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Yadav NK, Patel AB, Singh SK, Mehta NK, Anand V, Lal J, Dekari D, Devi NC. Climate change effects on aquaculture production and its sustainable management through climate-resilient adaptation strategies: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:31731-31751. [PMID: 38652188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Aquaculture witnessed a remarkable growth as one of the fastest-expanding sector in the food production industry; however, it faces serious threat from the unavoidable impacts of climate change. Understanding this threat, the present review explores the consequences of climate change on aquaculture production and provides need based strategies for its sustainable management, with a particular emphasis on climate-resilient approaches. The study examines the multi-dimensional impacts of climate change on aquaculture which includes the shifts in water temperature, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, harmful algal blooms, extreme weather events, and alterations in ecological dynamics. The review subsequently investigates innovative scientific interventions and climate-resilient aquaculture strategies aimed at strengthening the adaptive capacity of aquaculture practices. Some widely established solutions include selective breeding, species diversification, incorporation of ecosystem-based management practices, and the implementation of sustainable and advanced aquaculture systems (aquaponics and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). These strategies work towards fortifying aquaculture systems against climate-induced disturbances, thereby mitigating risks and ensuring sustained production. This review provides a detailed insight to the ongoing discourse on climate-resilient aquaculture, emphasizing an immediate need for prudent measures to secure the future sustainability of fish food production sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India.
| | - Arun Bhai Patel
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
| | - Soibam Khogen Singh
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Imphal, Manipur, 795142, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Mehta
- Department of Fish Processing Technology, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
| | - Vishwajeet Anand
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
- ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jham Lal
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
| | - Debojit Dekari
- Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
| | - Ng Chinglembi Devi
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
- Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thiruvallur District, Ponneri, 601 204, Tamil Nadu, India
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Stress Responses in Pathogenic Vibrios and Their Role in Host and Environmental Survival. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:213-232. [PMID: 36792878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio is a genus of bacteria commonly found in estuarine, marine, and freshwater environments. Vibrio species have evolved to occupy diverse niches in the aquatic ecosystem, with some having complex lifestyles. About a dozen of the described Vibrio species have been reported to cause human disease, while many other species cause disease in other organisms. Vibrio cholerae causes epidemic cholera, a severe dehydrating diarrheal disease associated with the consumption of contaminated food or water. The human pathogenic non-cholera Vibrio species, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, cause gastroenteritis, septicemia, and other extra-intestinal infections. Infections caused by V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are normally acquired through exposure to sea water or through consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated seafood. The human pathogenic Vibrios are exposed to numerous different stress-inducing agents and conditions in the aquatic environment and when colonizing a human host. Therefore, they have evolved a variety of mechanisms to survive in the presence of these stressors. Here we discuss what is known about important stress responses in pathogenic Vibrio species and their role in bacterial survival.
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Combating cholera by building predictive capabilities for pathogenic Vibrio cholerae in Yemen. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2255. [PMID: 36755108 PMCID: PMC9908932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera remains a global public health threat in regions where social vulnerabilities intersect with climate and weather processes that impact infectious Vibrio cholerae. While access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities limit cholera outbreaks, sheer cost of building such infrastructure limits the ability to safeguard the population. Here, using Yemen as an example where cholera outbreak was reported in 2016, we show how predictive abilities for forecasting risk, employing sociodemographical, microbiological, and climate information of cholera, can aid in combating disease outbreak. An epidemiological analysis using Bradford Hill Criteria was employed in near-real-time to understand a predictive model's outputs and cholera cases in Yemen. We note that the model predicted cholera risk at least four weeks in advance for all governorates of Yemen with overall 72% accuracy (varies with the year). We argue the development of anticipatory decision-making frameworks for climate modulated diseases to design intervention activities and limit exposure of pathogens preemptively.
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Perera IU, Fujiyoshi S, Nishiuchi Y, Nakai T, Maruyama F. Zooplankton act as cruise ships promoting the survival and pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:564-578. [PMID: 36128640 PMCID: PMC10091822 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria in general interact with zooplankton in aquatic ecosystems. These zooplankton-bacterial interactions help to shape the bacterial community by regulating bacterial abundances. Such interactions are even more significant and crucially in need of investigation in the case of pathogenic bacteria, which cause severe diseases in humans and animals. Among the many associations between a host metazoan and pathogenic bacteria, zooplankton provide nutrition and protection from stressful conditions, promote the horizontal transfer of virulence genes, and act as a mode of pathogen transport. These interactions allow the pathogen to survive and proliferate in aquatic environments and to endure water treatment processes, thereby creating a potential risk to human health. This review highlights current knowledge on the contributions of zooplankton to the survival and pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria. We also discuss the need to consider these interactions as a risk factor in water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishara U Perera
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - So Fujiyoshi
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishiuchi
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakai
- Takehara Marine Science Station, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Takehara City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
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Halla FF, Massawa SM, Joseph EK, Acharya K, Sabai SM, Mgana SM, Werner D. Attenuation of bacterial hazard indicators in the subsurface of an informal settlement and their application in quantitative microbial risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107429. [PMID: 35914337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pit latrines provide essential onsite sanitation services to over a billion people, but there are concerns about their role in infectious disease transmission, and impacts on groundwater resources. We conducted fieldwork in an informal settlement in Dar es Salaam, where cholera is endemic. We combined plate counting with portable MinION sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods for characterization of bacteria in pit latrine sludge, leachate, shallow and deep groundwater resources. Pit latrine sludge was characterized by log10 marker gene concentrations per 100 mL of 11.2 ± 0.2, 9.9 ± 0.9, 6.0 ± 0.3, and 4.4 ± 0.8, for total bacteria (16S rRNA), E. coli (rodA), human-host-associated Bacteroides (HF183), and Vibrio cholerae (ompW), respectively. The ompW gene observations suggested 5 % asymptomatic Vibrio cholerae carriers amongst pit latrine users. Pit leachate percolation through one-meter-thick sand beds attenuated bacterial hazard indicators by 1 to 4 log10 units. But first-order removal rates derived from these data substantially overestimated the longer-range hazard attenuation in the sand aquifers. Cooccurrence of human sewage marker gene HF183 in all shallow groundwater samples testing positive for ompW genes demonstrated the human origin of Vibrio cholerae hazards in the subsurface. All borehole water samples tested negative for ompW and HF183 genes, but 16S rRNA gene sequencing data suggested ingress of faecal pollution into boreholes at the peak of the "long rainy season". Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) predicted a gastrointestinal disease burden of 0.05 DALY per person per year for the community, well above WHO targets of 10-4-10-6 DALY for disease related to drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franella Francos Halla
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Maneno Massawa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Elihaika Kengalo Joseph
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kishor Acharya
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Shadrack Mwita Sabai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Shaaban Mrisho Mgana
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - David Werner
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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Chua PLC, Ng CFS, Tobias A, Seposo XT, Hashizume M. Associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections by pathogen: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e202-e218. [PMID: 35278387 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have quantified the associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections, particularly all-cause enteric infections. However, the temperature sensitivity of enteric infections might be pathogen dependent. Here, we sought to identify pathogen-specific associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections. METHODS We did a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for peer-reviewed research articles published from Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2019, and also hand searched reference lists of included articles and excluded reviews. We included studies that quantified the effects of ambient temperature increases on common pathogen-specific enteric infections in humans. We excluded studies that expressed ambient temperature as a categorical or diurnal range, or in a standardised format. Two authors screened the search results, one author extracted data from eligible studies, and four authors verified the data. We obtained the overall risks by pooling the relative risks of enteric infection by pathogen for each 1°C temperature rise using random-effects modelling and robust variance estimation for the correlated effect estimates. Between-study heterogeneity was measured using I2, τ2, and Q-statistic. Publication bias was determined using funnel plot asymmetry and the trim-and-fill method. Differences among pathogen-specific pooled estimates were determined using subgroup analysis of taxa-specific meta-analysis. The study protocol was not registered but followed the PRISMA guidelines. FINDINGS We identified 2981 articles via database searches and 57 articles from scanning reference lists of excluded reviews and included articles, of which 40 were eligible for pathogen-specific meta-analyses. The overall increased risks of incidence per 1°C temperature rise, expressed as relative risks, were 1·05 (95% CI 1·04-1·07; I2 97%) for salmonellosis, 1·07 (1·04-1·10; I2 99%) for shigellosis, 1·02 (1·01-1·04; I2 98%) for campylobacteriosis, 1·05 (1·04-1·07; I2 36%) for cholera, 1·04 (1·01-1·07; I2 98%) for Escherichia coli enteritis, and 1·15 (1·07-1·24; I2 0%) for typhoid. Reduced risks per 1°C temperature increase were 0·96 (95% CI 0·90-1·02; I2 97%) for rotaviral enteritis and 0·89 (0·81-0·99; I2 96%) for noroviral enteritis. There was evidence of between-pathogen differences in risk for bacterial infections but not for viral infections. INTERPRETATION Temperature sensitivity of enteric infections can vary according to the enteropathogen causing the infection, particularly for bacteria. Thus, we encourage a pathogen-specific health adaptation approach, such as vaccination, given the possibility of increasingly warm temperatures in the future. FUNDING Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Kakenhi) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L C Chua
