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Williamson CHD, Vazquez AJ, Nunnally AE, Kyger K, Fofanov VY, Furstenau TN, Hornstra HM, Terriquez J, Keim P, Sahl JW. ColiSeq: a multiplex amplicon assay that provides strain level resolution of Escherichia coli directly from clinical specimens. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0413923. [PMID: 38651881 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04139-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a diverse pathogen, causing a range of disease in humans, from self-limiting diarrhea to urinary tract infections (UTIs). Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is the most frequently observed uropathogen in UTIs, a common disease in high-income countries, incurring billions of dollars yearly in treatment costs. Although E. coli is easily grown and identified in the clinical laboratory, genotyping the pathogen is more complicated, yet critical for reducing the incidence of disease. These goals can be achieved through whole-genome sequencing of E. coli isolates, but this approach is relatively slow and typically requires culturing the pathogen in the laboratory. To genotype E. coli rapidly and inexpensively directly from clinical samples, including but not limited to urine, we developed and validated a multiplex amplicon sequencing assay, called ColiSeq. The assay consists of targets designed for E. coli species confirmation, high resolution genotyping, and mixture deconvolution. To demonstrate its utility, we screened the ColiSeq assay against 230 clinical urine samples collected from a hospital system in Flagstaff, Arizona, USA. A limit of detection analysis demonstrated the ability of ColiSeq to identify E. coli at a concentration of ~2 genomic equivalent (GEs)/mL and to generate high-resolution genotyping at a concentration of 1 × 105 GEs/mL. The results of this study suggest that ColiSeq could be a valuable method to understand the source of UPEC strains and guide infection mitigation efforts. As sequence-based diagnostics become accepted in the clinical laboratory, workflows such as ColiSeq will provide actionable information to improve patient outcomes.IMPORTANCEUrinary tract infections (UTIs), caused primarily by Escherichia coli, create an enormous health care burden in the United States and other high-income countries. The early detection of E. coli from clinical samples, including urine, is important to target therapy and prevent further patient complications. Additionally, understanding the source of E. coli exposure will help with future mitigation efforts. In this study, we developed, tested, and validated an amplicon sequencing assay focused on direct detection of E. coli from urine. The resulting sequence data were demonstrated to provide strain level resolution of the pathogen, not only confirming the presence of E. coli, which can focus treatment efforts, but also providing data needed for source attribution and contact tracing. This assay will generate inexpensive, rapid, and reproducible data that can be deployed by public health agencies to track, diagnose, and potentially mitigate future UTIs caused by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam J Vazquez
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Amalee E Nunnally
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Kristen Kyger
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Viacheslav Y Fofanov
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Tara N Furstenau
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Heidie M Hornstra
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Paul Keim
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Jason W Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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Lee W, Ha J, Choi J, Jung Y, Kim E, An ES, Kim SH, Shin H, Ryu S, Kim SH, Kim HY. Genetic and virulence characteristics of hybrid Shiga toxin-producing and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated in South Korea. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1398262. [PMID: 38812694 PMCID: PMC11133561 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1398262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The predominant hybrid pathogenic E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), combines characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), contributing to global outbreaks with severe symptoms including fatal consequences. Since EHEC infection was designated as a notifiable disease in 2000 in South Korea, around 2000 cases have been reported, averaging approximately 90 cases annually. Aim In this work, genome-based characteristic analysis and cell-based assay of hybrid STEC/aEPEC strains isolated from livestock feces, animal source foods, and water in South Korea was performed. Methods To identify the virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, determining the phylogenetic position of hybrid STEC/aEPEC strains isolated in South Korea, a combination of real-time PCR and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used. Additionally, to assess the virulence of the hybrid strains and compare them with genomic characterization, we performed a cell cytotoxicity and invasion assays. Results The hybrid STEC/aEPEC strains harbored stx and eae genes, encoding Shiga toxins and E. coli attachment/effacement related protein of STEC and EPEC, respectively. Furthermore, all hybrid strains harbored plasmid-carried enterohemolysin(ehxCABD), a key virulence factor in prevalent pathogenic E. coli infections, such as diarrheal disease and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Genome-wide phylogenetic analysis revealed a close association between all hybrid strains and specific EPEC strains, suggesting the potential acquisition of Stx phages during STEC/aEPEC hybrid formation. Some hybrid strains showed cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells and invasive properties against epithelial cells. Notably, all STEC/aEPEC hybrids with sequence type (ST) 1,034 (n = 11) exhibited higher invasiveness than those with E2348/69. This highlights the importance of investigating potential correlations between STs and virulence characteristics of E. coli hybrid strains. Conclusion Through genome-based characterization, we confirmed that the hybrid STEC/aEPEC strains are likely EPEC strains that have acquired STEC virulence genes via phage. Furthermore, our results emphasize the potential increased danger to humans posed by hybrid STEC/aEPEC strains isolated in South Korea, containing both stx and eaeA, compared to STEC or EPEC alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojung Lee
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Ha
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Choi
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Jung
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eiseul Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sook An
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Kim
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakdong Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Han Kim
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Development and Evaluation of a Novel VHH-Based Immunocapture Assay for High-Sensitivity Detection of Shiga Toxin Type 2 (Stx2) in Stool Samples. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01566-19. [PMID: 31826960 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01566-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the main cause of postdiarrheal hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a life-threatening clinical complication characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure that mainly affects children. A relevant feature of STEC strains is the production of Stx, and all of them express Stx1 and/or Stx2 regardless of the strain serotype. Therefore, Stx detection assays are considered the most suitable methods for the early detection of STEC infections. Single-domain antibodies from camelids (VHHs) exhibit several advantages in comparison with conventional antibodies, making them promising tools for diagnosis. In this work, we have exploited VHH technology for the development of an immunocapture assay for Stx2 detection. Thirteen anti-Stx2 VHHs previously obtained from a variable-domain repertoire library were selected and evaluated in 130 capture-detection pair combinations for Stx detection. Based on this analysis, two VHHs were selected and a double VHH-based biotin-streptavidin capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with spectrophotometric detection was developed and optimized for Stx2 detection. This assay showed an excellent analytical and clinical sensitivity in both STEC culture supernatants and stool samples even higher than the sensitivity of a commercial ELISA. Furthermore, based on the analysis of stool samples, the VHH-based ELISA showed high correlation with stx 2 detection by PCR and a commercial rapid membrane-based immunoassay. The intrinsic properties of VHHs (high target affinity and specificity, stability, and ease of expression at high yields in recombinant bacteria) and their optimal performance for Stx detection make them attractive tools for the diagnosis of HUS related to STEC (STEC-HUS).
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Role of Shiga Toxins in Cytotoxicity and Immunomodulatory Effects of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during Host-Bacterial Interactions in vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12010048. [PMID: 31947665 PMCID: PMC7020462 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains are food-borne pathogens that can cause different clinical conditions. Shiga toxin 2a and/or 2c (Stx2)-producing E. coli O157:H7 is the serotype most frequently associated with severe human disease. In this work we analyzed the hypothesis that host cells participate in Stx2 production, cell damage, and inflammation during EHEC infection. With this aim, macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells and the intestinal epithelial cell line HCT-8 were incubated with E. coli O157:H7. A time course analysis of cellular and bacterial survival, Stx2 production, stx2 transcription, and cytokine secretion were analyzed in both human cell lines. We demonstrated that macrophages are able to internalize and kill EHEC. Simultaneously, Stx2 produced by internalized bacteria played a major role in macrophage death. In contrast, HCT-8 cells were completely resistant to EHEC infection. Besides, macrophages and HCT-8 infected cells produce IL-1β and IL-8 inflammatory cytokines, respectively. At the same time, bacterial stx2-specific transcripts were detected only in macrophages after EHEC infection. The interplay between bacteria and host cells led to Stx production, triggering of inflammatory response and cell damage, all of which could contribute to a severe outcome after EHEC infections.
