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Alipour S, Mardi A, Shajari N, Kazemi T, Sadeghi MR, Ahmadian Heris J, Masoumi J, Baradaran B. Unmasking the NLRP3 inflammasome in dendritic cells as a potential therapeutic target for autoimmunity, cancer, and infectious conditions. Life Sci 2024; 348:122686. [PMID: 38710282 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Proper and functional immune response requires a complex interaction between innate and adaptive immune cells, which dendritic cells (DCs) are the primary actors in this coordination as professional antigen-presenting cells. DCs are armed with numerous pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) like NLRP3, which influence the development of their activation state upon sensation of ligands. NLRP3 is a crucial component of the immune system for protection against tumors and infectious agents, because its activation leads to the assembly of inflammasomes that cause the formation of active caspase-1 and stimulate the maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokines. But, when NLRP3 becomes overactivated, it plays a pathogenic role in the progression of several autoimmune disorders. So, NLRP3 activation is strictly regulated by diverse signaling pathways that are mentioned in detail in this review. Furthermore, the role of NLRP3 in all of the diverse immune cells' subsets is briefly mentioned in this study because NLRP3 plays a pivotal role in modulating other immune cells which are accompanied by DCs' responses and subsequently influence differentiation of T cells to diverse T helper subsets and even impact on cytotoxic CD8+ T cells' responses. This review sheds light on the functional and therapeutic role of NLRP3 in DCs and its contribution to the occurrence and progression of autoimmune disorders, prevention of diverse tumors' development, and recognition and annihilation of various infectious agents. Furthermore, we highlight NLRP3 targeting potential for improving DC-based immunotherapeutic approaches, to be used for the benefit of patients suffering from these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Alipour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Mardi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Shajari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sadeghi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Javad Masoumi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Krause R, Ogongo P, Tezera L, Ahmed M, Mbano I, Chambers M, Ngoepe A, Magnoumba M, Muema D, Karim F, Khan K, Lumamba K, Nargan K, Madansein R, Steyn A, Shalek AK, Elkington P, Leslie A. B cell heterogeneity in human tuberculosis highlights compartment-specific phenotype and functional roles. Commun Biol 2024; 7:584. [PMID: 38755239 PMCID: PMC11099031 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
B cells are important in tuberculosis (TB) immunity, but their role in the human lung is understudied. Here, we characterize B cells from lung tissue and matched blood of patients with TB and found they are decreased in the blood and increased in the lungs, consistent with recruitment to infected tissue, where they are located in granuloma associated lymphoid tissue. Flow cytometry and transcriptomics identify multiple B cell populations in the lung, including those associated with tissue resident memory, germinal centers, antibody secretion, proinflammatory atypical B cells, and regulatory B cells, some of which are expanded in TB disease. Additionally, TB lungs contain high levels of Mtb-reactive antibodies, specifically IgM, which promotes Mtb phagocytosis. Overall, these data reveal the presence of functionally diverse B cell subsets in the lungs of patients with TB and suggest several potential localized roles that may represent a target for interventions to promote immunity or mitigate immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krause
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Liku Tezera
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mohammed Ahmed
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ian Mbano
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mark Chambers
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Magalli Magnoumba
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Daniel Muema
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adrie Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Center for AIDS Research and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Elkington
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Al Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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3
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Cook AD, Carrington M, Higgins MK. Molecular mechanism of complement inhibition by the trypanosome receptor ISG65. eLife 2024; 12:RP88960. [PMID: 38655765 PMCID: PMC11042801 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes replicate within infected mammals where they are exposed to the complement system. This system centres around complement C3, which is present in a soluble form in serum but becomes covalently deposited onto the surfaces of pathogens after proteolytic cleavage to C3b. Membrane-associated C3b triggers different complement-mediated effectors which promote pathogen clearance. To counter complement-mediated clearance, African trypanosomes have a cell surface receptor, ISG65, which binds to C3b and which decreases the rate of trypanosome clearance in an infection model. However, the mechanism by which ISG65 reduces C3b function has not been determined. We reveal through cryogenic electron microscopy that ISG65 has two distinct binding sites for C3b, only one of which is available in C3 and C3d. We show that ISG65 does not block the formation of C3b or the function of the C3 convertase which catalyses the surface deposition of C3b. However, we show that ISG65 forms a specific conjugate with C3b, perhaps acting as a decoy. ISG65 also occludes the binding sites for complement receptors 2 and 3, which may disrupt recruitment of immune cells, including B cells, phagocytes, and granulocytes. This suggests that ISG65 protects trypanosomes by combining multiple approaches to dampen the complement cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Cook
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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Scheuermann S, Kristmann B, Engelmann F, Nuernbergk A, Scheuermann D, Koloseus M, Abed T, Solass W, Seitz CM. Unveiling spatial complexity in solid tumor immune microenvironments through multiplexed imaging. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383932. [PMID: 38566984 PMCID: PMC10985204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Deciphering cellular components and the spatial interaction network of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of solid tumors is pivotal for understanding biologically relevant cross-talks and, ultimately, advancing therapies. Multiplexed tissue imaging provides a powerful tool to elucidate spatial complexity in a holistic manner. We established and cross-validated a comprehensive immunophenotyping panel comprising over 121 markers for multiplexed tissue imaging using MACSima™ imaging cyclic staining (MICS) alongside an end-to-end analysis workflow. Applying this panel and workflow to primary cancer tissues, we characterized tumor heterogeneity, investigated potential therapeutical targets, conducted in-depth profiling of cell types and states, sub-phenotyped T cells within the TIME, and scrutinized cellular neighborhoods of diverse T cell subsets. Our findings highlight the advantage of spatial profiling, revealing immunosuppressive molecular signatures of tumor-associated myeloid cells interacting with neighboring exhausted, PD1high T cells in the TIME of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study establishes a robust framework for spatial exploration of TIMEs in solid tumors and underscores the potency of multiplexed tissue imaging and ultra-deep cell phenotyping in unraveling clinically relevant tumor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Scheuermann
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- iFIT Cluster of Excellence EXC 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tuebingen, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Beate Kristmann
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fabienne Engelmann
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alice Nuernbergk
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - David Scheuermann
- School of Business and Economics, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marie Koloseus
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tayeb Abed
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Solass
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology (ITMP), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian M. Seitz
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- iFIT Cluster of Excellence EXC 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tuebingen, a partnership between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Aung A, Irvine DJ. Modulating Antigen Availability in Lymphoid Organs to Shape the Humoral Immune Response to Vaccines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:171-178. [PMID: 38166252 PMCID: PMC10768795 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Primary immune responses following vaccination are initiated in draining lymph nodes, where naive T and B cells encounter Ag and undergo coordinated steps of activation. For humoral immunity, the amount of Ag present over time, its localization to follicles and follicular dendritic cells, and the Ag's structural state all play important roles in determining the subsequent immune response. Recent studies have shown that multiple elements of vaccine design can impact Ag availability in lymphoid tissues, including the choice of adjuvant, physical form of the immunogen, and dosing kinetics. These vaccine design elements affect the transport of Ag to lymph nodes, Ag's localization in the tissue, the duration of Ag availability, and the structural integrity of the Ag. In this review, we discuss these findings and their implications for engineering more effective vaccines, particularly for difficult to neutralize pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aereas Aung
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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6
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Cha S, Kim MY. The role of cellular prion protein in immune system. BMB Rep 2023; 56:645-650. [PMID: 37817440 PMCID: PMC10761747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the cellular prion protein (PrPC) since its discovery. These investigations have explained that its structure is predominantly composed of alpha helices and short beta sheet segments, and when its abnormal scrapie isoform (PrPSc) is infected, PrPSc transforms the PrPC, leading to prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. Given its ubiquitous distribution across a variety of cellular types, the PrPC manifests a diverse range of biological functions, including cell-cell adhesion, neuroprotection, signalings, and oxidative stress response. PrPC is also expressed in immune tissues, and its functions in these tissues include the activation of immune cells and the formation of secondary lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and lymph nodes. Moreover, high expression of PrPC in immune cells plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. In addition, it affects inflammation and the development and progression of cancer via various mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the studies on the role of PrPC from various immunological perspectives. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(12): 645-650].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwa Cha
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
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7
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Podestà MA, Chun N. Role of complement in humoral immunity. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2023; 28:327-332. [PMID: 37582054 PMCID: PMC10530608 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) after solid organ transplantation remains an unsolved problem and leads to poor early and late patient outcomes. The complement system is a well recognized pathogenic mediator of AMR. Herein, we review the known molecular mechanisms of disease and results from ongoing clinical testing of complement inhibitors after solid organ transplant. RECENT FINDINGS Activation and regulation of the complement cascade is critical not only for the terminal effector function of donor-specific antibodies, but also for the regulation of T and B cell subsets to generate the antidonor humoral response. Donor-specific antibodies (DSA) have heterogenous features, as are their interactions with the complement system. Clinical testing of complement inhibitors in transplant patients have shown good safety profiles but mixed efficacy to date. SUMMARY The complement cascade is a critical mediator of AMR and clinical trials have shown early promising results. With the steady emergence of novel complement inhibitors and our greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking complement and AMR, there is greater optimism now for new prognostic and therapeutic tools to deploy in transplant patients with AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alfredo Podestà
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicholas Chun
- Translational Transplant Research Center and Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY
