Plant products as antimicrobial agents

Atomic layer deposition paves the way for next-generation smart and functional textiles

As technology evolves and consumer needs diversify, textiles have become crucial to determining the future of fashion, sustainability, and functionality. Functional textiles, which not only provide comfort and aesthetics as traditional textiles but also endow textiles with special functions such as antibacterial, anti-odor, moisture absorption and perspiration, anti-ultraviolet (UV), flame-retardant, self-cleaning, and anti-static properties through technological innovation and upgrading, have attracted increasing attention because they satisfy the specific needs of people in different environments and occasions. However, functionality often occurs at the expense of comfort in existing functional products. Endowing textiles with excellent multi-functionality with marginal effects on comfort and wearability properties continues to be a challenge. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) paves the way for creating functional fabrics by enabling the formation of highly conforming inorganic/organic coatings over a large area with precise atomic-level film thickness control from a self-limiting reaction mechanism. Therefore, this paper introduces the reaction mechanism of ALD and the unique advantages of depositing inorganic nanofilms on fiber and textile surfaces. The factors influencing ALD and the commonly used ALD-derived technologies are then discussed. Subsequently, the research progress and breakthroughs in inorganic nanofilms prepared by ALD in conferring multifunctional properties on textile surfaces, such as antimicrobial, UV-resistant, heat-insulating, multifunctional wetting, structural coloring, thermoelectric elements, and flexible sensing, are reviewed. Finally, future developments and possible challenges of ALD for the large-scale production of multifunctional fabrics are proposed, which are expected to promote the development of next-generation advanced functional textiles.

Aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera and Cinnamomum cassia as promising sources of antibiofilm compounds against mucoid and small colony variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

Bacterial biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pose significant challenges in treating cystic fibrosis (CF) airway infections due to their resistance to antibiotics. New therapeutic approaches are urgently needed to treat these chronic infections. This study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm potential of various plant extracts, specifically targeting mucoid and small colony variants of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and strains. Moreover, it aimed to gain insights into the mechanisms of action and the potential phytochemicals responsible for antibiofilm activity. Solid-liquid extractions were performed on seven biomasses using water and ethanol (70 and 96 %) under controlled conditions, resulting in 21 distinct plant extracts. These extracts were evaluated for extraction yield, antioxidant activity, phenolic content, chemical composition by HPLC-TOF-MS, and antibiofilm activity using a 96-well plate assay, followed by crystal violet staining, bacterial adhesion assessment, and brightfield microscopy. Our findings revealed that aqueous extracts exhibited the highest inhibition of biofilm formation, with cinnamon bark and moringa seeds showing strong antibiofilm activity against both bacterial species. Brightfield microscopy confirmed that these extracts effectively inhibited biofilm formation. Chemical analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including moringin, benzaldehyde, coumarin, and quinic acid, which likely contribute to the observed antibiofilm effects. Recognizing that the antibiofilm properties of moringin, a common compound in both moringa seed and cinnamon bark extracts, remain underexplored, we conducted potential target identification via PharmMapper and molecular docking analyses to provide a foundation for future research. Computational analyses indicated that moringin might inhibit aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase in P. aeruginosa and potentially interact with an unknown target in S. aureus. In conclusion, moringa seed and cinnamon bark extracts demonstrated significant potential for developing new therapies targeting biofilm-associated infections in CF. Further studies are needed to validate the computational predictions, identify the bacterial targets, and elucidate the precise mechanisms behind moringin's antibiofilm activity, which is likely the potential key contributor to the observed activity of the moringa and cinnamon bark extracts.

Chemical composition of the traditional Chinese medicine compound (ICAM), its antifungal effects against Candida albicans, and the underlying Mechanisms: Therapeutic potential and safety evaluation for vulvovaginal candidiasis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound preparations play a significant role in the clinical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC).

AIM OF THE STUDY

Candida albicans (CA) is an opportunistic fungal pathogen responsible for various human diseases, including vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Hyphal growth and biofilm formation are critical virulence factors contributing to CA's pathogenicity and drug resistance. ICAM, a topical TCM compound preparation developed by our laboratory, was investigated for its chemical component, antifungal mechanisms against CA and therapeutic efficacy against VVC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The main components of ICAM were analyzed using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying ICAM's antifungal activity, we combined phenotypic assays, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. The therapeutic potential of ICAM for VVC and its irritancy to vaginal tissue were evaluated using cavity model experiments.

RESULTS

ICAM contained a diverse range of phenolic compounds, such as phenol, 2-methoxyphenol, and 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, among others. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of ICAM against CA were 2.50 % and 10.00 % for the standard strain, and 5.00 % and 20.00 % for the clinical strain, respectively. At 1.25 %, ICAM significantly inhibited CA adherence, hyphal growth, and biofilm formation, while also reducing surface hydrophobicity and exopolysaccharide production. Treatment with 10.00 % ICAM completely disrupted CA membrane integrity. Transcriptome analysis revealed that multiple genes associated with biofilm and hyphal formation, including five MAPK signaling pathway genes (Ras1, Cdc24, Ste11, Cek1, Hst7), four hyphae-specific genes (Hgc1, Hwp1, Ece1, Als3), and three additional genes (Tec1, Csh1, Pmt1), were significantly downregulated. Additionally, proteins associated with the MAPK signaling pathway, including the 14-3-3 domain-containing protein, cell wall protein RTB1, Msb2p, Ras family protein, and RhoGAP domain family protein, were significantly downregulated. These findings suggest that the MAPK signaling pathway plays a crucial role in mediating ICAM's inhibition of hyphal growth and biofilm formation in CA. In vivo, 10.00 % ICAM completely eliminated the symptoms of CA infection. The vaginal fungal burden in the 20.00 % and 40.00 % ICAM groups was reduced to zero after 12 days of treatment. Furthermore, 40.00 % ICAM significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase and inflammatory cytokine levels, demonstrating efficacy comparable to the positive control. ICAM demonstrated excellent mucosal compatibility in the cavity experiment.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight the potential of ICAM as a novel antifungal agent for the treatment of VVC.

Unveiling Therapeutic Powers of Indigenous Flora: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Properties of Horwoodia dicksoniae

Background:Horwoodia dicksoniae Turrill. (Brassicaceae) and Stipa capensis Thunb. (Poaceae) are commonly grown in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study evaluated the antibacterial and antifungal potential of these plants. H. dicksoniae extract was further subjected to antioxidant, anticancer, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, and in silico analyses. Results: H. dicksoniae extract presented a higher antimicrobial efficiency than S. capensis extract by effectively inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans. H. dicksoniae ethanolic extract also demonstrated promising antioxidant and anticancer properties against the human colon cancer cell line HCT-116. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 12 natural compounds in the H. dicksoniae extract, whereas LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 19 different compounds in negative ion mode and 25 in positive ion mode. Furthermore, the presence of bioactive compounds in the H. dicksoniae extract, such as flavonoids (acacetin and hesperetin) and caffeic acid, confirmed the observed antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Molecular docking revealed promising interactions between various bioactive compounds and target proteins associated with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Conclusions: This study is the first to report GC-MS and LC-MS/MS analyses of H. dicksoniae ethanolic extract. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential mechanisms and therapeutic applications of the identified bioactive compounds. Thus, the present work can serve as a platform for the isolation of natural compounds from H. dicksoniae extract, which may play a significant role in the discovery and design of new drugs for the treatment of human diseases.

Role of phytogenic feed additives on animal product quality and acceptance-a review

Antibiotic feed additives are frequently added to animal diets at subtherapeutic dosages in order to boost feed conversion and accelerate growth. These growth promoters can potentially to compromise the therapeutic efficacy of antimicrobial agents used in humans and animals by fostering the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant genes. Consumers are becoming more aware of the harmful consequences of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. There is a growing body of research on substitute growth promoters; at the moment, the goals are to increase growth rates and decrease the use of veterinary antibiotics in agriculture. Potential substitutes for antibiotic feed additives include phytogenic feed additives and compounds derived from plants. Phytogenic feed additives (PFA) including herbs, spices, essential oils and other plant extracts enhances zootechnical and animal health parameters, lowers emissions of ammonia and odors, enhances the utilization of amino acids and nutrients, and improves the quality of the carcass and meat. This review examines how phytogenic feed additives supplementation affects animal product quality and acceptability by consumers.

