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Dan-Jumbo SO, Riley SE, Cortes-Araya Y, Ho W, Lee S, Thrower T, Esteves CL, Donadeu FX. Derivation and long-term maintenance of porcine skeletal muscle progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9370. [PMID: 38653980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Culture of muscle cells from livestock species has typically involved laborious enzyme-based approaches that yield heterogeneous populations with limited proliferative and myogenic differentiation capacity, thus limiting their use in physiologically-meaningful studies. This study reports the use of a simple explant culture technique to derive progenitor cell populations from porcine muscle that could be maintained and differentiated long-term in culture. Fragments of semitendinosus muscle from 4 to 8 week-old piglets (n = 4) were seeded on matrigel coated culture dishes to stimulate migration of muscle-derived progenitor cells (MDPCs). Cell outgrowths appeared within a few days and were serially passaged and characterised using RT-qPCR, immunostaining and flow cytometry. MDPCs had an initial mean doubling time of 1.4 days which increased to 2.5 days by passage 14. MDPC populations displayed steady levels of the lineage-specific markers, PAX7 and MYOD, up until at least passage 2 (positive immunostaining in about 40% cells for each gene), after which the expression of myogenic markers decreased gradually. Remarkably, MDPCs were able to readily generate myotubes in culture up until passage 8. Moreover, a decrease in myogenic capacity during serial passaging was concomitant with a gradual increase in the expression of the pre-adipocyte markers, CD105 and PDGFRA, and an increase in the ability of MDPCs to differentiate into adipocytes. In conclusion, explant culture provided a simple and efficient method to harvest enriched myogenic progenitors from pig skeletal muscle which could be maintained long-term and differentiated in vitro, thus providing a suitable system for studies on porcine muscle biology and applications in the expanding field of cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan O Dan-Jumbo
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Susanna E Riley
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Yennifer Cortes-Araya
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - William Ho
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Seungmee Lee
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Thomas Thrower
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Cristina L Esteves
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - F Xavier Donadeu
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
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2
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Song H, Hao Z, Feng H, Li R, Zhang R, Limesand SW, Zhao Y, Chen X. Insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in low-birth-weight goat kids. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1370640. [PMID: 38596462 PMCID: PMC11002208 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1370640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) impairs the development and health of livestock by affecting postnatal growth performance and metabolic health in adulthood. Previous studies on indigenous goats in southwest China showed that LBW goat kids had higher mortality and morbidity rates, including hepatic dyslipidemia and liver damage. However, the mechanism of insulin resistance affecting lipid metabolism under LBW conditions remains unclear. In this study, we conducted in vivo glucose-insulin metabolic studies, measured biochemical parameters, and analyzed related regulatory pathways. Both glucose tolerance tests and insulin tolerance tests indicated insulin resistance in LBW goat kids compared to controls (p < 0.05). The marker of insulin resistance, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), was 2.85-fold higher in LBW than in control goats (p < 0.01). Additionally, elevated levels of free fatty acids in both plasma and skeletal muscle were observed in LBW goats compared to normal birth weight (NBW) goats (p < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis revealed impairments in lipid metabolism and insulin signaling in LBW goats. The observed lipid accumulation was associated with the upregulation of genes linked to fatty acid uptake and transport (FABP3), fatty acid oxidation (PPARA), triacylglycerol synthesis (LPIN1 and DGAT1), oxidative stress (ANKRD2), and insulin resistance (PGC1α). Furthermore, the insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) was lower in the liver of LBW goat kids (p < 0.05). While there was no change in insulin function in skeletal muscle, LBW may lead to lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle by interfering with insulin function in the liver. These findings collectively impact the health and growth performance of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuohang Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Hehan Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Yunnan Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sean W. Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Yongju Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
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3
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Lee JH, Kim TK, Kang MC, Park M, Choi YS. Methods to Isolate Muscle Stem Cells for Cell-Based Cultured Meat Production: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:819. [PMID: 38473203 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cultured meat production relies on various cell types, including muscle stem cells (MuSCs), embryonic stem cell lines, induced pluripotent cell lines, and naturally immortalized cell lines. MuSCs possess superior muscle differentiation capabilities compared to the other three cell lines, making them key for cultured meat development. Therefore, to produce cultured meat using MuSCs, they must first be effectively separated from muscles. At present, the methods used to isolate MuSCs from muscles include (1) the pre-plating method, using the ability of cells to adhere differently, which is a biological characteristic of MuSCs; (2) the density gradient centrifugation method, using the intrinsic density difference of cells, which is a physical characteristic of MuSCs; and (3) fluorescence- and magnetic-activated cell sorting methods, using the surface marker protein on the cell surface of MuSCs, which is a molecular characteristic of MuSCs. Further efficient and valuable methods for separating MuSCs are expected to be required as the cell-based cultured meat industry develops. Thus, we take a closer look at the four methods currently in use and discuss future development directions in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Kang
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Park
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
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Yun SH, Lee DY, Lee J, Mariano E, Choi Y, Park J, Han D, Kim JS, Hur SJ. Current Research, Industrialization Status, and Future Perspective of Cultured Meat. Food Sci Anim Resour 2024; 44:326-355. [PMID: 38764517 PMCID: PMC11097034 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2024.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Expectations for the industrialization of cultured meat are growing due to the increasing support from various sectors, such as the food industry, animal welfare organizations, and consumers, particularly vegetarians, but the progress of industrialization is slower than initially reported. This review analyzes the main issues concerning the industrialization of cultured meat, examines research and media reports on the development of cultured meat to date, and presents the current technology, industrialization level, and prospects for cultured meat. Currently, over 30 countries have companies industrializing cultured meat, and around 200 companies that are developing or industrializing cultured meat have been surveyed globally. By country, the United States has over 50 companies, accounting for more than 20% of the total. Acquiring animal cells, developing cell lines, improving cell proliferation, improving the efficiency of cell differentiation and muscle production, or developing cell culture media, including serum-free media, are the major research themes related to the development of cultured meat. In contrast, the development of devices, such as bioreactors, which are crucial in enabling large-scale production, is relatively understudied, and few of the many companies invested in the development of cultured meat have presented products for sale other than prototypes. In addition, because most information on key technologies is not publicly available, it is not possible to determine the level of technology in the companies, and it is surmised that the technology of cultured meat-related startups is not high. Therefore, further research and development are needed to promote the full-scale industrialization of cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyeon Yun
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Da Young Lee
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Ermie Mariano
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Yeongwoo Choi
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Jinmo Park
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Dahee Han
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Sun Jin Hur
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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Schumacher T, Reyer H, Maak S, Röntgen M. Homer 1 genotype AA variant relates to congenital splay leg syndrome in piglets by repressing Pax7 in myogenic progenitors. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1028879. [PMID: 38099002 PMCID: PMC10719620 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1028879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine congenital splay leg syndrome (PCS) is a major birth defect in piglets, resulting in lameness and high mortality rates. The multifactorial pathogenesis of PSC is not well understood but includes a polygenic inheritance. Methods Here, in addition to morphological investigations, we characterized the expression of myogenic genes and functional (proliferation and differentiation) properties of myogenic precursor/satellite cells (SATCs) in 1 day-old PCS piglets, non-affected littermates (LCs), and piglets from PCS-free healthy litters (HCs). In addition, PCS phenotypes were related to the SNP Homer1_rs325197091 within the Homer1 locus, which has been identified as a potential hereditary cause of PCS. Results and discussion Samples from musculus semitendinosus (ST) of PCS piglets had a higher proportion of type II fibers, reflecting myofiber immaturity. In addition, myofiber atrophy, a lower number of myonuclei per fiber (ST), and a higher apoptotic activity (in ST and longissimus dorsi muscle; LD) were found in the PCS group. A higher proportion of cycling committed myoblasts (Pax7+/Ki67+ cells) occurred in samples from PCS-affected piglets, and on the other hand, the mRNA expression of genes involved in differentiation (muscle differentiation 1; MyoD, myogenin; MyoG) was repressed compared with HCs. Cultured SATCs from PCS-affected animals showed a temporal shift in peak expression of Pax7, MyoD, and MyoG toward days 3 and 4 of their 7 days differentiation regime. In vitro experiments with isolated SATCs confirmed the lower differentiation potential and the delayed progression of the myogenic processes in cells from piglets with PCS phenotype. In addition, Pax7 and desmin were differently expressed in Homer1_rs325197091 genotype variants (GG, GA, and AA). Both genes showed the lowest expression in the homozygous AA-variant, which was most frequently found in PCS-affected animals. The homozygous AA-variant was also associated with lower expression of the truncated Homer1-subtype 205. Thus, we hypothesize that in PCS, the balance between Homer1 proteins and its signaling functions is changed in a way detrimental to the myogenic differentiation program. Our results demonstrated direct negative effects of the Homer1 AA genotype on Pax7 expression, but the exact mode of action still needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Schumacher