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8
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Liu Y, DiStasio M, Su G, Asashima H, Enninful A, Qin X, Deng Y, Nam J, Gao F, Bordignon P, Cassano M, Tomayko M, Xu M, Halene S, Craft JE, Hafler D, Fan R. High-plex protein and whole transcriptome co-mapping at cellular resolution with spatial CITE-seq. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1405-1409. [PMID: 36823353 PMCID: PMC10567548 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we extended co-indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes (CITE) to the spatial dimension and demonstrated high-plex protein and whole transcriptome co-mapping. We profiled 189 proteins and whole transcriptome in multiple mouse tissue types with spatial CITE sequencing and then further applied the method to measure 273 proteins and transcriptome in human tissues, revealing spatially distinct germinal center reactions in tonsil and early immune activation in skin at the Coronavirus Disease 2019 mRNA vaccine injection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcello DiStasio
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Graham Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Asashima
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Archibald Enninful
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yanxiang Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jungmin Nam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fu Gao
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Mary Tomayko
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mina Xu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph E Craft
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Hafler
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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9
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Saez-Calveras N, Brewster AL, Stuve O. The validity of animal models to explore the pathogenic role of the complement system in multiple sclerosis: A review. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1017484. [PMID: 36311030 PMCID: PMC9606595 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1017484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been extensively used to characterize the disease mechanisms in MS, as well as to identify potential pharmacologic targets for this condition. In recent years, the immune complement system has gained increased attention as an important effector in the pathogenesis of MS. Evidence from histological, serum, and CSF studies of patients supports an involvement of complement in both relapsing-remitting and progressive MS. In this review, we discuss the history and advances made on the use of MS animal models to profile the effects of the complement system in this condition. The first studies that explored the complement system in the context of MS used cobra venom factor (CVF) as a complement depleting agent in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) Lewis rats. Since then, multiple mice and rat models of MS have revealed a role of C3 and the alternative complement cascade in the opsonization and phagocytosis of myelin by microglia and myeloid cells. Studies using viral vectors, genetic knockouts and pharmacologic complement inhibitors have also shown an effect of complement in synaptic loss. Antibody-mediated EAE models have revealed an involvement of the C1 complex and the classical complement as an effector of the humoral response in this disease. C1q itself may also be involved in modulating microglia activation and oligodendrocyte differentiation in these animals. In addition, animal and in vitro models have revealed that multiple complement factors may act as modulators of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, evidence gathered from mice models suggests that the membrane attack complex (MAC) may even exert protective roles in the chronic stages of EAE. Overall, this review summarizes the importance of MS animal models to better characterize the role of the complement system and guide future therapeutic approaches in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Saez-Calveras
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Neurology Section, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Amy L. Brewster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
- Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Olaf Stuve,
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10
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Huang J, Deng R, Li W, Jiang M, Xiang AP, Zhang X. Nestin+ Mesenchymal Precursors Generate Distinct Spleen Stromal Cell Subsets and Have Immunomodulatory Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911819. [PMID: 36233119 PMCID: PMC9569994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are known to be widespread in many tissues and possess a broad spectrum of immunoregulatory properties. They have been used in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases; however, the therapeutic effects are still inconsistent owing to their heterogeneity. Spleen stromal cells have evolved to regulate the immune response at many levels as they are bathed in a complex inflammatory milieu during infection. Therefore, it is unknown whether they have stronger immunomodulatory effects than their counterparts derived from other tissues. Here, using a transgenic mouse model expressing GFP driven by the Nestin (Nes) promoter, Nes-GFP+ cells from bone marrow and spleen were collected. Artificial lymphoid reconstruction in vivo was performed. Cell phenotype, inhibition of T cell inflammatory cytokines, and in vivo therapeutic effects were assessed. We observed Nes-GFP+ cells colocalized with splenic stromal cells and further demonstrated that these Nes-GFP+ cells had the ability to establish ectopic lymphoid-like structures in vivo. Moreover, we showed that the Nes-GFP+ cells possessed the characteristics of MSCs. Spleen-derived Nes-GFP+ cells exhibited greater immunomodulatory ability in vitro and more remarkable therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory diseases, especially inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than bone marrow-derived Nes-GFP+ cells. Overall, our data showed that Nes-GFP+ cells contributed to subsets of spleen stromal populations and possessed the biological characteristics of MSCs with a stronger immunoregulatory function and therapeutic potential than bone marrow-derived Nes-GFP+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ronghai Deng
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Meihua Jiang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-87335982
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Bhattacharya D. Instructing durable humoral immunity for COVID-19 and other vaccinable diseases. Immunity 2022; 55:945-964. [PMID: 35637104 PMCID: PMC9085459 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of SARS-CoV-2 have fully conformed with the principles established by decades of viral immunology research, ultimately leading to the crowning achievement of highly effective COVID-19 vaccines. Nonetheless, the pandemic has also exposed areas where our fundamental knowledge is thinner. Some key unknowns are the duration of humoral immunity post-primary infection or vaccination and how long booster shots confer protection. As a corollary, if protection does not last as long as desired, what are some ways it can be improved? Here, I discuss lessons from other infections and vaccines that point to several key features that influence durable antibody production and the perseverance of immunity. These include (1) the specific innate sensors that are initially triggered, (2) the kinetics of antigen delivery and persistence, (3) the starting B cell receptor (BCR) avidity and antigen valency, and (4) the memory B cell subsets that are recalled by boosters. I further highlight the fundamental B cell-intrinsic and B cell-extrinsic pathways that, if understood better, would provide a rational framework for vaccines to reliably provide durable immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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12
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Ostrycharz E, Hukowska-Szematowicz B. New Insights into the Role of the Complement System in Human Viral Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:226. [PMID: 35204727 PMCID: PMC8961555 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system (CS) is part of the human immune system, consisting of more than 30 proteins that play a vital role in the protection against various pathogens and diseases, including viral diseases. Activated via three pathways, the classical pathway (CP), the lectin pathway (LP), and the alternative pathway (AP), the complement system leads to the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) that disrupts the membrane of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death. Due to the increasing number of reports on its role in viral diseases, which may have implications for research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), this review aims to highlight significant progress in understanding and defining the role of the complement system in four groups of diseases of viral etiology: (1) respiratory diseases; (2) acute liver failure (ALF); (3) disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); and (4) vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Some of these diseases already present a serious global health problem, while others are a matter of concern and require the collaboration of relevant national services and scientists with the World Health Organization (WHO) to avoid their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ostrycharz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland;
- Doctoral School of the University of Szczecin, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland;
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
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13
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Freiwald T, Afzali B. Renal diseases and the role of complement: Linking complement to immune effector pathways and therapeutics. Adv Immunol 2021; 152:1-81. [PMID: 34844708 PMCID: PMC8905641 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is an ancient and phylogenetically conserved key danger sensing system that is critical for host defense against pathogens. Activation of the complement system is a vital component of innate immunity required for the detection and removal of pathogens. It is also a central orchestrator of adaptive immune responses and a constituent of normal tissue homeostasis. Once complement activation occurs, this system deposits indiscriminately on any cell surface in the vicinity and has the potential to cause unwanted and excessive tissue injury. Deposition of complement components is recognized as a hallmark of a variety of kidney diseases, where it is indeed associated with damage to the self. The provenance and the pathophysiological role(s) played by complement in each kidney disease is not fully understood. However, in recent years there has been a renaissance in the study of complement, with greater appreciation of its intracellular roles as a cell-intrinsic system and its interplay with immune effector pathways. This has been paired with a profusion of novel therapeutic agents antagonizing complement components, including approved inhibitors against complement components (C)1, C3, C5 and C5aR1. A number of clinical trials have investigated the use of these more targeted approaches for the management of kidney diseases. In this review we present and summarize the evidence for the roles of complement in kidney diseases and discuss the available clinical evidence for complement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Freiwald
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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14
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Talla A, Vasaikar SV, Lemos MP, Moodie Z, Lee Pebworth MP, Henderson KE, Cohen KW, Czartoski JL, Lai L, Suthar MS, Heubeck AT, Genge PC, Roll CR, Weiss M, Reading J, Kondza N, MacMillan H, Fong OC, Thomson ZJ, Graybuck LT, Okada LY, Newell EW, Coffey EM, Meijer P, Becker LA, De Rosa SC, Skene PJ, Torgerson TR, Li XJ, Szeto GL, McElrath MJ, Bumol TF. Longitudinal immune dynamics of mild COVID-19 define signatures of recovery and persistence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.05.26.442666. [PMID: 34075380 PMCID: PMC8168393 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.26.442666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 200 million and caused more than 4 million deaths to date. Most individuals (>80%) have mild symptoms and recover in the outpatient setting, but detailed studies of immune responses have focused primarily on moderate to severe COVID-19. We deeply profiled the longitudinal immune response in individuals with mild COVID-19 beginning with early time points post-infection (1-15 days) and proceeding through convalescence to >100 days after symptom onset. We correlated data from single cell analyses of peripheral blood cells, serum proteomics, virus-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and clinical metadata. Acute infection was characterized by vigorous coordinated innate and adaptive immune activation that differed in character by age (young vs. old). We then characterized signals associated with recovery and convalescence to define and validate a new signature of inflammatory cytokines, gene expression, and chromatin accessibility that persists in individuals with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC).