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Burgán J, Krüger A, Lucchesi PMA. Comparable stx 2a expression and phage production levels between Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from human and bovine origin. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 67:44-53. [PMID: 31868306 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause diarrhoea and severe diseases in humans, such as haemolytic uraemic syndrome. STEC virulence is considered to correlate with the amount of Shiga toxins (Stx) produced, especially Stx2, whose subtype Stx2a is most frequently associated with high virulence. Stx are encoded in prophages, which play an important role in STEC pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate stx2a expression levels and Stx2a phage production using qPCR and the double-agar-layer method in 29 STEC strains, corresponding to serotypes O26:H11 (6), O91:H21 (1), O145:H- (11) and O157:H7 (11), isolated from cattle and humans. Results were then tested for possible associations with serotype, origin or some genetic features. We observed heterogeneous levels of stx2a expression and Stx2a phage production. However, statistical comparisons identified a higher stx2a expression in response to mitomycin C in strains isolated from cattle than in those from humans. At the same time, compared to stx2a /stx2c strains, stx2a strains showed a higher increase in phage production under induced conditions. Notably, most of the strains studied, regardless of serotype and origin, carried inducible Stx2a phages and evidenced expression of stx2a that increased along with phage production levels under induced conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Burgán
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Krüger
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula M A Lucchesi
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Garimano N, Amaral MM, Ibarra C. Endocytosis, Cytotoxicity, and Translocation of Shiga Toxin-2 Are Stimulated by Infection of Human Intestinal (HCT-8) Monolayers With an Hypervirulent E. coli O157:H7 Lacking stx2 Gene. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:396. [PMID: 31824869 PMCID: PMC6881261 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are responsible for multiple clinical syndromes, including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). E. coli O157:H7 is the most prevalent serotype associated with HUS and produces a variety of virulence factors being Stx2 the responsible of the most HUS severe cases. After intestinal colonization by STEC, Stx2 is released into the intestinal lumen, translocated to the circulatory system and then binds to its receptor, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in target cells. Thus, Stx2 passage through the colonic epithelial barrier is a key step in order to produce disease, being its mechanisms still poorly understood. We have previously reported that STEC interaction with the human colonic mucosa enhanced Stx2 production. In the present work, we have demonstrated that infection with O157:H7Δstx2, a mutant unable to produce Stx2, enhanced either Stx2 cytotoxicity on an intestinal cell line (HCT-8), or translocation across HCT-8 monolayers. Moreover, we found that translocation was enhanced by both paracellular and transcellular pathways. Using specific endocytosis inhibitors, we have further demonstrated that the main mechanisms implicated on Stx2 endocytosis and translocation, either when O157:H7Δstx2 was present or not, were Gb3-dependent, but dynamin-independent. On the other hand, dynamin dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis became more relevant only when O157:H7Δstx2 infection was present. Overall, this study highlights the effects of STEC infection on the intestinal epithelial cell host and the mechanisms underlying Stx2 endocytosis, cytotoxic activity and translocation, in the aim of finding new tools toward a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Garimano
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Marta Amaral
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Salinas Ibáñez ÁG, Lucero Estrada C, Favier GI, Vega AE, Stagnitta PV, Mattar MA, Zolezzi G, Carbonari C, Miliwebsky E, Cortiñas TI, Escudero ME. Characterization of Shiga-toxin producingEscherichia coliisolated from meat products sold in San Luis, Argentina. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Lucero Estrada
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Researches, National Council of Scientific and Technological Researches (IMIBIO-CONICET); San Luis Argentina
| | | | - Alba Edith Vega
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | | | - María Aída Mattar
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | - Gisela Zolezzi
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Carolina Carbonari
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Miliwebsky
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
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Kieckens E, Rybarczyk J, Cox E, Vanrompay D. Antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of bovine lactoferrin against Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in cattle. Biometals 2018; 31:321-330. [PMID: 29442205 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen that causes food-borne disease in humans ranging from watery diarrhea to bloody diarrhea and severe hemorrhagic colitis, renal failure and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Cattle, the most important source of E. coli O157:H7 transmission to humans, harbor the bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract without showing clinical symptoms. Prevention of E. coli O157:H7 infections in ruminants could diminish the public health risk. However, there is no specific treatment available nor a vaccine or a therapeutic agent which completely prevents E. coli O157:H7 infections in cattle. This paper provides an overview of latest research data on eradicating enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 in ruminants by use of bovine lactoferrin administration. The article provides insights into the anti-microbial and immunomodulatory activities of bovine lactoferrin against E. coli O157:H7 infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Kieckens
- Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joanna Rybarczyk
- Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Abstract
Post-infectious hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is caused by specific pathogens in patients with no identifiable HUS-associated genetic mutation or autoantibody. The majority of episodes is due to infections by Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC). This chapter reviews the epidemiology and pathogenesis of STEC-HUS, including bacterial-derived factors and host responses. STEC disease is characterized by hematological (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia), renal (acute kidney injury) and extrarenal organ involvement. Clinicians should always strive for an etiological diagnosis through the microbiological or molecular identification of Stx-producing bacteria and Stx or, if negative, serological assays. Treatment of STEC-HUS is supportive; more investigations are needed to evaluate the efficacy of putative preventive and therapeutic measures, such as non-phage-inducing antibiotics, volume expansion and anti-complement agents. The outcome of STEC-HUS is generally favorable, but chronic kidney disease, permanent extrarenal, mainly cerebral complication and death (in less than 5 %) occur and long-term follow-up is recommended. The remainder of this chapter highlights rarer forms of (post-infectious) HUS due to S. dysenteriae, S. pneumoniae, influenza A and HIV and discusses potential interactions between these pathogens and the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis F. Geary
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Iijima Y, Oundo JO, Hibino T, Saidi SM, Hinenoya A, Osawa K, Shirakawa T, Osawa R, Yamasaki S. High Prevalence of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among Children with Diarrhea in Kenya. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 70:80-83. [PMID: 27169953 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2016.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is an important agent of endemic and epidemic diarrhea worldwide, particularly in developing countries. DEC cannot be differentiated from commensal E. coli on selective media, although there are a few exceptions. Most studies use the colony isolation method, which cannot detect low numbers of DEC, and therefore, these studies might underestimate the incidence of DEC. In the present study, we employed a colony sweep method with real-time PCR targeting virulence genes of 5 categories of DEC; this technique can detect very low numbers of DEC among hundreds of commensal E. coli. DEC was detected in 171 (55.9%) of 306 children with diarrhea in Kenya. The prevalence of DEC in Kenya was notably higher than that (30 in 143, 21.0%) in Indonesia. Occurrences of multiple DEC infection in Kenya were frequent (69 in 306, 23.2%), suggesting that the source of DEC infection may be related to grossly contaminated food and water. In contrast, only 9 (6.0%) of 150 healthy adults in Kenya carried DEC. Considering that healthy adults naturally harbor non-DEC, it is interesting how children exclude DEC but not non-DEC as they grow up. Several mechanisms, such as mucosal immunity and intestinal microbiota, might be involved in the exclusion of DEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Iijima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health
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Parsons BD, Zelyas N, Berenger BM, Chui L. Detection, Characterization, and Typing of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:478. [PMID: 27148176 PMCID: PMC4828450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are responsible for gastrointestinal diseases reported in numerous outbreaks around the world. Given the public health importance of STEC, effective detection, characterization and typing is critical to any medical laboratory system. While non-O157 serotypes account for the majority of STEC infections, frontline microbiology laboratories may only screen for STEC using O157-specific agar-based methods. As a result, non-O157 STEC infections are significantly under-reported. This review discusses recent advances on the detection, characterization and typing of STEC with emphasis on work performed at the Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab). Candidates for the detection of all STEC serotypes include chromogenic agars, enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Culture methods allow further characterization of isolates, whereas qPCR provides the greatest sensitivity and specificity, followed by EIA. The virulence gene profiles using PCR arrays and stx gene subtypes can subsequently be determined. Different non-O157 serotypes exhibit markedly different virulence gene profiles and a greater prevalence of stx1 than stx2 subtypes compared to O157:H7 isolates. Finally, recent innovations in whole genome sequencing (WGS) have allowed it to emerge as a candidate for the characterization and typing of STEC in diagnostic surveillance isolates. Methods of whole genome analysis such as single nucleotide polymorphisms and k-mer analysis are concordant with epidemiological data and standard typing methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis while offering additional strain differentiation. Together these findings highlight improved strategies for STEC detection using currently available systems and the development of novel approaches for future surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon D. Parsons
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nathan Zelyas
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Byron M. Berenger
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