Cuminum cyminum as green corrosion inhibitor for API 5 L X70 carbon steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution

Cuminum cyminum extract (CCE) has been studied as a corrosion inhibitor in controlling corrosion of C-steel corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4, by weight loss (WL), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. The findings demonstrated that inhibition efficiency (% IE) enhanced with increasing extract dosages, attaining 83.49% at 200 ppm and finishing at 91.83% at 400 ppm. However, inhibition efficiency was reduced by raising the temperature, decreasing from 91.83% at 298 K to 78.63% at 318 K (all at 400 ppm). CCE adhered to the C-steel surface by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. EIS measurements exhibited increased transfer resistance (Rct) as the extract dose increased. Polarization curves showed that CCE functions as a mixed-type inhibitor. Several thermodynamic parameters were computed and examined. The free energy of adsorption for the extract under study was calculated and was found 34.7-35.8 kJ mol- 1. Chemical and electrochemical approaches yielded reliable and agreeable results.

Surface energetics of antibiofilm property of dental material added with green synthesized copper nanoparticles

Dental caries and lesions are difficult to treat during cement repairs. A remarkable antimicrobial therapeutic biomaterial is needed to fight dental caries and recurrent necrotic lesions. This study used Mentha longifolia extract to synthesize Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) with distinctive properties at room temperature (22-25 °C). These CuNPs were supplemented with cephalosporin antibiotics that act as a capping agent to explore their synergistic antibacterial potency. These nanoparticles were subjected to FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and SEM for characterisation. These CuNPs capped with antibiotics were added to glass ionomer (GIC) cement. These GIC samples were divided into pure GIC and modified GIC samples. Antibiotic-supplemented CuNPs, conjugated with GIC, showed good effect against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as compared to conventional GIC, tested through a modified direct contact test. Among them, GIC enriched with cefotaxime-supplemented CuNPs exhibited excellent antibacterial effects, followed by Cefepime and Ceftriaxone-supplemented CuNPs, respectively. Pure GIC has the most negligible antibacterial effect. Further, the interaction of these modified GICs with the selected bacterial strains was studied using the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) approach. The results show that the modified GIC effectively inhibited biofilm formation on dental implants.

Antibacterial impact of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles on uropathogenic Escherichia coli and in vivo assessment of physiological and histological alterations

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) possess various medical potentials that qualify them to be promising antibacterial agents, particularly for uropathogens. The present study investigated in vitro and in vivo antibacterial impact of biosynthesized ZnO NPs against uropathogenic E. coli strain. Values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ZnO NPs were detected to be 3.2 mg/mL and 3.9 mg/mL, respectively. The in vivo study included twenty-four female albino rats that were divided into four equal groups: group 1 (control), group 2 (infected), group 3 (infected + ZnO NPs), and group 4 (ZnO NPs). The bactericidal efficacy of ZnO NPs (50 mg/Kg) was confirmed by a recovery percentage of 83.3% after the fourth dose and a survival rate of 100% after eight doses. Erythrocytosis and thrombocytopenia were observed in the infected group, while ZnO NPs-administrated groups exhibited normal red blood cells and platelets counts, and a significant increase in white blood cells count. A significant decrease in urea level and a slight increase in liver enzymes were observed in the infected group, unlike ZnO NPs-administrated groups. Moreover, ZnO NPs-administrated groups exhibited a significant decrease in uric acid and glucose levels. The histological sections of vital body organs showed the aggressive bacterial-induced inflammatory response in stomach, liver, spleen, kidney, and heart of the infected group, whereas ZnO NPs-treated group exhibited effective suppression of the bacterial infection.

Bio-active metabolites from Chinese Medicinal Herbs for treatment of skin diseases

Skin diseases have become serious issues to human health and affect one-third of the world's population according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). These consist of internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) factors referring to genetics, hormones, and the body's immune system, as well as environmental situations, UV radiation, or environmental pollution respectively. Generally, Western Medicines (WMs) are usually treated with topical creams or strong medications for skin diseases that help superficially, and often do not treat the root cause. The relief may be instant and strong, sometimes these medicines have adverse reactions that are too strong to be able and sustained over a long period, especially steroid drug type. Chinese Medicinal Herbs (CMHs) are natural resources and relatively mild in the treatment of both manifestation and the root cause of disease. Nowadays, CMHs are attractive to many scientists, especially in studying their formulations for the treatment of skin diseases.

METHODS

The methodology of this review was searched in nine electronic databases including WanFang Data, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SciFinder, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), without regard to language constraints. All eligible studies are analysed and summarised.

RESULTS

Based on the literature findings, some extracts or active metabolites divided from CMHs, including Curcumin, Resveratrol, Liquorice, Dandelions, Cortex Moutan, and Calendula officinalis L., are effective for the treatment and prevention of skin diseases because of a wide range of pharmacological activities, e.g. anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, anti-virus, and anti-inflammation to enhance the body's immune system. It is also responsible for skin whitening to prevent pigmentation and premature ageing through several mechanisms, such as regulation or inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (IκB/NF-κB) signalling pathways.

CONCLUSION

This is possible to develop CMHs, such as Curcumin, Resveratrol, Liquorice, Dandelions, Cortex Moutan and Calendula officinalis L. The ratio of multiple CMH formulations and safety assessments on human skin diseases required studying to achieve better pharmacological activities. Nano formulations are the future investigation for CMHs to combat skin diseases.

An Examination of the Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, and Biological Properties of Zygophyllum coccineum, Emphasizing Its Potential as a Valuable Forage Shrub

The growing issue of antimicrobial resistance poses a significant challenge for microbiological research, driving the need for alternative antibiotics with minimal side effects. Zygophyllum coccineum, commonly referred to as "Tebtab" in Arabic and "Red Spinepod" in English, has traditionally been utilized as forage for camels and ruminants. While its antimicrobial activity against human pathogens has been documented, its efficacy against animal pathogens remains underexplored. This study aims to evaluate the phytochemical composition, biological activities, and antimicrobial potential of water and organic-solvent extracts of Zygophyllum coccineum against a range of reference microbial strains and animal pathogens. The findings revealed that all extracts exhibited notable antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities attributed to their bioactive constituents. Among them, the ethyl acetate extract displayed the strongest antimicrobial effects against bacterial and fungal strains. Additionally, this extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity and showed promising cytotoxic activity against lung (A549) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. These results underscore the potential of Zygophyllum coccineum as a valuable natural resource for developing antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic therapies for applications in both human and veterinary medicine.

Kiam wood, Cotylelobium lanceotatum, extract as a natural antimicrobial agent: protecting Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, against vibriosis

Vibriosis, caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, is a major bacterial disease in shrimp aquaculture, often managed with antibiotics that contribute to antimicrobial resistance and environmental concerns. This study investigated the antimicrobial properties of Kiam wood (Cotylelobium lanceotatum) extract and its potential as a dietary supplement to enhance the disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Kiam wood extracts were prepared using ethanol-water mixture at different ratios, and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against V. parahaemolyticus. The water extract (KWE) exhibited the strongest anti-Vibrio activity as indicated by the widest clearance zone (15.65 mm), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 256 µg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 512 µg/mL. Further assays demonstrated that KWE effectively inhibited biofilm formation and restricted bacterial motility at 512 µg/mL (MBC). Scanning electron microscopic images revealed significant cell-wall damages in treated bacteria as shown by membrane disruption and pore formations. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis identified Amuresins D (C42H30O9), Pauciflorol A (C24H32O9), Vaticasides A (C48H42O14), Vaticanols B (C56H42O12), and Cotylelophenol B (C24H30O10) as key bioactive compounds. For the in vivo trials, P. vannamei was firstly infected by feeding them a V. parahaemolyticus-impregnated diet (1.5 × 10⁴ CFU/g) for two days, followed by a 15-day feeding period with KWE-supplemented diets at 2MBC (1 mg/g). Shrimp-fed KWE diets showed a significant reduction in intestinal Vibrio loads, enhanced immune responses (total hemocyte count, semi-granulocyte, and granulocyte levels), and improved survival rates. Notably, the KWE diet achieved the highest survival rate (85%), compared to 52% in the control group. These findings highlight KWE as a promising natural antimicrobial agent with immunostimulatory properties, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic antibiotics for managing vibriosis in shrimp aquaculture. Further studies should explore its mode of action and long-term effects on shrimp health and aquaculture environments.