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Monika Röntgen
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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Greene MA, Worley GA, Udoka ANS, Powell RR, Bruce T, Klotz JL, Bridges WC, Duckett SK. Use of AgomiR and AntagomiR technologies to alter satellite cell proliferation in vitro, miRNA expression, and muscle fiber hypertrophy in intrauterine growth-restricted lambs. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1286890. [PMID: 38028550 PMCID: PMC10656622 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1286890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that work at the posttranscriptional level to repress gene expression. Several miRNAs are preferentially expressed in skeletal muscle and participate in myogenesis. This research was conducted to alter endogenous miRNA expression in skeletal muscle to promote muscle hypertrophy. Methods: Two experiments were conducted using mimic/agomiR or antagomir technologies to alter miRNA expression and examine changes in myoblast proliferation in vitro (experiment 1) and muscle hypertrophy in vivo (experiment 2). In vitro experiments found that antagomiR-22-3p and mimic-127 increased myoblast proliferation compared to other miRNA treatments or controls. These miRNA treatments, antagomiR-22-3p (ANT22) and agomiR-127 (AGO127), were then used for intramuscular injections in longissimus muscle. Results and discussion: The use of antagomiR or mimic/agomiR treatments down-regulated or up-regulated, respectively, miRNA expression for that miRNA of interest. Expression of predicted target KIF3B mRNA for miR-127 was up-regulated and ACVR2a mRNA was up-regulated for miR-22-3p. ANT22 injection also up-regulated the major regulator of protein synthesis (mTOR). Proteomic analyses identified 11 proteins for AGO127 and 9 proteins for ANT22 that were differentially expressed. Muscle fiber type and cross-sectional area were altered for ANT22 treatments to transition fibers to a more oxidative state. The use of agomiR and antagomir technologies allows us to alter miRNA expression in vitro and in vivo to enhance myoblast proliferation and alter muscle fiber hypertrophy in IUGR lambs during early postnatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Greene
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - G. A. Worley
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - A. N. S. Udoka
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - R. R. Powell
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - T. Bruce
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - J. L. Klotz
- U. S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - W. C. Bridges
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - S. K. Duckett
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
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7
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Kim D, Min Y, Suminda GGD, Hur CG, Lee SC, Lee HK, Song KD, Heo J, Son YO, Lee DS. Bacillus-supplemented diet improves growth performance in Jeju native pigs by modulating myogenesis and adipogenesis. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1763-1775. [PMID: 35311492 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2047996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are used in pigs as nutritional supplements to improve health and induce the development of muscle and adipose tissue for enhancing growth performance and harvesting quality meat. In this study, we investigated the effects of Bacillus-based probiotic supplementation on the physiological and biochemical changes in Jeju native pigs (JNPs), including growth performance, backfat layers, blood parameters, serum IgG levels, myogenic and adipogenic markers, and expression of inflammatory markers. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were higher in the Bacillus diet group than in the basal diet group, while backfat thickness was lower in the Bacillus diet group than in the basal diet group. Blood biochemical parameters and hematological profiles were not altered significantly by Bacillus-based probiotic supplementation. Serum IgG concentration increased in the Bacillus diet group compared to the basal diet group. The Bacillus diet group showed increased adipogenic and myogenic markers expression in the longissimus dorsi muscle and adipose tissues. Overall, the data suggest that the Bacillus-based probiotics-supplemented diet regulates myogenesis and adipogenesis in JNPs and improves growth performance. We postulate that this may be due to the changes in the gut microbiota of pigs due to probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahye Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
- Division of Animal Genetics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhui Min
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Godagama Gamaarachchige Dinesh Suminda
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Hur
- Cronex Co, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Chul Lee
- Cronex Co, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Heo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Health Materials Core-Facility Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
- Practical Translational Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sun Lee
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Health Materials Core-Facility Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
- Practical Translational Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Kalbe C, Metzger K, Gariépy C, Palin MF. Effect of muscle fibre types and carnosine levels on the expression of carnosine-related genes in pig skeletal muscle. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:63-77. [PMID: 37171629 PMCID: PMC10313551 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) content is higher in glycolytic than in oxidative muscle fibres, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for this difference remain to be elucidated. A first study to better understand potential mechanisms involved was undertaken (1) to determine whether differences in the expression of carnosine-related enzymes (CARNS1, CNDP2) and transporters (SLC6A6, SLC15A3, SLC15A4, SLC36A1) exist between oxidative and glycolytic myofibres and (2) to study the effect of carnosine on myoblast proliferative growth and on carnosine-related gene expression in cultured myoblasts isolated from glycolytic and oxidative muscles. Immunohistochemistry analyses were conducted to determine the cellular localization of carnosine-related proteins. Laser-capture microdissection and qPCR analyses were performed to measure the expression of carnosine-related genes in different myofibres isolated from the longissimus dorsi muscle of ten crossbred pigs. Myogenic cells originating from glycolytic and oxidative muscles were cultured to assess the effect of carnosine (0, 10, 25 and 50 mM) on their proliferative growth and on carnosine-related gene expression. The mRNA abundance of CNDP2 and of the studied carnosine transporters was higher in oxidative than in glycolytic myofibres. Since carnosine synthase (CARNS1) mRNA abundance was not affected by either the fibre type or the addition of carnosine to myoblasts, its transcriptional regulation would not be the main process by which carnosine content differences are determined in oxidative and glycolytic muscles. The addition of carnosine to myoblasts leading to a dose-dependent increase in SLC15A3 transcripts, however, suggests a role for this transporter in carnosine uptake and/or efflux to maintain cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kalbe
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Metzger
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Claude Gariépy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-France Palin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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9
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Lee J, Park J, Choe H, Shim K. Insect peptide CopA3 promotes proliferation and PAX7 and MYOD expression in porcine muscle satellite cells. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:1132-1143. [PMID: 36812017 PMCID: PMC9890342 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insects are a valuable natural source that can produce a variety of bioactive compounds due to their increasing species diversity. CopA3 is an antimicrobial peptide derived from Copris tripartitus (i.e., the dung beetle). It is known to increase the proliferation of colonic epithelial and neuronal stem cells by regulating cell cycle. This research hypothesized that CopA3 can promote the proliferation of porcine muscle satellite cells (MSCs). The effects of CopA3 on porcine MSCs, which are important for muscle growth and regeneration, remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of CopA3 on porcine MSCs. According to viability results, we designed four groups: control (without CopA3) and three treatment groups (treated with 5,10, and 25 μg/mL of CopA3). At a CopA3 concentration of 5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL, the proliferation of MSCs increased more than that observed in the control group. Furthermore, compared to that in the control, CopA3 treatment increased the S phase but decreased the G0/G1 phase ratio. Additionally, early and late apoptotic cells were found to be decreased in the 5 μg/mL group. The expressions of the myogenesis-related transcription factor PAX7 and MYOD proteins were significantly upregulated in the 5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL groups, whereas the MYOG protein remained undetected in all group. This study suggested that CopA3 promotes muscle cell proliferation by regulating the cell cycle of MSCs and can regulate the activity of MSCs by increasing the expressions of PAX7 and MYOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongeun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Convergence
Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
| | - Jinryoung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative
Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 06591, Korea,3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk
University, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hosung Choe
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Kwanseob Shim
- Department of Agricultural Convergence
Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea,Department of Animal Biotechnology,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea,Corresponding author: Kwanseob Shim,
Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University,
Jeonju 54896, Korea. Tel: +82-63-270-2609, E-mail:
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10
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Preparation of Spheroids from Primary Pig Cells in a Mid-Scale Bioreactor Retaining Their Myogenic Potential. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091453. [PMID: 35563757 PMCID: PMC9103977 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell culture techniques mimic the in vivo cell environment more adequately than flat surfaces. Spheroids are multicellular aggregates and we aimed to produce scaffold-free spheroids of myogenic origin, called myospheres, using a mid-scale incubator and bioreactor hybrid. For the first time, we obtained spheroids from primary porcine muscle cells (PMCs) with this technology and compared their morphology and growth parameters, marker expression, and myogenic potential to C2C12-derived spheroids. Both cell types were able to form round-shaped spheroids in the bioreactor already after 24 h. The mean diameter of the C2C12 spheroids (44.6 µm) was larger than that of the PMCs (32.7 µm), and the maximum diameter exceeded 1 mm. C2C12 cells formed less aggregates than PMCs with a higher packing density (cell nuclei/mm2). After dissociation from the spheroids, C2C12 cells and PMCs started to proliferate again and were able to differentiate into the myogenic lineage, as shown by myotube formation and the expression of F-Actin, Desmin, MyoG, and Myosin. For C2C12, multinucleated syncytia and Myosin expression were observed in spheroids, pointing to accelerated myogenic differentiation. In conclusion, the mid-scale incubator and bioreactor system is suitable for spheroid formation and cultivation from primary muscle cells while preserving their myogenic potential.