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15
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Erdei A, Kovács KG, Nagy-Baló Z, Lukácsi S, Mácsik-Valent B, Kurucz I, Bajtay Z. New aspects in the regulation of human B cell functions by complement receptors CR1, CR2, CR3 and CR4. Immunol Lett 2021; 237:42-57. [PMID: 34186155 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of complement in the regulation of antibody responses has been known for long. By now several additional B cell functions - including cytokine production and antigen presentation - have also been shown to be regulated by complement proteins. Most of these important activities are mediated by receptors interacting with activation fragments of the central component of the complement system C3, such as C3b, iC3b and C3d, which are covalently attached to antigens and immune complexes. This review summarizes the role of complement receptors interacting with these ligands, namely CR1 (CD35), CR2 (CD21), CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) expressed by B cells in health and disease. Although we focus on human B lymphocytes, we also aim to call the attention to important differences between human and mouse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kristóf G Kovács
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Nagy-Baló
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - István Kurucz
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Su Z, Huang D. Alternative Splicing of Pre-mRNA in the Control of Immune Activity. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040574. [PMID: 33921058 PMCID: PMC8071365 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immune response is a complex process that responds to numerous exogenous antigens in preventing infection by microorganisms, as well as to endogenous components in the surveillance of tumors and autoimmune diseases, and a great number of molecules are necessary to carry the functional complexity of immune activity. Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA plays an important role in immune cell development and regulation of immune activity through yielding diverse transcriptional isoforms to supplement the function of limited genes associated with the immune reaction. In addition, multiple factors have been identified as being involved in the control of alternative splicing at the cis, trans, or co-transcriptional level, and the aberrant splicing of RNA leads to the abnormal modulation of immune activity in infections, immune diseases, and tumors. In this review, we summarize the recent discoveries on the generation of immune-associated alternative splice variants, clinical disorders, and possible regulatory mechanisms. We also discuss the immune responses to the neoantigens produced by alternative splicing, and finally, we issue some alternative splicing and immunity correlated questions based on our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjing Su
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, China
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Dongyang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, China
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (D.H.)
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17
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Wang G, Zarek C, Chang T, Tao L, Lowe A, Reese TA. Th2 Cytokine Modulates Herpesvirus Reactivation in a Cell Type Specific Manner. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01946-20. [PMID: 33536178 PMCID: PMC8103696 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01946-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma associated virus (KSHV), and murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV68), establish latent infection in B cells, macrophages, and non-lymphoid cells, and can induce both lymphoid and non-lymphoid cancers. Research on these viruses has relied heavily on immortalized B cell and endothelial cell lines. Therefore, we know very little about the cell type specific regulation of virus infection. We have previously shown that treatment of MHV68-infected macrophages with the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) or challenge of MHV68-infected mice with an IL-4-inducing parasite leads to virus reactivation. However, we do not know if all latent reservoirs of the virus, including B cells, reactivate the virus in response to IL-4. Here we used an in vivo approach to address the question of whether all latently infected cell types reactivate MHV68 in response to a particular stimulus. We found that IL-4 receptor expression on macrophages was required for IL-4 to induce virus reactivation, but that it was dispensable on B cells. We further demonstrated that the transcription factor, STAT6, which is downstream of the IL-4 receptor and binds virus gene 50 N4/N5 promoter in macrophages, did not bind to the virus gene 50 N4/N5 promoter in B cells. These data suggest that stimuli that promote herpesvirus reactivation may only affect latent virus in particular cell types, but not in others.Importance Herpesviruses establish life-long quiescent infections in specific cells in the body, and only reactivate to produce infectious virus when precise signals induce them to do so. The signals that induce herpesvirus reactivation are often studied only in one particular cell type infected with the virus. However, herpesviruses establish latency in multiple cell types in their hosts. Using murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV68) and conditional knockout mice, we examined the cell type specificity of a particular reactivation signal, interleukin-4 (IL-4). We found that IL-4 only induced herpesvirus reactivation from macrophages, but not from B cells. This work indicates that regulation of virus latency and reactivation is cell type specific. This has important implications for therapies aimed at either promoting or inhibiting reactivation for the control or elimination of chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxun Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christina Zarek
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tyron Chang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lili Tao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alexandria Lowe
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tiffany A Reese
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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18
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Heat-Inactivation of Human Serum Destroys C1 Inhibitor, Pro-motes Immune Complex Formation, and Improves Human T Cell Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052646. [PMID: 33808005 PMCID: PMC7961502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-inactivation of sera is used to reduce possible disturbing effects of complement factors in cell-culture experiments, but it is controversially discussed whether this procedure is appropriate or could be neglected. Here, we report a strong impact of heat-inactivation of human sera on the activation and effector functions of human CD4+ T cells. While T cells cultured with native sera were characterized by a higher proliferation rate and higher expression of CD28, heat-inactivated sera shaped T cells towards on-blast formation, higher cytokine secretion (interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-17), stronger CD69 and PD-1 expression, and increased metabolic activity. Heat-inactivated sera contained reduced amounts of complement factors and regulators like C1 inhibitor, but increased concentrations of circulating immune complexes. Substitution of C1 inhibitor reduced the beneficial effect of heat-inactivation in terms of cytokine release, whereas surface-molecule expression was affected by the addition of complex forming anti-C1q antibody. Our data clearly demonstrate a beneficial effect of heat-inactivation of human sera for T cell experiments but indicate that beside complement regulators and immune complexes other components might be relevant. Beyond that, this study further underpins the strong impact of the complement system on T cell function.