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Kieckens E, Rybarczyk J, Barth SA, Menge C, Cox E, Vanrompay D. Effect of lactoferrin on release and bioactivity of Shiga toxins from different Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains. Vet Microbiol 2016; 202:29-37. [PMID: 27039884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infections and of their severe clinical sequelae in humans remain to be a current challenge. Administration of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) proved to be effective in clearing EHEC from the bovine intestine, an important EHEC reservoir, suggesting that bLF may also be beneficial in human application against EHEC infections. To estimate the biological safety of this approach, we analyzed the effects of bLF on the main EHEC virulence factor, Shiga toxin (Stx). We quantified the release of Stx 1 and 2 from two O157:H7 EHEC strains (Stx1+Stx2+ and Stx2+ producing, respectively) cultured in the presence of bLF using ELISA assays and assessed cytotoxic effects of bLF and co-cultured EHEC on Vero cells. Effects of bLF on the stability of Stx2 were investigated using western blotting. ELISA results indicate a bLF concentration-dependent decrease of active, cell-free Stx2, but not Stx1 in EHEC cultures. High concentrations (100 and 50mg/ml) of bLF resulted in significantly reduced (p<0.05) metabolic activity rates of Vero cells, whereas a concentration of 10mg/ml bLF was considered non-toxic for Vero cells. At concentrations of 1 or 0.1mg/ml, bLF mitigated the verocytotoxicity of EHEC strains in a co-culture model up to 48h after inoculation. When only colonizing bacteria were taken into account, cytotoxicity could be significantly reduced by 10 and 1mg/ml bLF during 48h. This effect of bLF at least partly results from degradation of the Stx2 receptor-binding B-subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kieckens
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J Rybarczyk
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 654, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - C Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - E Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Vanrompay
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 654, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Subils T, Casabonne C, Balagué C. The inhibitory effect of colloidal bismuth hydroxide gel on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and on the activity of Shiga toxins. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:875. [PMID: 25475210 PMCID: PMC4289334 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the causative agent of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Colloidal bismuth hydroxide gel (CBHG) is an anti-diarrheal and antisecretory compound, which does not inhibit gastrointestinal motility and reaches an in vivo gut concentration of 10.8 mg/ml of bismuth. Its action on bacteria has not been studied. We analyzed its inhibitory effects on STEC, as well as the deactivation of the Shiga toxin (Stx) and its ability to block the spread of genes encoding Stx. We determined a minimum inhibitory concentration and bactericidal concentration for the STEC O157:H7 strain (EDL933), with CBHG and Chobet® bismuth cream with pectin (CBCHP). We analyzed its effect on Stx by means of cytotoxicity assay and ELISA, as well as its effect on the free 933 W Stx phage. RESULTS Effect on the EDL933 strain: CBHG: MIC 10 mg/ml of bismuth. CBCHP MIC 6 mg/ml and MBC 15 mg/ml of bismuth. Effect on EDL933 virulence factors: significant decrease in active Stx and 933 W Stx phage titer. ELISA did not find significant differences with treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained may be useful in the development of new therapeutic strategies based on the use of CBHG to prevent or improve the prognosis of HUS, as it can be used to control STEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Subils
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Casabonne
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudia Balagué
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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14
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Functional capacity of Shiga-toxin promoter sequences in eukaryotic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57128. [PMID: 23451160 PMCID: PMC3579788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stx) are the main virulence factors in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections, causing diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The genes encoding for Shiga toxin-2 (Stx2) are located in a bacteriophage. The toxin is formed by a single A subunit and five B subunits, each of which has its own promoter sequence. We have previously reported the expression of the B subunit within the eukaryotic environment, probably driven by their own promoter. The aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of the eukaryotic machinery to recognize stx2 sequences as eukaryotic-like promoters. Vero cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding Stx2 under its own promoter. The cytotoxic effect on these cells was similar to that observed upon incubation with purified Stx2. In addition, we showed that Stx2 expression in Stx2-insensitive BHK eukaryotic cells induced drastic morphological and cytoskeletal changes. In order to directly evaluate the capacity of the wild promoter sequences of the A and B subunits to drive protein expression in mammalian cells, GFP was cloned under eukaryotic-like putative promoter sequences. GFP expression was observed in 293T cells transfected with these constructions. These results show a novel and alternative way to synthesize Stx2 that could contribute to the global understanding of EHEC infections with immediate impact on the development of treatments or vaccines against HUS.
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15
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Evaluation of a new chromogenic agar medium for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and relative prevalences of O157 and non-O157 STEC in Manitoba, Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 51:466-71. [PMID: 23175263 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02329-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assesses the detection performance of CHROMagar STEC medium relative to a reference cytotoxin assay and describes the current relative prevalence of O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotypes within the province of Manitoba, Canada. Over a 10-month period, 205 nonfrozen routine stool submissions to Cadham Provincial Laboratory (CPL) were used to assess the performance of CHROMagar STEC. Of the 205 stools, 14 were identified as true positives by a cytotoxin assay, with resultant CHROMagar STEC sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive and negative predictive values of 85.7%, 95.8%, 60.0%, and 98.9%, respectively. Using a separate panel of 111 STEC strains, CHROMagar STEC was shown to support the growth of 96 (86.5%) isolates. To assess relative prevalence, attempts were made to isolate by any means all STEC strains identified at CPL over a 17-month period. Of 49 isolates (representing 86.0% of all STEC infections detected), only 28.6% were O157 STEC strains. Of the 35 non-O157 STEC strains, 29 were subjected to further molecular analysis. In contrast to earlier results from our area, carriage of stx(2) appears to have increased. Overall, although CHROMagar STEC is not recommended as a primary screen, our results indicate that it is an effective supplemental medium for the isolation of probable STEC strains. Increased isolation of these serotypes is warranted to better understand their prevalence, clinical characteristics, and epidemiology and aid in the development or enhancement of food safety control programs targeting all STEC serotypes.
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16
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Immune response to verotoxin 1 and 2 in children with Escherichia coli O157:H7 hemorrhagic colitis and classic hemolytic uremic syndrome. Can J Infect Dis 2012; 6:136-40. [PMID: 22514385 DOI: 10.1155/1995/825478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/1994] [Accepted: 02/13/1995] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare neutralizing antibody titres against verotoxin (vt)-1 and vt-2 between children with uncomplicated hemorrhagic colitis (hc) and those with classic hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus). vt antibody titres were also compared in children with hc who received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with those who did not. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Tertiary pediatric hospital. POPULATION STUDIED Children with hc (n=41) or classic hus (n=12). INTERVENTIONS Serum antibodies against vt-1 and vt-2 were determined by quantitative neutralization. MAIN RESULTS Antibodies were detected in 40% (21 of 53) of serum samples for vt-1 and in 100% (53 of 53) of samples for vt-2. A positive immune response, defined as a fourfold increase in vt antibody titres or as a single titre of 1/64 or greater, was found in 0% (0 of 12) of patients with hus compared with 7% (three of 41) of those with hc for vt-1 (P=0.4); and in 17% (two of 12) of patients with hus compared with 22% (nine of 41) of those with hc for vt-2 (P=0.3). The rate of seroconversion against either vt-1 or vt-2 was comparable in treated and untreated patients with uncomplicated hc. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence that neutralizing antibody levels against vt-1 or vt-2 in classic hus or after antibiotic therapy are substantially different from those in patients with uncomplicated hc.
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Fernandez-Brando RJ, Miliwebsky E, Mejías MP, Baschkier A, Panek CA, Abrey-Recalde MJ, Cabrera G, Ramos MV, Rivas M, Palermo MS. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 : H7 shows an increased pathogenicity in mice after the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of the same host. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:852-859. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.041251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Romina J. Fernandez-Brando
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Miliwebsky
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas – ANLIS ‘Dr Carlos G. Malbrán’, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Pilar Mejías
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariela Baschkier
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas – ANLIS ‘Dr Carlos G. Malbrán’, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia A. Panek
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Jimena Abrey-Recalde
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Cabrera
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Ramos
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas – ANLIS ‘Dr Carlos G. Malbrán’, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina S. Palermo
- División Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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SUBILS TOMÁS, AQUILI VIRGINIA, EBNER GUILLERMO, BALAGUÉ CLAUDIA. Effect of Preservatives on Shiga Toxigenic Phages and Shiga Toxin of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Prot 2012; 75:959-65. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Toxin synthesis by Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) appears to be coregulated through the induction of the integrated bacteriophages that encode the toxin genes. These phages might be the principal means for the dissemination and release of Shiga toxins. We evaluated the effect of three common food preservatives, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and sodium propionate, on the propagation of the phages and Shiga toxins. We tested each preservative at four concentrations, 1, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/ml, both on free phages and on lysogenic phages in bacteria. We also evaluated the expression of a lambdoid phage, which was exposed to increasing concentrations of preservatives, by measuring β-galactosidase activity from SPC105, a transductant strain. Furthermore, we tested the effect of the preservatives on cytotoxigenic activity of Shiga toxin on Vero cells. We detected an increase of the inhibitory effect of the phage lytic activity, both in lysogenic and free phages, as the preservative concentration increased. However, the inhibition was higher on the lysogenic phages release than on free phages. Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate were about equal at inhibiting phages; they were more effective than sodium propionate. A significant decrease of lacZ expression, encoded in a lambda phage, was observed. We also found a reduction in Shiga toxin titer caused by exposure of E. coli O157:H7 to 5 mg/ml sodium benzoate or potassium sorbate. These results imply that these three preservatives, used to inhibit microbial spoilage of foods, also act to inhibit lytic activity and dispersion of a phage carrying the gene encoding powerful Shiga cytotoxins. Also notable was the inactivation of Shiga toxin activity, although this effect was detected using concentrations of preservatives greater than those allowed by the Argentine Food Code.