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11
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Song J, Hao L, Zeng X, Yang R, Qiao S, Wang C, Yu H, Wang S, Jiao Y, Jia H, Liu S, Zhang Y. A Novel miRNA Y-56 Targeting IGF-1R Mediates the Proliferation of Porcine Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells Through AKT and ERK Pathways. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:754435. [PMID: 35372530 PMCID: PMC8968951 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.754435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key regulator of gene transcription and post-transcriptional modification, miRNAs play a wide range of roles in skeletal muscle development. Skeletal muscle satellite cells contribute to postnatal growing muscle fibers. Thus, the goal of this study was to explore the effects of novel miRNA Y-56 on porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells (PSCs). We found that Y-56 was highly expressed in porcine muscle tissues, and its expression was higher in Bama Xiang pigs than in Landrace pigs. The EdU assay, cell counting kit-8, and flow cytometry results showed that Y-56 overexpression suppressed cell proliferation and cell cycle, whereas Y-56 inhibition resulted in the opposite consequences. The results of qRT-PCR and Western blot showed that Y-56 remarkably inhibited the expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and cyclin D1. We identified that IGF-1R was a direct target of Y-56 by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, IGF-1R overexpression promoted the proliferation and cell cycle process of PSCs and upregulated the expression of CDK4, PCNA, and cyclin D1. Conversely, IGF-1R knockdown had the opposite effect. Furthermore, IGF-1R overexpression partially reversed the inhibition of the cell proliferation and cell cycle process of PSCs and the downregulation of the expression of CDK4, PCNA, and Cyclin D1 caused by Y-56 overexpression. Finally, Y-56 inhibited the protein expression levels of p-AKT and p-ERK. Collectively, our findings suggested that Y-56 represses the proliferation and cell cycle process of PSCs by targeting IGF-1R-mediated AKT and ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Jiao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyao Jia
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Songcai Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Songcai Liu
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Ying Zhang
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12
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Zhao Y, Albrecht E, Stange K, Li Z, Schregel J, Sciascia QL, Metges CC, Maak S. Glutamine supplementation stimulates cell proliferation in skeletal muscle and cultivated myogenic cells of low birth weight piglets. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13432. [PMID: 34183762 PMCID: PMC8239033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle growth of low birth weight (LBW) piglets may be improved with adapted nutrition. This study elucidated effects of glutamine (Gln) supplementation on the cellular muscle development of LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets. Male piglets (n = 144) were either supplemented with 1 g Gln/kg body weight or an isonitrogeneous amount of alanine (Ala) between postnatal day 1 and 12 (dpn). Twelve piglets per group were slaughtered at 5, 12 and 26 dpn, one hour after injection with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 12 mg/kg). Muscle samples were collected and myogenic cells were isolated and cultivated. Expression of muscle growth related genes was quantified with qPCR. Proliferating, BrdU-positive cells in muscle sections were detected with immunohistochemistry indicating different cell types and decreasing proliferation with age. More proliferation was observed in muscle tissue of LBW-GLN than LBW-ALA piglets at 5 dpn, but there was no clear effect of supplementation on related gene expression. Cell culture experiments indicated that Gln could promote cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner, but expression of myogenesis regulatory genes was not altered. Overall, Gln supplementation stimulated cell proliferation in muscle tissue and in vitro in myogenic cell culture, whereas muscle growth regulatory genes were barely altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolu Zhao
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Katja Stange
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Zeyang Li
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Schregel
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Quentin L Sciascia
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Maak
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
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13
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Dessauge F, Schleder C, Perruchot MH, Rouger K. 3D in vitro models of skeletal muscle: myopshere, myobundle and bioprinted muscle construct. Vet Res 2021; 52:72. [PMID: 34011392 PMCID: PMC8136231 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical two-dimensional (2D) culture models of skeletal muscle-derived cells cannot fully recapitulate the organization and function of living muscle tissues, restricting their usefulness in in-depth physiological studies. The development of functional 3D culture models offers a major opportunity to mimic the living tissues and to model muscle diseases. In this respect, this new type of in vitro model significantly increases our understanding of the involvement of the different cell types present in the formation of skeletal muscle and their interactions, as well as the modalities of response of a pathological muscle to new therapies. This second point could lead to the identification of effective treatments. Here, we report the significant progresses that have been made the last years to engineer muscle tissue-like structures, providing useful tools to investigate the behavior of resident cells. Specifically, we interest in the development of myopshere- and myobundle-based systems as well as the bioprinting constructs. The electrical/mechanical stimulation protocols and the co-culture systems developed to improve tissue maturation process and functionalities are presented. The formation of these biomimetic engineered muscle tissues represents a new platform to study skeletal muscle function and spatial organization in large number of physiological and pathological contexts.
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14
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Sodhi SS, Sharma N, Ghosh M, Sethi RS, Jeong DK, Lee SJ. Differential expression patterns of myogenic regulatory factors in the postnatal longissimus dorsi muscle of Jeju Native Pig and Berkshire breeds along with their co-expression with Pax7. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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15
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Wellmann KB, Kim J, Urso PM, Smith ZK, Johnson BJ. Evaluation of vitamin A status on myogenic gene expression and muscle fiber characteristics. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6161323. [PMID: 33693597 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A randomized complete block design experiment with 30 yearling crossbred steers (average BW = 436.3 ± 39.8 kg) fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet was used to evaluate the effects dietary vitamin A (Rovimix A 1000; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Sisseln, SUI) supplementation on myogenic gene expression and skeletal muscle fiber characteristics during the finishing phase. Steers were blocked by BW (n = 5 blocks; 6 steers/block), randomly assigned to pens (n = 2 steers/pen), and one of the following treatments: no added vitamin A (0 IU; 0.0 IU/kg of dietary dry matter intake of additional vitamin A), vitamin A supplemented at the estimated requirement (2,200 IU; 2,200 IU/kg of dietary dry matter (DM) of additional vitamin A), and vitamin A supplemented at 5× the estimated requirement (11,000 IU; 11,000 IU/kg of dietary DM of additional vitamin A). After all treatments underwent a 91-d vitamin A depletion period, additional vitamin A was top-dressed at feeding via a ground corn carrier. Blood, longissimus muscle, and liver biopsy samples were obtained on days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Biopsy samples were used for immunohistochemical and mRNA analysis. Sera and liver samples were used to monitor circulating vitamin A and true vitamin A status of the cattle. Expression for myosin heavy chain (MHC)-I diminished and rebounded (P = 0.04) over time. The intermediate fiber type, MHC-IIA, had a similar pattern of expression (P = 0.01) to that of MHC-I. On day 84, C/EBPβ expression was also the greatest (P = 0.03). The pattern of PPARγ (P < 0.01) and PPARδ (P < 0.01) expression seemed to mimic that of MHC-I expression, increasing from days 84 to 112. Distribution of MHC-IIA demonstrated a change over time (P = 0.02). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area increased by day (P < 0.01) for each MHC with the notable increase between days 0 and 56. Total nuclei density decreased (P = 0.02) over time. Cells positive for only Myf5 increased (P < 0.01) in density early in the feeding period, then declined, indicating that satellite cells were fusing into fibers. The dual-positive (PAX7+Myf5) nuclei also peaked (P < 0.01) around day 56 then declined. These data indicated that gene expression associated with oxidative proteins may be independent of vitamin A status in yearling cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B Wellmann
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Jongkyoo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Phil M Urso
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Zachary K Smith
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Bradley J Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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16
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Choi KH, Yoon JW, Kim M, Lee HJ, Jeong J, Ryu M, Jo C, Lee CK. Muscle stem cell isolation and in vitro culture for meat production: A methodological review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:429-457. [PMID: 33443788 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cultured muscle tissue-based protein products, also known as cultured meat, are produced through in vitro myogenesis involving muscle stem cell culture and differentiation, and mature muscle cell processing for flavor and texture. This review focuses on the in vitro myogenesis for cultured meat production. The muscle stem cell-based in vitro muscle tissue production consists of a sequential process: (1) muscle sampling for stem cell collection, (2) muscle tissue dissociation and muscle stem cell isolation, (3) primary cell culture, (4) upscaled cell culture, (5) muscle differentiation and maturation, and (6) muscle tissue harvest. Although muscle stem cell research is a well-established field, the majority of these steps remain to be underoptimized to enable the in vitro creation of edible muscle-derived meat products. The profound understanding of the process would help not only cultured meat production but also business sectors that have been seeking new biomaterials for the food industry. In this review, we discuss comprehensively and in detail each step of cutting-edge methods for cultured meat production. This would be meaningful for both academia and industry to prepare for the new era of cellular agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsol Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
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17