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Chris Fook Sheng Ng
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Aurelio Tobias
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xerxes T Seposo
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Córdoba Meza T, Espinosa Díaz LF, Vivas Aguas LJ. OCURRENCIA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE Vibrio cholerae CULTIVABLE EN LA CIÉNAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v27n2.92057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae es un potencial patógeno humano que habita ambientes acuáticos, aunque su presencia y abundancia se ha asociado al aumento de la temperatura del agua, poco se ha investigado sobre su ecología en ambientes estuarinos tropicales, donde los cambios de salinidad suelen ser más importantes. El presente estudio evaluó la distribución de V. cholerae en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia y su relación con la temperatura y la salinidad. Para ello, entre 2016 y 2018 se cuantificó bimestralmente esta especie en muestras de agua superficial, usando agar TCBS y pruebas bioquímicas. V. cholerae se detectó en 57 de 198 muestras (28,8 %), variando en densidad entre 5 y 54.800 UFC por 100 mL. Entre enero y septiembre de 2016 se presentó una alta salinidad promedio mensual (≥ 28,7) y una baja detección de la bacteria (0,01 %). La salinidad promedio se redujo drásticamente en noviembre de 2016 (9,6), coincidiendo con una proliferación de V. cholerae (promedio geométrico 36,4 UFC/100 mL). Durante 2017 y 2018 la salinidad promedio se mantuvo por debajo de 15,2 y la detección de V. cholerae fue mayor (39,4 %) que, en 2016, presentándose mayores densidades en los meses con menor salinidad. En las estaciones denominadas BVA y NVE, donde se ubican poblaciones palafíticas, se registraron las densidades promedio (geométrico) más altas, 25,3 UFC/100 mL y 15,4 UFC/ 100 mL, respectivamente. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la salinidad juega un papel determinante en la ocurrencia y abundancia de V. cholerae en esta laguna tropical.
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Optimal Control Analysis of Cholera Dynamics in the Presence of Asymptotic Transmission. AXIOMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/axioms10020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many mathematical models have explored the dynamics of cholera but none have been used to predict the optimal strategies of the three control interventions (the use of hygiene promotion and social mobilization; the use of treatment by drug/oral re-hydration solution; and the use of safe water, hygiene, and sanitation). The goal here is to develop (deterministic and stochastic) mathematical models of cholera transmission and control dynamics, with the aim of investigating the effect of the three control interventions against cholera transmission in order to find optimal control strategies. The reproduction number Rp was obtained through the next generation matrix method and sensitivity and elasticity analysis were performed. The global stability of the equilibrium was obtained using the Lyapunov functional. Optimal control theory was applied to investigate the optimal control strategies for controlling the spread of cholera using the combination of control interventions. The Pontryagin’s maximum principle was used to characterize the optimal levels of combined control interventions. The models were validated using numerical experiments and sensitivity analysis was done. Optimal control theory showed that the combinations of the control intervention influenced disease progression. The characterisation of the optimal levels of the multiple control interventions showed the means for minimizing cholera transmission, mortality, and morbidity in finite time. The numerical experiments showed that there are fluctuations and noise due to its dependence on the corresponding population size and that the optimal control strategies to effectively control cholera transmission, mortality, and morbidity was through the combinations of all three control interventions. The developed models achieved the reduction, control, and/or elimination of cholera through incorporating multiple control interventions.
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Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae in a Typical Tropical Lake and Estuarine System: Potential of Remote Sensing for Risk Mapping. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13051034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium responsible for the disease cholera, is a naturally-occurring bacterium, commonly found in many natural tropical water bodies. In the context of the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets on health (Goal 3), water quality (Goal 6), life under water (Goal 14), and clean water and sanitation (Goal 6), which aim to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”, we investigated the environmental reservoirs of V. cholerae in Vembanad Lake, the largest lake in Kerala (India), where cholera is endemic. The response of environmental reservoirs of V. cholerae to variability in essential climate variables may play a pivotal role in determining the quality of natural water resources, and whether they might be safe for human consumption or not. The hydrodynamics of Vembanad Lake, and the man-made barrier that divides the lake, resulted in spatial and temporal variability in salinity (1–32 psu) and temperature (23 to 36 °C). The higher ends of this salinity and temperature ranges fall outside the preferred growth conditions for V. cholerae reported in the literature. The bacteria were associated with filtered water as well as with phyto- and zooplankton in the lake. Their association with benthic organisms and sediments was poor to nil. The prevalence of high laminarinase and chitinase enzyme expression (more than 50 µgmL−1 min−1) among V. cholerae could underlie their high association with phyto- and zooplankton. Furthermore, the diversity in the phytoplankton community in the lake, with dominance of genera such as Skeletonema sp., Microcystis sp., Aulacoseira sp., and Anabaena sp., which changed with location and season, and associated changes in the zooplankton community, could also have affected the dynamics of the bacteria in the lake. The probability of presence or absence of V. cholerae could be expressed as a function of chlorophyll concentration in the water, which suggests that risk maps for the entire lake can be generated using satellite-derived chlorophyll data. In situ observations and satellite-based extrapolations suggest that the risks from environmental V. cholerae in the lake can be quite high (with probability in the range of 0.5 to 1) everywhere in the lake, but higher values are encountered more frequently in the southern part of the lake. Remote sensing has an important role to play in meeting SDG goals related to health, water quality and life under water, as demonstrated in this example related to cholera.
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Bhandari M, Jennison AV, Rathnayake IU, Huygens F. Evolution, distribution and genetics of atypical Vibrio cholerae - A review. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104726. [PMID: 33482361 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease, which can occur as either an epidemic or sporadic disease. Cholera pandemic-causing V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups originated from the Indian subcontinent and spread globally and millions of lives are lost each year, mainly in developing and underdeveloped countries due to this disease. V. cholerae O1 is further classified as classical and El Tor biotype which can produce biotype specific cholera toxin (CT). Since 1961, the current seventh pandemic El Tor strains replaced the sixth pandemic strains resulting in the classical biotype strain that produces classical CT. The ongoing evolution of Atypical El Tor V. cholerae srains encoding classical CT is of global concern. The severity in the pathophysiology of these Atypical El Tor strains is significantly higher than El Tor or classical strains. Pathogenesis of V. cholerae is a complex process that involves coordinated expression of different sets of virulence-associated genes to cause disease. We are yet to understand the complete virulence profile of V. cholerae, including direct and indirect expression of genes involved in its survival and stress adaptation in the host. In recent years, whole genome sequencing has paved the way for better understanding of the evolution and strain distribution, outbreak identification and pathogen surveillance for the implementation of direct infection control measures in the clinic against many infectious pathogens including V. cholerae. This review provides a synopsis of recent studies that have contributed to the understanding of the evolution, distribution and genetics of the seventh pandemic Atypical El Tor V. cholerae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murari Bhandari
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy V Jennison
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Irani U Rathnayake
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Flavia Huygens
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Krishna K, Veettil VP, Anas A, Nair S. Hydrological regulation of Vibrio dynamics in a tropical monsoonal estuary: a classification and regression tree approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:724-737. [PMID: 32820445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dynamics of Vibrio populations in aquatic environments are of concern, as they encompass members pathogenic to humans as well as marine flora and fauna. Spatiotemporal distribution of its culturable abundance for a range of physicochemical and biological parameters in the Cochin estuary (CE), one of the largest tropical monsoonal estuary along the southwest coast of India, witnessed a proliferation of this bacterial group (707 ± 196 CFU ml-1) in downstream stations during a relative dry period. The study for the first time employed classification and regression tree (CART) along with multiple linear regression (MLR) based approaches to explore the nonlinear and linear interactions, respectively, among environmental variables regulating Vibrio abundance in CE. Both the techniques were on consensus to ascertain salinity as the primary determinant of Vibrio dynamics, during the entire sampling period regardless of the seasons, viz., dry and wet. Nevertheless, CART outperformed MLR in performance index, suggesting that in a dynamic system like estuaries, usage of the latter is limited by complex nonlinear relationships among environmental variables. According to CART, Vibrio proliferation observed in downstream stations of the estuary (salinity ≥ 13.4 psu) during a relative dry period was driven by eutrophication (dissolved inorganic phosphate ≥ 1.48 μM L-1) associated with reduced flushing resulting in an oxygen-limited environment (dissolved oxygen < 4.56 ml L-1), wherein phytoplankton production diverts to support microbes. Our results imply that anthropogenic activities and sea level rise in future may prompt Vibrio proliferation, to be a concern for public health and impinge on fisheries yield from tropical estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Krishna
- Regional Centre, CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India.
