected wild-type flies and results in their perturbed homeostasis. In addition, Dicer-2 mutants display severely reduced insulin activity, which could contribute toward the increased mortality of these flies. Our work establishes the suitability of Drosophila as the model system to study host-ZIKV dynamics, which is expected to greatly advance our understanding of the molecular and physiological processes that determine the outcome of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Harsh
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052; and
| | - Yaprak Ozakman
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052; and
| | - Shannon M Kitchen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, GW School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, GW School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, GW School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052; and
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Abstract
Several genome-wide screens have been conducted to identify host cell factors involved in the pathogenesis of bacterial pathogens whose virulence is dependent on type III secretion systems (T3SSs), nanomachines responsible for the translocation of proteins into host cells. In the most recent of these, Pacheco et al. Several genome-wide screens have been conducted to identify host cell factors involved in the pathogenesis of bacterial pathogens whose virulence is dependent on type III secretion systems (T3SSs), nanomachines responsible for the translocation of proteins into host cells. In the most recent of these, Pacheco et al. (mBio 9:e01003-18, 2018, http://mbio.asm.org/content/9/3/e01003-18.full) screened a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with Cas9) knockout library for host proteins involved in the pathogenesis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Their study revealed an unrecognized link between EHEC’s two major virulence determinants (its T3SS and Shiga toxins). We discuss these findings in light of data from three other genome-wide screens. Each of these studies uncovered multiple host cell determinants, which curiously share little to no overlap but primarily are involved in mediating early interactions between T3SSs and host cells. We therefore consider how each screen was performed, the advantages and disadvantages of each, and how follow-up studies might be designed to address these issues.
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Wu X, Chen Z, Gao Y, Wang L, Sun X, Jin Y, Liu W. The krüppel-like factor Dar1 restricts the proliferation of Drosophila intestinal stem cells. FEBS J 2018; 285:3945-3958. [PMID: 30188612 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of transcription factor proteins that regulate a wide range of biological processes. In an RNAi-based screening experiment, we identified dendritic arbor reduction 1 (Dar1), which is a KLF member in Drosophila, that inhibited the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). We found suppression of Dar1-activated ISC proliferation; as a consequence, the ISCs and the young differentiated cells were increased. On the other hand, overexpression (OE) of Dar1 inhibited ISC division and blocked the formation of ISC lineages. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of the Dar1 functions, we compared the gene expression profiles of the Dar1 knockdown and Dar1 OE midguts, using the deep RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technique. This experiment revealed that Dar1 negatively regulated the expression of several critical cell cycle genes. We further provide evidence that Dar1 has a function upstream of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, suggesting Dar1 can regulate ISC proliferation through different mechanisms. Consistent with these findings, we discovered that Dar1 was downregulated in the wounded midguts, allowing increased ISC proliferation to promote intestinal repair. Our data suggest that Dar1 is a functional homolog of the mammalian KLF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaofan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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43
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von Frieling J, Fink C, Hamm J, Klischies K, Forster M, Bosch TCG, Roeder T, Rosenstiel P, Sommer F. Grow With the Challenge - Microbial Effects on Epithelial Proliferation, Carcinogenesis, and Cancer Therapy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2020. [PMID: 30294304 PMCID: PMC6159313 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic host is in close contact to myriads of resident and transient microbes, which influence the crucial physiological pathways. Emerging evidence points to their role of host-microbe interactions for controlling tissue homeostasis, cell fate decisions, and regenerative capacity in epithelial barrier organs including the skin, lung, and gut. In humans and mice, it has been shown that the malignant tumors of these organs harbor an altered microbiota. Mechanistic studies have shown that the altered metabolic properties and secreted factors contribute to epithelial carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Exciting recent work points toward a crucial influence of the associated microbial communities on the response to chemotherapy and immune-check point inhibitors during cancer treatment, which suggests that the modulation of the microbiota might be a powerful tool for personalized oncology. In this article, we provide an overview of how the bacterial signals and signatures may influence epithelial homeostasis across taxa from cnidarians to vertebrates and delineate mechanisms, which might be potential targets for therapy of human diseases by either harnessing barrier integrity (infection and inflammation) or restoring uncontrolled proliferation (cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob von Frieling
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Fink