Bioactivities and Chemotaxonomy of Four Heracleum Species: A Comparative Study Across Plant Parts

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the phytochemical profile, essential oil composition, and bioactivities-including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibio-film, and anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities-of four Heracleum L. species (H. crenatifolium Boiss, H. paphlagonicum Czeczott, H. sphondylium subsp. montanum Schleich. ex Gaudin, and H. pastinacifolium subsp. incanum (Boiss. & A.Huet) P.H.Davis). Methods: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed via Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) evaluated chemical variability among the species. Antioxidant activities were assessed using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the broth microdilution method to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values, while antibiofilm activity was evaluated using an in vitro microplate-based biofilm model against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Anti-QS activity was analyzed using a disc diffusion assay with Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 as the reporter strain. Results: It was observed that the amounts of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids were higher in root extracts than in aerial parts extracts for the four species in this study (H. sphondylium subsp. montanum excluding phenolic content). In the analysis of essential oil, it was determined that the major component in the roots was mostly myristicin, and in the fruits it was mostly octyl acetate. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were positively correlated with antioxidant activity. Methanol and n-hexane extracts of H. pastinacifolium (aerial parts) and n-hexane extracts of H. paphlagonicum (root) exhibited notable antimicrobial activity, primarily against Gram-positive bacteria, but none of the extracts showed activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13383 or P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Among methanol extracts, H. pastinacifolium (aerial parts) exhibited the highest antibiofilm activity (73.2%), while H. paphlagonicum (aerial parts) showed the highest activity among n-hexane extracts (75.5%). All n-hexane extracts exhibited anti-QS activity, whereas the methanol extracts showed no activity. Conclusions: These findings underscore the chemical diversity and bioactive potential of Heracleum species, contributing to the chemotaxonomic understanding of the genus and supporting their potential applications in medicine and industry. To our knowledge, this is the first study that reveals the antibiofilm and anti-QS properties of these Heracleum species.

A cinnamon and clove essential oil mix microencapsulated with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: Study on physicochemical, antibacterial, and low salt pickles preservation properties

In order to overcome the technical challenges of poor stability and weak antibacterial effects of individual essential oil in food preservation applications, the present study aimed to encapsulate cinnamon and clove essential oil compound by using spray-drying technique. The combination of cinnamon and clove essential oils was determined to have good synergistic bacteriostatic effects by the checkerboard dilution method, and the best bacteriostatic effect could be obtained when the volume ratio was 7:3 for compounding. Microcapsules were prepared using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) as wall material and compound essential oil as core material, the optimal conditions for the microcapsule preparation process through a one-way test were: homogenizing speed of 8000 r/min, wall material addition of 2 %, HPCD to EO ratio of 1:3, EO to T-80 ratio of 1.5:1, and homogenizing time of 8 min. The physicochemical properties of the prepared compound essential oil microcapsules (EOM) were characterized, and the results showed that the EOM was successfully encapsulated in HPCD with good physicochemical properties, and the encapsulation rate of the prepared microcapsules was measured to be 65.82 ± 4.00 %. The thermal stability of the encapsulated EOM was improved, and volatilization of the essential oils was effectively inhibited. In addition, the EOM showed antibacterial activity against the five types of bacteria tested, and the number of surviving bacteria decreased by about 17-18 % after 72 h. The preservation experiment of low salt pickles showed that the EOM was more effective in maintaining the quality and prolonging the shelf life of the pickles compared with commercial sodium benzoate, which also demonstrated the potential application of EOM in preserving low-salt pickles. This study provides a feasible and new technical strategy for more effective application of plant essential oils in food preservation.

Medicinal plants and their derivatives for skin and hair: a Mediterranean perspective of women care

Since olden days, medicinal and aromatic plants have been consumed due to their well-known therapeutic, ornamental, culinary, and cosmetic properties. Plant-based cosmetics comprise a growing market offering brands of sustainable products with the ultimate goal of responding to the woman needs to boost their natural beauty, such as soothing, toning, moisturizing and protecting skin and hair. The increasing focus on body and beauty care, combined with a better understanding of the diverse biological effects of plants and their derivatives, has revitalized their significance in aesthetic, cosmetic, and dermatological contexts. Concurrently, the increasing prevalence of allergies and hypersensitivity reactions to synthetic additives commonly found in cosmetics and other skin products has spurred interest in seeking healthier and more efficacious natural alternatives. An intense investigation has been stated around the formulation of medicinal plants- and other plant-based cosmetic products for dermatological and aesthetic purposes. Similarly, a raising awareness by cosmetics' manufacturers and related industries have been progressively stated, culminating with the emergence of a line of plant-based cosmetics increasingly safe and with reliable quality features for multiple purposes. Although a high demand for natural-based products for cosmetic purposes has been stated, further studies are required to deepening knowledge on their beneficial properties, safety and quality features and to identify the main limitations and likelihood of side effects occurrence. In this review, an outlook of the current scenario regarding the use of medicinal and aromatic plants as cosmetic ingredients in the formulation of skin care and other dermatological products traditionally used by the Mediterranean woman for prevention and even cure of skin and hair diseases or for beautification is provided.

Genome characterization, pathogenicity, and evaluation of therapeutics of Klebsiella aerogenes in Bombyx larvae infection model

Antibiotic resistance against human pathogenic bacteria is a global problem and the issue is becoming increasingly serious. Klebsiella aerogenes, a Gram-negative pathogen, is usually found in soil and water, but there are increasing number of reports in on isolation of antibiotic-resistant strains of it. Here, we report the draft genome of a food-borne Klebsiella aerogenes strain isolated from street food of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The WGS analysis revealed the presence of a number of virulence genes and antibiotic-resistance genes. Using the infection model of the larvae of the silk moth, Bombyx mori, we show that the K. aerogenes strain killed larvae within 72 h of injection into the hemolymph (blood) or midgut. Although the strain showed resistance to ampicillin in vitro among the antibiotics tested, it showed sensitivity to ampicillin in vivo in Bombyx larvae. Direct injection of aqueous extracts of hog plum or Indian gooseberry into the midgut of larvae infected with K. aerogenes increased larval survival rate to ~ 75% after 72 h. These results indicate that Bombyx larvae could be used to carry out in vivo screening of plant extracts with potential therapeutic effects against pathogenic bacteria like K. aerogenes.

An energetic framework for gut microbiome-mediated obesity induced by early-life exposure to antibiotics

Early-life antibiotic (ELA) exposure has garnered attention for its potential role in modulating obesity risk, although outcomes from mouse experiments and human epidemiological studies often vary based on dosage and sex. Low-dose (subtherapeutic) antibiotics can enhance energy availability through moderate alterations in gut microbiome profile, while high-dose (therapeutic) antibiotics substantially deplete the gut microbiota, thereby contributing to short-term negative energy balance. In this perspective, we propose a framework to understand how these distinct impacts of antibiotics on the gut microbiome during critical developmental windows shape long-term obesity risk through their influence on host energy balance. Using this framework, we then propose several hypotheses to explain variation in ELA-induced obesity outcomes across males and females. We conclude by discussing the evolutionary implications of ELAs, positing that the response of the gut microbiome to ELAs may signal energy availability and environmental volatility, influencing metabolic programming and adaptive traits across generations.

Chemical profile, virtual screening, and virulence-inhibiting properties of Sphagneticola trilobata L. essential oils against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The escalating threat of microbial resistance underscores the urgent need for innovative solutions, including natural agents capable of attenuating virulence. This study explores the antimicrobial and anti-virulence potential of essential oils (EOs) derived from Sphagneticola trilobata against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Through GC/MS analysis, volatile metabolites from the flower heads and leaves/stems of Egyptian S. trilobata were identified, revealing 43 and 62 components, respectively. Key compounds included α-phellandrene, α-pinene, D-limonene, and α-thujene. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of flower head and leaf/stem EOs against P. aeruginosa were 1.17% and 1.75% v/v, respectively. At sub-MIC doses (1/8th of the MIC), the EOs exhibited significant anti-virulence properties, including complete inhibition of protease activity and disruption of biofilm formation, which are crucial for bacterial survival and pathogenicity. Additionally, they effectively suppressed the expression of quorum sensing genes, which are essential for bacterial communication and virulence. Virtual screening of four major EO components (+)-(R)-limonene, (±)-α-pinene, α-phellandrene, and α-thujene against five critical protein targets involved in biofilm formation, quorum sensing, virulence, and protease activity in P. aeruginosa further supported their anti-virulence and antibiofilm actions, showing high affinity for these targets. These findings suggest that the EOs of S. trilobata hold great potential as natural virulence attenuating agents, particularly against biofilm-forming pathogens like P. aeruginosa.