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Affiliation(s)
- TOMÁS SUBILS
- Área Bacteriología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531 S2002LRK, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - VIRGINIA AQUILI
- Área Bacteriología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531 S2002LRK, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - GUILLERMO EBNER
- Área Bacteriología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531 S2002LRK, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - CLAUDIA BALAGUÉ
- Área Bacteriología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531 S2002LRK, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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19
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D'Astek BA, del Castillo LL, Miliwebsky E, Carbonari C, Palladino PM, Deza N, Chinen I, Manfredi E, Leotta GA, Masana MO, Rivas M. Subtyping ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 Strains Isolated from Human Infections and Healthy Cattle in Argentina. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:457-64. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A. D'Astek
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán,” Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lourdes L. del Castillo
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Morón, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Miliwebsky
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán,” Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Carbonari
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán,” Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo M. Palladino
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Morón, Argentina
| | - Natalia Deza
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán,” Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Isabel Chinen
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán,” Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Manfredi
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán,” Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A. Leotta
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán,” Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo O. Masana
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Morón, Argentina
| | - Marta Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán,” Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Masana MO, D'Astek BA, Palladino PM, Galli L, Del Castillo LL, Carbonari C, Leotta GA, Vilacoba E, Irino K, Rivas M. Genotypic characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef abattoirs of Argentina. J Food Prot 2011; 74:2008-17. [PMID: 22186039 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contamination in carcasses and feces of 811 bovines in nine beef abattoirs from Argentina was analyzed during a period of 17 months. The feces of 181 (22.3%) bovines were positive for non-O157 STEC, while 73 (9.0%) of the carcasses showed non-O157 STEC contamination. Non-O157 STEC strains isolated from feces (227) and carcasses (80) were characterized. The main serotypes identified were O178:H19, O8:H19, O130:H11, and O113:H21, all of which have produced sporadic cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Argentina and worldwide. Twenty-two (7.2%) strains carried a fully virulent stx/eae/ehxA genotype. Among them, strains of serotypes O103:[H2], O145:NM, and O111:NM represented 4.8% of the isolates. Xba I pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern analysis showed 234 different patterns, with 76 strains grouped in 30 clusters. Nine of the clusters grouped strains isolated from feces and from carcasses of the same or different bovines in a lot, while three clusters were comprised of strains distributed in more than one abattoir. Patterns AREXSX01.0157, AREXBX01.0015, and AREXPX01.0013 were identified as 100% compatible with the patterns of one strain isolated from a hemolytic-uremic syndrome case and two strains previously isolated from beef medallions, included in the Argentine PulseNet Database. In this survey, 4.8% (39 of 811) of the bovine carcasses appeared to be contaminated with nonO157 STEC strains potentially capable of producing sporadic human disease, and a lower proportion (0.25%) with strains able to produce outbreaks of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Masana
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-INTA, CC. 77, B1708WAB Morón, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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21
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Tatsumi N, Kondou K, Yamada T, Sugiura Y, Inuzuka K, Kaneko T. [Etiological bacterial level in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection feces and chromogenic culture medium CHROMagar STEC usefulness]. KANSENSHOGAKU ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 85:664-669. [PMID: 22250458 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.85.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection in which EHEC was not detected by culture on DHL agar medium. The proportion of EHEC bacterial count to enterobacterial count in feces was 1.7%, and the detection probability by 5-colony angling was low (8.1%). The probability of angling detection using CHROMagar STEC, a chromogenic medium for detecting EHEC, was high (100%). An additional and collection test was done using E. coli bacterial solutions to which two main sera groups--O157 and O26 were added. The maximum detectable level in the bacterial solution with O157 was 10(3)-10(4) CFU/mL in DHL and 10(2) CFU/mL in CHROMagar STEC. Bacterial solution levels with O26 were 10(3) CFU/mL in DHL and 10(2) CFU/mL in CHROMagar STEC. Assuming that the EHEC bacterial amount in feces of those with EHEC infection is low, we speculated that CHROMagar STEC may be useful as on EHEC screening medium.
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22
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Lino M, Kus JV, Tran SL, Naqvi Z, Binnington B, Goodman SD, Segall AM, Barnett Foster D. A novel antimicrobial peptide significantly enhances acid-induced killing of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 serotypes. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:1768-1775. [PMID: 21454368 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.047365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) colonizes the human intestine, causing haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). Treatment options are limited to intravenous fluids in part because sublethal doses of some antibiotics have been shown to stimulate increased toxin release and enhance the risk of progression to HUS. Preventative antimicrobial agents, especially those that build on the natural antimicrobial action of the host defence, may provide a better option. In order to survive the acid stress of gastric passage, STEC is equipped with numerous acid resistance and DNA repair mechanisms. Inhibition of acid-induced DNA repair may offer a strategy to target survival of ingested STEC. We report here that brief pretreatment with a novel antimicrobial peptide, which was previously shown to inhibit bacterial DNA repair, significantly and profoundly reduces survival of acid-stressed O157 : H7 and non-O157 : H7 STEC seropathotypes that are highly associated with HUS. Reduction in survival rates of STEC range from 3 to 5 log. We also show that peptide/acid treatment results in little or no increase in toxin production, thereby reducing the risk of progression to HUS. This study identifies the peptide wrwycr as a potential new candidate for a preventative antimicrobial for STEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J V Kus
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S L Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Z Naqvi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B Binnington
- Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S D Goodman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, USA
| | - A M Segall
- Department of Biology, Center for Microbial Sciences and Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, USA
| | - D Barnett Foster
- Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Rodrigues JF, Mathias-Santos C, Sbrogio-Almeida ME, Amorim JH, Cabrera-Crespo J, Balan A, Ferreira LCS. Functional diversity of heat-labile toxins (LT) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: differential enzymatic and immunological activities of LT1 (hLT) AND LT4 (pLT). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:5222-33. [PMID: 21135101 PMCID: PMC3037635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.173682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-labile toxins (LTs) have ADP-ribosylation activity and induce the secretory diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains in different mammalian hosts. LTs also act as adjuvants following delivery via mucosal, parenteral, or transcutaneous routes. Previously we have shown that LT produced by human-derived ETEC strains encompass a group of 16 polymorphic variants, including the reference toxin (LT1 or hLT) produced by the H10407 strain and one variant that is found mainly among bacterial strains isolated from pigs (LT4 or pLT). Herein, we show that LT4 (with six polymorphic sites in the A (K4R, K213E, and N238D) and B (S4T, A46E, and E102K) subunits) displays differential in vitro toxicity and in vivo adjuvant activities compared with LT1. One in vitro generated LT mutant (LTK4R), in which the lysine at position 4 of the A subunit was replaced by arginine, showed most of the LT4 features with an ∼10-fold reduction of the cytotonic effects, ADP-ribosylation activity, and accumulation of intracellular cAMP in Y1 cells. Molecular dynamic studies of the A subunit showed that the K4R replacement reduces the N-terminal region flexibility and decreases the catalytic site crevice. Noticeably, LT4 showed a stronger Th1-biased adjuvant activity with regard to LT1, particularly concerning activation of cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocytes when delivered via the intranasal route. Our results further emphasize the relevance of LT polymorphism among human-derived ETEC strains that may impact both the pathogenicity of the bacterial strain and the use of these toxins as potential vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F. Rodrigues
- From the Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000
| | - Camila Mathias-Santos
- From the Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000
| | | | - Jaime H. Amorim
- From the Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000
| | - Joaquim Cabrera-Crespo
- the Division of Technological Development, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, and
| | - Andrea Balan
- the National Laboratory of Biosciences, Research Centre of Energy and Material, São Paulo, SP 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Luís C. S. Ferreira
- From the Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000
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ARAKAWA YUMI, SAWADA TAKUO, TAKATORI KOSUKE, LEE KENICHI, HARA-KUDO YUKIKO. Rapid Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Ground Beef by an Immunochromatography Kit in Combination with Short-Term Enrichment and Treatment for Shiga Toxin Release. Biocontrol Sci 2011; 16:159-64. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.16.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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25
