1
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Toutounchi NS, Braber S, Land BV, Thijssen S, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Hogenkamp A. Deoxynivalenol exposure during pregnancy has adverse effects on placental structure and immunity in mice model. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:109-118. [PMID: 35840118 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a highly prevalent food contaminant, is known to induce reproductive and immunotoxicity in humans upon exposure. The present study focused on the consequences of exposure to DON during pregnancy for placental barrier and immune function, as well as fetal survival. Female mice received diets contaminated with DON (6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg of diet), starting immediately after mating until the end of the experiment. On day 17 of pregnancy the animals were killed, and maternal and fetal samples were collected for further analysis. Feeding on DON-contaminated diets decreased fetal survival, and DON was detected at significant levels in the fetus. Placentae from DON-exposed mice revealed a reduction in expression of junctional proteins, ZO-1, E-cadherin and claudins, upregulation of AHR mRNA expressions, and increase in IFN-ꝩ, IL-6 and IL-4 production. In conclusion, results of this study demonstrate harmful effects of DON on the course of pregnancy and fetal survival, which might be due to immunological changes in maternal immune organs and placenta. Altogether, these data underline the importance of the quality of maternal diet during pregnancy as they clearly demonstrate the potential harmful effects of a commonly present food-contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negisa Seyed Toutounchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Thijssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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2
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Rasmussen JM, Thompson PM, Entringer S, Buss C, Wadhwa PD. Fetal programming of human energy homeostasis brain networks: Issues and considerations. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13392. [PMID: 34845821 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a transdisciplinary framework and testable hypotheses regarding the process of fetal programming of energy homeostasis brain circuitry. Our model proposes that key aspects of energy homeostasis brain circuitry already are functional by the time of birth (with substantial interindividual variation); that this phenotypic variation at birth is an important determinant of subsequent susceptibility for energy imbalance and childhood obesity risk; and that this brain circuitry exhibits developmental plasticity, in that it is influenced by conditions during intrauterine life, particularly maternal-placental-fetal endocrine, immune/inflammatory, and metabolic processes and their upstream determinants. We review evidence that supports the scientific premise for each element of this formulation, identify future research directions, particularly recent advances that may facilitate a better quantification of the ontogeny of energy homeostasis brain networks, highlight animal and in vitro-based approaches that may better address the determinants of interindividual variation in energy homeostasis brain networks, and discuss the implications of this formulation for the development of strategies targeted towards the primary prevention of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod M Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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3
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Vasilakos LK, Steinbrekera B, Santillan DA, Santillan MK, Brandt DS, Dagle D, Roghair RD. Umbilical Cord Blood Leptin and IL-6 in the Presence of Maternal Diabetes or Chorioamnionitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:836541. [PMID: 35197933 PMCID: PMC8859102 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.836541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes during pregnancy is associated with elevated maternal insulin, leptin and IL-6. Within the placenta, IL-6 can further stimulate leptin production. Despite structural similarities and shared roles in inflammation, leptin and IL-6 have contrasting effects on neurodevelopment, and the relative importance of maternal diabetes or chorioamnionitis on fetal hormone exposure has not been defined. We hypothesized that there would be a positive correlation between IL-6 and leptin with progressively increased levels in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes and chorioamnionitis. To test this hypothesis, cord blood samples were obtained from 104 term infants, including 47 exposed to maternal diabetes. Leptin, insulin, and IL-6 were quantified by multiplex assay. Factors independently associated with hormone levels were identified by univariate and multivariate linear regression. Unlike IL-6, leptin and insulin were significantly increased by maternal diabetes. Maternal BMI and birth weight were independent predictors of leptin and insulin with birth weight the strongest predictor of leptin. Clinically diagnosed chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis were associated with increased IL-6 but not leptin. Among appropriate for gestational age infants without sepsis, IL-6 and leptin were strongly correlated (R=0.6, P<0.001). In summary, maternal diabetes and birth weight are associated with leptin while chorioamnionitis is associated with IL-6. The constraint of the positive association between leptin and IL-6 to infants without sepsis suggests that the term infant and placenta may have a limited capacity to increase cord blood levels of the neuroprotective hormone leptin in the presence of increased cord blood levels of the potential neurotoxin IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Vasilakos
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Baiba Steinbrekera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Donna A. Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Mark K. Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Debra S. Brandt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Daniel Dagle
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Robert D. Roghair
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert D. Roghair,
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4
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Maguire RL, House JS, Lloyd DT, Skinner HG, Allen TK, Raffi AM, Skaar DA, Park SS, McCullough LE, Kollins SH, Bilbo SD, Collier DN, Murphy SK, Fuemmeler BF, Gowdy KM, Hoyo C. Associations between maternal obesity, gestational cytokine levels and child obesity in the NEST cohort. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12763. [PMID: 33381912 PMCID: PMC8178180 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although maternal systemic inflammation is hypothesized to link maternal pre-pregnancy obesity to offspring metabolic dysfunction, patient empirical data are limited. OBJECTIVES In this study, we hypothesized that pre-pregnancy obesity alters systemic chemo/cytokines concentrations in pregnancy, and this alteration contributes to obesity in children. METHODS In a multi-ethnic cohort of 361 mother-child pairs, we measured prenatal concentrations of plasma TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-12 p70 subunit, and IL-17A using a multiplex ELISA and examined associations of pre-pregnancy obesity on maternal chemo/cytokine levels, and associations of these cytokine levels with offspring body mass index z score (BMI-z) at age 2-6 years using linear regression. RESULTS After adjusting for maternal smoking, ethnicity, age, and education, pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with increased concentrations of TNF-α (P = .026) and IFN-γ (P = .06). While we found no evidence for associations between TNF-α concentrations and offspring BMI-z, increased IFN-γ concentrations were associated with decreased BMI-z (P = .0002), primarily in Whites (P = .0011). In addition, increased maternal IL-17A concentrations were associated with increased BMI-z in offspring (P = .0005) with stronger associations in African Americans (P = .0042) than Whites (P = .24). CONCLUSIONS Data from this study are consistent with maternal obesity-related inflammation during pregnancy, increasing the risk of childhood obesity in an ethnic-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Maguire