Functional diversification of dietary plant small molecules by the gut microbiome

Plants are composed of diverse secondary metabolites (PSMs), which are widely associated with human health. Whether and how the gut microbiome mediates such impacts of PSMs is poorly understood. Here, we show that discrete dietary and medicinal phenolic glycosides, abundant health-associated PSMs, are utilized by distinct members of the human gut microbiome. Within the Bacteroides, the predominant gram-negative bacteria of the Western human gut, we reveal a specialized multi-enzyme system dedicated to the processing of distinct glycosides based on structural differences in phenolic moieties. This Bacteroides metabolic system liberates chemically distinct aglycones with diverse biological functions, such as colonization resistance against the gut pathogen Clostridioides difficile via anti-microbial activation of polydatin to the stilbene resveratrol and intestinal homeostasis via activation of salicin to the immunoregulatory aglycone saligenin. Together, our results demonstrate generation of biological diversity of phenolic aglycone "effector" functions by a distinct gut-microbiome-encoded PSM-processing system.

Hexadecanoic acid analogs as potential CviR-mediated quorum sensing inhibitors in Chromobacterium violaceum: an in silico study

Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and opportunistic human pathogen. C. violaceum is resistant to various antibiotics due to the production of quorum sensing (QS)-controlled virulence factor and biofilm formation. Hence, we need to find alternative strategies to overcome the antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in Gram-negative bacteria. QS is a mechanism in which bacteria's ability to regulate the virulence factors and biofilm formations leads to disease progression. Previously, hexadecanoic acid was identified as a CviR-mediated quorum-sensing inhibitor. In this study, we aimed to discover potential analogs of hexadecanoic acid as a CviR-mediated quorum-sensing inhibitor against C. violaceum by using ADME/T prediction, density functional theory, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and free energy binding calculations. ADME/T properties predicted for analogs were acceptable for human oral absorption and feasibility. The highest occupied molecular orbitals and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals gap energies predicted and found oleic acid with -0.3748 energies. Docosatrienoic acid exhibited the highest binding affinity -8.15 Kcal/mol and strong and stable interactions with the amino acid residues on the active site of the CviR protein. These compounds on MD simulations for 100 ns show strong hydrogen-bonding interactions with the protein and remain stable inside the active site. Our results suggest hexadecanoic acid analogs could serve as anti-QS and anti-biofilm molecules for treating C. violaceum infections. However, further validation and investigation of these inhibitors against CviR are needed to claim their candidacy for clinical trials.

Microwave-assisted extraction of dandelion root polysaccharides: Extraction process optimization, purification, structural characterization, and analysis of antioxidant activity

This study aimed to establish a microwave-assisted method (MAE) for the efficient extraction of polysaccharides from dandelion roots. This study investigated the molecular structure and bioactivity of the polysaccharides from dandelion roots. Extraction conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The microwave extraction conditions were set to an extraction time of 42 min, an extraction temperature of 80 °C, and a solid-liquid ratio (g/mL) of 1:33. Under the optimized conditions, the highest dandelion root polysaccharides (DRP) yield was achieved (24.85 ± 0.457 %). Water-pure DRP (DRPw) and NaCl-pure DRP (DRPs) were purified by activated carbon decolorization and DEAE fiber column chromatography. The molecular weights of DRPw and DRPs were 8653 Da and 5930 Da, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses confirmed the existence of α- and β-pyranose in DRPw and DRPs. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that DRPw and DRPs were semi-crystalline substances with irregular shapes and rough surfaces. Bioactivity assays revealed the good antioxidant activities of DRPw and DRPs. The present study provides useful information about DRP as natural antioxidants for the benefit of food.

Antibacterial stigmastane-type steroids and other constituents from the leaves of Vernonia glabra (Steetz) Vatke (Asteraceae)

Two new stigmastane steroids (1 and 2) were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of Vernonia glabra, together with seventeen known compounds (3-19) including one fatty acid, four triterpenoids, four steroids, one trinitropropanoyl glucoside, and seven flavonoids. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were assigned based on their IR, NMR and MS data, and by comparison with literature values. The MeOH extract, its fractions and isolated compounds were subjected to in vitro antibacterial assay against two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC49619) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC8739 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC10031) bacteria, using broth microdilution method. The extract and fractions exhibited (16 ≤ MIC ≤ 512 μg/mL) antibacterial activities. The isolated and tested compounds were also active (16 ≤ MIC ≤ 128 μg/mL) against the four pathogenic bacteria, with compound 2 being the most active and E. coli, the most sensitive microorganism.

Pharmacological Potential and Bioactive Components of Wild Anatolian Sage (Salvia aethiopis L.)

Salvia aethiopis L., a member of the Lamiaceae family, has gained attention due to its bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications. This study investigated the chemical composition and biological activities of S. aethiopis ethanol extract collected from Karaman province, Türkiye. The phenolic profile of the plant was characterized using LC-MS/MS analysis, which revealed substantial amounts of rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal strains, using the agar well diffusion method. The results demonstrated potent antibacterial effects, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, the cytotoxic potential of S. aethiopis was assessed on H-460 non-small cell lung cancer cells. The extract exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, with a significant reduction in cell viability after 24 and 48 h of treatment, yielding IC50 values of 80.08 and 56.19 μg/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that S. aethiopis possesses promising antimicrobial and anticancer properties, which could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic agents.

Effects of Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Pectin Coating Containing Free and Nanoliposome Mentha piperita Essential Oil on the Shelf Life of Shrimp During Ice Storage

The aim of this study is the estimation of the influence of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/pectin coating containing Mentha piperita essential oil (MP EO) nanoliposomes (NLs) on melanosis, sensory analysis, bacterial counts, physicochemical properties, and color analysis of shrimp during iced storage. In addition, the impact of MP EO on the shrimp's polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme inhibition at different concentrations was measured. For this aim, the treated fillets were divided including (1) control, (2) sodium metabisulfite (SMS), (3) MP EO coating, (4) MP EO NLs, (5) MP EO-CMCS/pectin, and (6) MP EO NLs-CMCS/pectin coating. Two percentage of MP EO indicated the maximum inhibitory effect of PPO enzyme after 1 and 3 min with values of 75% and 64%, respectively. At the end of storage, the highest and lowest total mesophilic bacteria (TMB) and total psychrotrophic bacteria (TPB) counts were related to control (10.88 and 8.25 log CFU/g) and MP EO NLs-CMCS/pectin coating (6.87 and 6.90 log CFU/g), respectively. The coated shrimp improved the physicochemical properties (such as total volatile bases-nitrogen [TVB-N], pH, peroxide value [POV], and thiobarbituric acid [TBA]) during storage on ice. The lowest rate of TVB-N (30.33 mg/N100g) and pH (7.06) was recorded in shrimp coated with MP EO NLs-CMCS/pectin on day 12. During storage for 12 days, the MP EO NLs were better than the other treatments in reducing the rate of oxidation of lipids of shrimp (POV [2.12 meq peroxide/1000 g lipid] and TBA [3.02 mg MDA/kg]). Moreover, shrimp treated with MP EO NLs-CMCS/pectin had higher odor, texture, color, and overall acceptability scores, compared to the others, after the storage of 12 days at 0°C. Overall, these findings suggest that MP EO NLs-CMCS/pectin-based nanocomposite coating could be utilized as an alternative packaging method in seafood products with notable antioxidant, antibacterial, and nutritional properties.

Antibacterial Activity of Ocimum tenuiflorum against Drug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Raw Beef

Recent empirical evidence has acknowledged raw meat, particularly beef, as a significant reservoir for diverse foodborne pathogens and drug-resistant strains, posing severe threat to consumer health. This study aimed to isolate and identify drug-resistant bacteria from raw beef samples, obtained from different butcher shops in Khulna city, Bangladesh, as well as, to determine their susceptibility pattern against Ocimum tenuiflorum extracts. Raw beef samples were randomly collected from various butcher shops, followed by the initial isolation of thirty pure bacterial isolates. Later, 16S rRNA gene amplification and analysis identified twelve distinct bacterial species from those isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility test results revealed ten of the isolates, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas veronii and Enterobacter hormaechei, to exhibit multidrug resistance pattern. Amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, and flucloxacillin were found to be ineffective against most isolates. However, the ethanolic extracts of O. tenuiflorum were found effective in inhibiting the growth of eight species at three different concentrations. Subsequent HPLC analysis of O. tenuiflorum reported the presence of five secondary metabolites epicatechin, syringic acid, rutin hydrate, p-coumaric acid, and myricetin as potent contributors to the observed antimicrobial activity. Lastly, in silico binding interaction simulations of the secondary metabolites against five relevant targets predict syringic acid and myricetin to have effective antibacterial properties, primarily mediated by better binding affinity and molecular interactions. Thus, this study identified diverse drug-resistant bacteria in raw beef and provided novel insights into the antibacterial properties of O. tenuiflorum extracts.