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MASANA MO, LEOTTA GA, DEL CASTILLO LL, D'ASTEK BA, PALLADINO PM, GALLI L, VILACOBA E, CARBONARI C, RODRÍGUEZ HR, RIVAS M. Prevalence, Characterization, and Genotypic Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7/NM fromSelected Beef Exporting Abattoirs of Argentina. J Food Prot 2010; 73:649-56. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.4.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Argentina, Escherichia coli O157:H7/NM (STEC O157) is the prevalent serotype associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is endemic in the country with more than 400 cases per year. In order to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of STEC O157 in beef cattle at slaughter, a survey of 1,622 fecal and carcass samples was conducted in nine beef exporting abattoirs from November 2006 to April 2008. A total of 54 samples were found positive for STEC O157, with an average prevalence of 4.1% in fecal content and 2.6% in carcasses. Calves and heifers presented higher percentages of prevalence in feces, 10.5 and 8.5%, respectively. All STEC O157 isolates harbored stx2 (Shiga toxin 2), eae (intimin), ehxA (enterohemolysin), and fliCH7 (H7 flagellin) genes, while stx1 (Shiga toxin 1) was present in 16.7% of the strains. The prevalent (56%) stx genotype identified was stx2 combined with variant stx2c (vh-a), the combination of which is also prevalent (>90%) in STEC O157 post–enteric HUS cases in Argentina. The clonal relatedness of STEC O157 strains was established by phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The 54 STEC isolates were categorized into 12 different phage types and in 29 XbaI-PFGE patterns distributed in 27 different lots. STEC O157 strains isolated from 5 of 21 carcasses were identical by PFGE (100% similarity) to strains of the fecal content of the same or a contiguous bovine in the lot. Five phage type–PFGE–stx profiles of 10 strains isolated in this study matched with the profiles of the strains recovered from 18 of 122 HUS cases that occurred in the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. O. MASANA
- 1Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, CC. 77, B1708WAB Morón, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G. A. LEOTTA
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 3Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - L. L. DEL CASTILLO
- 1Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, CC. 77, B1708WAB Morón, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B. A. D'ASTEK
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P. M. PALLADINO
- 1Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, CC. 77, B1708WAB Morón, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L. GALLI
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 3Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - E. VILACOBA
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C. CARBONARI
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H. R. RODRÍGUEZ
- 4Instituto de Economía y Sociologia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, Cerviño 2101 2P, C1425AGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. RIVAS
- 2Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos. G. Malbrán”, Argentina, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Nara JM, Cianciarullo AM, Culler HF, Bueris V, Horton DSPQ, Menezes MA, Franzolin MR, Elias WP, Piazza RMF. Differentiation of typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli using colony immunoblot for detection of bundle-forming pilus expression. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 109:35-43. [PMID: 19968733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of study was to develop a colony immunoblot assay to differentiate typical from atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) by detection of bundle-forming pilus (BFP) expression. METHODS AND RESULTS Anti-BFP antiserum was raised in rabbits and its reactivity was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy and by immunoblotting recognizing bundlin, the major pilus repeating subunit. The bacterial isolates tested in the colony immunoblot assay were grown in different media. Proteins from bacterial isolates were transferred to nitrocellulose membrane after treatment with phosphate buffer containing Triton X-100, EDTA and sodium chloride salts. When 24 typical EPEC and 96 isolates including, 72 atypical EPEC, 13 Gram-negative type IV-expressing strains and 11 enterobacteriaceae were cultivated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium agar containing fetal bovine serum or in blood agar in the presence of CaCl(2) , they showed a positivity of 92 and 83%, and specificity of 96 and 97%, respectively. CONCLUSION The assay enables reliable identification of BFP-expressing isolates and contributes to the differentiation of typical and atypical EPEC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The colony immunoblot for BFP detection developed in this study combines the simplicity of an immunoserological assay with the high efficiency of testing a large number of EPEC colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Nara
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Konishi N, Obata H, Shimojima Y, Monma C, Kai A, Tsuji T. [Colony-sweep PCR efficacy in food-borne outbreak associated with six types of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 83:490-5. [PMID: 19860248 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.83.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A box-lunch-associated food-borne outbreak occurred in Tokyo and Chiba Prefecture in June 2003 involved six types of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Fecal specimens from patients were screened for ETEC using colony-sweep polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 84 fecal specimens examined, 56 (66.7%) were PCR-positive, i.e. 35 (41.7%) LT-gene-positive, 21 (25.0%) STp-gene-positive and 11 (13.1%) STh-gene-positive. Both of toxin-genes, i.e. LT and STp, LT and STh, STh and STp were positive in 11 patients. ETEC was isolated in confirmation testing from 48 (57.1%) fecal specimens. A single type of ETEC was isolated from 43 fecal samples. Serotype and toxin type of the isolates were O25:NM (LT) (21 samples), O27:H20 (STp) (12 samples), O148:H28 (STh) (8 samples), O25:NM (STh) (1 sample), and O27:7 (STp) (1 sample). Two types of ETEC were isolated from 5 fecal samples, i.e. O25:NM (LT) and O27:H20 (STp) (3 samples), O27:H20 (STp) and O148:H28 (STh) (1 sample), and O25:NM (LT) and O78:NM (STh) (1 sample).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Konishi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
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28
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House B, Kus JV, Prayitno N, Mair R, Que L, Chingcuanco F, Gannon V, Cvitkovitch DG, Barnett Foster D. Acid-stress-induced changes in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 virulence. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:2907-2918. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.025171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 : H7 is naturally exposed to a wide variety of stresses including gastric acid shock, and yet little is known about how this stress influences virulence. This study investigated the impact of acid stress on several critical virulence properties including survival, host adhesion, Shiga toxin production, motility and induction of host-cell apoptosis. Several acid-stress protocols with relevance for gastric passage as well as external environmental exposure were included. Acute acid stress at pH 3 preceded by acid adaptation at pH 5 significantly enhanced the adhesion of surviving organisms to epithelial cells and bacterial induction of host-cell apoptosis. Motility was also significantly increased after acute acid stress. Interestingly, neither secreted nor periplasmic levels of Shiga toxin were affected by acid shock. Pretreatment of bacteria with erythromycin eliminated the acid-induced adhesion enhancement, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis was required for the enhanced adhesion of acid-shocked organisms. DNA microarray was used to analyse the transcriptome of an EHEC O157 : H7 strain exposed to three different acid-stress treatments. Expression profiles of acid-stressed EHEC revealed significant changes in virulence factors associated with adhesion, motility and type III secretion. These results document profound changes in the virulence properties of EHEC O157 : H7 after acid stress, provide a comprehensive genetic analysis to substantiate these changes and suggest strategies that this pathogen may use during gastric passage and colonization in the human gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. House
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - J. V. Kus
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - N. Prayitno
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - R. Mair
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L. Que
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - F. Chingcuanco
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - V. Gannon
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - D. Barnett Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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Solecki O, MacRae M, Strachan N, Lindstedt BA, Ogden I. E. coliO157 from Sheep in Northeast Scotland: Prevalence, Concentration Shed, and Molecular Characterization by Multilocus Variable Tandem Repeat Analysis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:849-54. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Solecki
- Applied Food Microbiology Group, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Marion MacRae
- Applied Food Microbiology Group, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Norval Strachan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Bjørn-Arne Lindstedt
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division for Infectious Bacteria Diseases Control, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iain Ogden
- Applied Food Microbiology Group, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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30
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Calderon Toledo C, Rogers TJ, Svensson M, Tati R, Fischer H, Svanborg C, Karpman D. Shiga toxin-mediated disease in MyD88-deficient mice infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1428-39. [PMID: 18832584 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key factors of innate immunity that detect pathogen invasion and trigger a host response. TLR4 can mediate a response through adaptor molecules, MyD88 or TRIF. In the present study, streptomycin-treated MyD88(-/-), Tlr4(-/-), Trif (Lps2/Lps2), and C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice were infected with either Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing or non-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. Moderate to severe clinical signs of disease developed in MyD88(-/-) (n = 21/21), Tlr4(-/-) (n = 12/16), Trif (Lps2/Lps2) (n = 7/15) and WT mice (n = 6/20) infected with Stx-producing E. coli O157:H7 but not in mice inoculated with the Stx non-producing strain (n = 0/54, P < 0.001). MyD88(-/-) mice infected with Stx-producing E. coli O157:H7 developed the most severe disease and had the highest bacterial burden. Hematological analysis of sick MyD88(-/-) mice showed reduced red blood cell counts and reticulocytosis, suggesting hemolysis. Thrombocytopenia developed in MyD88(-/-), Trif (Lps2/Lps2), and WT mice, and creatinine levels were elevated in both MyD88(-/-) and WT mice infected with the Stx-producing strain. Renal histopathology showed evidence of glomerular capillary congestion, tubular desquamation, and fibrinogen deposition, and intestinal histopathology showed mucosal injury, edema, and inflammation in sick mice. Administration of purified Stx2 to MyD88(-/-) and WT mice led to severe disease in both groups, suggesting that MyD88(-/-) mice are not more sensitive to Stx than WT mice. As MyD88(-/-) mice developed the most severe disease hematological and pathological changes, the results suggest that dysfunctional innate immune responses via MyD88 enhanced Stx-induced disease.