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jacob Hamm
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kenneth Klischies
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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44
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Ramirez JL, Muturi EJ, Dunlap C, Rooney AP. Strain-specific pathogenicity and subversion of phenoloxidase activity in the mosquito Aedes aegypti by members of the fungal entomopathogenic genus Isaria. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9896. [PMID: 29967469 PMCID: PMC6028645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of alternative vector control strategies are becoming more pressing given the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance and the rise of vector borne pathogens affecting public health such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Fungal-based biopesticides are promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides because they are ecofriendly and are highly effective at infecting insects through contact. This study evaluated the susceptibility of the yellow fever mosquito Ae. aegypti to a range of entomopathogenic fungal strains from the genus Isaria. We observed a diverse variation in the virulence of the Isaria strains tested, with two strains showing high pathogenicity towards adult mosquitoes. Mosquito susceptibility to fungal infection was further corroborated through the molecular quantification of fungal loads and the transcript evaluation of a fungal-specific pathogen recognition molecule in the mosquito body. Moreover, quantitative analysis of transcript abundance coupled with enzymatic assays revealed strain-specific subversion of the melanization cascade, an important immune response component. Our study contributes critical insights for a better understanding of fungal-mosquito interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, USA.
| | - Ephantus J Muturi
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher Dunlap
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Alejandro P Rooney
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, USA
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45
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Parker A, Lawson MAE, Vaux L, Pin C. Host-microbe interaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2337-2353. [PMID: 28892253 PMCID: PMC6175405 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a highly complex organ in which multiple dynamic physiological processes are tightly coordinated while interacting with a dense and extremely diverse microbial population. From establishment in early life, through to host-microbe symbiosis in adulthood, the gut microbiota plays a vital role in our development and health. The effect of the microbiota on gut development and physiology is highlighted by anatomical and functional changes in germ-free mice, affecting the gut epithelium, immune system and enteric nervous system. Microbial colonisation promotes competent innate and acquired mucosal immune systems, epithelial renewal, barrier integrity, and mucosal vascularisation and innervation. Interacting or shared signalling pathways across different physiological systems of the gut could explain how all these changes are coordinated during postnatal colonisation, or after the introduction of microbiota into germ-free models. The application of cell-based in-vitro experimental systems and mathematical modelling can shed light on the molecular and signalling pathways which regulate the development and maintenance of homeostasis in the gut and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | | | - Laura Vaux
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | - Carmen Pin
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
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46
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Maisonneuve C, Irrazabal T, Martin A, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. The Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Colorectal Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Maisonneuve
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
| | - Thergiory Irrazabal
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
| | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
| | - Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dana J. Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
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47
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Guan J, Zhang J, Yuan S, Yang B, Clark KD, Ling E, Huang W. Analysis of the functions of the signal peptidase complex in the midgut of Tribolium castaneum. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 97:e21441. [PMID: 29265467 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Signal peptidase complexes (SPCs) are conserved from bacteria to human beings, and are typically composed of four to five subunits. There are four genes encoding SPC proteins in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. To understand their importance to insect development, double-stranded RNA for each SPC gene was injected into red flour beetles at the early larval and adult stages. Knockdown of all four signal peptidase genes was lethal to larvae. Moreover, larvae had difficulty with old cuticle ecdysis. Knockdown of TcSPC12 alone did not affect pupal or adult development. When TcSPC12, TcSPC18, and TcSPC25 were knocked down in larvae, the melanization of hemocytes and midguts was observed. When knocked down in larvae and adults, TcSPC18 induced severe cell apoptosis in midguts, and the adult midgut lost the ability to maintain crypts after knockdown of TcSPC18, indicating its importance to midgut cell proliferation and differentiation. Knockdown of TcSPC22 or TcSPC25 also resulted in many apoptotic cells in the midguts. However, TcSPC12 appeared to be unimportant for midgut development. We conclude that TcSPC18 is essential for maintaining the adult midgut crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglei Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kevin D Clark