Research Progress on the Antibacterial Activity of Natural Flavonoids

The use of antibiotics has greatly improved the treatment of bacterial infections; however, its abuse and misuse has led to a rapid rise in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Therefore, the search for new antimicrobial strategies has become critical. Natural flavonoids, a class of widely existing phytochemicals, have gained significant research interest for their diverse biological activities and antibacterial effects on various drug-resistant bacteria. This review summarizes the latest research progress on flavonoids, with a particular focus on several flavonoids exhibiting certain antibacterial activity, and explores their antibacterial mechanisms, including disruption of cell membranes and cell walls, inhibition of proteins and nucleic acids, interference with signal transduction, suppression of efflux pump activity, and inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Additionally, we have reviewed the synergistic combinations of flavonoids with antibiotics, such as the combination of quercetin with colistin or EGCG with tetracycline, which significantly enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Phytochemical and biological investigations of Salvia microphylla leaf extracts using LC-MS/MS

In this research, the total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial susceptibility of Salvia microphylla leaf extracts were studied using solvents of varying polarity (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and 80% methanol). Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using the LC-ESI-MS/MS method. By using the FRAP and DPPH methods, the antioxidant activities were measured spectrophotometrically. The antimicrobial assay was done through the agar-well diffusion method against the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. All extracts showed potent antimicrobial activity, with the hexane extract displaying strong inhibitory effects. These findings indicate that S. microphylla leaf extracts contain promising bioactive compounds possessing antioxidant and antibacterial properties, suggesting further research to isolate and characterise these bioactive compounds and assess their in vivo effects.

Antimicrobial activity of tea tree and lavender essential oils and their effects on hatching performance and eggshell bacterial count of Japanese quail eggs

The objective of this work was to study the effect of tea tree (TTO) and lavender (LavO) essential oils instead of formaldehyde fumigation to disinfect the surface of fertilized eggshells. A total of 1050 fresh unwashed fertilized quail eggs were randomly divided into 7 groups and treated before incubation as follows: group 1 was untreated (negative control), group 2 was sprayed with 70% ethyl alcohol (positive control), group 3 was fumigated with formaldehyde gas (FF), groups 4-5 and 6-7 were sprayed with 2%, 3% TTO and 2%, 3% LavO, respectively. Spraying fertilized eggs with 3% TTO or LavO significant reduced (P < 0.05) egg weight loss and improved yolk sac absorption expressed as a decrease in the yolk sac remaining weight (P < 0.01), which coincided with increasing the percentage of embryonic weight at 14th day of incubation compared to the FF. TTO or LavO significantly boosted the hatching rate that correlated with significant reduction (P < 0.01) in embryonic mortality with preference for LavO. Spraying fertilized eggs immediately after collection with TTO or LavO significantly reduced (P < 0.01) total bacterial count on the eggshell surface compared to the FF. Thus, TTO and LavO can be used to disinfect fertilized eggs prior to incubation to improve hatching rates and chicks' quality upon hatching.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Phytogenic Supplement (Alkaloids and Flavonoids) in the Control of Eimeria spp. in Experimentally Challenged Broiler Chickens

Avian coccidiosis remains a problematic challenge in poultry farms worldwide, with increasing concerns about resistance to conventional anticoccidial drugs, highlighting the need for alternative control strategies. A total of 256 male broilers (Ross 308), 1 day old, were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (eight replicates, each containing eight chickens) to evaluate the effectiveness of a phytogenic supplement against Eimeria spp. At 14 days, broilers were challenged via oral gavage with a mixture of six strains of live Eimeria spp. oocysts (4.0 × 104Eimeria spp. oocysts per bird). The groups included a negative control (no anticoccidials or challenge), a positive control (coccidial challenge, no anticoccidials), a phytogenic-supplemented diet based on alkaloids and flavonoids, and a diet with anticoccidials (narasin and nicarbazin). Fecal samples were collected for oocyst counts from day 14 to 23, and at 23 days (9 days post-infection), intestinal lesions and mucosa measurements were evaluated. The oocyst counts in the phytogenic and anticoccidial groups were significantly lower than in the positive control (with a reduction of 61.3% and 71.6%, respectively, compared to the positive control) (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between the phytogenic supplement and anticoccidials. The phytogenic supplement provided intermediate protection based on histopathological scores with a significantly lower histopathology score than the positive control but significantly higher than the negative control (p < 0.05). No differences in body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or mortality were observed across groups during the trial, likely due to the moderate challenge applied. In conclusion, the phytogenic supplement demonstrated anticoccidial activity comparable to narasin and nicarbazin without compromising productivity, warranting further research into its mechanisms, resistance impact, and commercial application.

Exploring the antibacterial potential of Clidemia hirta leaf extract against the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: in vitro and in silico approaches

Background

Multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogen P. aeruginosa has emerged as a significant global health challenge, underscoring the urgent need to identify and develop alternative therapeutic agents including plant natural products. In this study, the extract from Clidemia hirta plant extract was analyzed for antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and component composition.

Material and Methods

The plant extract was obtained from leaves of C. hirta and its antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa was determined in Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay. In this assay, the activity of the extract was tested at two different concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against P. aeruginosa was used with its MIC values against Vero cells to determine the selectivity index. GC-MS determined the phytochemical composition of the plant extract. The property of different extract components to bind the target receptor Penicillin Binding Protein 2a (7KIS) was assessed in silico studies including docking and molecular dynamics (MD) analyses. In these analyses, the stability and interaction dynamics of the Penicillin Binding Protein 2a (7KIS) protein complexed with selected extract components.

Results

The plant extracts had antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, with inhibition zones measuring 13 mm and 19 mm for 50 and 100 μg/mL concentrations, respectively. The MIC of the plant extract was determined to be 20 μg/mL, while its selectivity index was 4.54, indicating its antibiotic potential. One extract component, 2, 4-di-tert-butylphenol compound holds a binding affinity of -6.2 kcal/mol in molecular docking studies. MD simulations revealed stable binding interactions between the 7KIS protein and the tested ligands, characterized by reduced atomic fluctuations and energetically favorable binding profiles.

Conclusion

This study showed that C. hirta extract has a robust antibacterial potential against P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, GC-MS profiling molecular docking, and dynamic simulation data showed that such antibacterial potential might be attributed to its one component, 2, 4-di-tert-butylphenol. Further, in vivo and in vitro studies are needed to show the applicability of bioactive compounds from C. hirta in combating resistant bacterial pathogens.

Optimizing the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Extracts: A Comprehensive Study

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch) bulb extracts and evaluation of their antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties were investigated. The crude plant extracts were prepared using distilled water, ethanol, and methanol for a comparison. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized via UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed using the UV-VIS spectra at 550 nm. The TEM confirmed the nanoparticle morphology as a mixed dispersed sphere, oval, and triangular shapes with a size range of 7.8 nm to 31.3 nm. The secondary metabolites were detected using TLC, DPPH, and LC-MS. Antimicrobial activity was assessed based on agar-well diffusion; cytotoxicity was examined through MTS assays. Various phytochemical constituents were detected through TLC and LC-MS. The crude extracts and methanol-extract-capped AgNP were able to scavenge free radicals, as shown by the developments of inhibitory bands on the TLC plate. The agar well diffusion test revealed that the AgNP capped methanol extract had potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative multidrug resistant bacteria in comparison with penicillin and neomycin, with inhibition zones ranging between 10 mm and 14 mm for the methanol-extract-capped AgNP. The in vitro MTS assay revealed that methanol crude extracts and methanol-extract-capped AgNP had a less cytotoxic effect on the HEK293 cells in comparison with untreated cells (control). We therefore conclude that methanol was the best reducing solvent with the best overall nanoparticle morphology and performance in antimicrobial and cytotoxicity, in comparison to ethanol and distilled water.

Metabolite-driven mechanisms reveal chemical ecology of Lehmann Lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana) invasion in North American semi-arid ecosystems

Invasive plants threaten global ecosystems, yet traditional analyses of functional traits cannot fully explain their dominance over co-occurring natives. Metabolomics offers insights into plant invasions, but single-technique studies often miss critical biochemical mechanisms. We employ a multimodal metabolomics approach (¹H NMR, LC MS/MS, FT-ICR-MS, and MALDI-MSI) to investigate the biochemical basis of Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana) invasion in semi-arid North America, comparing it with a co-occurring native grass, Arizona cottontop (Digitaria californica). Our analysis reveals three metabolomic traits of Lehmann lovegrass compared to Arizona cottontop: Enhanced nitrogen allocation in shoots, reduced defensive metabolites in root layers; and increased root exudate modulation under stress conditions. These traits suggest Lehmann lovegrass succeeds through adaptation to increasing aridity rather than direct competition, demonstrating adaptation to nutrient-poor environments and high phenotypic plasticity in response to increasing aridity. This integrated metabolomic approach provides new mechanistic insights into invasion ecology and plant adaptation under environmental change.