| | - Vipindas Puthiya Veettil
- Regional Centre, CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403804, India
| | - Abdulaziz Anas
- Regional Centre, CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Shanta Nair
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
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12
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A review of the risk of cholera outbreaks and urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa. JOURNAL OF BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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Ford CL, Powell A, Lau DYL, Turner AD, Dhanji-Rapkova M, Martinez-Urtaza J, Baker-Austin C. Isolation and characterization of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species in a temperate, higher latitude hotspot. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:424-434. [PMID: 32452117 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of Vibrio infections at high latitudes represents a clear human health risk attributable to climate change. Here, we investigate the population dynamics of three Vibrio species: Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae within a British coastal estuarine site, with contrasting salinity and temperature regimes during an intense heatwave event. Water samples were collected weekly through the summer of 2018 and 2019 and filtered using membrane filtration and subsequently grown on selective media. Suspected vibrios were confirmed using a conventional species-specific PCR assay and further analysed for potential pathogenic markers. Results showed that Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae were present at high concentrations throughout both years, with their populations at substantially greater abundances corresponding to conditions of higher water temperatures during the heatwave of 2018 and at lower salinity sites, which is comparable to the results of previous studies. A subset of strains isolated during the extreme heatwave event in 2018 (46 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 11 Vibrio cholerae and 4 Vibrio vulnificus) were genomically sequenced. Analysis of these 63 sequenced strains revealed a broad phenotypic and genomic diversity of strains circulating in the environment. An analysis of pathogenicity attributes identified a broad array of virulence genes across all three species, including a variety of genes associated with human disease. This study highlights the importance of the need for an increased Vibrio spp. surveillance system in temperate regions and the potential impact warming events such as heatwaves may have on the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Ford
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Andy Powell
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Dawn Yan Lam Lau
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | | | - Jaime Martinez-Urtaza
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Craig Baker-Austin
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
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14
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Daisy SS, Saiful Islam AKM, Akanda AS, Faruque ASG, Amin N, Jensen PKM. Developing a forecasting model for cholera incidence in Dhaka megacity through time series climate data. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:207-223. [PMID: 32300093 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cholera, an acute diarrheal disease spread by lack of hygiene and contaminated water, is a major public health risk in many countries. As cholera is triggered by environmental conditions influenced by climatic variables, establishing a correlation between cholera incidence and climatic variables would provide an opportunity to develop a cholera forecasting model. Considering the auto-regressive nature and the seasonal behavioral patterns of cholera, a seasonal-auto-regressive-integrated-moving-average (SARIMA) model was used for time-series analysis during 2000-2013. As both rainfall (r = 0.43) and maximum temperature (r = 0.56) have the strongest influence on the occurrence of cholera incidence, single-variable (SVMs) and multi-variable SARIMA models (MVMs) were developed, compared and tested for evaluating their relationship with cholera incidence. A low relationship was found with relative humidity (r = 0.28), ENSO (r = 0.21) and SOI (r = -0.23). Using SVM for a 1 °C increase in maximum temperature at one-month lead time showed a 7% increase of cholera incidence (p < 0.001). However, MVM (AIC = 15, BIC = 36) showed better performance than SVM (AIC = 21, BIC = 39). An MVM using rainfall and monthly mean daily maximum temperature with a one-month lead time showed a better fit (RMSE = 14.7, MAE = 11) than the MVM with no lead time (RMSE = 16.2, MAE = 13.2) in forecasting. This result will assist in predicting cholera risks and better preparedness for public health management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Sultana Daisy
- Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh E-mail:
| | - A K M Saiful Islam
- Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh E-mail:
| | - Ali Shafqat Akanda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Nuhu Amin
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Enteric and Respiratory Disease Program, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Peter Kjær Mackie Jensen
- Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Environmental Reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae: Challenges and Opportunities for Ocean-Color Remote Sensing. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11232763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization has estimated the burden of the on-going pandemic of cholera at 1.3 to 4 million cases per year worldwide in 2016, and a doubling of case-fatality-rate to 1.8% in 2016 from 0.8% in 2015. The disease cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae that can be found in environmental reservoirs, living either in free planktonic form or in association with host organisms, non-living particulate matter or in the sediment, and participating in various biogeochemical cycles. An increasing number of epidemiological studies are using land- and water-based remote-sensing observations for monitoring, surveillance, or risk mapping of Vibrio pathogens and cholera outbreaks. Although the Vibrio pathogens cannot be sensed directly by satellite sensors, remotely-sensed data can be used to infer their presence. Here, we review the use of ocean-color remote-sensing data, in conjunction with information on the ecology of the pathogen, to map its distribution and forecast risk of disease occurrence. Finally, we assess how satellite-based information on cholera may help support the Sustainable Development Goals and targets on Health (Goal 3), Water Quality (Goal 6), Climate (Goal 13), and Life Below Water (Goal 14).
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16
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Coutinho FH, Thompson CC, Cabral AS, Paranhos R, Dutilh BE, Thompson FL. Modelling the influence of environmental parameters over marine planktonic microbial communities using artificial neural networks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:205-214. [PMID: 31059870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Guanabara Bay is a tropical estuarine ecosystem that receives massive anthropogenic impacts from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. This ecosystem suffers from an ongoing eutrophication process that has been shown to promote the emergence of potentially pathogenic bacteria, giving rise to public health concerns. Although previous studies have investigated how environmental parameters influence the microbial community of Guanabara Bay, they often have been limited to small spatial and temporal gradients and have not been integrated into predictive mathematical models. Our objective was to fill this knowledge gap by building models that could predict how temperature, salinity, phosphorus, nitrogen and transparency work together to regulate the abundance of bacteria, chlorophyll and Vibrio (a potential human pathogen) in Guanabara Bay. To that end, we built artificial neural networks to model the associations between these variables. These networks were carefully validated to ensure that they could provide accurate predictions without biases or overfitting. The estimated models displayed high predictive capacity (Pearson correlation coefficients ≥0.67 and root mean square error ≤ 0.55). Our findings showed that temperature and salinity were often the most important factors regulating the abundance of bacteria, chlorophyll and Vibrio (absolute importance ≥5) and that each of these has a unique level of dependence on nitrogen and phosphorus for their growth. These models allowed us to estimate the Guanabara Bay microbiome's response to changes in environmental conditions, which allowed us to propose strategies for the management and remediation of Guanabara Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Coutinho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia (IB), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Theorethical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - C C Thompson
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia (IB), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A S Cabral
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia (IB), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R Paranhos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia (IB), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B E Dutilh
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia (IB), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Theorethical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F L Thompson
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia (IB), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), COPPE, SAGE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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17
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Fang L, Ginn AM, Harper J, Kane AS, Wright AC. Survey and genetic characterization of Vibrio cholerae in Apalachicola Bay, Florida (2012-2014). J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1265-1277. [PMID: 30629784 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS A small outbreak of gastroenteritis in 2011 in Apalachicola Bay, FL was attributed to consumption of raw oysters carrying Vibrio cholerae serotype O75. To better understand possible health risks, V. cholerae was surveyed in oysters, fish and seawater, and results were compared to data for Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. METHODS AND RESULTS Enrichment protocols were used to compare prevalence of V. cholerae (0, 48, 50%), V. vulnificus (89, 97, 100%) and V. parahaemolyticus (83, 83, 100%) in fish, seawater and oysters respectively. Compared to other species, Most probable number results indicated significantly (P < 0·001) lower abundance of V. cholerae, which was also detected more frequently at lower salinity, near-shore sites; other species were more widely distributed throughout the bay. Genes for expression (ctxA, ctxB) and acquisition (tcpA) of cholera toxin were absent in all strains by PCR, which was confirmed by whole genome sequencing; however, other putative virulence genes (toxR, rtxA, hlyA, opmU) were common. Multi-locus sequence typing revealed 78% of isolates were genetically closer to V. cholerae O75 lineage or other non-O1 serogroups than to O1 or O139 serogroups. Resistance to amoxicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, amikacin, tetracycline and cephalothin, as well as multidrug resistance, was noted. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated minimal human health risk posed by V. cholerae, as all isolates recovered from Apalachicola Bay did not have the genetic capacity to produce cholera toxin. Vibrio cholerae was less prevalent and abundant relative to other pathogenic Vibrio species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These studies provide important baseline observations for V. cholerae virulence potential regarding: (i) genetic relatedness to V. cholerae O75, (ii) antibiotic resistance and (iii) prevalence of multiple virulence genes. These data will serve as a biomonitoring tool to better understand ecosystem status and management if bacterial densities and virulence potential are altered by environmental and climatic changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A M Ginn