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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48
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Heigwer F, Port F, Boutros M. RNA Interference (RNAi) Screening in Drosophila. Genetics 2018; 208:853-874. [PMID: 29487145 PMCID: PMC5844339 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, RNA interference (RNAi), a cellular mechanism that uses RNA-guided degradation of messenger RNA transcripts, has had an important impact on identifying and characterizing gene function. First discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans, RNAi can be used to silence the expression of genes through introduction of exogenous double-stranded RNA into cells. In Drosophila, RNAi has been applied in cultured cells or in vivo to perturb the function of single genes or to systematically probe gene function on a genome-wide scale. In this review, we will describe the use of RNAi to study gene function in Drosophila with a particular focus on high-throughput screening methods applied in cultured cells. We will discuss available reagent libraries and cell lines, methodological approaches for cell-based assays, and computational methods for the analysis of high-throughput screens. Furthermore, we will review the generation and use of genome-scale RNAi libraries for tissue-specific knockdown analysis in vivo and discuss the differences and similarities with the use of genome-engineering methods such as CRISPR/Cas9 for functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Heigwer
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120, Germany
| | - Fillip Port
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120, Germany
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49
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RNA-Sequencing of Drosophila melanogaster Head Tissue on High-Sugar and High-Fat Diets. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:279-290. [PMID: 29141990 PMCID: PMC5765356 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has been shown to increase risk for cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. In addition, it has been implicated in aggravation of neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s. In the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, a physiological state mimicking diet-induced obesity can be induced by subjecting fruit flies to a solid medium disproportionately higher in sugar than protein, or that has been supplemented with a rich source of saturated fat. These flies can exhibit increased circulating glucose levels, increased triglyceride content, insulin-like peptide resistance, and behavior indicative of neurological decline. We subjected flies to variants of the high-sugar diet, high-fat diet, or normal (control) diet, followed by a total RNA extraction from fly heads of each diet group for the purpose of Poly-A selected RNA-Sequencing. Our objective was to identify the effects of obesogenic diets on transcriptome patterns, how they differed between obesogenic diets, and identify genes that may relate to pathogenesis accompanying an obesity-like state. Gene ontology analysis indicated an overrepresentation of affected genes associated with immunity, metabolism, and hemocyanin in the high-fat diet group, and CHK, cell cycle activity, and DNA binding and transcription in the high-sugar diet group. Our results also indicate differences in the effects of the high-fat diet and high-sugar diet on expression profiles in head tissue of flies, despite the reportedly similar phenotypic impacts of the diets. The impacted genes, and how they may relate to pathogenesis in the Drosophila obesity-like state, warrant further experimental investigation.
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50
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Yoon S, Cho B, Shin M, Koranteng F, Cha N, Shim J. Iron Homeostasis Controls Myeloid Blood Cell Differentiation in Drosophila. Mol Cells 2017; 40:976-985. [PMID: 29237257 PMCID: PMC5750716 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential divalent ion for aerobic life. Life has evolved to maintain iron homeostasis for normal cellular and physiological functions and therefore imbalances in iron levels exert a wide range of consequences. Responses to iron dysregulation in blood development, however, remain elusive. Here, we found that iron homeostasis is critical for differentiation of Drosophila blood cells in the larval hematopoietic organ, called the lymph gland. Supplementation of an iron chelator, bathophenanthroline disulfate (BPS) results in an excessive differentiation of the crystal cell in the lymph gland. This phenotype is recapitulated by loss of Fer1HCH in the intestine, indicating that reduced levels of systemic iron enhances crystal cell differentiation. Detailed analysis of Fer1HCH-tagged-GFP revealed that Fer1HCH is also expressed in the hematopoietic systems. Lastly, blocking Fer1HCH expression in the mature blood cells showed marked increase in the blood differentiation of both crystal cells and plasmatocytes. Thus, our work suggests a relevance of systemic and local iron homeostasis in blood differentiation, prompting further investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying iron regulation and cell fate determination in the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Bumsik Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Mingyu Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Ferdinand Koranteng
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Nuri Cha
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763,
Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763,
Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763,
Korea
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