Using plasma-activated water for decontamination of Salmonella spp. on common building surfaces in poultry houses

Plasma-activated water (PAW) has been shown to have antimicrobial properties, making it a promising tool for surface decontamination. This study evaluated the ability of PAW generated from high voltage atmospheric cold plasma to remove Salmonella from common surfaces (stainless steel (SS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), concrete, and wood) found in poultry houses. PAW was generated by exposing distilled water to atmospheric cold plasma in 80% humid air at 90 kV and 60 Hz for 30 min. The resulting PAW contained 1120 ppm of nitrate and 1370 ppm of hydrogen peroxide, with a pH of 1.83. PAW was then applied to coupons of SS, PVC, wood, and concrete surfaces inoculated with 7-8 log10 CFU of cocktail of Salmonella spp. (S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, S. Montevideo, and S. Enteritidis). PAW effectively reduced Salmonella levels on SS and PVC surfaces to below the detection limit within 30 s. On wood surfaces, a longer treatment time of 7.5 min was required to achieve a maximum reduction of 2.63 log10 CFU, likely due to the porosity of the wood limiting PAW contact with the bacteria. On concrete surfaces, the reduction in Salmonella levels was only 0.98 log10 CFU. This was likely due to the greater surface roughness and high alkalinity, which neutralized the PAW species.

Mandragora autumnalis Distribution, Phytochemical Characteristics, and Pharmacological Bioactivities

In the Mediterranean and Himalayan regions, the genus Mandragora (family Solanaceae), sometimes called mandrake, is widely utilized in herbal therapy and is well-known for its mythical associations. Objective: To compile up-to-date information on M. autumnalis's therapeutic properties. Its pharmacological properties and phytochemical composition are particularly covered in managing several illnesses, including diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. Methods: Articles on the review topic were found by searching major scientific literature databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Chemical Abstracts, and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts. Additionally, general online searches were conducted using Google Scholar and Google. The time frame for the search included items released from 1986 to 2023. Results:Mandragora has been shown to contain a variety of phytochemicals, including coumarins, withanolides, and alkaloids. The pharmacological characteristics of M. autumnalis, such as increasing macrophage anti-inflammatory activity, free radicals inhibition, bacterial and fungal growth inhibition, cytotoxic anticancer activities in vivo and in vitro against cancer cell lines, and enzyme-inhibitory properties, are attributed to these phytochemicals. Furthermore, M. autumnalis also inhibits cholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and free radicals. On the other hand, metabolic risk factors, including the inhibition of diabetes-causing enzymes and obesity, have been treated using dried ripe berries. Conclusions: Investigations into the pharmacological and phytochemical characteristics of M. autumnalis have revealed that this plant is a rich reservoir of new bioactive substances. This review aims to provide insight into the botanical and ecological characteristics of Mandragora autumnalis, including a summary of its phytochemical components and antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer, enzyme-inhibitory properties, as well as toxicological implications, where its low cytotoxic activity against the normal VERO cell line has been shown. More research on this plant is necessary to ensure its efficacy and safety. Still, it is also necessary to understand the molecular mechanism of action behind the observed effects to clarify its therapeutic potential.

Pharmacological Significance, Medicinal Use, and Toxicity of Extracted and Isolated Compounds from Euphorbia Species Found in Southern Africa: A Review

This study documents the Euphorbiaceae family of plants in Southern Africa, with a focus on their traditional medicinal applications, pharmacological properties, toxicity, and active secondary metabolites. A review of the literature from scientific journals, books, dissertations, and conference papers spanning from 1962 to 2023 was conducted for 15 Euphorbia species. Recent findings indicate that specific compounds found in Euphorbia plants exhibit significant biological and pharmacological properties. However, the white sticky latex sap they contain is highly toxic, although it may also have medicinal applications. Phytochemical analyses have demonstrated that these plants exhibit beneficial effects, including antibacterial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-HIV activities. Key phytochemicals such as euphol, cycloartenol, tirucallol, and triterpenoids contribute to their therapeutic efficacy, along with various proteins like lectin and lysozyme. Despite some Euphorbiaceae species undergoing screening for medicinal compounds, many remain insufficiently examined, highlighting a critical gap in the research literature. Given their historical usage, further investigations are essential to evaluate the medicinal significance of Euphorbia species through detailed studies of isolated compounds and their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. This research will serve as a valuable resource for future inquiries into the benefits of lesser-studied Euphorbia species.

Phytochemical Profiles, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Knautia integrifolia (L.) Bertol. subsp. integrifolia

The genus Knautia (L.) (Caprifoliaceae) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and is represented by 11 species of flora in Turkey. This study conducted a detailed phytochemical investigation of the methanol extract of the whole plant of K. integrifolia using a combination of LC-ESI-FT-MS and NMR analyses. According to the results of this analysis, 25 compounds were identified in the methanol extract of K. integrifolia. The extract is particularly rich in phenolic secondary metabolites, including phenolic acid derivatives, flavonoid glycosides, and flavones, along with the presence of triterpenoid compounds. Additionally, the total phenolic content of the K. integrifolia methanol extract was evaluated. Considering the pharmacological activities reported for Knautia species, the antioxidant potential of the methanol extract was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, resulting in a value of 77.5% when compared to the ascorbic acid standard. In this study, antimicrobial activity tests were performed on K. integrifolia methanol extract for the first time. The results indicated that the extract demonstrated greater susceptibility to Staphylococcus epidermidis compared to the control group. At the same time, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration value, indicating high sensitivity to the methanol extract.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Effects of Herbal Formulation Called Apo-Taat Using Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates

Pathogens contaminate drinking water in tropical countries causing diarrheal diseases. The conventional treatment for diarrhea is antibiotics. However, overuse and misuse of antibiotics has enabled pathogens to adapt, causing global antibiotic resistance and proliferation of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli), which causes diarrhea and high levels of inflammatory cytokines. Apo-taat, consisting of equal proportions of Phyllanthus emblica and Caesalpinia sappan, has been used to treat diarrhea and bloody diarrhea. Its antibacterial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 has been reported, but its inhibitory effect against ESBL-E. coli has yet to be documented. This study investigated the antibacterial effect of Apo-taat extract against ESBL-E. coli and its anti-inflammatory activity. Antibacterial activity was determined by the microtiter plate-based method. HPLC was used to determine the brazilin and gallic acid contents in Apo-taat extract. Effects of herbal extracts on nitric oxide, IL-6, and TNF-α were investigated in RAW 264.7 cells. Results were that Apo-taat extract showed MIC values against ESBL-E. coli in the range of 0.625 to 2.5 mg/mL. Its 50% inhibitory concentration against nitric oxide and IL-6 production was 83.96 ± 10.60 and 83.06 ± 2.07 μg/mL, respectively, and it had slight inhibition against TNF-α. These findings suggest that Apo-taat may have an antibacterial impact on ESBL-E. coli and anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, safety and clinical trials should be conducted in the future.

Chitosan-based dihydromyricetin composite hydrogel demonstrating sustained release and exceptional antibacterial activity

Plant-derived antibacterial agents are increasingly pivotal in mitigating the escalating threat posed by pathogenic microorganisms. Dihydromyricetin (DMY), a plant bioactive compound prevalent in Ampelopsis grossedentata, exhibits remarkable antibacterial properties. However, its poor solubility in water significantly hinders its application in antibacterial therapies, necessitating the exploration of suitable carriers for the loading and sustained release of DMY. In this study, a chitosan-based hydrogel was rapidly synthesized at 25 °C using carboxymethyl chitosan and sodium alginate as precursors, and then utilized for the encapsulation of DMY. The as-prepared hydrogel was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, indicating its favorable swelling properties, injectability, transparency, and self-healing capabilities. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that both surface and internal of the hydrogel exhibited over 99 % inhibition against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus when the DMY loading concentration reached 0.4 mg/mL. Furthermore, drug release studies demonstrated that the hydrogel effectively sustained the release of DMY for up to 130 h, irrespective of the acidic or alkaline aqueous solutions, as well as in phosphate-buffered saline. These findings provide novel insights and references for the synergistic antibacterial application of plant-derived agents in conjunction with hydrogels.