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Kim K, Kim D, Min Y, Jeong D, Son YO, Do K. Myogenic regulatory factors are key players in determining muscle mass and meat quality in Jeju native and Berkshire pigs. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:735-745. [PMID: 33372732 PMCID: PMC8136949 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meat from Jeju native pigs (JNPs) is highly popular among Korean consumers; however, the production efficiency is limited due to the low adult body weight. In contrast, the Berkshire breed, which has a genetic background closely related to Asian native pigs, gains weight more efficiently. OBJECTIVES This study focused on the differential expression of genes related to muscle growth in postnatal myogenesis between Berkshire and JNPs, specifically the myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) genes (MyoD, Pax7, Myf5, Myf6 and MyBPH). The MRF family is primarily involved in the proliferation and development of muscle. METHODS Qualitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses revealed that expression of MyoD and Pax7 was significantly higher in Berkshire pigs than in JNPs. In addition, co-expression of MyoD and Pax7 was observed in myotubes formed in cultured C2C12 cells. ToppCluster was used to elucidate the relationship between biological processes of the MRFs and muscle-related signalling pathways. RESULTS MyoD and Pax7 are factors essential for the activation of satellite cell during myogenesis. However, the mRNA and protein levels of MyBPH (which is responsible for meat quality, e.g. water content, colour and tenderness) are significantly higher in both 1-day-old piglets and adult JNPs than in Berkshire pigs. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a genetic understanding of myogenesis in the postnatal and adult stages of Berkshire pigs and JNPs. Moreover, these results will help identify marker genes related to muscle mass, growth performance and meat quality in indigenous Korean pig breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungho Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea.,Livestock Division, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea.,Practical Translational Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhui Min
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
| | - DongKee Jeong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea.,Bio-Health Materials Core-Facility Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea.,Practical Translational Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungtag Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
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18
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Zhao Y, Albrecht E, Sciascia QL, Li Z, Görs S, Schregel J, Metges CC, Maak S. Effects of Oral Glutamine Supplementation on Early Postnatal Muscle Morphology in Low and Normal Birth Weight Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1976. [PMID: 33126436 PMCID: PMC7692811 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adapted nutrition can improve the growth of low birth weight (LBW) piglets. Since maternal milk is thought to provide insufficient glutamine (Gln) for LBW piglets, the current study investigated the influence of Gln supplementation during the early suckling period on development and lipid deposition in skeletal muscle. The weight differences between LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) littermates persisted from birth to slaughter (p < 0.001). However, intramuscular Gln and Ala concentrations were altered in piglets according to the supplementation (p < 0.01). There were larger muscle fibers (p = 0.048) in Gln-supplemented piglets. Capillarization or nuclei number per muscle fiber was not influenced by birth weight (BiW) or Gln supplementation. Abundance of myosin heavy chain (MYH) isoforms was slightly altered by Gln supplementation. LBW piglets had more lipid droplets than NBW piglets at day 5 of life in both muscles (p < 0.01). The differences decreased with age. Adipocyte development increased with age, but was not influenced by BiW or supplementation. The results indicate that BiW differences were accompanied by differences in lipid deposition and muscle fiber structure, suggesting a delayed development in LBW piglets. Supplementation with Gln may support piglets to overcome those disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolu Zhao
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Y.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Y.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Quentin L. Sciascia
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Zeyang Li
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Solvig Görs
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Johannes Schregel
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Y.Z.); (S.M.)
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19
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Choi KH, Kim M, Yoon JW, Jeong J, Ryu M, Jo C, Lee CK. Purification of Pig Muscle Stem Cells Using Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) Based on the Expression of Cluster of Differentiation 29 (CD29). Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:852-859. [PMID: 32968735 PMCID: PMC7492165 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscle stem cells of domestic animals are of interest to researchers in the
food and biotechnology industries for the production of cultured meat. For
producing cultured meat, it is crucial for muscle stem cells to be efficiently
isolated and stably maintained in vitro on a large scale. In
the present study, we aimed to optimize the method for the enrichment of pig
muscle stem cells using a magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) system. Pig
muscle stem cells were collected from the biceps femoris
muscles of 14 d-old pigs of three breeds [Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc
(LYD), Berkshire, and Korean native pigs] and cultured in skeletal muscle growth
medium-2 (SkGM-2) supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF),
dexamethasone, and a p38 inhibitor (SB203580). Approximately 30% of total
cultured cells were nonmyogenic cells in the absence of purification in our
system, as determined by immunostaining for cluster of differentiation 56 (CD56)
and CD29, which are known markers of muscle stem cells. Interestingly, following
MACS isolation using the CD29 antibody, the proportion of
CD56+/CD29+ muscle stem cells was
significantly increased (91.5±2.40%), and the proportion of CD56
single-positive nonmyogenic cells was dramatically decreased. Furthermore, we
verified that this method worked well for purifying muscle stem cells in the
three pig breeds. Accordingly, we found that CD29 is a valuable candidate among
the various marker genes for the isolation of pig muscle stem cells and
developed a simple sorting method based on a single antibody to this
protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji Won Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinsol Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Minkyung Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cheorun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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20
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Stange K, Ahrens HE, von Maltzahn J, Röntgen M. Isolation and ex vivo cultivation of single myofibers from porcine muscle. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:585-592. [PMID: 32964376 PMCID: PMC7532130 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and cultivation of intact, single myofibers presents a superior approach for studying myogenic cells in their native position. The cells’ characteristics remain more similar to muscle tissue than in cell culture. Nevertheless, no routinely used method in higher vertebrates exists. Therefore, we aimed at establishing the isolation and cultivation of single myofibers from porcine muscle. For the first time, we implemented the isolation of intact myofibers from porcine fibularis tertius muscle by enzymatic digestion and their subsequent cultivation under floating conditions. Confocal microscopy showed intact myofibrill structures in isolated myofibers. Myogenic cells were able to proliferate at their parent myofiber as shown by the increase of myonuclear number during culture. Additionally, the described method can be used to investigate myogenic cells migrated from isolated myofibers. These cells expressed myogenic markers and were able to differentiate. In the future, our method can be used for genetic manipulation of cells at myofibers, investigation of growth factors or pharmacological substances, and determination of interactions between myofibers and associated cells. Working with isolated myofibers has the potential to bridge conventional cell culture and animal experiments. Adapting the method to porcine muscle allows for application possibilities in veterinary medicine as well as in biomedical research, which cannot be addressed in rodent model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Stange
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Growth and Development Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Hellen Elisa Ahrens
- Research Group Stem Cells in Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle, Leibniz Institute on Aging, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia von Maltzahn
- Research Group Stem Cells in Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle, Leibniz Institute on Aging, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Monika Röntgen
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Growth and Development Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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21
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Gonzalez ML, Busse NI, Waits CM, Johnson SE. Satellite cells and their regulation in livestock. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5807489. [PMID: 32175577 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are the myogenic stem and progenitor population found in skeletal muscle. These cells typically reside in a quiescent state until called upon to support repair, regeneration, or muscle growth. The activities of satellite cells are orchestrated by systemic hormones, autocrine and paracrine growth factors, and the composition of the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. Several key intracellular signaling events are initiated in response to changes in the local environment causing exit from quiescence, proliferation, and differentiation. Signals emanating from Notch, wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family members, and transforming growth factor-β proteins mediate the reversible exit from growth 0 phase while those initiated by members of the fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor families direct proliferation and differentiation. Many of these pathways impinge upon the myogenic regulatory factors (MRF), myogenic factor 5, myogenic differentiation factor D, myogenin and MRF4, and the lineage determinate, Paired box 7, to alter transcription and subsequent satellite cell decisions. In the recent past, insight into mouse transgenic models has led to a firm understanding of regulatory events that control satellite cell metabolism and myogenesis. Many of these niche-regulated functions offer subtle differences from their counterparts in livestock pointing to the existence of species-specific controls. The purpose of this review is to examine the mechanisms that mediate large animal satellite cell activity and their relationship to those present in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L Gonzalez
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Nicolas I Busse
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Sally E Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
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Low birth weight influences the postnatal abundance and characteristics of satellite cell subpopulations in pigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6149. [PMID: 32273524 PMCID: PMC7145795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) can cause lifelong impairments in muscle development and growth. Satellite cells (SC) and their progeny are crucial contributors to myogenic processes. This study provides new data on LBW in piglets combining insights on energy metabolism, muscle capillarization and differences in SC presence and function. To this aim, muscle tissues as well as isolated myogenic cells of 4-day-old German Landrace piglets were analyzed. For the first time two heterogeneous SC subpopulations, which contribute differently to muscle development, were isolated from LBW pigs by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. The muscles of LBW piglets showed a reduced DNA, RNA, and protein content as well as lower activity of the muscle specific enzymes CK, ICDH, and LDH compared to their normal birth weight siblings. We assume that deficits in energy metabolism and capillarization are associated with reduced bioavailability of SC, possibly leading to early exhaustion of the SC reserve cell pool and the cells’ premature differentiation.