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31
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Chien YY, Jan MD, Adak AK, Tzeng HC, Lin YP, Chen YJ, Wang KT, Chen CT, Chen CC, Lin CC. Globotriose-functionalized gold nanoparticles as multivalent probes for Shiga-like toxin. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1100-9. [PMID: 18398881 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Compared to monovalent carbohydrates, multivalent carbohydrate ligands exhibit significantly enhanced binding affinities to their interacting proteins. Here, we report globotriose (P(k) ligand)-functionalized gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probes for the investigation of multivalent interactions with the B(5) subunit of Shiga-like toxin I (B-Slt). Six P(k)-ligand-encapsulated AuNPs (P(k)-AuNPs) of varying particle size and linker length were synthesized and evaluated for their potential as multivalent affinity probes by using a surface plasmon resonance competition assay. The affinity of these probes for the interacting proteins was greatly affected by nanoparticle size, linker length, and ligand density on nanoparticle surface. For example, the 20-nm 20-P(k)-l-AuNP, which had a relatively long linker showed a >10(8)-fold increase in affinity compared with the mono P(k) ligand. This intrinsic high-affinity AuNP probe specifically captured the recombinant B-Slt from Escherichia coli lysate, and the resulting purity of the B-Slt was >95 %. We also developed a robust P(k)-AuNP-based detection method for Slt-I by combining the technique with silver enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Yih Chien
- Institute of Chemistry, and Genomics Research Centre, Academia Sinica, 128 Taipei, Taiwan
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Voravuthikunchai SP, Suwalak S. Antibacterial activities of semipurified fractions of Quercus infectoria against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its verocytotoxin production. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1223-7. [PMID: 18592749 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.6.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the most important foodborne pathogens, causing nonbloody and bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Use of antibiotics has been demonstrated to result in increased levels of verocytotoxin (VT) production as well as antibiotic resistance. Quercus infectoria was investigated for its antibacterial activity against E. coli O157:H7 and other VT-producing enterohemorrhagic E. coli (VTEC). The MIC was determined by a broth microdilution method, and the MBC was assessed by subculturing the bacteria from the wells that showed no apparent growth onto Mueller-Hinton agar. The fractions Qi2, Qi3, and Qi4 of Q. infectoria were demonstrated to possess good antibacterial activity, with MICs and MBCs ranging from 250 to 500 microg/ml. The effect of the effective fraction, Qi4, on the production of VT was determined using a reversed passive latex agglutination. The results indicate that at 20 h, fraction Qi4 markedly inhibits the release of VT1 and VT2 from VTEC cells at both inhibitory and subinhibitory concentrations. Furthermore, verotoxicity assay demonstrated that bacterial cultures treated with fraction Qi4 exerted less toxic effect on Vero cells. These in vitro results clearly indicate that the fraction Qi4 might constitute a promising natural food additive for the control of food poisoning by E. coli O157:H7 as well as other VTEC strains.
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33
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Leotta GA, Miliwebsky ES, Chinen I, Espinosa EM, Azzopardi K, Tennant SM, Robins-Browne RM, Rivas M. Characterisation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 strains isolated from humans in Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:46. [PMID: 18366637 PMCID: PMC2277424 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important cause of bloody diarrhoea (BD), non-bloody diarrhoea (NBD) and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). In Argentina and New Zealand, the most prevalent STEC serotype is O157:H7, which is responsible for the majority of HUS cases. In Australia, on the other hand, STEC O157:H7 is associated with a minority of HUS cases. The main aims of this study were to compare the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of STEC O157 strains isolated between 1993 and 1996 from humans in Argentina, Australia and New Zealand, and to establish their clonal relatedness. Results Seventy-three O157 STEC strains, isolated from HUS (n = 36), BD (n = 20), NBD (n = 10), or unspecified conditions (n = 7) in Argentina, Australia and New Zealand, were analysed. The strains were confirmed to be E. coli O157 by biochemical tests and serotyping. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the stx1, stx2 and rfbO157 genes and a genotyping method based on PCR-RFLP was used to determine stx1 and stx2 variants. This analysis revealed that the most frequent stx genotypes were stx2/stx2c (vh-a) (91%) in Argentina, stx2 (89%) in New Zealand, and stx1/stx2 (30%) in Australia. No stx1-postive strains were identified in Argentina or New Zealand. All strains harboured the eae gene and 72 strains produced enterohaemolysin (EHEC-Hly). The clonal relatedness of strains was investigated by phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The most frequent phage types (PT) identified in Argentinian, Australian, and New Zealand strains were PT49 (n = 12), PT14 (n = 9), and PT2 (n = 15), respectively. Forty-six different patterns were obtained by XbaI-PFGE; 37 strains were grouped in 10 clusters and 36 strains showed unique patterns. Most clusters could be further subdivided by BlnI-PFGE. Conclusion STEC O157 strains isolated in Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand differed from each other in terms of stx-genotype and phage type. Additionally, no common PFGE patterns were found in strains isolated in the three countries. International collaborative studies of the type reported here are needed to detect and monitor potentially hypervirulent STEC clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Leotta
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas - ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán. Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires,
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Genetic diversity of heat-labile toxin expressed by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:2400-10. [PMID: 18223074 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00988-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural diversity of the elt operons, encoding the heat-labile toxin LT-I (LT), carried by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains isolated from humans was investigated. For many years, LT was supposed to be represented by a rather conserved toxin, and one derivative, produced by the reference H10407 strain, was intensively studied either as a virulence factor or as a vaccine adjuvant. Amplicons encompassing the two LT-encoding genes (eltA and eltB) of 51 human-derived ETEC strains, either LT(+) (25 strains) only or LT(+)/ST(+) (26 strains), isolated from asymptomatic (24 strains) or diarrheic (27 strains) subjects, were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and DNA sequencing. Seven polymorphic RFLP types of the H10407 strain were detected with six (BsaI, DdeI, HhaI, HincII, HphI, and MspI) restriction enzymes. Additionally, the single-nucleotide polymorphic analysis revealed 50 base changes in the elt operon, including 21 polymorphic sites at eltA and 9 at eltB. Based on the deduced amino acid sequences, 16 LT types were identified, including LT1, expressed by the H10407 strain and 23 other strains belonging to seven different serotypes, and LT2, expressed by 11 strains of six different serotypes. In vitro experiments carried out with purified toxins indicated that no significant differences in GM1-binding affinity could be detected among LT1, LT2, and LT4. However, LT4, but not other toxin types, showed reduced toxic activities measured either in vitro with cultured cells (Y-1 cells) or in vivo in rabbit ligated ileal loops. Collectively, these results indicate that the natural diversity of LTs produced by wild-type ETEC strains isolated from human hosts is considerably larger than previously assumed and may impact the pathogeneses of the strains and the epidemiology of the disease.