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19
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Rincón-Arévalo H, Rojas M, Vanegas-García A, Muñoz-Vahos C, Orejuela-Erazo J, Vásquez G, Castaño D. Atypical phenotype and response of B cells in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:221-238. [PMID: 33459349 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be classified as seropositive or seronegative according to the presence of autoantibodies. An abnormal B cell phenotype and function could be one of the main components of the immunopathology of seropositive patients; however, there is little information regarding B cell defects in these patients. This study shows a broad characterization of the B cell phenotype and function in patients with seropositive RA. We focused mainly on the evaluation of subsets, the expression of modulatory molecules of cell activation (CD22, FcɣRIIb and FcµR), calcium mobilization, global tyrosine phosphorylation, expression of activation markers, cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig) production, proliferation and the in-vitro generation of plasma cells. Increased frequency of CD27- IgM- IgD- and CD21- B cells was observed in patients with seropositive RA compared with healthy donors (HD). Decreased expression of CD22 was primarily found in memory B cells of patients with RA regardless of seropositivity. B cells from seropositive patients exhibited normal proliferation, calcium mobilization kinetics and global tyrosine phosphorylation, but showed an increased frequency of CD86+ B cells compared with HD. B cells of seropositive patients secrete less interleukin-10 after in-vitro activation and showed a decreased frequency of plasma cell differentiation and IgM production compared with HD. Our data indicate that patients with seropositive RA have an increased frequency of atypical B cell populations previously associated with chronic activation and antigen exposure. This may result in the observed low responsiveness of these cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rincón-Arévalo
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M Rojas
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Unidad de Citometría, Facultad de Medicina, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - A Vanegas-García
- Unidad Reumatología, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C Muñoz-Vahos
- Unidad Reumatología, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J Orejuela-Erazo
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - G Vásquez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - D Castaño
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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20
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Reijm S, Kissel T, Toes R. Checkpoints controlling the induction of B cell mediated autoimmunity in human autoimmune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1885-1894. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Reijm
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - T. Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - R.E.M. Toes
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
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21
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Zerra PE, Arthur CM, Chonat S, Maier CL, Mener A, Shin S, Allen JWL, Baldwin WH, Cox C, Verkerke H, Jajosky RP, Tormey CA, Meeks SL, Stowell SR. Fc Gamma Receptors and Complement Component 3 Facilitate Anti-fVIII Antibody Formation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:905. [PMID: 32582142 PMCID: PMC7295897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-factor VIII (fVIII) alloantibodies, which can develop in patients with hemophilia A, limit the therapeutic options and increase morbidity and mortality of these patients. However, the factors that influence anti-fVIII antibody development remain incompletely understood. Recent studies suggest that Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) may facilitate recognition and uptake of fVIII by recently developed or pre-existing naturally occurring anti-fVIII antibodies, providing a mechanism whereby the immune system may recognize fVIII following infusion. However, the role of FcγRs in anti-fVIII antibody formation remains unknown. In order to define the influence of FcγRs on the development of anti-fVIII antibodies, fVIII was injected into WT or FcγR knockout recipients, followed by evaluation of anti-fVIII antibodies. Anti-fVIII antibodies were readily observed following fVIII injection into FcγR knockouts, with similar anti-fVIII antibody levels occurring in FcγR knockouts as detected in WT mice injected in parallel. As antibodies can also fix complement, providing a potential mechanism whereby anti-fVIII antibodies may influence anti-fVIII antibody formation independent of FcγRs, fVIII was also injected into complement component 3 (C3) knockout recipients in parallel. Similar to FcγR knockouts, C3 knockout recipients developed a robust response to fVIII, which was likewise similar to that observed in WT recipients. As FcγRs or C3 may compensate for each other in recipients only deficient in FcγRs or C3 alone, we generated mice deficient in both FcγRs and C3 to test for potential antibody effector redundancy in anti-fVIII antibody formation. Infusion of fVIII into FcγRs and C3 (FcγR × C3) double knockouts likewise induced anti-fVIII antibodies. However, unlike individual knockouts, anti-fVIII antibodies in FcγRs × C3 knockouts were initially lower than WT recipients, although anti-fVIII antibodies increased to WT levels following additional fVIII exposure. In contrast, infusion of RBCs expressing distinct alloantigens into FcγRs, C3 or FcγR × C3 knockout recipients either failed to change anti-RBC levels when compared to WT recipients or actually increased antibody responses, depending on the target antigen. Taken together, these results suggest FcγRs and C3 can differentially impact antibody formation following exposure to distinct alloantigens and that FcγRs and C3 work in concert to facilitate early anti-fVIII antibody formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Zerra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Satheesh Chonat
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cheryl L Maier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amanda Mener
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sooncheon Shin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jerry William L Allen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - W Hunter Baldwin
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Courtney Cox
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hans Verkerke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ryan P Jajosky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher A Tormey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Conneciticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shannon L Meeks
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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22
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Bell L, Lenhart A, Rosenwald A, Monoranu CM, Berberich-Siebelt F. Lymphoid Aggregates in the CNS of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Lack Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3090. [PMID: 32010141 PMCID: PMC6974514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In gray matter pathology of multiple sclerosis, neurodegeneration associates with a high degree of meningeal inflammatory activity. Importantly, ectopic lymphoid follicles (eLFs) were identified at the inflamed meninges of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. Besides T lymphocytes, they comprise B cells and might elicit germinal center (GC)-like reactions. GC reactions are controlled by FOXP3+ T-follicular regulatory cells (TFR), but it is unknown if they participate in autoantibody production in eLFs. Receiving human post-mortem material, gathered from autopsies of progressive multiple sclerosis patients, indeed, distinct inflammatory infiltrates enriched with B cells could be detected in perivascular areas and deep sulci. CD35+ cells, parafollicular CD138+ plasma cells, and abundant expression of the homing receptor for GCs, CXCR5, on lymphocytes defined some of them as eLFs. However, they resembled GCs only in varying extent, as T cells did not express PD-1, only few cells were positive for the key transcriptional regulator BCL-6 and ongoing proliferation, whereas a substantial number of T cells expressed high NFATc1 like GC-follicular T cells. Then again, predominant cytoplasmic NFATc1 and an enrichment with CD3+CD27+ memory and CD4+CD69+ tissue-resident cells implied a chronic state, very much in line with PD-1 and BCL-6 downregulation. Intriguingly, FOXP3+ cells were almost absent in the whole brain sections and CD3+FOXP3+ TFRs were never found in the lymphoid aggregates. This also points to less controlled humoral immune responses in those lymphoid aggregates possibly enabling the occurrence of CNS-specific autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Bell
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Lenhart
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Camelia M Monoranu
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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23
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Shukla A, Chen C, Jellusova J, Leung CR, Kao E, Bhat N, Lin WW, Apgar JR, Rickert RC. Self-reactive B cells in the GALT are actively curtailed to prevent gut inflammation. JCI Insight 2019; 5:130621. [PMID: 31335327 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis in the gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) is critical to prevent the development of inadvertent pathologies. B cells as the producers of antibodies and cytokines plays an important role in maintaining the GALT homeostasis. However, the mechanism by which B cells specifically direct their responses towards non-self-antigens and become ignorant to self-antigens in the GALT is not known. Therefore, we developed a novel mouse model by expressing Duck Egg Lysozyme (DEL) in gut epithelial cells in presence of HEL reactive B cells. Notably, we observed a transient activation and rapid deletion of self-reactive B cells in Peyers Patches and Mesenteric lymph nodes upon self-antigen exposure. The survival of self-reactive B cells upon exposure to their self-antigen was partially rescued by blocking receptor editing but could be completely rescued by stronger survival signal like ectopic expression of BCL2. Importantly, rescuing the self-reactive B cells promoted production of auto-antibodies and gut inflammation. Mechanistically, we identify a specific activation of TGFβ signaling in self-reactive B cells in the gut and a critical role of this pathway in maintaining peripheral tolerance. Collectively, our studies describe functional consequences and fate of self-reactive B cells in GALT and provide novel mechanistic insights governing self-tolerance of B cells in the gut.
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Mener A, Patel SR, Arthur CM, Chonat S, Wieland A, Santhanakrishnan M, Liu J, Maier CL, Jajosky RP, Girard-Pierce K, Bennett A, Zerra PE, Smith NH, Hendrickson JE, Stowell SR. Complement serves as a switch between CD4+ T cell-independent and -dependent RBC antibody responses. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121631. [PMID: 30429364 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RBC alloimmunization represents a significant immunological challenge for patients requiring lifelong transfusion support. The majority of clinically relevant non-ABO(H) blood group antigens have been thought to drive antibody formation through T cell-dependent immune pathways. Thus, we initially sought to define the role of CD4+ T cells in formation of alloantibodies to KEL, one of the leading causes of hemolytic transfusion reactions. Unexpectedly, our findings demonstrated that KEL RBCs actually possess the ability to induce antibody formation independent of CD4+ T cells or complement component 3 (C3), two common regulators of antibody formation. However, despite the ability of KEL RBCs to induce anti-KEL antibodies in the absence of complement, removal of C3 or complement receptors 1 and 2 (CR1/2) rendered recipients completely reliant on CD4+ T cells for IgG anti-KEL antibody formation. Together, these findings suggest that C3 may serve as a novel molecular switch that regulates the type of immunological pathway engaged following RBC transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mener
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Seema R Patel
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Satheesh Chonat
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Andreas Wieland
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jingchun Liu
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cheryl L Maier
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Ryan P Jajosky
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Kathryn Girard-Pierce
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Ashley Bennett
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Patricia E Zerra
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Nicole H Smith
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
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25
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Mener A, Arthur CM, Patel SR, Liu J, Hendrickson JE, Stowell SR. Complement Component 3 Negatively Regulates Antibody Response by Modulation of Red Blood Cell Antigen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:676. [PMID: 29942300 PMCID: PMC6004516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization can make it difficult to procure compatible RBCs for future transfusion, directly leading to increased morbidity and mortality in transfusion-dependent patients. However, the factors that regulate RBC alloimmunization remain incompletely understood. As complement has been shown to serve as a key adjuvant in the development of antibody (Ab) responses against microbes, we examined the impact of complement on RBC alloimmunization. In contrast to the impact of complement component 3 (C3) in the development of an immune response following microbial exposure, transfusion of C3 knockout (C3 KO) recipients with RBCs expressing KEL (KEL RBCs) actually resulted in an enhanced anti-KEL Ab response. The impact of C3 appeared to be specific to KEL, as transfusion of RBCs bearing another model antigen, the chimeric HOD antigen (hen egg lysozyme, ovalbumin and Duffy), into C3 KO recipients failed to result in a similar increase in Ab formation. KEL RBCs experienced enhanced C3 deposition and loss of detectable target antigen over time when compared to HOD RBCs, suggesting that C3 may inhibit Ab formation by impacting the accessibility of the target KEL antigen. Loss of detectable KEL on the RBC surface did not reflect antigen masking by C3, but instead appeared to result from actual removal of the KEL antigen, as western blot analysis demonstrated complete loss of detectable KEL protein. Consistent with this, exposure of wild-type B6 or C3 KO recipients to KEL RBCs with reduced levels of detectable KEL antigen resulted in a significantly reduced anti-KEL Ab response. These results suggest that C3 possesses a unique ability to actually suppress Ab formation following transfusion by reducing the availability of the target antigen on the RBC surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mener
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Seema R Patel
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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26
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Kolev M, Markiewski MM. Targeting complement-mediated immunoregulation for cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2018; 37:85-97. [PMID: 29454575 PMCID: PMC5984681 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Complement was initially discovered as an assembly of plasma proteins "complementing" the cytolytic activity of antibodies. However, our current knowledge places this complex system of several plasma proteins, receptors, and regulators in the center of innate immunity as a bridge between the initial innate responses and adaptive immune reactions. Consequently, complement appears to be pivotal for elimination of pathogens, not only as an early response defense, but by directing the subsequent adaptive immune response. The discovery of functional intracellular complement and its roles in cellular metabolism opened novel avenues for research and potential therapeutic implications. The recent studies demonstrating immunoregulatory functions of complement in the tumor microenvironment and the premetastatic niche shifted the paradigm on our understanding of functions of the complement system in regulating immunity. Several complement proteins, through their interaction with cells in the tumor microenvironment and in metastasis-targeted organs, contribute to modulating tumor growth, antitumor immunity, angiogenesis, and therefore, the overall progression of malignancy and, perhaps, responsiveness of cancer to different therapies. Here, we focus on recent progress in our understanding of immunostimulatory vs. immunoregulatory functions of complement and potential applications of these findings to the design of novel therapies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolev
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, DIR, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States.
| | - Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States.
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Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionarily ancient key component of innate immunity required for the detection and removal of invading pathogens. It was discovered more than 100 years ago and was originally defined as a liver-derived, blood-circulating sentinel system that classically mediates the opsonization and lytic killing of dangerous microbes and the initiation of the general inflammatory reaction. More recently, complement has also emerged as a critical player in adaptive immunity via its ability to instruct both B and T cell responses. In particular, work on the impact of complement on T cell responses led to the surprising discoveries that the complement system also functions within cells and is involved in regulating basic cellular processes, predominantly those of metabolic nature. Here, we review current knowledge about complement's role in T cell biology, with a focus on the novel intracellular and noncanonical activities of this ancient system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E West
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; ,
| | - Martin Kolev
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom;
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; ,
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom;
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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28
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West EE, Afzali B, Kemper C. Unexpected Roles for Intracellular Complement in the Regulation of Th1 Responses. Adv Immunol 2018; 138:35-70. [PMID: 29731006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is generally recognized as an evolutionarily ancient and critical part of innate immunity required for the removal of pathogens that have breached the protective host barriers. It was originally defined as a liver-derived serum surveillance system that induces the opsonization and killing of invading microbes and amplifies the general inflammatory reactions. However, studies spanning the last four decades have established complement also as a vital bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, recent work on complement, and in particular its impact on human T helper 1 (Th1) responses, has led to the unexpected findings that the complement system also functions within cells and that it participates in the regulation of basic processes of the cell, including metabolism. These recent new insights into the unanticipated noncanonical activities of this ancient system suggest that the functions of complement extend well beyond mere host protection and into cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E West
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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29
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Complement and Immunoglobulin Biology Leading to Clinical Translation. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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30
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Leukocyte-Stromal Interactions Within Lymph Nodes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1060:1-22. [PMID: 30155619 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78127-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes play a crucial role in the formation and initiation of immune responses, allowing lymphocytes to efficiently scan for foreign antigens and serving as rendezvous points for leukocyte-antigen interactions. Here we describe the major stromal subsets found in lymph nodes, including fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells, marginal reticular cells, follicular dendritic cells and other poorly defined subsets such as integrin alpha-7+ pericytes. We focus on biomedically relevant interactions with T cells, B cells and dendritic cells, describing pro-survival mechanisms of support for these cells, promotion of their migration and tolerance-inducing mechanisms that help keep the body free of autoimmune-mediated damage.
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31
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Protective Humoral Immunity in the Central Nervous System Requires Peripheral CD19-Dependent Germinal Center Formation following Coronavirus Encephalomyelitis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01352-17. [PMID: 28931676 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01352-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell subsets with phenotypes characteristic of naive, non-isotype-switched, memory (Bmem) cells and antibody-secreting cells (ASC) accumulate in various models of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, including viral encephalomyelitis. During neurotropic coronavirus JHMV infection, infiltration of protective ASC occurs after T cell-mediated viral control and is preceded by accumulation of non-isotype-switched IgD+ and IgM+ B cells. However, the contribution of peripheral activation events in cervical lymph nodes (CLN) to driving humoral immune responses in the infected CNS is poorly defined. CD19, a signaling component of the B cell receptor complex, is one of multiple regulators driving B cell differentiation and germinal center (GC) formation by lowering the threshold of antigen-driven activation. JHMV-infected CD19-/- mice were thus used to determine how CD19 affects CNS recruitment of B cell subsets. Early polyclonal ASC expansion, GC formation, and virus-specific ASC were all significantly impaired in CLN of CD19-/- mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice, consistent with lower and unsustained virus-specific serum antibody (Ab). ASC were also significantly reduced in the CNS, resulting in increased infectious virus during persistence. Nevertheless, CD19 deficiency did not affect early CNS IgD+ B cell accumulation. The results support the notion that CD19-independent factors drive early B cell mobilization and recruitment to the infected CNS, while delayed accumulation of virus-specific, isotype-switched ASC requires CD19-dependent GC formation in CLN. CD19 is thus essential for both sustained serum Ab and protective local Ab within the CNS following JHMV encephalomyelitis.IMPORTANCE CD19 activation is known to promote GC formation and to sustain serum Ab responses following antigen immunization and viral infections. However, the contribution of CD19 in the context of CNS infections has not been evaluated. This study demonstrates that antiviral protective ASC in the CNS are dependent on CD19 activation and peripheral GC formation, while accumulation of early-recruited IgD+ B cells is CD19 independent. This indicates that IgD+ B cells commonly found early in the CNS do not give rise to local ASC differentiation and that only antigen-primed, peripheral GC-derived ASC infiltrate the CNS, thereby limiting potentially harmful nonspecific Ab secretion. Expanding our understanding of activation signals driving CNS migration of distinct B cell subsets during neuroinflammatory insults is critical for preventing and managing acute encephalitic infections, as well as preempting reactivation of persistent viruses during immune-suppressive therapies targeting B cells in multiple sclerosis (MS), such as rituximab and ocrelizumab.