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Etienne J, Liu C, Skinner CM, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM. Skeletal muscle as an experimental model of choice to study tissue aging and rejuvenation. Skelet Muscle 2020; 10:4. [PMID: 32033591 PMCID: PMC7007696 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-0222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is among the most age-sensitive tissues in mammal organisms. Significant changes in its resident stem cells (i.e., satellite cells, SCs), differentiated cells (i.e., myofibers), and extracellular matrix cause a decline in tissue homeostasis, function, and regenerative capacity. Based on the conservation of aging across tissues and taking advantage of the relatively well-characterization of the myofibers and associated SCs, skeletal muscle emerged as an experimental system to study the decline in function and maintenance of old tissues and to explore rejuvenation strategies. In this review, we summarize the approaches for understanding the aging process and for assaying the success of rejuvenation that use skeletal muscle as the experimental system of choice. We further discuss (and exemplify with studies of skeletal muscle) how conflicting results might be due to variations in the techniques of stem cell isolation, differences in the assays of functional rejuvenation, or deciding on the numbers of replicates and experimental cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Etienne
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3220, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3220, USA
| | - Colin M Skinner
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3220, USA
| | - Michael J Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3220, USA
| | - Irina M Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3220, USA.
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Rudar M, Columbus DA, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Suryawan A, Nguyen HV, Fleischmann R, Davis TA, Fiorotto ML. Leucine Supplementation Does Not Restore Diminished Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Abundance and Myonuclear Accretion When Protein Intake Is Limiting in Neonatal Pigs. J Nutr 2020; 150:22-30. [PMID: 31518419 PMCID: PMC6946895 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid growth of skeletal muscle in the neonate requires the coordination of protein deposition and myonuclear accretion. During this developmental stage, muscle protein synthesis is highly sensitive to amino acid supply, especially Leu, but we do not know if this is true for satellite cells, the source of muscle fiber myonuclei. OBJECTIVE We examined whether dietary protein restriction reduces myonuclear accretion in the neonatal pig, and if any reduction in myonuclear accretion is mitigated by restoring Leu intake. METHODS Neonatal pigs (1.53 ± 0.2 kg) were fitted with jugular vein and gastric catheters and fed 1 of 3 isoenergetic milk replacers every 4 h for 21 d: high protein [HP; 22.5 g protein/(kg/d); n= 8]; restricted protein [RP; 11.2 g protein/(kg/d); n= 10]; or restricted protein with Leu [RPL; 12.0 g protein/(kg/d); n= 10]. Pigs were administered 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 15 mg/kg) intravenously every 12 h from days 6 to 8. Blood was sampled on days 6 and 21 to measure plasma Leu concentrations. On day 21, pigs were killed and the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle was collected to measure cell morphometry, satellite cell abundance, myonuclear accretion, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system expression. RESULTS Compared with HP pigs, postprandial plasma Leu concentration in RP pigs was 37% and 47% lower on days 6 and 21, respectively (P < 0.05); Leu supplementation in RPL pigs restored postprandial Leu to HP concentrations. Dietary protein restriction reduced LD myofiber cross-sectional area by 21%, satellite cell abundance by 35%, and BrdU+ myonuclear abundance by 25% (P < 0.05); Leu did not reverse these outcomes. Dietary protein restriction reduced LD muscle IGF2 expression by 60%, but not IGF1 or IGF1R expression (P < 0.05); Leu did not rescue IGF2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion in neonatal pigs are compromised when dietary protein intake is restricted and are not restored with Leu supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Rudar
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel A Columbus
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julia Steinhoff-Wagner
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Agus Suryawan
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hanh V Nguyen
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Fleischmann
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Teresa A Davis
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Address correspondence to MLF (E-mail: )
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Rubio N, Datar I, Stachura D, Kaplan D, Krueger K. Cell-Based Fish: A Novel Approach to Seafood Production and an Opportunity for Cellular Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Figueiredo VC, McCarthy JJ. Regulation of Ribosome Biogenesis in Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:30-42. [PMID: 30540235 PMCID: PMC6383632 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ribosome is the enzymatic macromolecular machine responsible for protein synthesis. The rates of protein synthesis are primarily dependent on translational efficiency and capacity. Ribosome biogenesis has emerged as an important regulator of skeletal muscle growth and maintenance by altering the translational capacity of the cell. Here, we provide evidence to support a central role for ribosome biogenesis in skeletal muscle growth during postnatal development and in response to resistance exercise training. Furthermore, we discuss the cellular signaling pathways regulating ribosome biogenesis, discuss how myonuclear accretion affects translational capacity, and explore future areas of investigation within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandré Casagrande Figueiredo
- The Center for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John J McCarthy
- The Center for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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27
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Rudar M, Fiorotto ML, Davis TA. Regulation of Muscle Growth in Early Postnatal Life in a Swine Model. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2018; 7:309-335. [PMID: 30388025 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle growth during the early postnatal period is rapid in the pig and dependent on the capacity of muscle to respond to anabolic and catabolic stimuli. Muscle mass is driven by the balance between protein synthesis and degradation. Among these processes, muscle protein synthesis in the piglet is exceptionally sensitive to the feeding-induced postprandial changes in insulin and amino acids, whereas muscle protein degradation is affected only during specific catabolic states. The developmental decline in the response of muscle to feeding is associated with changes in the signaling pathways located upstream and downstream of the mechanistic target of rapamycin protein complex. Additionally, muscle growth is supported by an accretion of nuclei derived from satellite cells. Activated satellite cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and fusion with adjacent growing muscle fibers. Enhancing early muscle growth through modifying protein synthesis, degradation, and satellite cell activity is key to maximizing performance, productivity, and lifelong pig health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Rudar
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; , ,
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; , ,
| | - Teresa A Davis
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; , ,
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28
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Gu X, Fan L, Ke R, Chen Y. rHGF interacts with rIGF-1 to activate the satellite cells in the striated urethral sphincter in rats: a promising treatment for urinary incontinence? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 298:1149-1157. [PMID: 30306312 PMCID: PMC6244645 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose There are multitudes of factors contributing to urinary incontinence (UI). Dysfunction of the urethral sphincter is one of the common variables. Fortunately, satellite cells, which have the characteristics of stem cells, exist in the striated urethral sphincter. The purpose of the study was to seek whether rHGF combined with rIGF-1 owns the ability to promote the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of satellite cells to potentially improve urinary incontinence. Methods The SD rats were randomly divided into four groups and injected with 10 μl rIGF-1, the concentration of which was 50 μg/ml into the urethral wall of the urethral sphincter. Meanwhile, three groups were additionally treated with 10 μl rHGF, the concentration of which was 20, 50, 100 μg/ml. The group injected only with rIGF-1 was used as a control. 30 days later, the urethral tissues were harvested and serially sectioned. Immunofluorescent staining and HE staining were used to detect the activation, proliferation, and differentiation condition of satellite cells. The real-time RT-PCR analysis was applied to explore the potential signaling pathways. Result Anti-c-Met antibody-positive cells were discovered in the striated urethral sphincter. Positive expression of c-Met was relatively higher with the treatment of 100 μg/ml rHGF compared to other concentration of rHGF. A similar result was found in additional immunofluorescent staining. The number of newborn myofibers with central nuclei increased as the concentration of rHGF becoming higher. The mRNA expression of ERK1, ERK2 and AKT was comparatively higher with the injection of 50 μg/ml rHGF. Conclusion There is supposed to be a synergistic effect between rHGF and rIGF-1 to promote satellite cell to activate, proliferate and differentiate into muscle cells. The urethral sphincter may be induced to renew by the injection of rHGF and rIGF-1 into the urethral wall. It can be used to develop a new therapy for UI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijie Gu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lailai Fan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Runjiang Ke
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghe Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Riddle ES, Bender EL, Thalacker-Mercer AE. Transcript profile distinguishes variability in human myogenic progenitor cell expansion capacity. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:817-827. [PMID: 30004837 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00041.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human muscle progenitor cells (hMPCs) are commonly used to understand skeletal muscle biology, including the regenerative process. Variability from unknown origin in hMPC expansion capacity occurs independently of disease, age, or sex of the donor. We sought to determine the transcript profile that distinguishes hMPC cultures with greater expansion capacity and to identify biological underpinnings of these transcriptome profile differences. Sorted (CD56+/CD29+) hMPC cultures were clustered by unbiased, K-means cluster analysis into FAST and SLOW based on growth parameters (saturation density and population doubling time). FAST had greater expansion capacity indicated by significantly reduced population doubling time (-60%) and greater saturation density (+200%), nuclei area under the curve (AUC, +250%), and confluence AUC (+120%). Additionally, FAST had fewer % dead cells AUC (-44%, P < 0.05). RNA sequencing was conducted on RNA extracted during the expansion phase. Principal component analysis distinguished FAST and SLOW based on the transcript profiles. There were 2,205 differentially expressed genes (DEgenes) between FAST and SLOW (q value ≤ 0.05); 362 DEgenes met a more stringent cut-off (q value ≤ 0.001 and 2.0 fold-change). DEgene enrichment suggested FAST (vs. SLOW) had promotion of the cell cycle, reduced apoptosis and cellular senescence, and enhanced DNA replication. Novel (RABL6, IRGM1, and AREG) and known (FOXM1, CDKN1A, Rb) genes emerged as regulators of identified functional pathways. Collectively the data suggest that variation in hMPC expansion capacity occurs independently of age and sex and is driven, in part, by intrinsic mechanisms that support the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Riddle
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Erica L Bender
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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30