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Baker DR, Moxley RA, Steele MB, Lejeune JT, Christopher-Hennings J, Chen DG, Hardwidge PR, Francis DH. Differences in virulence among Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains isolated from humans during disease outbreaks and from healthy cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:7338-46. [PMID: 17890332 PMCID: PMC2168223 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00755-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes life-threatening outbreaks of diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans and significant economic loss in agriculture and could be a potential agent of bioterrorism. Although the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle and other species with which humans have frequent contact is high, human infections are relatively uncommon, despite a low infectious dose. A plausible explanation for the low disease incidence is the possibility that not all strains are virulent in humans. If there are substantial differences in virulence among strains in nature, then human disease may select for high virulence. We used a gnotobiotic piglet model to investigate the virulence of isolates from healthy cattle and from humans in disease outbreaks and to determine the correlation between production of Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and Stx2 and virulence. Overall, E. coli O157:H7 strains isolated from healthy cattle were less virulent in gnotobiotic piglets than strains isolated from humans during disease outbreaks. The amount of Stx2 produced by E. coli O157:H7 strains correlated with strain virulence as measured by a reduction in piglet survival and signs of central nervous system disease due to brain infarction. The amount of Stx1 produced in culture was not correlated with the length of time of piglet survival or with signs of central nervous system disease. We suggest that disease outbreaks select for producers of high levels of Stx2 among E. coli O157:H7 strains shed by animals and further suggest that Stx1 expression is unlikely to be significant in human outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Baker
- Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Grif K, Orth D, Dierich MP, Würzner R. Comparison of an immunochromatographic rapid test with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Shiga toxins from human stool samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 59:97-9. [PMID: 17532589 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapid detection of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli is important for its successful treatment. We have evaluated the immunochromatographic Duopath Verotoxin-test for detection of Shiga toxins, in comparison with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction, on 240 clinical human stool samples. The Duopath-test showed a lower sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Grif
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Austrian Reference Centre for Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Iijima Y, Tanaka S, Miki K, Kanamori S, Toyokawa M, Asari S. Evaluation of colony-based examinations of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in stool specimens: low probability of detection because of low concentrations, particularly during the early stage of gastroenteritis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 58:303-8. [PMID: 17449213 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate traditional colony-based examinations of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC), we analyzed the proportions of 5 categories of DEC among E. coli in stool specimens from patients with gastroenteritis using real-time polymerase chain reaction with novel primers and probes. Among 81 DEC isolates, 48 (59.3%) were present at proportions of < or = 10%, whereas only 17 (21.0%) reached >50%. Low concentrations (< or = 10%) of DEC were found, particularly in most (71.8%) stool specimens collected within 48 h after the onset of illness, although such specimens were conventionally collected as close to the time of diarrhea onset as possible. Because the probability of detecting < or = 10% DEC by colony-based examinations is very low, traditional laboratory methods might not detect most DEC infections, especially at the start of gastroenteritis. Thus, a diagnosis of DEC infections requires a molecular method that targets not individual colonies but E. coli clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Iijima
- Department of Microbiology, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6 Minatojima-nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
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Islam MA, Heuvelink AE, de Boer E, Sturm PD, Beumer RR, Zwietering MH, Faruque ASG, Haque R, Sack DA, Talukder KA. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from patients with diarrhoea in Bangladesh. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:380-385. [PMID: 17314370 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and its characteristics were determined among hospitalized patients with diarrhoea and children with diarrhoea in an urban slum community of Dhaka city using sensitive culture and PCR methods. Stool samples were collected from 410 patients with diarrhoea enrolled in the 2% surveillance system (every 50th patient attending the hospital with diarrhoeal disease is included) at the ICDDR,B hospital and from 160 children of 2-5 years of age with diarrhoea living in an urban slum in Dhaka, between September 2004 and April 2005. Shiga toxin genes (stx) were detected by multiplex PCR in the enrichment broth of nine samples (2.2%) from hospitalized patients and 11 samples (6.9%) from the community patients. STEC was isolated from five stool samples with positive PCR results using a colony patch technique. All five isolates were positive in the Vero cell assay and PCR fragments of stx genes were confirmed by sequencing. Two isolates were positive for the E. coli attaching-and-effacing (eae) gene and four were positive for the enterohaemolysin (hlyEHEC) gene and enterohaemolysin production. The five isolates belonged to five different serotypes:O32:H25, O2:H45, O76:H19, ONT:H25 and ONT:H19. It can be concluded that STEC is not a common pathogen in Bangladesh among hospitalized patients with diarrhoea nor among mild cases of diarrhoea in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aminul Islam
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
- Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Zutphen, The Netherlands
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh: Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box-128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - A E Heuvelink
- Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Zutphen, The Netherlands
| | - E de Boer
- Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Zutphen, The Netherlands
| | - P D Sturm
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R R Beumer
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - M H Zwietering
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - A S G Faruque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh: Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box-128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - R Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh: Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box-128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - D A Sack
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh: Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box-128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - K A Talukder
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh: Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box-128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
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Alikhani MY, Mirsalehian A, Fatollahzadeh B, Pourshafie MR, Aslani MM. Prevalence of enteropathogenic and shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli among children with and without diarrhoea in Iran. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2007; 25:88-93. [PMID: 17615908 PMCID: PMC3013268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the rates of detection of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains among children in two randomly-selected populations in Iran. In total, 1,292 randomly-selected faecal samples from children aged less than 10 years were screened for EPEC and STEC. Of the 1,292 cases participated in the study, 184 had diarrhoea, and 1,108 were healthy/asymptomatic children. The conventional culture method and slide agglutination with 12 different commercial EPEC antisera were used for the detection of EPEC. The colony sweep polymyxin-B extraction method, non-sorbitol fermentation (NSF) phenotype, and slide agglutination with O157: H7 antisera were used for the screening and detection of STEC. Of EPEC belonging to 11 different serogroups, 0111 and 0127 were most commonly found in 36.4% of the diarrhoeal cases and 7.2% of the asymptomatic children. A significant association (p<0.05) was found between isolation of EPEC and diarrhoea. 8.7% of the diarrhoeal cases and 2% of children without diarrhoea were infected with STEC, but none of the isolates belonged to the 0157:H7 serotype. A significant association (p<0.05) was found between STEC and diarrhoeal cases. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that different EPEC serogroups may be agents of endemic infantile diarrhoea, and STEC strains are an important enteropathogen among young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yousef Alikhani
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
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40
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Figueras MJ, Aldea MJ, Fernández N, Aspíroz C, Alperi A, Guarro J. Aeromonas hemolytic uremic syndrome. A case and a review of the literature. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 58:231-4. [PMID: 17300902 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although rarely, hemolytic uremic syndrome can be induced by Aeromonas. We report a case in a 40-year-old Spanish female produced by Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria and review the previous cases described in the literature. This is the 2nd case described in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Figueras
- Unidad de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
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41
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Grotiuz G, Sirok A, Gadea P, Varela G, Schelotto F. Shiga toxin 2-producing Acinetobacter haemolyticus associated with a case of bloody diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3838-41. [PMID: 17021124 PMCID: PMC1594762 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00407-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first Shiga toxin 2-producing Acinetobacter haemolyticus strain that was isolated from the feces of a 3-month-old infant with bloody diarrhea. Usual enteropathogenic bacteria were not detected. This finding suggests that any Shiga toxin-producing microorganism capable of colonizing the human gut may have the potential to cause illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Grotiuz
- Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Institute of Hygiene, Av. Dr. Alfredo Navarro 3051, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
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42
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Panos GZ, Betsi GI, Falagas ME. Systematic review: are antibiotics detrimental or beneficial for the treatment of patients with Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24:731-42. [PMID: 16918877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen causing haemorrhagic colitis, which is sometimes complicated by haemolytic uraemic syndrome or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. AIM To review the available evidence regarding the question of whether antibiotics are effective or harmful for the treatment of patients infected with E. coli O157:H7 infection. METHODS We searched in the PubMed for relevant laboratory and clinical studies published between 1982 and 2005. RESULTS In vitro studies have shown that most E. coli O157:H7 isolates are susceptible to various antibiotics, although certain antibiotics, especially at sublethal concentrations, have been found to increase the release of Shiga-like toxins, which have been associated with the development of haemolytic uraemic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in humans. No clinical studies have indicated that antibiotics are effective in reducing the duration of E. coli O157:H7 infection or the duration of diarrhoea or bloody diarrhoea specifically, while a few studies have supported that some antibiotics, especially quinolones and fosfomycin, may prevent the development of haemolytic uraemic syndrome or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. On the other hand, there are some clinical studies that associate antibiotics with a higher risk for haemolytic uraemic syndrome and/or longer duration of diarrhoea, even with high mortality. CONCLUSIONS More randomized controlled trials are necessary in order to elucidate whether antibiotics are effective in reducing the morbidity and mortality of E. coli O157:H7 infection, rather than having a detrimental effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Z Panos
- Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece
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43