Bioactive Compounds as Alternative Approaches for Preventing Urinary Tract Infections in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide. They occur in the urinary system when a microorganism, commonly present on the perineal skin or rectum, reaches the bladder through the urethra, and adheres to the luminal surface of uroepithelial cells, forming biofilms. The treatment of UTIs includes antibiotics, but their indiscriminate use has favored the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria strains, which represent a serious challenge to today's microbiology. The pathogenesis of the infection and antibiotic resistance synergistically contribute to hindering the eradication of the disease while favoring the establishment of persistent infections. The repeated requirement for antibiotic treatment and the limited therapeutic options have further contributed to the increase in antibiotic resistance and the occurrence of potential relapses by therapeutic failure. To limit antimicrobial resistance and broaden the choice of non-antibiotic preventive approaches, this review reports studies focused on the bacteriostatic/bactericidal activity, inhibition of bacterial adhesion and quorum sensing, restoration of uroepithelial integrity and immune response of molecules, vitamins, and compounds obtained from plants. To date, different supplementations are recommended by the European Association of Urology for the management of UTIs as an alternative approach to antibiotic treatment, while a variety of bioactive compounds are under investigation, mostly at the level of in vitro and preclinical studies. Although the evidence is promising, they are far from being included in the clinical practice of UTIs.

Synthesis of (2R,3S)‐2‐(3,4‐Dihydroxy phenyl)chroman‐3,5,7‐triol Derivative Boron Compounds: Antioxidant, Enzyme, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Activities

(2R,3S)‐2‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)chroman‐3,5,7‐triol compound corresponds to catechin, which is from the flavanol class of flavonoids and has many pharmacological effects such as anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, dermatological, antihypertensive, antiviral, antimutagenic, antidiabetic. The aim of this study is to investigate novel drug candidates for several human diseases composed of catechin and boronic acid derivatives. Catechin was modified by various types of boronic acid compounds. In the derivatization experiment, phenyl boronic acid, 6‐methoxy naphthalene boronic acid, 1,4‐phenyl diboronic acid, 3‐formyl phenyl boronic acid, and 4‐methoxy‐3‐formyl phenyl boronic acid, 4‐methoxy phenyl boronic acid were firstly used to modify catechin. The newly obtained compounds were structurally elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, and LC‐MS spectral techniques. All novel derivatives were examined for antioxidant (with particular methods such as ABTS, DPPH, and CUPRAC), enzyme, and antibiofilm activities. Most compounds were determined to be more active or effective than those standard compounds. Among all derivatives, CB‐2 showed the highest inhibition of enzymes and the highest antioxidant activities. Biological results revealed that the boronic‐modified compounds could be designed as potential antioxidants, enzymes, antimicrobials, and antibiofilm agents.

Nanotechnology Meets Phytotherapy: A Cutting-Edge Approach to Treat Bacterial Infections

The increasing prevalence of bacterial infections and the rise in antibiotic resistance have prompted the search for alternative therapeutic strategies. One promising approach involves combining plant-based bioactive substances with nanoparticles, which have demonstrated improved antimicrobial activity compared to their free forms, both in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical studies. This approach not only improves their stability but also enables targeted delivery to bacterial cells, reducing side effects and minimising the risk of resistance development, leading to more effective treatments. This narrative review explores the benefits of combining bioactive plant compounds (berberine, catechin, chelerythrine, cinnamaldehyde, ellagic acid, proanthocyanidin, and sanguinarine) with nanoparticles for the treatment of bacterial infections (caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), highlighting the potential of this approach to overcome the limitations of traditional antimicrobial therapies. Ultimately, this strategy offers a promising alternative in the fight against resistant bacterial strains, paving the way for the development of more effective and sustainable treatments.

Frankfurters Manufactured with Valorized Grape Pomace as a Substitute of Nitrifying Salts

This study investigated the use of grape/wine pomace as a potential substitute for nitrifying salts in the production and preservation of frankfurters. Red wine pomace (RWP) from Tempranillo and white wine pomace (WWP) from Cayetana grapes were added to frankfurters made with Iberian pig backfat-an underutilized fat rich in oleic acid-at two levels (0.5% and 3% w/w). These new formulations were compared with a control (containing only meat, salt, and spices) and a commercial formulation containing nitrites and ascorbic acid. Analyses were conducted immediately after production and following 45 days of refrigerated storage to evaluate microbiological, color, physicochemical, and textural changes in the frankfurters. The addition of pomace slightly reduced the pH of the frankfurters but did not affect microbial counts during the manufacturing process. Frankfurters with pomace displayed a similar color to the control but showed lower redness compared to the commercial formulation with nitrites. Importantly, pomace reduced lipid and protein oxidation during production and storage. The reduction in lipid oxidation due to the pomace was comparable to the effect of nitrites and ascorbic acid. Furthermore, pomace effectively reduced protein oxidation, unlike nitrites and ascorbic acid, which primarily targeted lipid oxidation. Significant differences in texture were observed between commercial frankfurters and those containing pomace. Despite these variations in the appearance and the texture, the strong protective effect of pomace against oxidative reactions highlights its potential as a natural alternative to synthetic additives, offering a promising solution for the meat industry.

A Comprehensive Review on Exploring the Potential of Phytochemicals and Biogenic Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health concern that results in approximately 700,000 deaths annually owing to drug-resistant infections. It compromises the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics, as well as fundamental medical procedures, such as surgery and cancer treatment. Phytochemicals, natural plant constituents, and biogenic nanoparticles synthesized through biological processes are pharmacological alternatives for supplementing or replacing traditional antibiotics. These natural compounds exhibit a diverse range of bioactive properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, and have the potential to overcome bacterial resistance mechanisms. However, their limited solubility, bioavailability, and stability have limited their therapeutic potential. Nanotechnology, particularly the utilization of biogenic nanoparticles, offers the potential to overcome these limitations by enhancing the biosafety, stability, and controlled release of phytochemical compounds, thereby enabling a more effective combination of resistant pathogens. This review examines current research on the combinatorial application of phytochemicals and biogenic nanoparticles, with emphasis on their capacity to address AMR. This study presents a novel perspective on the concurrent utilization of phytochemicals and biogenic nanoparticles, which may enhance antibacterial efficacy while mitigating toxicity. This review provides specific and innovative insights into the novelty, sustainability, and eco-friendly aspects of these approaches to address multidrug-resistant infections, highlighting their role in emerging as a transformative strategy for AMR management through the integration of natural and biogenic resources.

The anti-staphylococcal activity (planktonic and biofilm) of Cnestis ferruginea is due to benzoquinone, the oxidation product of hydroquinone

Introduction

Cnestis ferruginea is used frequently in African traditional medicine for treating infectious diseases. Previous bioassay-guided purification has identified hydroquinone as the major bio-active compound in the aforementioned plant, responsible for its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. While the phenol hydroquinone can be directly extracted from the plant, it may undergo (reversible) oxidation under mild conditions to yield benzoquinone, a compound with known antimicrobial activity against i.a. S. aureus.

Methods

We, examined whether hydroquinone or its oxidation product, benzoquinone, is the active compound against bacteria such as S. aureus. To achieve this we performed broth microdilution (planktonic) and biofilm activity tests against two different strains of S. aureus. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of benzoquinone and hydroquinone under various circumstances were compared, assessing their stability, and examining their effectiveness against two strains of S. aureus (Rosenbach and USA 300) in both planktonic and biofilm environments.

Results

Benzoquinone demonstrated antibacterial activity against S. aureus Rosenbach and USA 300 with IC50 of 6.90 ± 2.30 mM and 7.72 ± 2.73 mM, respectively, while the corresponding values for hydroquinone were 15.63 ± 2.62 mM and 19.21 ± 4.84 mM, respectively. However, when oxidation was prevented by the addition of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, hydroquinone lost its antibacterial property, while benzoquinone retained activity. Comparing conditions in which hydroquinone could convert into benzoquinone against conditions in which this conversion was inhibited, showed that hydroquinone alone did not inhibit bacterial growth of S. aureus, while benzoquinone alone did.

Discussion

These results prove that the oxidation product benzoquinone is responsible for the antimicrobial activity previously ascribed to hydroquinone.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of extract and bioactive compounds from Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. flowers against Streptococcus mutans through cell membrane damage

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. (Family Saxifragaceae) remains mentioned as Pashanbheda in Ayurveda and Zakhmehayat in Unani. In North Waziristan, Pakistan, indigenous communities use this plant in ethnodentistry to treat tooth decay and toothaches. However, scientific evidence on its mode of action is still lacking.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the effect of extracts and fractions of B. ciliata flower against oral bacteria and elucidate the possible antibacterial and antibiofilm mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Prepared extract of B. ciliata flowers were checked for its antibacterial activity against oral (S. mutans, S. pyogenes, S. oralis) and opportunistic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter clonae and Achromobacter insolitus). Preparative TLC-bioautography and silica gel column chromatography was used to isolate bioactive compounds. HRESI-MS and NMR studies were employed for its structural elucidation. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of extracts and isolated compounds were studied against S. mutans. Scanning Electron Microscope studies indicated membrane damage. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation and cytoplasmic leakage were also assessed.