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Chen Y, Zhu H, McCauley SR, Zhao L, Johnson SE, Rhoads RP, El-Kadi SW. Diminished satellite cell fusion and S6K1 expression in myotubes derived from skeletal muscle of low birth weight neonatal pigs. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/3/e13075. [PMID: 28183860 PMCID: PMC5309570 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBWT) is consistently associated with impaired postnatal muscle growth in mammals. Satellite cell (SC)-mediated myonuclear incorporation precedes protein accumulation in the early stages of postnatal muscle development and growth. The objective of this study was to investigate proliferation and differentiation of SCs and the regulation of protein synthesis signaling in response to insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I stimulation in SC-derived myotubes of LBWT neonatal pigs. SCs isolated from Longissimus dorsi muscle of LBWT and NBWT pigs (3-d-old, n = 8) were cultured and induced to proliferate and differentiate to myotubes in vitro. On day 3 of differentiation, myotubes were fasted in serum-free media for 3 h and treated with human recombinant R3-insulin-like growth factor-I (rh IGF-I) at 0, 25, and 50 ng × mL-1 for 30 min. There was no difference in proliferation rates of SCs from LBWT and NBWT pigs. However, LBWT SC fusion was 15% lower (P ≤ 0.05) without a difference in MyoD or myogenin mRNA expression in comparison with NBWT pigs, suggesting SCs are not intrinsically different between the two groups. IGF-Ι stimulation at physiological concentrations activated downstream effectors of mTOR similarly in myotubes from LBWT and NBWT pigs. However, abundance of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1(S6K1) was lower in myotubes of LBWT compared to their NBWT siblings (P ≤ 0.05). These results indicate that the modest reduction in SC fusion and S6K1 expression are not the major contributors to the impaired postnatal muscle growth of LBWT pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061
| | - Haibo Zhu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061
| | - Sydney R McCauley
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061
| | - Lidan Zhao
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061
| | - Sally E Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061
| | - Samer W El-Kadi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061
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31
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Miersch C, Stange K, Röntgen M. Effects of trypsinization and of a combined trypsin, collagenase, and DNase digestion on liberation and in vitro function of satellite cells isolated from juvenile porcine muscles. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:406-412. [PMID: 29785535 PMCID: PMC5997727 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Muscle stem cells, termed satellite cells (SC), and SC-derived myogenic progenitor cells (MPC) are involved in postnatal muscle growth, regeneration, and muscle adaptability. They can be released from their natural environment by mechanical disruption and tissue digestion. The literature contains several isolation protocols for porcine SC/MPC including various digestion procedures, but comparative studies are missing. In this report, classic trypsinization and a more complex trypsin, collagenase, and DNase (TCD) digestion were performed with skeletal muscle tissue from 4- to 5-d-old piglets. The two digestion procedures were compared regarding cell yield, viability, myogenic purity, and in vitro cell function. The TCD digestion tended to result in higher cell yields than digestion with solely trypsin (statistical trend p = 0.096), whereas cell size and viability did not differ. Isolated myogenic cells from both digestion procedures showed comparable proliferation rates, expressed the myogenic marker Desmin, and initiated myogenic differentiation in vitro at similar levels. Thus, TCD digestion tended to liberate slightly more cells without changes in the tested in vitro properties of the isolated cells. Both procedures are adequate for the isolation of SC/MPC from juvenile porcine muscles but the developmental state of the animal should always be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Miersch
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Growth and Development Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Katja Stange
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Growth and Development Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Monika Röntgen
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Growth and Development Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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32
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Miersch C, Stange K, Röntgen M. Separation of functionally divergent muscle precursor cell populations from porcine juvenile muscles by discontinuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation. BMC Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29523096 PMCID: PMC5845299 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Satellite cells (SC) and their descendants, muscle precursor cells (MPC), play a key role in postnatal muscle development, regeneration, and plasticity. Several studies have provided evidence that SC and MPC represent a heterogeneous population differing in their biochemical and functional properties. The identification and characterization of functionally divergent SC subpopulations should help to reveal the precise involvement of SC/MPC in these myogenic processes. The aim of the present work was therefore to separate SC subpopulations by using Percoll gradients and to characterize their myogenic marker profiles and their functional properties (adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation). RESULTS SC/MPC from muscles of 4-day-old piglets were isolated by trypsin digestion and enriched by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. A mixed myogenic cell population was obtained from the 40/70% interface (termed: mixed P40/70) of a 25/40/70% Percoll gradient. Thereafter, by using a more stepped 25/40/50/70% Percoll gradient, mixed P40/70 was divided into subpopulation 40/50 (SP40/50) collected from the 40/50% interface and subpopulation 50/70 (SP50/70) collected from the 50/70% interface. All three isolated populations proliferated and showed a myogenic phenotype characterized by the ability to express myogenic markers (Pax7, MyoD1, Desmin, and MyoG) and to differentiate into myotubes. However, compared with mixed P40/70, SP40/50 and SP50/70 exhibited distinct functional behavior. Growth kinetic curves over 90 h obtained by the xCELLigence system and proliferation assays revealed that SP40/50 and mixed P40/70 constituted a fast adhering and fast proliferating phenotype. In contrast, SP50/70 showed considerably slower adhesion and proliferation. The fast-proliferating SP40/50 showed the highest myogenic differentiation potential with higher fusion rates and the formation of more middle-sized and large myotubes. CONCLUSIONS The described Percoll density gradient centrifugation represents a useful tool for subdividing pig SC/MPC populations with divergent myogenic functions. The physiological role of SC subpopulations during myogenesis and the interaction of these populations can now be analyzed to a greater extent, shedding light on postnatal growth variations in pigs and probably in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Miersch
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Growth and Development Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Katja Stange
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Growth and Development Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Monika Röntgen
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Growth and Development Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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MiR-34c represses muscle development by forming a regulatory loop with Notch1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9346. [PMID: 28839212 PMCID: PMC5571228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Since pork accounts for about 40% of global meat consumption, the pig is an important economic animal for meat production. Pig is also a useful medical model for humans due to its similarity in size and physiology. Understanding the mechanism of muscle development has great implication for animal breeding and human health. Previous studies showed porcine muscle satellite cells (PSCs) are important for postnatal skeletal muscle growth, and Notch1 signaling pathway and miRNAs regulate the skeletal muscle development. Notch1 signal pathway regulates the transcription of certain types of miRNAs which further affects target gene expression. However, the specific relationship between Notch1 and miRNAs during muscle development has not been established. We found miR-34c is decreased in PSCs overexpressed N1ICD. Through the overexpression and inhibition of mi-34c, we demonstrated that miR-34c inhibits PSCs proliferation and promotes PSCs differentiation. Using dual-luciferase reporter assay and Chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate there is a reciprocal regulatory loop between Notch1 and miR-34c. Furthermore, injection of miR-34c lentivirus into mice caused repression of gastrocnemius muscle development. In summary, our data revealed that miR-34c can form a regulatory loop with Notch1 to repress muscle development, and this result expands our understanding of muscle development mechanism.
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Ding S, Wang F, Liu Y, Li S, Zhou G, Hu P. Characterization and isolation of highly purified porcine satellite cells. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17003. [PMID: 28417015 PMCID: PMC5385392 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig is an important food source and an excellent system to model human diseases. Careful characterization of the swine skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) will shed lights on generation of swine skeletal muscle disease model and efficient production of porcine meat for the food industry. Paired box protein 7 (Pax7) is a highly conserved transcription factor shared by satellite cells from various species. However, the sequence of Pax7 has not been characterized in pig. The lack of method to isolate highly purified satellite cells hinders the thorough characterization of the swine satellite cells. Here we found molecular markers for swine satellite cells and revealed that the porcine satellite cells were heterogeneous in various pieces of skeletal muscle. We further developed a method to isolate highly purified satellite cells directly from porcine muscles using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. We next characterized the proliferation and differentiation abilities of isolated satellite cells in vitro; and found that long-term culturing of satellite cells in vitro led to stemness loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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Molecular and functional heterogeneity of early postnatal porcine satellite cell populations is associated with bioenergetic profile. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45052. [PMID: 28344332 PMCID: PMC5366807 DOI: 10.1038/srep45052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During postnatal development, hyperplastic and hypertrophic processes of skeletal muscle growth depend on the activation, proliferation, differentiation, and fusion of satellite cells (SC). Therefore, molecular and functional SC heterogeneity is an important component of muscle plasticity and will greatly affect long-term growth performance and muscle health. However, its regulation by cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors is far from clear. In particular, there is only minor information on the early postnatal period which is critical for muscle maturation and the establishment of adult SC pools. Here, we separated two SC subpopulations (P40/50, P50/70) from muscle of 4-day-old piglets. Our results characterize P40/50 as homogeneous population of committed (high expression of Myf5), fast-proliferating muscle progenitors. P50/70 constituted a slow-proliferating phenotype and contains high numbers of differentiated SC progeny. During culture, P50/70 is transformed to a population with lower differentiation potential that contains 40% Pax7-positive cells. A reversible state of low mitochondrial activity that results from active down-regulation of ATP-synthase is associated with the transition of some of the P50/70 cells to this more primitive fate typical for a reserve cell population. We assume that P40/50 and P50/70 subpopulations contribute unequally in the processes of myofiber growth and maintenance of the SC pool.