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32
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Bednar KJ, Shanina E, Ballet R, Connors EP, Duan S, Juan J, Arlian BM, Kulis MD, Butcher EC, Fung-Leung WP, Rao TS, Paulson JC, Macauley MS. Human CD22 Inhibits Murine B Cell Receptor Activation in a Human CD22 Transgenic Mouse Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3116-3128. [PMID: 28972089 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD22, a sialic acid-binding Ig-type lectin (Siglec) family member, is an inhibitory coreceptor of the BCR with established roles in health and disease. The restricted expression pattern of CD22 on B cells and most B cell lymphomas has made CD22 a therapeutic target for B cell-mediated diseases. Models to better understand how in vivo targeting of CD22 translates to human disease are needed. In this article, we report the development of a transgenic mouse expressing human CD22 (hCD22) in B cells and assess its ability to functionally substitute for murine CD22 (mCD22) for regulation of BCR signaling, Ab responses, homing, and tolerance. Expression of hCD22 on transgenic murine B cells is comparable to expression on human primary B cells, and it colocalizes with mCD22 on the cell surface. Murine B cells expressing only hCD22 have identical calcium (Ca2+) flux responses to anti-IgM as mCD22-expressing wild-type B cells. Furthermore, hCD22 transgenic mice on an mCD22-/- background have restored levels of marginal zone B cells and Ab responses compared with deficiencies observed in CD22-/- mice. Consistent with these observations, hCD22 transgenic mice develop normal humoral responses in a peanut allergy oral sensitization model. Homing of B cells to Peyer's patches was partially rescued by expression of hCD22 compared with CD22-/- B cells, although not to wild-type levels. Notably, Siglec-engaging antigenic liposomes formulated with an hCD22 ligand were shown to prevent B cell activation, increase cell death, and induce tolerance in vivo. This hCD22 transgenic mouse will be a valuable model for investigating the function of hCD22 and preclinical studies targeting hCD22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Bednar
- Immunology Team, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ 08869.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Elena Shanina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Romain Ballet
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Edward P Connors
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shiteng Duan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Joana Juan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Britni M Arlian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Michael D Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | | | - Tadimeti S Rao
- Immunology Team, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ 08869
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; .,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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33
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Agrawal P, Nawadkar R, Ojha H, Kumar J, Sahu A. Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An Overview. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1117. [PMID: 28670306 PMCID: PMC5472698 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a major first line of immune defense, the complement system keeps a constant vigil against viruses. Its ability to recognize large panoply of viruses and virus-infected cells, and trigger the effector pathways, results in neutralization of viruses and killing of the infected cells. This selection pressure exerted by complement on viruses has made them evolve a multitude of countermeasures. These include targeting the recognition molecules for the avoidance of detection, targeting key enzymes and complexes of the complement pathways like C3 convertases and C5b-9 formation - either by encoding complement regulators or by recruiting membrane-bound and soluble host complement regulators, cleaving complement proteins by encoding protease, and inhibiting the synthesis of complement proteins. Additionally, viruses also exploit the complement system for their own benefit. For example, they use complement receptors as well as membrane regulators for cellular entry as well as their spread. Here, we provide an overview on the complement subversion mechanisms adopted by the members of various viral families including Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Togaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Agrawal
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Renuka Nawadkar
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Hina Ojha
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
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34
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Rattan A, Pawar SD, Nawadkar R, Kulkarni N, Lal G, Mullick J, Sahu A. Synergy between the classical and alternative pathways of complement is essential for conferring effective protection against the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006248. [PMID: 28301559 PMCID: PMC5354441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide thus necessitating the need to understand the host factors that influence its control. Previously, the complement system has been shown to provide protection during the seasonal influenza virus infection, however, the role of individual complement pathways is not yet clear. Here, we have dissected the role of intact complement as well as of its individual activation pathways during the pandemic influenza virus infection using mouse strains deficient in various complement components. We show that the virus infection in C3-/- mice results in increased viral load and 100% mortality, which can be reversed by adoptive transfer of naïve wild-type (WT) splenocytes, purified splenic B cells, or passive transfer of immune sera from WT, but not C3-/- mice. Blocking of C3a and/or C5a receptor signaling in WT mice using receptor antagonists and use of C3aR-/- and C5aR-/- mice showed significant mortality after blocking/ablation of C3aR, with little or no effect after blocking/ablation of C5aR. Intriguingly, deficiency of C4 and FB in mice resulted in only partial mortality (24%-32%) suggesting a necessary cross-talk between the classical/lectin and alternative pathways for providing effective protection. In vitro virus neutralization experiments performed to probe the cross-talk between the various pathways indicated that activation of the classical and alternative pathways in concert, owing to coating of viral surface by antibodies, is needed for its efficient neutralization. Examination of the virus-specific complement-binding antibodies in virus positive subjects showed that their levels vary among individuals. Together these results indicate that cooperation between the classical and alternative pathways not only result in efficient direct neutralization of the pandemic influenza virus, but also lead to the optimum generation of C3a, which when sensed by the immune cells along with the antigen culminates in generation of effective protective immune responses. The pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus is now circulating seasonally and causing a significant disease burden worldwide. Hence, it is important to delineate the immune components required for protection against its infection. Here we demonstrate that presence of intact complement is essential for clearing the pandemic influenza virus infection, wherein complement synthesized by B cells plays a major role. Further, we show that activation of the classical as well as alternative pathways is a requisite for efficient neutralization of the virus as well as the optimum generation of C3a, which is necessary for boosting the protective immune responses. Our results thus reveal that deficiencies of components of the classical and alternative pathways enhance the susceptibility to and severity of the pandemic influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajitanuj Rattan
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Shailesh D. Pawar
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Renuka Nawadkar
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Neeraja Kulkarni
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
- * E-mail:
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35
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Bennett KM, Rooijakkers SHM, Gorham RD. Let's Tie the Knot: Marriage of Complement and Adaptive Immunity in Pathogen Evasion, for Better or Worse. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:89. [PMID: 28197139 PMCID: PMC5281603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is typically regarded as an effector arm of innate immunity, leading to recognition and killing of microbial invaders in body fluids. Consequently, pathogens have engaged in an arms race, evolving molecules that can interfere with proper complement responses. However, complement is no longer viewed as an isolated system, and links with other immune mechanisms are continually being discovered. Complement forms an important bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. While its roles in innate immunity are well-documented, its function in adaptive immunity is less characterized. Therefore, it is no surprise that the field of pathogenic complement evasion has focused on blockade of innate effector functions, while potential inhibition of adaptive immune responses (via complement) has been overlooked to a certain extent. In this review, we highlight past and recent developments on the involvement of complement in the adaptive immune response. We discuss the mechanisms by which complement aids in lymphocyte stimulation and regulation, as well as in antigen presentation. In addition, we discuss microbial complement evasion strategies, and highlight specific examples in the context of adaptive immune responses. These emerging ties between complement and adaptive immunity provide a catalyst for future discovery in not only the field of adaptive immune evasion but in elucidating new roles of complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila M Bennett
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ronald D Gorham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
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36
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Cheng D, Deobagkar-Lele M, Zvezdova E, Choi S, Uehara S, Baup D, Bennett SC, Bull KR, Crockford TL, Ferry H, Warzecha C, Marcellin M, de Peredo AG, Lesourne R, Anzilotti C, Love PE, Cornall RJ. Themis2 lowers the threshold for B cell activation during positive selection. Nat Immunol 2016; 18:205-213. [PMID: 27992403 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The positive and negative selection of lymphocytes by antigen is central to adaptive immunity and self-tolerance, yet how this is determined by different antigens is not completely understood. We found that thymocyte-selection-associated family member 2 (Themis2) increased the positive selection of B1 cells and germinal center B cells by self and foreign antigens. Themis2 lowered the threshold for B-cell activation by low-avidity, but not high-avidity, antigens. Themis2 constitutively bound the adaptor protein Grb2, src-kinase Lyn and signal transducer phospholipase γ2 (PLC-γ2), and increased activation of PLC-γ2 and its downstream pathways following B cell receptor stimulation. Our findings identify a unique function for Themis2 in differential signaling and provide insight into how B cells discriminate between antigens of different quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daian Cheng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ekaterina Zvezdova
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seeyoung Choi
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shoji Uehara
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Delphine Baup
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophia C Bennett
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine R Bull
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya L Crockford
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Ferry
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claude Warzecha
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marlène Marcellin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Lesourne
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1043, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul E Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Bacillus anthracis Spore Surface Protein BclA Mediates Complement Factor H Binding to Spores and Promotes Spore Persistence. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005678. [PMID: 27304426 PMCID: PMC4909234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spores of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, are known to persist in the host lungs for prolonged periods of time, however the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that BclA, a major surface protein of B. anthracis spores, mediated direct binding of complement factor H (CFH) to spores. The surface bound CFH retained its regulatory cofactor activity resulting in C3 degradation and inhibition of downstream complement activation. By comparing results from wild type C57BL/6 mice and complement deficient mice, we further showed that BclA significantly contributed to spore persistence in the mouse lungs and dampened antibody responses to spores in a complement C3-dependent manner. In addition, prior exposure to BclA deletion spores (ΔbclA) provided significant protection against lethal challenges by B. anthracis, whereas the isogenic parent spores did not, indicating that BclA may also impair protective immunity. These results describe for the first time an immune inhibition mechanism of B. anthracis mediated by BclA and CFH that promotes spore persistence in vivo. The findings also suggested an important role of complement in persistent infections and thus have broad implications. We discovered an immune modulatory mechanism of Bacillus anthracis mediated by the spore surface protein BclA. We showed for the first time that BclA mediated the binding of complement factor H, a major negative regulator of complement, to the surface of spores. The binding led to the down-regulation of complement activities in vitro and in an animal model. Using mice deficient in complement components, we further showed that BclA promoted spore persistence in the mouse lungs and impaired antibody responses against spores in a complement-dependent manner. We further provided evidence suggesting a role of BclA in the development of protective immunity against lethal B. anthracis challenges. These findings draw attention to a previously understudied aspect of the complement system. They suggest that in addition to conferring resistance to complement-mediated killing and phagocytosis, complement inhibition by pathogens have long-term consequences with respect to persistent infections and development of protective immunity. Considering a growing list of microbial pathogens capable of modulating complement activities, our findings have broad implications.