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J Harper
- Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve, East Point, FL, USA
| | - A S Kane
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A C Wright
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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18
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Investigating the virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Vibrio cholerae O1 in environmental and clinical isolates in Accra, Ghana. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:76. [PMID: 30665342 PMCID: PMC6341726 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholera has been endemic in Ghana since its detection in 1970. It has been shown that long-term survival of the bacteria may be attained in aquatic environments. Consequently, cholera outbreaks may be triggered predominantly in densely populated urban areas. We investigated clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Accra to determine their virulence genes, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and environmental factors maintaining their persistence in the environment. Methods Water samples from various sources were analyzed for the presence of V. cholerae O1 using culture methods. Forty clinical isolates from a previous cholera outbreak were included in the study for comparison. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacteria were determined by disc diffusion. Virulence genes were identified by analyzing genes for ctx, tcpA (tcpAEl Tor tcpACl), zot, ompW, rbfO1 and attRS using PCR. Physicochemical characteristics of water were investigated using standard methods. One-way ANOVA and student t - test were employed to analyze the relationship between physicochemical factors and the occurrence of V. cholerae O1. Results Eleven V. cholerae O1 strains were successfully isolated from streams, storage tanks and wells during the study period. All isolates were resistant to one or more of the eight antibiotics used. Multidrug resistance was observed in over 97% of the isolates. All isolates had genes for at least one virulence factor. Vibrio cholerae toxin gene was detected in 82.4% of the isolates. Approximately 81.8% of the isolates were positive for tcpAEl Tor gene, but also harbored the tcpAcl gene. Isolates were grouped into thirteen genotypes based on the genes analyzed. High temperature, salinity, total dissolved solids and conductivity was found to significantly correlate positively with isolation of V. cholerae O1. V. cholerae serotype Ogawa biotype El tor is the main biotype circulating in Ghana with the emergence of a hybrid strain. Conclusions Multidrug resistant V. cholerae O1 with different genotypes and pathogenicity are present in water sources and co-exist with non O1/O139 in the study area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3714-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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19
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Wu J, Yunus M, Ali M, Escamilla V, Emch M. Influences of heatwave, rainfall, and tree cover on cholera in Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:304-311. [PMID: 30107291 PMCID: PMC6690386 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease and remains a global threat to public health. Climate change and variability have the potential to increase the distribution and magnitude of cholera outbreaks. However, the effect of heatwave on the occurrence of cholera at individual level is still unclear. It is also unknown whether the local vegetation could potentially mitigate the effects of extreme heat on cholera outbreaks. In this study, we designed a case-crossover study to examine the association between the risk of cholera and heatwaves as well as the modification effects of rainfall and tree cover. The study was conducted in Matlab, a cholera endemic area of rural Bangladesh, where cholera case data were collected between January 1983 and April 2009. The association between the risk of cholera and heatwaves was examined using conditional logistic regression models. The results showed that there was a higher risk of cholera two days after heatwaves (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.07-2.19) during wet days (rainfall > 0 mm). For households with less medium-dense tree cover, the heatwave after a 2-day lag was positively associated (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.01-3.22) with the risk of cholera during wet days. However, for households with more medium-dense tree cover, the association between the risk of cholera and heatwave in 2-day lag was not significant. These findings suggest that heatwaves might promote the occurrence of cholera, while this relationship was modified by rainfall and tree cover. Further investigations are needed to explore major mechanisms underlying the association between heatwaves and cholera as well as the beneficial effects of tree cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Wu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Mohammad Yunus
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, MD 21205, USA
| | - Veronica Escamilla
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael Emch
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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20
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Neogi SB, Lara R, Alam M, Harder J, Yamasaki S, Colwell RR. Environmental and hydroclimatic factors influencing Vibrio populations in the estuarine zone of the Bengal delta. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:565. [PMID: 30178153 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine environmental parameters driving Vibrio populations in the estuarine zone of the Bengal delta. Spatio-temporal data were collected at river estuary, mangrove, beach, pond, and canal sites. Effects of salinity, tidal amplitude, and a cyclone and tsunami were included in the study. Vibrio population shifts were found to be correlated with tide-driven salinity and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Increased abundance of Vibrio spp. in surface water was observed after a cyclone, attributed to re-suspension of benthic particulate organic carbon (POC), and increased availability of chitin and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Approximately a two log10 increase in the (p < 0.05) number of Vibrio spp. was observed in < 20 μm particulates, compared with microphytoplankton (20-60 μm) and zooplankton > 60 μm fractions. Benthic and suspended sediment comprised a major reservoir of Vibrio spp. Results of microcosm experiments showed enhanced growth of vibrios was related to concentration of organic matter in SPM. It is concluded that SPM, POC, chitin, and salinity significantly influence abundance and distribution of vibrios in the Bengal delta estuarine zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharit Basu Neogi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Rubén Lara
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Argentine Institute of Oceanography, CONICET-UNS, Florida 4500, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Munirul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Jens Harder
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsius str. 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Rita R Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health|, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- CosmosID, Inc., 1600 East Gude Drive, Suite 210, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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21
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Kirschner AKT, Pleininger S, Jakwerth S, Rehak S, Farnleitner AH, Huhulescu S, Indra A. Application of three different methods to determine the prevalence, the abundance and the environmental drivers of culturable Vibrio cholerae in fresh and brackish bathing waters. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1186-1198. [PMID: 29856502 PMCID: PMC6175421 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aims Three cultivation methods were used to study the prevalence and abundance of Vibrio cholerae in Eastern Austrian bathing waters and to elucidate the main factors controlling their distribution. Methods and Results Vibrio cholerae abundance was monitored at 36 inland bathing sites with membrane filtration (MF), a standard most probable number (MPN) approach and direct plating (DP). Membrane filtration yielded the most reliable and sensitive results and allowed V. cholerae detection at 22 sites with concentrations up to 39 000 CFU per 100 ml, all belonging to serogroups other than O1 and O139 and not coding for cholera toxin and toxin coregulated pilus. Direct plating turned out as an easy method for environments with high V. cholerae abundances, conductivity was the only significant predictor of V. cholerae abundance in the bathing waters at warm water temperatures. Conclusions Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 are widely prevalent in Eastern Austrian bathing waters. Instead of the standard MPN approach, MF and DP are recommended for V. cholerae monitoring. Conductivity can be used as a first easy‐to‐measure parameter to identify potential bathing waters at risk. Significance and Impact of the Study Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 infections associated with bathing activities are an increasing public health issue in many countries of the northern hemisphere. However, there are only limited data available on the prevalence and abundance of V. cholerae in coastal and inland bathing waters. For monitoring V. cholerae prevalence and abundance, reliable and simple quantification methods are needed. Moreover, prediction of V. cholerae abundance from environmental parameters would be a helpful tool for risk assessment. This study identified the best culture‐based quantification methods and a first quick surrogate parameter to attain these aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K T Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water & Health, Vienna, Austria.,Research Department Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - S Pleininger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Jakwerth
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water & Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Rehak
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - A H Farnleitner
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water & Health, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Research Department Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - S Huhulescu
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Indra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Dangbé E, Irépran D, Perasso A, Békollé D. Mathematical modelling and numerical simulations of the influence of hygiene and seasons on the spread of cholera. Math Biosci 2018; 296:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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O'Brien CE, Johnston MW, Kerstetter DW. Ports and pests: Assessing the threat of aquatic invasive species introduced by maritime shipping activity in Cuba. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 125:92-102. [PMID: 28823426 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic invasive species (AIS) are biological pollutants that cause detrimental ecological, economic, and human-health effects in their introduced communities. With increasing globalization through maritime trade, ports are vulnerable to AIS exposure via commercial vessels. The Cuban Port of Mariel is poised to become a competitive transshipment hub in the Caribbean and the intent of this study was to evaluate present and potential impacts AIS pose with the likely future increase in shipping activity. We utilized previous assessment frameworks and publicly accessible information to rank AIS by level of threat. Fifteen AIS were identified in Cuba and one, the Asian green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758), had repeated harmful economic impacts. Five species associated with trade partners of Port Mariel were considered potentially detrimental to Cuba if introduced through shipping routes. The results presented herein identify species of concern and emphasize the importance of prioritizing AIS prevention and management within Cuba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen E O'Brien
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, FL 33004, USA.