RESULTS

The most active ethyl acetate extract (EA) showed potent inhibitory effect against S. mutans (0.390 μg/μl). TLC-bioautography indicated spots F1 & F2 to show inhibition zones. F1 was identified as kaempferol. This is the first report on flowers of B. ciliata against oral infection. The mode of action of F1 can be attributed to its ability to destroy the membrane integrity, reducing and disrupting biofilm. It also produced ROS within the bacterial cell, leading to lipid peroxidation and subsequently causing death of the bacteria.

CONCLUSION

Kaempferol is the active compound in bioactive spot F1 which showed antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. The antibacterial activity can be linked with the membrane disrupting properties of kaempferol and producing ROS inside S. mutans. Thus, phytochemicals derived from B. ciliata can be used in the development of pharmaceutical dental products.

Effect of Hydrolysate Derived from Subcritical Seawater Treatment of Buckwheat Waste on the Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

This study explores the effects of a subcritical seawater treatment (SST) on buckwheat waste (BW), and the use of the hydrolysate as a liquid fertilizer to improve the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Three temperature treatments (110 °C, 170 °C, 230 °C) were used for the SST, and the ionic composition in the seawater achieved the depolymerization and degradation of BW. The X-ray diffraction of the residual solids showed that the structure of BW was destroyed. Compared with seawater, the hydrolysate contained higher amounts of elements beneficial to plant growth, such as N, P, K, and organic compounds such as phenolics and sugars, as a result of the degradation of BW caused by the SST. The hydrolysate was tested as a liquid fertilizer (treatments H110°C, H170°C, H230°C) to irrigate lettuce. The content of proteins, phenolics, and chlorophyll, as well as the weight of the lettuce in the H110°C and H170°C treatments, were significantly higher than those in the seawater and the H230°C irrigation treatments (p < 0.05). The hydrolysate from the SST of BW, being rich in various organic and inorganic nutrients, can act as a liquid fertilizer that promotes the growth of lettuce, whereas hydrolysate from higher SST temperatures might inhibit the growth of lettuce, because of the excessive total nitrogen and organic acid.

Fangchinoline eliminates intracellular Salmonella by enhancing lysosomal function via the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis

INTRODUCTION

Salmonella, a foodborne zoonotic pathogen, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in animals and humans globally. With the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains, Salmonellosis has become a formidable challenge. Host-directed therapy (HDT) has recently emerged as a promising anti-infective approach for treating intracellular bacterial infections.

OBJECTIVES

Plant-derived natural products, owing to their structural and functional diversity, are increasingly being explored and utilized as encouraging candidates for HDT compounds. This study aims to identify and screen natural compounds with potential as HDT for the treatment of intracellular Salmonella infections.

METHODS

A cell-based screening approach was deployed to identify natural compounds capable of mitigating the intracellular replication of S. enterica. Safety and efficacy of the candidate compounds were evaluated using multiple animal models. RNA sequencing, ELISA, and immunoblotting analyses were conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action.

RESULTS

Our results reveal that fangchinoline (FAN) effectively reduces S. enterica survival both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, FAN also displays anti-infective activity against other intracellular pathogens, including multidrug-resistant isolates. A 14-day safety evaluation in mice showed no significant toxic or adverse effects from FAN administration. RNA sequencing analysis reveals an upregulation of lysosome pathways in S. enterica-infected cells treated with FAN. Mechanistic studies indicate that FAN increases acid lysosomal quantities and fosters autophagic response in Salmonella-infected cells via the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis. In addition, FAN alleviates the inflammatory response in Salmonella-infected cells by inactivating the NF-κB pathway.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that FAN represents a lead HDT compound for tackling recalcitrant infections caused by intracellular bacterial pathogens.

Formulation and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of an Emulsion Containing a Commercial Green Tea Extract

The addition of an extract to an emulsion is intended to improve its fragrance and care qualities. Green tea is a beverage known all over the world. It is tasty and has beneficial effects on human health due to its high polyphenol content. The compounds present in this variety of tea have also made it an interesting cosmetic ingredient. The polyphenols contained in green tea have antioxidant properties and can delay the ageing process in human skin. Various preparations with this ingredient can be found on the market-from creams to hair care products. Making one's own cosmetics is also a trend. In the following study, three creams containing green tea extracts from three different manufacturers were prepared, and the total polyphenol (TP) contents, the phenolic profile of the extracts used and the antioxidant activity of these preparations were examined using two methods: DPPH• and ABTS•+ cationic radicals. The study showed that the antioxidant activity of the glycerin-water extracts measured by the selected methods was higher than that of the oil extract. Among the creams, the product with green tea extract from Firm 2 (glycerin-water extract) showed the best antioxidant properties.

Antibacterial potency of mid-polar extracts obtained from Malaysian plant Parkia speciosa against human pathogenic bacteria

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Plants contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds, which have attracted the interest of researchers in finding novel sources of natural medicine. In the following paper, we aim to evaluate the antibacterial potential of extract fractions associated with Parkia speciosa pods and beans against human pathogenic bacteria.

METHODS

Antimicrobial activity was determined with disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays against eight skin colonising microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia followed by further fractionation of the pods ethyl acetate fraction by column chromatography along with preparative thin-layer chromatography. Quantification of bacterial death mechanism was elucidated by the measurement of hole size in cell wall that has been induced by extract constituents via field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).

RESULTS

Four fractions showed significant antimicrobial activity against the six microorganisms tested (p < 0.01), with inhibition zones ranging from 35.67 to 17.00 mm, and minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 6.25 to 50.00 mg/ml in which the pods ethyl acetate fraction was the most effective. The methanol fraction isolated from the pods ethyl acetate fraction was much more effective with a four-fold increase from 6.25 to 1.25 mg/ml against S. epidermidis. The disintegration of S. aureus was due to chronic cell wall alterations with pore creation, invaginations and morphological disorganisation. Autolysis in bacterial cells via the expression of peptidoglycan-disrupting lysozyme or bacterial murein hydrolase was postulated. A significantly large pore with a mean diameter of 293.7 nm was detected in the cell wall of S. aureus.

CONCLUSION

P. speciosa fraction could be a potential novel source for the development of a natural antibacterial agent.

The Genus Anabasis: A Review on Pharmacological and Phytochemical Properties

The genus Anabasis has long been used in phytomedicine. The studied parts of Anabasis species are used as antirheumatic, diuretic, antidotes against poison, anti-erosion, anti-ulcer, and antidiabetic agents, as well as against headache and skin diseases. The objective of the present review was to summarize the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects related to the genus Anabasis. The results of this literature analysis show that among all the species of the Anabasis (A) family, A. aphylla, A. Iranica, A. aretioides, and A. articulata showed antibacterial activity; A. aretioides and A. articulata have antioxidant activity, A. aretioides and A. articulata have antidiabetic activity, A. articulata has cytotoxic activity and A. setifera, A. aretioides, and A. articulata exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The Anabasis genus contains saponins, and alkaloids, such as anabasine, anabasamine, lupinine, jaxartinine, and triterpenic sapogenins. The study of 15 Anabasis plants has identified 70 compounds with an array of pharmacological activities especially antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, there is a need for further studies on Anabasis plants before they can be fully used clinically as a potential drug.

Small, but mitey: investigating the molecular genetic basis for mite domatia development and intraspecific variation in Vitis riparia using transcriptomics

Here, we investigated the molecular genetic basis of mite domatia, structures on the underside of leaves that house mutualistic mites, and intraspecific variation in domatia size in Vitis riparia (riverbank grape). Domatia and leaf traits were measured, and the transcriptomes of mite domatia from two genotypes of V. riparia with distinct domatia sizes were sequenced to investigate the molecular genetic pathways that regulate domatia development and intraspecific variation in domatia traits. Key trichome regulators as well as auxin and jasmonic acid are involved in domatia development. Genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, biotic interactions, and molecule transport/metabolism are upregulated in domatia, consistent with their role in domatia development and function. This work is one of the first to date that provides insight into the molecular genetic bases of mite domatia. We identified key genetic pathways involved in domatia development and function, and uncovered unexpected pathways that provide an avenue for future investigation. We also found that intraspecific variation in domatia size in V. riparia seems to be driven by differences in overall leaf development between genotypes.