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Identification of morphological markers of sarcopenia at early stage of aging in skeletal muscle of mice. Exp Gerontol 2016; 83:22-30. [PMID: 27435496 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gastrocnemius muscle (GM) of young (3months) and aged (12months) female wild-type C57/BL6 mice was examined by light and electron microscopy, looking for the presence of structural changes at early stage of the aging process. Morphometrical parameters including body and gastrocnemius weights, number and type of muscle fibers, cross section area (CSA), perimeter, and Feret's diameter of single muscle fiber, were measured. Moreover, lengths of the sarcomere, A-band, I-band, H-zone, and number and CSA of intermyofibrillar mitochondria (IFM), were also determined. The results provide evidence that 12month-old mice had significant changes on skeletal muscle structure, beginning with the reduction of gastrocnemius weight to body weight ratio, compatible with an early loss of skeletal muscle function and strength. Moreover, light microscopy revealed increased muscle fibers size, with a significant increase on their CSA, perimeter, and diameter of both type I and type II muscle fibers, and a reduction in the percentage of muscle area occupied by type II fibers. Enhanced connective tissue infiltrations, and the presence of centrally nucleated muscle fibers, were also found in aged mice. These changes may underlie an attempt to compensate the loss of muscle mass and muscle fibers number. Furthermore, electron microscopy discovered a significant age-dependent increase in the length of sarcomeres, I and H bands, and reduction on the overlapped actin/myosin length, supporting contractile force loss with age. Electron microscopy also showed an increased number and CSA of IFM with age, which may reveal more endurance at 12months of age. Together, mice at early stage of aging already show significant changes in gastrocnemius muscle morphology and ultrastructure that are suggestive of the onset of sarcopenia.
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Zhao Y, Gao P, Li W, Zhang Y, Xu K, Guo X, Li B, Cao G. Study on the Developmental Expression ofLbx1Gene inLongissimus Dorsiof Mashen and Large White Pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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LaVigne EK, Jones AK, Londoño AS, Schauer AS, Patterson DF, Nadeau JA, Reed SA. Muscle growth in young horses: Effects of age, cytokines, and growth factors. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5672-80. [PMID: 26641176 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Success as equine athletes requires proper muscle growth in young horses. Muscle hypertrophy occurs through protein synthesis and the contribution of muscle satellite cells, which can be stimulated or inhibited by cytokines and growth factors present during exercise and growth. The hypotheses of this study were that 1) the LM area in young horses would increase over 1 yr, and 2) specific cytokines and growth factors (IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, IGF-I, and fibroblast growth factor [FGF]-2) would alter proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells isolated from young horses. Fourteen horses were divided into 3 age groups: weanlings ( = 5), yearlings to 2 yr olds ( = 4), and 3 to 4 yr olds ( = 5). The area, height, and subcutaneous fat depth of the LM were measured using ultrasonography, and BW and BCS were taken in October (Fall1), April (Spring), and October of the following year (Fall2). Satellite cells obtained from 10-d-old foals ( = 4) were cultured in the presence of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IGF-I, or FGF-2 before evaluation of proliferation and differentiation. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Body weight increased from Fall1 to Spring in weanlings ( < 0.001) and increased in all horses from Spring to Fall2 ( ≤ 0.02). Area and height of the LM increased over time ( < 0.001) and with increasing age group of horse ( ≤ 0.03), although there was no interaction of time and age ( > 0.61). There was a significant increase in LM area in all animals from Spring to Fall2 ( < 0.001) but not from Fall1 to Spring. Interleukin-6 and TNF-α decreased satellite cell proliferation by 14.9 and 11.5%, respectively ( ≤ 0.01). Interleukin-6 increased fusion 6.2%, whereas TNF-α decreased fusion 8.7% compared with control cells ( ≤ 0.001). Interleukin-1β had no effect on proliferation ( = 0.32) but tended to decrease fusion ( = 0.06). Satellite cell proliferation was increased 28.8 and 73.0% by IGF-I and FGF-2, respectively ( < 0.0001). Differentiation was decreased 13.1% in the presence of FGF-2 but increased 3.5% in the presence of IGF-I ( ≤ 0.01). In summary, the LM area increases over the course of a year in young horses with the most growth occurring in summer. By stimulating or inhibiting proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IGF-I, and FGF-2 may alter muscle growth in young horses, thereby impacting athletic potential.
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Li BJ, Li PH, Huang RH, Sun WX, Wang H, Li QF, Chen J, Wu WJ, Liu HL. Isolation, Culture and Identification of Porcine Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1171-7. [PMID: 26104526 PMCID: PMC4478486 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish the optimum protocol for the isolation and culture of porcine muscle satellite cells. Mononuclear muscle satellite cells are a kind of adult stem cell, which is located between the basal lamina and sarcolemma of muscle fibers and is the primary source of myogenic precursor cells in postnatal muscle. Muscle satellite cells are a useful model to investigate the mechanisms of muscle growth and development. Although the isolation and culture protocols of muscle satellite cells in some species (e.g. mouse) have been established successfully, the culture system for porcine muscle satellite cells is very limited. In this study, we optimized the isolation procedure of porcine muscle satellite cells and elaborated the isolation and culture process in detail. Furthermore, we characterized the porcine muscle satellite cells using the immunofluorecence. Our study provides a reference for the isolation of porcine muscle satellite cells and will be useful for studying the molecular mechanisms in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Jiang Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping-Hua Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China ; Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Rui-Hua Huang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China ; Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Wen-Xing Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qi-Fa Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wang-Jun Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China ; Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Hong-Lin Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Fu X, Wang H, Hu P. Stem cell activation in skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1663-77. [PMID: 25572293 PMCID: PMC4412728 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Muscle stem cell (satellite cell) activation post muscle injury is a transient and critical step in muscle regeneration. It is regulated by physiological cues, signaling molecules, and epigenetic regulatory factors. The mechanisms that coherently turn on the complex activation process shortly after trauma are just beginning to be illuminated. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of satellite cell activation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Zhu C, Gi G, Tao Z, Song C, Zhu W, Song W, Li H. Development of skeletal muscle and expression of myogenic regulatory factors during embryonic development in Jinding ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica). Poult Sci 2014; 93:1211-6. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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42
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Longo UG, Petrillo S, Berton A, Spiezia F, Loppini M, Maffulli N, Denaro V. Role of serum fibrinogen levels in patients with rotator cuff tears. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:685820. [PMID: 24817887 PMCID: PMC4003788 DOI: 10.1155/2014/685820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rotator cuff (RC) tendinopathy is a frequent pathology of the shoulder, the real understanding of its aetiopathogenesis is still unclear. Several studies showed that RC tendinopathy is more frequent in patients with hyperglycemia, diabetes, obesity, or metabolic syndrome. This paper aims to evaluate the serum concentration of fibrinogen in patients with RC tears. Metabolic disorders have been related to high concentration of serum fibrinogen and the activity of fibrinogen has been proven to be crucial in the development of microvascular damage. Thus, it may produce progression of RC degeneration by reducing the vascular supply of tendons. We report the results of a cross-sectional frequency-matched case-control study comparing the serum concentration of fibrinogen of patients with RC tears with that of a control group of patients without history of RC tears who underwent arthroscopic meniscectomy. We choose to enrol in the control group patients with pathology of the lower limb with a likely mechanic, not metabolic, cause, different from tendon pathology. We found no statistically significant differences in serum concentration of fibrinogen when comparing patients with RC tears and patients who underwent arthroscopic meniscectomy (P = 0.5). Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of fibrinogen in RC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umile Giuseppe Longo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR), Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrillo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR), Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
- *Stefano Petrillo:
| | - Alessandra Berton
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR), Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Spiezia
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR), Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Loppini
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR), Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, Mann Ward, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Salerno, 84048 Salerno, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR), Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Trigoria, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Li H, Zhu C, Tao Z, Xu W, Song W, Hu Y, Zhu W, Song C. MyoD and Myf6 gene expression patterns in skeletal muscle during embryonic and posthatch development in the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestica). J Anim Breed Genet 2013; 131:194-201. [PMID: 24180358 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The MyoD and Myf6 genes, which are muscle regulatory factors (MRFs), play major roles in muscle growth and development and initiate muscle fibre formation via the regulation of muscle-specific gene translation. Therefore, MyoD and Myf6 are potential candidate genes for meat production traits in animals and poultry. The objective of this study was to evaluate MyoD and Myf6 gene expression patterns in the skeletal muscle during early developmental stage of ducks. Gene expression levels were detected using the quantitative RT-PCR method in the breast muscle (BM) and leg muscle (LM) at embryonic days 13, 17, 21, 25, 27, as well as at 1 week posthatching in Gaoyou and Jinding ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica). The MyoD and Myf6 gene profiles in the two duck breeds were consistent during early development, and MyoD gene expression showed a 'wave' trend in BM and an approximate 'anti-√' trend in LM. Myf6 gene expression in BM showed the highest level at embryonic day 21, which subsequently decreased, although remained relatively high, while levels at embryonic days 13, 17 and 21 were higher in LM. The results of correlation analysis showed that MyoD and Myf6 gene expression levels were more strongly correlated in LM than in BM in both duck breeds. These results indicated that different expression patterns of the MyoD and Myf6 genes in BM and LM may be related to muscle development and differentiation, suggesting that MyoD and Myf6 are integral to skeletal muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Jiangsu provincial key lab for genetics and breeding of poultry, Yangzhou, China
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44
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Wilschut KJ, Ling VB, Bernstein HS. Concise review: stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophies. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197695 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy comprises a group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscle resulting from defective proteins critical to muscle structure and function. This leads to premature exhaustion of the muscle stem cell pool that maintains muscle integrity during normal use and exercise. Stem cell therapy holds promise as a treatment for muscular dystrophy by providing cells that can both deliver functional muscle proteins and replenish the stem cell pool. Here, we review the current state of research on myogenic stem cells and identify the important challenges that must be addressed as stem cell therapy is brought to the clinic.