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Leotta GA, Deza N, Origlia J, Toma C, Chinen I, Miliwebsky E, Iyoda S, Sosa-Estani S, Rivas M. Detection and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in captive non-domestic mammals. Vet Microbiol 2006; 118:151-7. [PMID: 16919898 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing-Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important emerging pathogen, and ruminants are recognized as their main natural reservoir. The aim of this work was to establish the frequency of STEC in non-domestic mammals of the Zoo and Botanical Garden of La Plata City, Argentina, and to pheno-genotypically characterize STEC isolates. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Shiga toxin (stx) gene sequences were detected in 50.8% of 65 fecal samples. Twenty-five STEC strains were isolated from 38.5% of the Zoo's animals. Ten species of order Cetartiodactyla and one species of order Rodentia were recognized as new STEC carriers. STEC strains belonged to 7 different serotypes including new serotypes O12:H25 and O13:H6. Serotype O146:H28, previously associated with human infections, represented 24% of STEC isolates. The most frequent Shiga toxin identified were type 1c and type 2c. Nineteen strains were positive for iha gene, 8 strains were positive for ehxA gene. Moreover, all strains were positive for lpfAO113 and negative for rfbO157, eae, saa, lpfAO157/OI-141, lpfAO157/OI-154, efa1, and toxB genes. Results obtained by XbaI-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (XbaI-PFGE) confirmed the transmission of STEC strains among different animal species and suborders. In addition, we observed a potential association between STEC-harboring animal and factors such as belonging to order Cetartiodactyla, living in a pit, and belonging to a non-autochthonous species. This is the first work developed with zoological mammals and STEC in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Leotta
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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44
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Rivas M, Miliwebsky E, Chinen I, Roldán CD, Balbi L, García B, Fiorilli G, Sosa-Estani S, Kincaid J, Rangel J, Griffin PM. Characterization and epidemiologic subtyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from hemolytic uremic syndrome and diarrhea cases in Argentina. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2006; 3:88-96. [PMID: 16602984 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Argentina has a high incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS); 12.2 cases per 100,000 children younger than 5 years old were reported in 2002. Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the primary etiologic agent of HUS, and STEC O157 is the predominant serogroup isolated. The main objective of the present work was to establish the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the STEC strains in general isolated from Argentine children during a prospective study and the clonal relatedness of STEC O157:H7 strains using subtyping techniques. One hundred and three STEC strains isolated from 99 children were included. The phenotypic and genotypic features were established, and a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) was performed to determine stx2 variants. The clonal relatedness of E. coli O157 isolates was established by phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The 103 STEC strains belonged to 18 different serotypes, and 59% were of serotype O157:H7. Stx2 was identified in 90.3%, and stx1 in 9.7%. Among the 61 STEC O157 strains, 93.4% harbored the stx2/stx2vh-a genes; PT4 (39.3%) and PT2 (29.5%) were the predominant phage types. Using PFGE with the enzyme XbaI, a total of 41 patterns with at least 80% similarity were identified, and seven clusters with identical profiles were established. Some of the clusters were further split by PFGE using BlnI as the second enzyme. Isolates with indistinguishable PFGE patterns were with one exception also indistinguishable by phage typing and stx genotyping. These findings confirmed that some isolates were genetically related. However, no epidemiological linkages were identified. STEC strains with different genotypes and belonging to diverse serotypes were isolated in Argentina. Some STEC O157 strains could not be distinguished by applying subtyping techniques such as PFGE and phage typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán,", Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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45
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Oteiza JM, Chinen I, Miliwebsky E, Rivas M. Isolation and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from precooked sausages (morcillas). Food Microbiol 2006; 23:283-8. [PMID: 16943015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to establish the microbiological quality of morcillas, typical Argentine sausages, and to investigate the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Between October 2001 and October 2002, a total of 100 morcilla samples were analysed. Several samples showed high levels of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts, molds and yeasts. The samples analysed contained Enterobacteriaceae (100%) and fecal coliforms (81%), indicating inadequate application of the thermal treatment and deficient hygiene conditions during the elaboration of the product. STEC strains were isolated from three out of 100 (3%) morcilla samples. Two strains (2%) were characterized as E. coli O157:H7 stx2+stx2vh-a/eae/EHEC-hlyA and one strain (1%), as E. coli O26:H11 stx1/eae/EHEC-hlyA. Considering both the high microbial count in all tested samples and the presence of STEC strains in three of them, morcillas should be considered a food unsafe to consume when inadequately cooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Oteiza
- Center for Research and Development of Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA), National University of La Plata, Faculty of Sciences, Calle 47 y 116, (1900) La Plata, Argentina.
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46
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Head S, Petric M, Richardson S, Roscoe M, Karmali M. Purification and characterization of verocytotoxin 2. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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47
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Vilhena-Costa AB, Piazza RMF, Nara JM, Trabulsi LR, Martinez MB. Slot blot immunoassay as a tool for plasmid-encoded toxin detection in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli culture supernatants. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 55:101-6. [PMID: 16530374 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid-encoded toxin (Pet) is a heat-labile enterotoxin encoded in the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) virulence plasmid. Several evidence support the role of this 108-kDa secreted protein in the pathogenesis of EAEC diarrhea. In this study, we standardized a slot blot immunoassay for Pet detection. EAEC culture supernatants were applied onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and, using rabbit polyclonal Pet antisera, the expression of the toxin by slot blot immunoassay was observed in 9.5% of the isolates studied. In addition, no negative control reacted with Pet antiserum in this assay. This assay is a rapid, specific, reproducible, and low-cost methodology, therefore demonstrating its potential in diagnosing Pet expression. Moreover, we describe for the first time that expression of Pet can be directly detected from EAEC culture supernatants and may be used in clinical laboratorial routine instead of polymerase chain reaction detection of the pet gene, especially in developing countries where the EAEC pathotype has been considered an emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Bernardes Vilhena-Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Irino K, Kato MAMF, Vaz TMI, Ramos II, Souza MAC, Cruz AS, Gomes TAT, Vieira MAM, Guth BEC. Serotypes and virulence markers of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from dairy cattle in São Paulo State, Brazil. Vet Microbiol 2005; 105:29-36. [PMID: 15607081 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the occurrence, serotypes and virulence markers of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains, 153 fecal samples of cattle randomly selected from six dairy farms in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, were examined for Shiga toxin (Stx) production by the Vero cell assay. Feces were directly streaked onto MacConkey Sorbitol Agar and incubated at 37 degrees C overnight. Sorbitol-negative colonies (maximum 20) and up to 10 sorbitol-positive colonies from each plate were subcultured onto presumptive diagnostic medium IAL. Sorbitol-negative isolates were screened with O157 antiserum for identification of O157:H7 E. coli. Isolates presenting cytotoxic activity were submitted to colony hybridization assays with specific DNA probes for stx1, stx2, eae, Ehly and astA genes. The isolation rate of STEC ranged from 3.8 to 84.6% depending on the farm analysed. STEC was identified in 25.5% of the animals, and most of them (64.1%) carried a single STEC serotype. A total of 202 STEC isolates were recovered from the animals, and except for the 2 O157:H7 isolates all the others expressed cytotoxic activity. The great majority of the STEC isolates carried both stx1 and stx2 genes (114/202, 56.4%) or stx2 (82/202, 40.6%); and whereas the Ehly sequence occurred in most of them (88%) eae was only observed in O157:H7 and O111:HNM isolates. Serotypes O113:H21, O178:H19 and O79:H14 were the most frequent STEC serotypes identified and widely distributed among animals from different farms, while others such as O77:H18, O88:H25 and O98:H17 occurred only in particular farms. This is the first report on the occurrence of STEC in dairy cattle in Sao Paulo State, and the results point to substantial differences in rate of isolation, serotypes and genetic profile of STEC that has been previously described among beef cattle in our community. Moreover, to our knowledge O79:H14 and O98:H17 represent new STEC serotypes, while O178:H19 has only been recently reported in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Irino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 351 Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-902, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Voravuthikunchai SP, Sririrak T, Limsuwan S, Supawita T, Iida T, Honda T. Inhibitory Effects of Active Compounds from Punica granatum Pericarp on Verocytotoxin Production by Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.51.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Treechada Sririrak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Surasak Limsuwan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Thanomjit Supawita
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Tetsuya Iida
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Takeshi Honda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
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50
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Meichtri L, Miliwebsky E, Gioffré A, Chinen I, Baschkier A, Chillemi G, Guth BEC, Masana MO, Cataldi A, Rodríguez HR, Rivas M. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in healthy young beef steers from Argentina: prevalence and virulence properties. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 96:189-98. [PMID: 15364473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2003] [Revised: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Between July 1999 and December 2000, the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) was established in 200 Argentine healthy young beef steers (14-16 months old) grown under local production systems with a feed grain period of 3-4 months, and the STEC strains isolated were examined in regard to their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Stool samples (n = 70) and rectal swabs (n = 130) were taken at the slaughterhouse level. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Shiga toxin (stx) gene sequences were detected in 69% of the samples. Eighty-six STEC strains were isolated from 39% of the animals. Serogroups identified, in order of frequency, were: O8 (16 strains), O113 (14), O103 (5), O91 (4), O171 (3), O174 (3), O25 (2), O112 (2), O145 (2), O2, O11, O104, O121, O128, O143, O146, O157. The most frequent serotype isolated was O8:H19 (12.9%). A total of 17 serotypes, including E. coli O157:H7 found in one animal (0.5%), have been previously associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), bloody and non-bloody diarrhea in different countries, including Argentina. The prevalent genotype isolated was stx2 (51 of 86, 59.3%). Subtyping of stx2 variants showed the prevalence of stx2vh-b (25.6%) and stx2vh-a types (24.4%), and revealed the presence of an atypical stx2-v. Only 7.0% of STEC strains carried eae, and 33.7% harbored EHEC-hlyA gene. The full virulent genotype (stx/eae/EHEC-hlyA) was found to be present in 4 of the 86 (4.7%) STEC strains isolated. This research indicates that young steers from the main beef-producing area of Argentina are an important reservoir of STEC strains; however, its importance as agents of human diseases in our country has still to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelis Meichtri
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, C.C. 77. C.P. (B1708WAB), Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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