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Kedl RM, Tamburini BA. Antigen archiving by lymph node stroma: A novel function for the lymphatic endothelium. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2721-9. [PMID: 26278423 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid stroma performs far more functions than simple structural support for lymphoid tissues, providing a host of soluble and membrane-bound cues to trafficking leukocytes during inflammation and homeostasis. More recently it has become clear that stromal cells can manipulate T-cell responses, either through direct antigen-mediated stimulation of T cells or more indirectly through the retention and management of antigen after viral infection or vaccination. In light of recent data, this review provides an overview of stromal cell subsets and functions during the progression of an adaptive immune response with particular emphasis on antigen capture and retention by follicular dendritic cells as well as the recently described "antigen archiving" function of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Given its impact on the maintenance of protective immune memory, we conclude by discussing the most pressing questions pertaining to LEC antigen capture, archiving and exchange with hematopoetically derived antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Beth A Tamburini
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Fearn A, Sheerin NS. Complement activation in progressive renal disease. World J Nephrol 2015; 4:31-40. [PMID: 25664245 PMCID: PMC4317626 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v4.i1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and the cause of significant morbidity and mortality. The replacement of functioning nephrons by fibrosis is characteristic of progressive disease. The pathways that lead to fibrosis are not fully understood, although chronic non-resolving inflammation in the kidney is likely to drive the fibrotic response that occurs. In patients with progressive CKD there is histological evidence of inflammation in the interstitium and strategies that reduce inflammation reduce renal injury in pre-clinical models of CKD. The complement system is an integral part of the innate immune system but also augments adaptive immune responses. Complement activation is known to occur in many diverse renal diseases, including glomerulonephritis, thrombotic microangiopathies and transplant rejection. In this review we discuss current evidence that complement activation contributes to progression of CKD, how complement could cause renal inflammation and whether complement inhibition would slow progression of renal disease.
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40
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Heesters BA, Das A, Chatterjee P, Carroll MC. Do follicular dendritic cells regulate lupus-specific B cells? Mol Immunol 2014; 62:283-8. [PMID: 24636642 PMCID: PMC4160379 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The factors that allow self-reactive B cells to escape negative selection and become activated remain poorly defined. In this review we describe recently published results in which a B cell receptor-knock-in mouse strain specific for nucleolar self-antigens was bred with mice deficient in complement C4 and discuss the implications for the lupus field. Absence of C4 leads to a breakdown in the elimination of autoreactive B cell clones at the transitional stage. This is characterized by a relative increase in their response to a range of stimuli, entrance into follicles and a greater propensity to form self-reactive germinal centers. In this review, a model is proposed in which, in the absence of complement C4, inappropriate clearance of apoptotic debris promotes chronic activation of myeloid cells and follicular dendritic cells, resulting in secretion of Type I interferon. This allows for the maturation and activation of self-reactive B cell clones leading to increased spontaneous formation of germinal centers and subsequent generation of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek Das
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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41
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Willmann KL, Klaver S, Doğu F, Santos-Valente E, Garncarz W, Bilic I, Mace E, Salzer E, Domínguez Conde C, Sic H, Májek P, Banerjee PP, Vladimer GI, Haskoloğlu Ş, Gökalp Bolkent M, Küpesiz A, Condino-Neto A, Colinge J, Superti-Furga G, Pickl WF, van Zelm MC, Eibel H, Orange JS, Ikincioğulları A, Boztuğ K. Biallelic loss-of-function mutation in NIK causes a primary immunodeficiency with multifaceted aberrant lymphoid immunity. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5360. [PMID: 25406581 PMCID: PMC4263125 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency disorders enable identification of genes with crucial roles in the human immune system. Here we study patients suffering from recurrent bacterial, viral and Cryptosporidium infections, and identify a biallelic mutation in the MAP3K14 gene encoding NIK (NF-κB-inducing kinase). Loss of kinase activity of mutant NIK, predicted by in silico analysis and confirmed by functional assays, leads to defective activation of both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signalling. Patients with mutated NIK exhibit B-cell lymphopenia, decreased frequencies of class-switched memory B cells and hypogammaglobulinemia due to impaired B-cell survival, and impaired ICOSL expression. Although overall T-cell numbers are normal, both follicular helper and memory T cells are perturbed. Natural killer (NK) cells are decreased and exhibit defective activation, leading to impaired formation of NK-cell immunological synapses. Collectively, our data illustrate the non-redundant role for NIK in human immune responses, demonstrating that loss-of-function mutations in NIK can cause multiple aberrations of lymphoid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina L. Willmann
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Stefanie Klaver
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Figen Doğu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Elisangela Santos-Valente
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Wojciech Garncarz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ivan Bilic
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Emily Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Elisabeth Salzer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Cecilia Domínguez Conde
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Heiko Sic
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg 79180, Germany
| | - Peter Májek
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Pinaki P. Banerjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Gregory I. Vladimer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Şule Haskoloğlu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Musa Gökalp Bolkent
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Alphan Küpesiz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya 07985, Turkey
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jacques Colinge
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation and Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Hermann Eibel
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg 79180, Germany
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Aydan Ikincioğulları
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Kaan Boztuğ
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are essential for high-affinity antibody production and for the development of B cell memory. Historically, FDCs have been characterized as 'accessory' cells that passively support germinal centre (GC) responses. However, recent observations suggest that FDCs actively shape humoral immunity. In this Review, we discuss recent findings concerning the antigen acquisition and retention functions of FDCs, and relevant implications for protective immunity. Furthermore, we describe the roles of FDCs within GCs in secondary lymphoid organs and discuss FDC development within this dynamic environment. Finally, we discuss how a better understanding of FDCs could facilitate the design of next-generation vaccines.
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43
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Zhang HP, Wu Y, Liu J, Jiang J, Geng XR, Yang G, Mo L, Liu ZQ, Liu ZG, Yang PC. TSP1-producing B cells show immune regulatory property and suppress allergy-related mucosal inflammation. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3345. [PMID: 24736213 PMCID: PMC4002291 DOI: 10.1038/srep03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only specific remedy for the treatment of allergic diseases currently. B cells are important immune cells in the immunity. The role of B cells in immune regulatory activities has not been fully understood yet. This study aims to elucidate the role of the thrombospondin (TSP)1-producing B cells in the immune regulatory role of SIT. The results showed that after SIT, the frequency of CD35(+) B cells was increased in the intestine of mice with food allergy. The CD35(+) B cells expressed TSP1 after exposure to specific antigens. Co-culture with the TSP1-producing CD35(+) B cells decreased the levels of CD80/CD86 in dendritic cells; the cells convert naïve CD4(+) T cells to regulatory T cells to inhibit allergic inflammation in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ping Zhang
- Department of Respirology, the First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yingying Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jiangqi Liu
- ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Longgang Central Hospital, ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Longgang Central Hospital, ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Geng
- ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Longgang Central Hospital, ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gui Yang
- ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Longgang Central Hospital, ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lihua Mo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Longgang Central Hospital, ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Bartlett A, Buhlmann JE, Stone J, Lim B, Barrington RA. Multiple checkpoint breach of B cell tolerance in Rasgrp1-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3605-13. [PMID: 23997211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphopenic hosts offer propitious microenvironments for expansion of autoreactive B and T cells. Despite this, many lymphopenic hosts do not develop autoimmune disease, suggesting that additional factors are required for breaching self-tolerance in the setting of lymphopenia. Mice deficient in guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rasgrp1 develop a lymphoproliferative disorder with features of human systemic lupus erythematosus. Early in life, Rasgrp1-deficient mice have normal B cell numbers but are T lymphopenic, leading to defective homeostatic expansion of CD4 T cells. To investigate whether B cell-intrinsic mechanisms also contribute to autoimmunity, Rasgrp1-deficient mice were bred to mice containing a knockin autoreactive BCR transgene (564Igi), thereby allowing the fate of autoreactive B cells to be assessed. During B cell development, the frequency of receptor-edited 564Igi B cells was reduced in Rasrp1-deficient mice compared with Rasgrp1-sufficient littermate control mice, suggesting that tolerance was impaired. In addition, the number of 564Igi transitional B cells was increased in Rasgrp1-deficient mice compared with control mice. Immature 564Igi B cells in bone marrow and spleen lacking RasGRP1 expressed lower levels of Bim mRNA and protein, suggesting that autoreactive B cells elude clonal deletion during development. Concomitant with increased serum autoantibodies, Rasgrp1-deficient mice developed spontaneous germinal centers at 8-10 wk of age. The frequency and number of 564Igi B cells within these germinal centers were significantly increased in Rasgrp1-deficient mice relative to control mice. Taken together, these studies suggest that autoreactive B cells lacking Rasgrp1 break central and peripheral tolerance through both T cell-independent and -dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Bartlett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688