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Alexander LS, Seabolt BS, Rhoads RP, Stahl CH. Neonatal phosphate nutrition alters in vivo and in vitro satellite cell activity in pigs. Nutrients 2012; 4:436-48. [PMID: 22822445 PMCID: PMC3397345 DOI: 10.3390/nu4060436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cell activity is necessary for postnatal skeletal muscle growth. Severe phosphate (PO4) deficiency can alter satellite cell activity, however the role of neonatal PO4 nutrition on satellite cell biology remains obscure. Twenty-one piglets (1 day of age, 1.8 ± 0.2 kg BW) were pair-fed liquid diets that were either PO4 adequate (0.9% total P), supra-adequate (1.2% total P) in PO4 requirement or deficient (0.7% total P) in PO4 content for 12 days. Body weight was recorded daily and blood samples collected every 6 days. At day 12, pigs were orally dosed with BrdU and 12 h later, satellite cells were isolated. Satellite cells were also cultured in vitro for 7 days to determine if PO4 nutrition alters their ability to proceed through their myogenic lineage. Dietary PO4 deficiency resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) sera PO4 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations, while supra-adequate dietary PO4 improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency as compared to the PO4 adequate group. In vivo satellite cell proliferation was reduced (P < 0.05) among the PO4 deficient pigs, and these cells had altered in vitro expression of markers of myogenic progression. Further work to better understand early nutritional programming of satellite cells and the potential benefits of emphasizing early PO4 nutrition for future lean growth potential is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey S. Alexander
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.S.A.); (B.S.S.)
| | - Brynn S. Seabolt
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.S.A.); (B.S.S.)
| | - Robert P. Rhoads
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Chad H. Stahl
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.S.A.); (B.S.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-919-513-1512; Fax: +1-919-515-6884
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Manzano R, Toivonen JM, Calvo AC, Miana-Mena FJ, Zaragoza P, Muñoz MJ, Montarras D, Osta R. Sex, fiber-type, and age dependent in vitro proliferation of mouse muscle satellite cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:2825-36. [PMID: 21608019 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During postnatal growth and after muscle injury, satellite cells proliferate and differentiate into myotubes to form and repair musculature. Comparison of studies on satellite cell proliferation and differentiation characteristics is confounded by the heterogeneity of the experimental conditions used. To examine the influence of sex, age, and fiber-type origin on in vitro properties of satellite cells derived from postnatal muscles, fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow soleus (SOL) muscles were extracted from male and female mice of 1 week to 3 months of age. Myoblast proliferation and myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) expression was measured from cultures of freshly isolated satellite cells. Higher proliferation rate and elevated Myod1 expression was found in male EDL and SOL derived cells compared with females at age of 40, 60, and 120 days, whereas inverse tendency for cell proliferation was apparent in EDL of juvenile (7-day-old) pups. Myogenin and Mrf4 transcripts were generally elevated in males of 40 and 60 days of age and in female EDL of juveniles. However, these differentiation markers did not significantly correlate with proliferation rate at all ages. Pax7, whose overexpression can block myogenesis, was up-regulated especially in 40-day-old females where MRF expression was low. These results indicate that gender, postnatal age, and muscle fiber origin affect proliferation and muscle transcription factor expression in vitro. The results also support the view that satellite cells originating from slow and fast muscles are intrinsically different and warrant further studies on the effect of cell origin for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Manzano
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Aragońs Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Pierzchała M, Pareek CS, Urbański P, Goluch D, Kamyczek M, Różycki M, Smoczynski R, Horbańczuk JO, Kurył J. Study of the differential transcription in liver of growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2) and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) genes at different postnatal developmental ages in pig breeds. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3055-66. [PMID: 21695430 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine hepatic expression levels of GHR, IGF1R, IGF1 and IGF2 genes in young growing gilts at different developmental ages (60-210 days) in five pig breeds: Polish Large White (PLW), Polish Landrace (PL), Pulawska (Pul), Duroc (Dur) and Pietrain (Pie). We studied the differences among pig breeds as well as within each breed for pigs in different developmental ages. Obtained results revealed major differences among breeds in hepatic gene expression of porcine GHR, IGF1R, IGF1 and IGF2 genes in different developmental ages. The differences among breeds of GHR expression were significantly higher in PLW, PL at the age of 60, 90, 120 days as compared to Pul, Dur and Pie. In turn, the highest level of IGF1R expression was observed in PL at age of 150, 180 and 210 days, whereas in case of IGF1 the highest level was recorded in Pie gilts at the age of 60 and 90 days. Moreover trait associated study revealed highly significant correlations between hepatic expressions of IGF1R and IGF2 genes and carcass composition traits (P < 0.01) The results of study suggest that porcine GHR, IGF1R, IGF1 and IGF2 genes may be potential candidate genes for postnatal growth and carcass composition traits. Therefore, the implementation of the hepatic expression of GH/IGF genes into the pig breeding and gene assisted selection program in different pig breeds should be considered. However, further population wide study is needed to clarify the hepatic expression association with economic traits, such as body growth, meat quality and carcass composition traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Pierzchała
- Department of Animal Immunogenetics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, str Postępu 1, 05-552 Wólka Kosowska, Poland.
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48
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Wilschut KJ, van Tol HTA, Arkesteijn GJA, Haagsman HP, Roelen BAJ. Alpha 6 integrin is important for myogenic stem cell differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2011; 7:112-23. [PMID: 21763619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A muscle progenitor cell population, other than muscle satellite cells, can be isolated and purified from porcine muscle tissue. We show the presence of at least two types of stem cells in porcine muscle: those that express α6 integrin and those that lack expression of this integrin type. By flow cytometry, we could select for myogenic stem cell populations expressing the neural cell adhesion molecule in the presence and absence of α6 integrin. The expression of α6 integrin showed an advantage in the formation of myotubes, possibly by an improved cell fusion capacity. This notion was strengthened by qRT-PCR analysis showing sustained PAX7, MYF5 and DESMIN expression and a strong myogenic differentiation capacity of this stem cell population. Selective inhibition of α6 integrin function, both by blocking antibodies and RNA interference, showed the importance of α6 integrin in myogenic differentiation of muscle stem cells. It is concluded that α6 integrin expression can be used as biomarker to select for highly myogenic cell populations in muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn J Wilschut
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Manzano R, Toivonen JM, Calvo AC, Muñoz MJ, Zaragoza P, Osta R. Housekeeping gene expression in myogenic cell cultures from neurodegeneration and denervation animal models. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:758-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Developmental expression changes of the genes involved in IGFI signaling pathway in longissimus dorsi muscle of Tongcheng and Yorkshire pigs during postnatal growth. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:5133-8. [PMID: 21246287 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
IGFI signaling pathway is sufficient to regulate myofibre hypertrophy postnatally, which is associated with muscle mass in economically livestock. In the present study, we drafted the developmental expression pattern of eight genes implicated in IGFI system across six stages of postnatal myofibre growth in Yorkshire and Tongcheng pigs. The results indicated that GRB2 may contribute to increased DNA content in postnatal myofibre hypertrophy via GRB2-Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK sub-pathway; INSR, PDK1, IRS1 and eIF4E may contribute to high growth rate via stimulating the rate of protein synthesis and inhibiting the rate of protein degradation. In addition, the results suggested 60 days maybe a very important stage in postnatal myofibre growth. Moreover, higher mRNA level of IRS1 and GLUT4 maybe associated with inferior meat quality in Yorkshire compared to Tongcheng pig. Therefore, IGFI signaling pathway regulates myofibre hypertrophy postnatally via complicated signal effectors, which may have negative impact on meat quality simultaneously.
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