| | - Matthew W Johnston
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, FL 33004, USA
| | - David W Kerstetter
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, FL 33004, USA
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24
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Sullivan TJ, Neigel JE. Effects of temperature and salinity on prevalence and intensity of infection of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, by Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus in Louisiana. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 151:82-90. [PMID: 29126967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coastal marine and estuarine environments are experiencing higher average temperatures, greater frequency of extreme temperature events, and altered salinities. These changes are expected to stress organisms and increase their susceptibility to infectious diseases. However, beyond these generalities, little is known about how environmental factors influence host-pathogen relationships in the marine realm. We investigated the prevalence and intensity of infections by Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus in blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, from Louisiana saltmarshes in relation to temperature and salinity. We evaluated relationships for single measurements taken at the time of collection and for more complex measurements representing accumulated exposure to physiologically-stressful environmental conditions for up to 31 days prior to collection. We found that: (1) prevalence of infection varied across the Louisiana coast, (2) prevalence of all three Vibrio species was influenced by temperature and salinity, and (3) measurements that represent accumulated exposure to extreme conditions are useful predictors of infection prevalence and can provide insights into underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Sullivan
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA.
| | - Joseph E Neigel
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
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Muhling BA, Jacobs J, Stock CA, Gaitan CF, Saba VS. Projections of the future occurrence, distribution, and seasonality of three Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay under a high-emission climate change scenario. GEOHEALTH 2017; 1:278-296. [PMID: 32158993 PMCID: PMC7007099 DOI: 10.1002/2017gh000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Illness caused by pathogenic strains of Vibrio bacteria incurs significant economic and health care costs in many areas around the world. In the Chesapeake Bay, the two most problematic species are V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, which cause infection both from exposure to contaminated water and consumption of contaminated seafood. We used existing Vibrio habitat models, four global climate models, and a recently developed statistical downscaling framework to project the spatiotemporal probability of occurrence of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae in the estuarine environment, and the mean concentration of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters in the Chesapeake Bay by the end of the 21st century. Results showed substantial future increases in season length and spatial habitat for V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, while projected increase in V. cholerae habitat was less marked and more spatially heterogeneous. Our findings underscore the need for spatially variable inputs into models of climate impacts on Vibrios in estuarine environments. Overall, economic costs associated with Vibrios in the Chesapeake Bay, such as incidence of illness and management measures on the shellfish industry, may increase under climate change, with implications for recreational and commercial uses of the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Muhling
- Princeton University Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
- Now at Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystems and ClimateUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
| | - John Jacobs
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Cooperative Oxford LabOxfordMarylandUSA
| | - Charles A. Stock
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Vincent S. Saba
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryPrinceton University Forrestal CampusPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
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Meteorological Aspects of the Eastern North American Pattern with Impacts on Long Island Sound Salinity. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse5030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Infectious diseases kill nearly 9 million people annually. Bacterial pathogens are responsible for a large proportion of these diseases, and the bacterial agents of pneumonia, diarrhea, and tuberculosis are leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Increasingly, the crucial role of nonhost environments in the life cycle of bacterial pathogens is being recognized. Heightened scrutiny has been given to the biological processes impacting pathogen dissemination and survival in the natural environment, because these processes are essential for the transmission of pathogenic bacteria to new hosts. This chapter focuses on the model environmental pathogen Vibrio cholerae to describe recent advances in our understanding of how pathogens survive between hosts and to highlight the processes necessary to support the cycle of environmental survival, transmission, and dissemination. We describe the physiological and molecular responses of V. cholerae to changing environmental conditions, focusing on its survival in aquatic reservoirs between hosts and its entry into and exit from human hosts.
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Joshi A, Kostiuk B, Rogers A, Teschler J, Pukatzki S, Yildiz FH. Rules of Engagement: The Type VI Secretion System in Vibrio cholerae. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:267-279. [PMID: 28027803 PMCID: PMC5365375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial species often exist in complex communities where they must avoid predation and compete for favorable niches. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a contact-dependent bacterial weapon that allows for direct killing of competitors through the translocation of proteinaceous toxins. Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative pathogen that can use its T6SS during antagonistic interactions with neighboring prokaryotic and eukaryotic competitors. The T6SS not only promotes V. cholerae's survival during its aquatic and host life cycles, but also influences its evolution by facilitating horizontal gene transfer. This review details the recent insights regarding the structure and function of the T6SS as well as the diverse signals and regulatory pathways that control its activation in V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avatar Joshi
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Kostiuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Teschler
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Stefan Pukatzki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Fitnat H Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
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Bartlett TM, Bratton BP, Duvshani A, Miguel A, Sheng Y, Martin NR, Nguyen JP, Persat A, Desmarais SM, VanNieuwenhze MS, Huang KC, Zhu J, Shaevitz JW, Gitai Z. A Periplasmic Polymer Curves Vibrio cholerae and Promotes Pathogenesis. Cell 2017; 168:172-185.e15. [PMID: 28086090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic Vibrio cholerae remains a major human health concern. V. cholerae has a characteristic curved rod morphology, with a longer outer face and a shorter inner face. The mechanism and function of this curvature were previously unknown. Here, we identify and characterize CrvA, the first curvature determinant in V. cholerae. CrvA self-assembles into filaments at the inner face of cell curvature. Unlike traditional cytoskeletons, CrvA localizes to the periplasm and thus can be considered a periskeletal element. To quantify how curvature forms, we developed QuASAR (quantitative analysis of sacculus architecture remodeling), which measures subcellular peptidoglycan dynamics. QuASAR reveals that CrvA asymmetrically patterns peptidoglycan insertion rather than removal, causing more material insertions into the outer face than the inner face. Furthermore, crvA is quorum regulated, and CrvA-dependent curvature increases at high cell density. Finally, we demonstrate that CrvA promotes motility in hydrogels and confers an advantage in host colonization and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bartlett
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Benjamin P Bratton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Amit Duvshani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Amanda Miguel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ying Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Nicholas R Martin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Nguyen
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexandre Persat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | | | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Zemer Gitai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Khandeparker L, Eswaran R, Gardade L, Kuchi N, Mapari K, Naik SD, Anil AC. Elucidation of the tidal influence on bacterial populations in a monsoon influenced estuary through simultaneous observations. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:41. [PMID: 28035613 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of tides on bacterial populations in a monsoon influenced tropical estuary was assessed through fine resolution sampling (1 to 3 h) during spring and neap tides from mouth to the freshwater end at four stations during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Higher abundance of total bacterial count (TBC) in surface water near the river mouth, compared to the upstream, during pre-monsoon was followed by an opposite scenario during the monsoon When seasonally compared, it was during the post-monsoon season when TBC in surface water was highest, with simultaneous decrease in their count in the river sediment. The total viable bacterial count (TVC) was influenced by the depth-wise stratification of salinity, which varied with tidal fluctuation, usually high and low during the neap and spring tides respectively. The abundance of both the autochthonous Vibrio spp. and allochthonous coliform bacteria was influenced by the concentrations of dissolved nutrients and suspended particulate matter (SPM). It is concluded that depending on the interplay of riverine discharge and tidal amplitude, sediment re-suspension mediated increase in SPM significantly regulates bacteria populations in the estuarine water, urging the need of systematic regular monitoring for better prediction of related hazards, including those associated with the rise in pathogenic Vibrio spp. in the changing climatic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranjith Eswaran
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Laxman Gardade
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Nishanth Kuchi
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Kaushal Mapari
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Sneha D Naik
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
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Response of Vibrio cholerae to Low-Temperature Shifts: CspV Regulation of Type VI Secretion, Biofilm Formation, and Association with Zooplankton. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4441-52. [PMID: 27208110 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00807-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability to sense and adapt to temperature fluctuation is critical to the aquatic survival, transmission, and infectivity of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the disease cholera. Little information is available on the physiological changes that occur when V. cholerae experiences temperature shifts. The genome-wide transcriptional profile of V. cholerae upon a shift in human body temperature (37°C) to lower temperatures, 15°C and 25°C, which mimic those found in the aquatic environment, was determined. Differentially expressed genes included those involved in the cold shock response, biofilm formation, type VI secretion, and virulence. Analysis of a mutant lacking the cold shock gene cspV, which was upregulated >50-fold upon a low-temperature shift, revealed that it regulates genes involved in biofilm formation and type VI secretion. CspV controls biofilm formation through modulation of the second messenger cyclic diguanylate and regulates type VI-mediated interspecies killing in a temperature-dependent manner. Furthermore, a strain lacking cspV had significant defects for attachment and type VI-mediated killing on the surface of the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna Collectively, these studies reveal that cspV is a major regulator of the temperature downshift response and plays an important role in controlling cellular processes crucial to the infectious cycle of V. cholerae IMPORTANCE Little is known about how human pathogens respond and adapt to ever-changing parameters of natural habitats outside the human host and how environmental adaptation alters dissemination. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, experiences fluctuations in temperature in its natural aquatic habitats and during the infection process. Furthermore, temperature is a critical environmental signal governing the occurrence of V. cholerae and cholera outbreaks. In this study, we showed that V. cholerae reprograms its transcriptome in response to fluctuations in temperature, which results in changes to biofilm formation and type VI secretion system activation. These processes in turn impact environmental survival and the virulence potential of this pathogen.