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45
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Heesters BA, Chatterjee P, Kim YA, Gonzalez SF, Kuligowski MP, Kirchhausen T, Carroll MC. Endocytosis and recycling of immune complexes by follicular dendritic cells enhances B cell antigen binding and activation. Immunity 2013; 38:1164-75. [PMID: 23770227 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stromal-derived follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are a major reservoir for antigen that are essential for formation of germinal centers, the site where memory and effector B cells differentiate. A long-standing question is how FDCs retain antigen in its native form for extended periods and how they display it to specific B cells. Here we found that FDCs acquired complement-coated immune complexes (ICs) from noncognate B cells via complement receptors 1 and 2 (CD35 and CD21, respectively) and rapidly internalized them by an actin-dependent pathway. ICs were retained intact within a nondegradative cycling compartment and were displayed periodically on the cell surface where they were accessible to antigen-specific B cells. This would explain how antigens are protected from damage and retained over long periods of time, while remaining accessible for B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balthasar A Heesters
- The Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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46
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Kim D, Niewiesk S. Synergistic induction of interferon α through TLR-3 and TLR-9 agonists identifies CD21 as interferon α receptor for the B cell response. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003233. [PMID: 23516365 PMCID: PMC3597509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal antibodies inhibit seroconversion and the generation of measles virus (MeV)-specific antibodies (both neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies) after vaccination whereas T cell responses are usually unaffected. The lack of seroconversion leaves individuals susceptible to vaccine-preventable infections. Inhibition of antibody secretion is due to the inhibition of B cells through a cross-link of the B cell receptor with the inhibitory FcγIIB receptor (CD32) by maternal antibody/vaccine complexes. Here, we demonstrate that a combination of TLR-3 and TLR-9 agonists induces synergistically higher levels of type I interferon in vitro and in vivo than either agonist alone. The synergistic action of TLR-3 and TLR-9 agonists is based on a feedback loop through the interferon receptor. Finally, we have identified CD21 as a potential receptor for interferon α on B cells which contributes to interferon α-mediated activation of B cells in the presence of maternal antibodies. The combination leads to complete restoration of B cell and antibody responses after immunization in the presence of inhibitory MeV-specific IgG. The strong stimulatory action of type I interferon is due to the fact that type I interferon uses not only the interferon receptor but also CD21 as a functional receptor for B cell activation. Maternal antibodies provide protection against infection with pathogens early in life but also interfere with vaccination. This interference is caused by a vaccine/maternal antibody complex which links the B cell receptor to the inhibitory CD32 molecule. Here, we show that this cross-link results in impaired B cell activation and proliferation which is correlated with diminished antibody responses. We also found that induction of large amounts of type I interferon restores the neutralizing antibody response in the presence of maternal antibodies. The best induction of type I interferon was accomplished by a combination of known activators of interferon secretion (a combination of TLR-3 and TLR-9 agonists). The strong stimulation by interferon is due to the previously unappreciated role of CD21 as functional receptor for interferon alpha. Our findings demonstrate that the dual receptor usage of type I interferon receptor and CD21 is crucial for B cell activation in the presence of maternal antibodies. This study suggests that measles vaccine, and potentially other vaccines, may induce optimal antibody responses when they are reconstituted with TLR-3 and TLR-9 agonists and thus these agonists may have great potential for clinical use.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunologic Factors/genetics
- Immunologic Factors/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/metabolism
- Interferon-alpha/genetics
- Interferon-alpha/immunology
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Measles virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Complement 3d/genetics
- Receptors, Complement 3d/immunology
- Receptors, Complement 3d/metabolism
- Sequence Deletion
- Sigmodontinae
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhohyung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Karsten CM, Köhl J. The immunoglobulin, IgG Fc receptor and complement triangle in autoimmune diseases. Immunobiology 2013; 217:1067-79. [PMID: 22964232 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)-mediated activation of complement and IgG Fc receptors (FcγRs) are important defense mechanisms of the innate immune system to ward off infections. However, the same mechanisms can drive severe and harmful inflammation, when IgG antibodies react with self-antigens in solution or tissues, as described for several autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and immune vasculitis. More specifically, IgG immune complexes (ICs) can activate all three pathways of the complement system resulting in the generation of C3 and C5 cleavage products that can activate a panel of different complement receptors on innate and adaptive immune cells. Importantly, complement and FcγRs are often co-expressed on inflammatory immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages or dendritic cells and act in concert to mediate the inflammatory response in autoimmune diseases. In this context, the cross-talk between the receptor for the anaphylatoxin C5a, i.e. C5ar1 (CD88) and FcγRs is of major importance. Recent data suggest a model of bidirectional regulation, in which CD88 acts upstream of FcγRs and sets the threshold for FcγR-dependent effector responses by regulating the ratio between activating and inhibitory FcγRs. Vice versa, FcγR ligation can either amplify or block C5aR-mediated effector functions, depending on whether IgG IC aggregate activating or inhibitory FcγRs. Further, complement and FcγRs cooperate on B cells and on follicular dendritic cells to regulate the development of autoreactive B cells, their differentiation into plasma cells and, eventually, the production of autoantibodies. Here, we will give an update on recent findings regarding this complex regulatory network between complement and FcγRs, which may also regulate the inflammatory response in allergy, cancer and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells and patients at risk for NIH-defined chronic graft-versus-host disease with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Blood 2013; 121:1886-95. [PMID: 23303823 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-435008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), pathognomonic for chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) of the lung, is a progressive and often fatal complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Biomarkers for the prediction and diagnosis of BOS are urgently needed to improve patients' prognosis. We prospectively evaluated B-cell subpopulations and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in 136 patients (46 BOS, 41 no cGVHD, 49 cutaneous cGVHD) to define novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of National Institutes of Health-defined BOS diagnosed a median of 11 mo after HCT. Patients with newly diagnosed BOS had significantly higher percentages of CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells (25.5 versus 6.6%, P < .0001), BAFF (7.3 versus 3.5 ng/mL, P = .02), and BAFF/CD19(+) ratio (0.18 versus 0.02 ng/10(3) CD19(+) B cells, P 5 .007) compared with patients without cGVHD. The area under the receiver operating curve for CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells was 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.94-0.99) and a cutoff point >9% was optimal for diagnosing BOS in patients with first drop of pulmonary function tests with a sensitivity of 96% and a negative predictive value of 94%. Thus, elevated levels of CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells are a potential novel biomarker for HCT patients at risk for developing BOS at an early stage and could allow improvement of patient outcome.
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49
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Regulation of humoral immunity by complement. Immunity 2012; 37:199-207. [PMID: 22921118 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system of innate immunity is important in regulating humoral immunity largely through the complement receptor CR2, which forms a coreceptor on B cells during antigen-induced activation. However, CR2 also retains antigens on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Display of antigen on FDCs is critical for clonal selection and affinity maturation of activated B cells. This review will discuss the role of complement in adaptive immunity in general with a focus on the interplay between CR2-associated antigen on B cells with CR2 expressed on FDCs. This latter interaction provides an opportunity for memory B cells to sample antigen over prolonged periods. The cocrystal structure of CR2 with its ligand C3d provides insight into how the complement system regulates access of antigen by B cells with implications for therapeutic manipulations to modulate aberrant B cell responses in the case of autoimmunity.
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Michel B, Ferguson A, Johnson T, Bender H, Meyerett-Reid C, Pulford B, von Teichman A, Seelig D, Weis JH, Telling GC, Aguzzi A, Zabel MD. Genetic depletion of complement receptors CD21/35 prevents terminal prion disease in a mouse model of chronic wasting disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4520-7. [PMID: 23002439 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system has been shown to facilitate peripheral prion pathogenesis. Mice lacking complement receptors CD21/35 partially resist terminal prion disease when infected i.p. with mouse-adapted scrapie prions. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an emerging prion disease of captive and free-ranging cervid populations that, similar to scrapie, has been shown to involve the immune system, which probably contributes to their relatively facile horizontal and environmental transmission. In this study, we show that mice overexpressing the cervid prion protein and susceptible to CWD (Tg(cerPrP)5037 mice) but lack CD21/35 expression completely resist clinical CWD upon peripheral infection. CD21/35-deficient Tg5037 mice exhibit greatly impaired splenic prion accumulation and replication throughout disease, similar to CD21/35-deficient murine prion protein mice infected with mouse scrapie. TgA5037;CD21/35(-/-) mice exhibited little or no neuropathology and deposition of misfolded, protease-resistant prion protein associated with CWD. CD21/35 translocate to lipid rafts and mediates a strong germinal center response to prion infection that we propose provides the optimal environment for prion accumulation and replication. We further propose a potential role for CD21/35 in selecting prion quasi-species present in prion strains that may exhibit differential zoonotic potential compared with the parental strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Michel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Prion Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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