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Urquhart EA, Jones SH, Yu JW, Schuster BM, Marcinkiewicz AL, Whistler CA, Cooper VS. Environmental Conditions Associated with Elevated Vibrio parahaemolyticus Concentrations in Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155018. [PMID: 27144925 PMCID: PMC4856376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports from state health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicate that the annual number of reported human vibriosis cases in New England has increased in the past decade. Concurrently, there has been a shift in both the spatial distribution and seasonal detection of Vibrio spp. throughout the region based on limited monitoring data. To determine environmental factors that may underlie these emerging conditions, this study focuses on a long-term database of Vibrio parahaemolyticus concentrations in oyster samples generated from data collected from the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire over a period of seven consecutive years. Oyster samples from two distinct sites were analyzed for V. parahaemolyticus abundance, noting significant relationships with various biotic and abiotic factors measured during the same period of study. We developed a predictive modeling tool capable of estimating the likelihood of V. parahaemolyticus presence in coastal New Hampshire oysters. Results show that the inclusion of chlorophyll a concentration to an empirical model otherwise employing only temperature and salinity variables, offers improved predictive capability for modeling the likelihood of V. parahaemolyticus in the Great Bay Estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Urquhart
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Jones
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Jong W. Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Schuster
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Ashley L. Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Whistler
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Vaughn S. Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Cecchini F, Fajs L, Cosnier S, Marks RS. Vibrio cholerae detection: Traditional assays, novel diagnostic techniques and biosensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Members of the genus Vibrio are known to interact with phyto- and zooplankton in aquatic environments. These interactions have been proven to protect the bacterium from various environmental stresses, serve as a nutrient source, facilitate exchange of DNA, and to serve as vectors of disease transmission. This review highlights the impact of Vibrio-zooplankton interactions at the ecosystem scale and the importance of studies focusing on a wide range of Vibrio-zooplankton interactions. The current knowledge on chitin utilization (i.e., chemotaxis, attachment, and degradation) and the role of these factors in attachment to nonchitinous zooplankton is also presented.
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36
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Mondal M, Chatterjee NS. Role of Vibrio cholerae exochitinase ChiA2 in horizontal gene transfer. Can J Microbiol 2015; 62:201-9. [PMID: 26849349 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae exochitinase ChiA2 plays a key role in acquisition of nutrients by chitin hydrolysis in the natural environment as well as in pathogenesis in the intestinal milieu. In this study we demonstrate the importance of ChiA2 in horizontal gene transfer in the natural environment. We found that the expression of ChiA2 and TfoX, the central regulator of V. cholerae horizontal gene transfer, varied with changes in environmental conditions. The activity of ChiA2 was also dependent on these conditions. In 3 different environmental conditions tested here, we observed that the supporting environmental condition for maximum expression and activity of ChiA2 was 20 °C, pH 5.5, and 100 mmol/L salinity in the presence of chitin. The same condition also induced TfoX expression and was favorable for horizontal gene transfer in V. cholerae. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that ChiA2 released a significant amount of (GlcNAc)2 from chitin hydrolysis under the favorable condition. We hypothesized that under the favorable environmental condition, ChiA2 was upregulated and maximally active to produce a significant amount of (GlcNAc)2 from chitin. The same environmental condition also induced tfoX expression, followed by its translational activation by the (GlcNAc)2 produced, leading to efficient horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Mondal
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India.,Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
| | - Nabendu Sekhar Chatterjee
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India.,Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
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Boucher Y, Orata FD, Alam M. The out-of-the-delta hypothesis: dense human populations in low-lying river deltas served as agents for the evolution of a deadly pathogen. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1120. [PMID: 26539168 PMCID: PMC4609888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a diarrheal disease that has changed the history of mankind, devastating the world with seven pandemics from 1817 to the present day. Although there is little doubt in the causative agent of these pandemics being Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup, where, when, and how this pathogen emerged is not well understood. V. cholerae is a ubiquitous coastal species that likely existed for tens of thousands of years. However, the evolution of a strain capable of causing a large-scale epidemic is likely more recent historically. Here, we propose that the unique human and physical geography of low-lying river deltas made it possible for an environmental bacterium to evolve into a deadly human pathogen. Such areas are often densely populated and salt intrusion in drinking water frequent. As V. cholerae is most abundant in brackish water, its favored environment, it is likely that coastal inhabitants would regularly ingest the bacterium and release it back in the environment. This creates a continuous selection pressure for V. cholerae to adapt to life in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Boucher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Fabini D Orata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Munirul Alam
- Centre for Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research , Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Escobar LE, Ryan SJ, Stewart-Ibarra AM, Finkelstein JL, King CA, Qiao H, Polhemus ME. A global map of suitability for coastal Vibrio cholerae under current and future climate conditions. Acta Trop 2015; 149:202-11. [PMID: 26048558 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a globally distributed water-borne pathogen that causes severe diarrheal disease and mortality, with current outbreaks as part of the seventh pandemic. Further understanding of the role of environmental factors in potential pathogen distribution and corresponding V. cholerae disease transmission over time and space is urgently needed to target surveillance of cholera and other climate and water-sensitive diseases. We used an ecological niche model (ENM) to identify environmental variables associated with V. cholerae presence in marine environments, to project a global model of V. cholerae distribution in ocean waters under current and future climate scenarios. We generated an ENM using published reports of V. cholerae in seawater and freely available remotely sensed imagery. Models indicated that factors associated with V. cholerae presence included chlorophyll-a, pH, and sea surface temperature (SST), with chlorophyll-a demonstrating the greatest explanatory power from variables selected for model calibration. We identified specific geographic areas for potential V. cholerae distribution. Coastal Bangladesh, where cholera is endemic, was found to be environmentally similar to coastal areas in Latin America. In a conservative climate change scenario, we observed a predicted increase in areas with environmental conditions suitable for V. cholerae. Findings highlight the potential for vulnerability maps to inform cholera surveillance, early warning systems, and disease prevention and control.
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Sterk A, Schets FM, de Roda Husman AM, de Nijs T, Schijven JF. Effect of Climate Change on the Concentration and Associated Risks of Vibrio Spp. in Dutch Recreational Waters. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2015; 35:1717-1729. [PMID: 25809307 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the number of reported cases of recreational- water-related Vibrio illness in the Netherlands is low. However, a notable higher incidence of Vibrio infections has been observed in warm summers. In the future, such warm summers are expected to occur more often, resulting in enhanced water temperatures favoring Vibrio growth. Quantitative information on the increase in concentration of Vibrio spp. in recreational water under climate change scenarios is lacking. In this study, data on occurrence of Vibrio spp. at six different bathing sites in the Netherlands (2009-2012) were used to derive an empirical formula to predict the Vibrio concentration as a function of temperature, salinity, and pH. This formula was used to predict the effects of increased temperatures in climate change scenarios on Vibrio concentrations. For Vibrio parahaemolyticus, changes in illness risks associated with the changed concentrations were calculated as well. For an average temperature increase of 3.7 °C, these illness risks were calculated to be two to three times higher than in the current situation. Current illness risks were, varying per location, on average between 10(-4) and 10(-2) per person for an entire summer. In situations where water temperatures reached maximum values, illness risks are estimated to be up to 10(-2) and 10(-1) . If such extreme situations occur more often during future summers, increased numbers of ill bathers or bathing-water-related illness outbreaks may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankie Sterk
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Franciska M Schets
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ton de Nijs
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jack F Schijven
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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López-Hernández KM, Pardío-Sedas V, Lizárraga-Partida L, Williams JDJ, Martínez-Herrera D, Flores-Primo A, Uscanga-Serrano R. Seasonal abundance of Vibrio cholerae non O1/non O139 chxA+ in oysters harvested in a coastal lagoon of Mexico's Gulf coast: A seafood safety risk concern. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Various studies have examined the relationships between vibrios and the environmental conditions surrounding them. However, very few reviews have compiled these studies into cohesive points. This may be due to the fact that these studies examine different environmental parameters, use different sampling, detection, and enumeration methodologies, and occur in diverse geographic locations. The current article is one approach to compile these studies into a cohesive work that assesses the importance of environmental determinants on the abundance of vibrios in coastal ecosystems.
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Hellberg RS, Chu E. Effects of climate change on the persistence and dispersal of foodborne bacterial pathogens in the outdoor environment: A review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:548-72. [PMID: 25612827 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.972335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Over the coming century, warming trends such as increased duration and frequency of heat waves and hot extremes are expected in some areas, as well as increased intensity of some storm systems. Climate-induced trends will impact the persistence and dispersal of foodborne pathogens in myriad ways, especially for environmentally ubiquitous and/or zoonotic microorganisms. Animal hosts of foodborne pathogens are also expected to be impacted by climate change through the introduction of increased physiological stress and, in some cases, altered geographic ranges and seasonality. This review article examines the effects of climatic factors, such as temperature, rainfall, drought and wind, on the environmental dispersal and persistence of bacterial foodborne pathogens, namely, Bacillus cereus, Brucella, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio and Yersinia enterocolitica. These relationships are then used to predict how future climatic changes will impact the activity of these microorganisms in the outdoor environment and associated food safety issues. The development of predictive models that quantify these complex relationships will also be discussed, as well as the potential impacts of climate change on transmission of foodborne disease from animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalee S Hellberg
- a Food Science and Nutrition Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University , Orange , CA , USA
| | - Eric Chu
- a Food Science and Nutrition Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University , Orange , CA , USA
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Non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae carrying multiple virulence factors and V. cholerae O1 in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:1909-18. [PMID: 25556194 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03540-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae inhabits estuarine and coastal waters globally, but its clinical significance has not been sufficiently investigated, despite the fact that it has been associated with septicemia and gastroenteritis. The emergence of virulent non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae is consistent with the recognition of new pathogenic variants worldwide. Oyster, sediment, and water samples were collected during a vibrio surveillance program carried out from 2009 to 2012 in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. V. cholerae O1 was detected by a direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA) assay but was not successfully cultured, whereas 395 isolates of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae were confirmed by multiplex PCR and serology. Only a few of the non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae isolates were resistant to ampicillin and/or penicillin. Most of the isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics tested, and 77 to 90% carried the El Tor variant hemolysin gene hlyAET, the actin cross-linking repeats in toxin gene rtxA, the hemagglutinin protease gene hap, and the type 6 secretion system. About 19 to 21% of the isolates carried the neuraminidase-encoding gene nanH and/or the heat-stable toxin (NAG-ST), and only 5% contained a type 3 secretion system. None of the non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae isolates contained Vibrio pathogenicity island-associated genes. However, ctxA, ace, or zot was present in nine isolates. Fifty-five different genotypes showed up to 12 virulence factors, independent of the source of isolation, and represent the first report of both antibiotic susceptibility and virulence associated with non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae from the Chesapeake Bay. Since these results confirm the presence of potentially pathogenic non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae, monitoring for total V. cholerae, regardless of serotype, should be done within the context of public health.
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Xu M, Cao C, Wang D, Kan B. Identifying environmental risk factors of cholera in a coastal area with geospatial technologies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 12:354-70. [PMID: 25551518 PMCID: PMC4306866 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Satellites contribute significantly to environmental quality and public health. Environmental factors are important indicators for the prediction of disease outbreaks. This study reveals the environmental factors associated with cholera in Zhejiang, a coastal province of China, using both Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic information System (GIS). The analysis validated the correlation between the indirect satellite measurements of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH) and ocean chlorophyll concentration (OCC) and the local cholera magnitude based on a ten-year monthly data from the year 1999 to 2008. Cholera magnitude has been strongly affected by the concurrent variables of SST and SSH, while OCC has a one-month time lag effect. A cholera prediction model has been established based on the sea environmental factors. The results of hot spot analysis showed the local cholera magnitude in counties significantly associated with the estuaries and rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chunxiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Duochun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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Jones JL, Lüdeke CHM, Bowers JC, DeRosia-Banick K, Carey DH, Hastback W. Abundance of Vibrio cholerae, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) from Long Island sound. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7667-72. [PMID: 25281373 PMCID: PMC4249230 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02820-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibriosis is a leading cause of seafood-associated morbidity and mortality in the United States. Typically associated with consumption of raw or undercooked oysters, vibriosis associated with clam consumption is increasingly being reported. However, little is known about the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in clams. The objective of this study was to compare the levels of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters and clams harvested concurrently from Long Island Sound (LIS). Most probable number (MPN)-real-time PCR methods were used for enumeration of total V. cholerae, V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, and pathogenic (tdh(+) and/or trh(+)) V. parahaemolyticus. V. cholerae was detected in 8.8% and 3.3% of oyster (n = 68) and clam (n = 30) samples, with levels up to 1.48 and 0.48 log MPN/g in oysters and clams, respectively. V. vulnificus was detected in 97% and 90% of oyster and clam samples, with median levels of 0.97 and -0.08 log MPN/g, respectively. V. parahaemolyticus was detected in all samples, with median levels of 1.88 and 1.07 log MPN/g for oysters and clams, respectively. The differences between V. vulnificus and total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus levels in the two shellfish species were statistically significant (P < 0.001). These data indicate that V. vulnificus and total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus are more prevalent and are present at higher levels in oysters than in hard clams. Additionally, the data suggest differences in vibrio populations between shellfish harvested from different growing area waters within LIS. These results can be used to evaluate and refine illness mitigation strategies employed by risk managers and shellfish control authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Jones
- FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
| | - Catharina H M Lüdeke
- FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Hamburg, Germany
| | - John C Bowers
- FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Public Health Informatics and Analytics, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin DeRosia-Banick
- State of Connecticut, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Aquaculture, Milford, Connecticut, USA
| | - David H Carey
- State of Connecticut, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Aquaculture, Milford, Connecticut, USA
| | - William Hastback
- New York State, Department of Environmental Conservation, Bureau of Marine Resources, East Setauket, New York, USA
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Akoachere JFTK, Mbuntcha CKP. Water sources as reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 strains in Bepanda, Douala (Cameroon): relationship between isolation and physico-chemical factors. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:421. [PMID: 25073409 PMCID: PMC4131033 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera has been endemic in Douala since 1971. Most outbreaks start from Bepanda, an overcrowded neighbourhood with poor hygiene and sanitary conditions. We investigated water sources in Bepanda as reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, determined its antibiotic susceptibility and some physico-chemical characteristics that could maintain the endemicity of this organism in Bepanda. METHODS Three hundred and eighteen water samples collected from 45 wells, 8 taps and 1 stream from February to July 2009 were analyzed for V. cholerae using standard methods. Isolates were characterized morphologically, biochemically and serologically. The disc diffusion technique was employed to investigate antibiotic susceptibility. Differences in prevalence of organism between seasons were analysed. Correlation strength and direction of association between physico-chemical parameters and occurrence of V. cholerae was analyzed using the Kendall tau_b non-parametric correlation. This was further confirmed with the forward-stepwise binary logistic regression. RESULTS Eighty-seven (27.4%) samples were positive for V. cholerae. Isolation was highest from wells. The organism was isolated in the rainy season and dry season but the frequency of isolation was significantly higher (χ2 = 7.009, df = 1, P = 0.008) in the rainy season. Of the 96 confirmed V. cholerae isolates, 32 (33.3%) belonged to serogroup O1 and 64 (66.6%) were serogroup non-O1/non-O139. Isolates from tap (municipal water) were non-O1/non-O139 strains. Salinity had a significant positive correlation with isolation in the dry season (+0.267, P = 0.015) and rainy season (+0.223, P = 0.028). The forward-stepwise method of binary logistic regression indicated that as pH (Wald = 11.753, df = 1), P = 0.001) increased, odds of isolation of V. cholerae also increased (B = 1.297, S.E = 0.378, Exp(B) = 3.657). All isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Multi-drug resistance was predominant among the non-O1/non-O139 isolates. CONCLUSION V. cholerae was found in wells and stream in both seasons. Cholera will continue to be a health threat in Bepanda if intervention measures to prevent outbreak are not implemented. Continuous monitoring of water sources in this and other cholera high-risk areas in Cameroon is necessary, for a better preparedness and control of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane-Francis Tatah Kihla Akoachere
- />Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- />Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
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Urquhart EA, Zaitchik BF, Waugh DW, Guikema SD, Del Castillo CE. Uncertainty in model predictions of Vibrio vulnificus response to climate variability and change: a Chesapeake Bay case study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98256. [PMID: 24874082 PMCID: PMC4038616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect that climate change and variability will have on waterborne bacteria is a topic of increasing concern for coastal ecosystems, including the Chesapeake Bay. Surface water temperature trends in the Bay indicate a warming pattern of roughly 0.3-0.4°C per decade over the past 30 years. It is unclear what impact future warming will have on pathogens currently found in the Bay, including Vibrio spp. Using historical environmental data, combined with three different statistical models of Vibrio vulnificus probability, we explore the relationship between environmental change and predicted Vibrio vulnificus presence in the upper Chesapeake Bay. We find that the predicted response of V. vulnificus probability to high temperatures in the Bay differs systematically between models of differing structure. As existing publicly available datasets are inadequate to determine which model structure is most appropriate, the impact of climatic change on the probability of V. vulnificus presence in the Chesapeake Bay remains uncertain. This result points to the challenge of characterizing climate sensitivity of ecological systems in which data are sparse and only statistical models of ecological sensitivity exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Urquhart
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin F. Zaitchik
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Darryn W. Waugh
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seth D. Guikema
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carlos E. Del Castillo
- Ocean Ecology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States of America
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Lutz C, Erken M, Noorian P, Sun S, McDougald D. Environmental reservoirs and mechanisms of persistence of Vibrio cholerae. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:375. [PMID: 24379807 PMCID: PMC3863721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the water-borne disease cholera, is acquired from environmental sources where it persists between outbreaks of the disease. Recent advances in molecular technology have demonstrated that this bacterium can be detected in areas where it has not previously been isolated, indicating a much broader, global distribution of this bacterium outside of endemic regions. The environmental persistence of V. cholerae in the aquatic environment can be attributed to multiple intra- and interspecific strategies such as responsive gene regulation and biofilm formation on biotic and abiotic surfaces, as well as interactions with a multitude of other organisms. This review will discuss some of the mechanisms that enable the persistence of this bacterium in the environment. In particular, we will discuss how V. cholerae can survive stressors such as starvation, temperature, and salinity fluctuations as well as how the organism persists under constant predation by heterotrophic protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lutz
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martina Erken
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Parisa Noorian
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shuyang Sun
- The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Diane McDougald
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
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Baron S, Lesne J, Moore S, Rossignol E, Rebaudet S, Gazin P, Barrais R, Magloire R, Boncy J, Piarroux R. No Evidence of Significant Levels of Toxigenic V. cholerae O1 in the Haitian Aquatic Environment During the 2012 Rainy Season. PLOS CURRENTS 2013; 5:ecurrents.outbreaks.7735b392bdcb749baf5812d2096d331e. [PMID: 24077904 PMCID: PMC3783635 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.7735b392bdcb749baf5812d2096d331e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On October 21, 2010, Haiti was struck by a cholera epidemic for the first time in over a century. Epidemiological and molecular genetic data have clearly demonstrated that the bacterium was imported. Nevertheless, the persistence of the epidemic for more than two years, the high incidence rates in some coastal areas and the seasonal exacerbations of the epidemic during the rainy seasons have prompted us to examine the levels of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in the Haitian aquatic environment. METHODS In July 2012, during the warm and rainy season, 36 aquatic stations were sampled to search for toxigenic V. cholerae. These stations included fresh, brackish and saline surface waters as well as waste water; the sampling sites were located in both rural and urban areas (around Port-au-Prince and Gonaïves) located in the West and Artibonite Departments. V. cholerae bacteria were detected in enrichment cultures of water samples (sample volumes included 1 L, 100 mL, 10 mL, 1 mL, 0.1 mL, 0.01 mL and 0.001 mL depending on the context). Detection methods included both culture on selective agar (for strain isolation) and PCR assays targeting the genes ompW (V. cholerae species), O1-rfb and O139-rfb (O1 and O139 V. cholerae serogroups, respectively), and the cholera toxin gene ctxA, which is present exclusively in toxigenic cholera strains. RESULTS A total of 411 culturable V. cholerae isolates from 29 stations were obtained via selective culture; however, only one of these isolates displayed a late positive reaction with polyvalent anti-O1 serum. Positive V. cholerae PCR results were obtained from each of the 32 tested stations (a total of 77 enrichments out of 107 yielded a positive result); only one sample yielded a positive V. cholerae O1 PCR result. The cholera toxin gene ctxA was never detected via PCR with either primer pair, which includes samples derived from the two stations yielding positive O1 culture or positive O1 PCR results. Therefore, we could not demonstrate the presence of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 among the 36 stations sampled. This suggests that all water samples analyzed contained less than 10 toxigenic V. cholerae O1 bacteria per liter, a level 1000-fold below the dose that has been shown to provoke cholera in healthy adults. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there is no evidence of a significant level of contamination of the aquatic environment in Haiti by the imported toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strain. The reemergence of cholera outbreaks in Haiti during rainy seasons is therefore more likely due to persisting outbreaks insufficiently tackled during the dry periods rather than the commonly suspected aquatic reservoir of toxigenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Baron
- ANSES (Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Ploufragan and Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
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Le C, Hu C. A hybrid approach to estimate chromophoric dissolved organic matter in turbid estuaries from satellite measurements: a case study for Tampa Bay. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:18849-18871. [PMID: 23938799 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.018849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from satellite measurements for estuaries has been problematic due to optical complexity of estuarine waters and uncertainties in satellite-derived remote sensing reflectance (Rrs, sr(-1)). Here we demonstrate a hybrid approach to combine empirical and semi-analytical algorithms to derive CDOM absorption coefficient at 443 nm (a(g)(443), m(-1)) in a turbid estuary (Tampa Bay) from MODIS Aqua (MODISA) and SeaWiFS measurements. The approach first used a validated empirical algorithm and a modified quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA) to derive chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla, mg m(-3)) and particulate backscattering coefficient at 443 nm (b(bp)(443), m(-1)), respectively, from which phytoplankton pigment and non-algal particulate absorption coefficient at 443 nm (a(ph)(443) and a(d)(443), m(-1)) were derived with pre-determined bio-optical relationships. Then, the modified QAA was used to estimate the total absorption coefficient at 443 nm (a(t)(443), m(-1)). Finally, a(g)(443) was estimated as (a(t)(443) - a(ph)(443) - a(d)(443) - a(w)(443)) where a(w)(443) is the absorption coefficient of pure water (a constant). Using data collected from 71 field stations and 33 near-concurrent satellite-field matchup data pairs covering a large dynamic range (0.3 - 8 m(-1)), the approach showed ~23% RMS uncertainties in retrieving a(g)(443) when in situ Rrs data (N = 71) were used. The same approach applied to satellite Rrs yielded much higher uncertainties of a(g)(443) (~85%) due to large errors in the satellite-retrieved Rrs(443). When the Rrs(443) was derived from the satellite-retrieved Rrs(550) and then used in the hybrid approach, uncertainties in the retrieved a(g)(443) reduced to ~30% (N = 33). Application of the approach to MODISA and SeaWiFS data led to a 15-year time series of monthly mean a(g)(443) distributions in Tampa Bay between 1998 and 2012. This time series showed significant seasonal and annual variations regulated mainly by river discharge. Testing of the approach over another turbid estuary (Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the U.S.) demonstrated the potential (~25% uncertainties for a limited a(g)(443) range) of using this approach to establish long-term environmental data records (EDRs) of CDOM distributions in other estuaries with similar optical complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Le
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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