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John S. House
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Dillon T. Lloyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Harlyn G. Skinner
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Asifa Mohamed Raffi
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - David A. Skaar
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sarah S. Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Scott H. Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Staci D. Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David N. Collier
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Susan K. Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bernard F. Fuemmeler
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kymberly M. Gowdy
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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5
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Rodgers A, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Developmental programming of offspring adipose tissue biology and obesity risk. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1170-1192. [PMID: 33758341 PMCID: PMC8159749 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions and imposes major negative health crises and an economic burden in both high and low income countries. The multifaceted nature of obesity represents a major health challenge, with obesity affecting a variety of different organs and increases the risk of many other noncommunicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, dementia, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer. The defining organ of obesity is the adipose tissue, highlighting the need to more comprehensively understand the development and biology of this tissue to understand the pathogenesis of obesity. Adipose tissue is a miscellaneous and highly plastic endocrine organ. It comes in many different sizes and shades and is distributed throughout many different locations in the body. Though its development begins prenatally, quite uniquely, it has the capacity for unlimited growth throughout adulthood. Adipose tissue is also a highly sexually dimorphic tissue, patterning men and women in different ways, which means the risks associated with obesity are also sexually dimorphic. Recent studies show that environmental factors during prenatal and early stages of postnatal development have the capacity to programme the structure and function of adipose tissue, with implications for the development of obesity. This review summarizes the evidence for a role for early environmental factors, such as maternal malnutrition, hypoxia, and exposure to excess hormones and endocrine disruptors during gestation in the programming of adipose tissue and obesity in the offspring. We will also discuss the complexity of studying adipose tissue biology and the importance of appreciating nuances in adipose tissue, such as sexual dimorphism and divergent responses to metabolic and endocrine stimuli. Given the rising levels of obesity worldwide, understanding how environmental conditions in early life affects adipose tissue phenotype and the subsequent development of obesity is of absolute importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rodgers
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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6
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Haq SU, Bhat UA, Kumar A. Prenatal stress effects on offspring brain and behavior: Mediators, alterations and dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Kenkel W. Birth signalling hormones and the developmental consequences of caesarean delivery. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12912. [PMID: 33145818 PMCID: PMC10590550 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rates of delivery by caesarean section (CS) are increasing around the globe and, although several epidemiological associations have already been observed between CS and health outcomes in later life, more are sure to be discovered as this practice continues to gain popularity. The components of vaginal delivery that protect offspring from the negative consequences of CS delivery in later life are currently unknown, although much attention to date has focused on differences in microbial colonisation. Here, we present the case that differing hormonal experiences at birth may also contribute to the neurodevelopmental consequences of CS delivery. Levels of each of the 'birth signalling hormones' (oxytocin, arginine vasopressin, epinephrine, norepinephrine and the glucocorticoids) are lower following CS compared to vaginal delivery, and there is substantial evidence for each that manipulations in early life results in long-term neurodevelopmental consequences. We draw from the research traditions of neuroendocrinology and developmental psychobiology to suggest that the perinatal period is a sensitive period, during which hormones achieve organisational effects. Furthermore, there is much to be learned from research on developmental programming by early-life stress that may inform research on CS, as a result of shared neuroendocrine mechanisms at work. We compare and contrast the effects of early-life stress with those of CS delivery and propose new avenues of research based on the links between the two bodies of literature. The research conducted to date suggests that the differences in hormone signalling seen in CS neonates may produce long-term neurodevelopmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Kenkel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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8
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Angove JL, Willson NL, Cadogan DJ, Forder REA. In ovo corticosterone administration alters body composition irrespective of arginine supplementation in 35-day-old female chicken meat birds. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Exposure to maternal hormones can permanently alter an embryo’s developmental trajectory. Maternal mediated effects have significant potential in the chicken meat industry, as breeder hens are feed restricted in a bid to improve performance. Evidence suggests breeder hens are chronically stressed, resulting from periods of prolonged hunger. However, evidence linking embryonic exposure to early-life stress and altered offspring phenotype in meat chickens is lacking. Additionally, methods to alleviate the phenotypic consequences of early-life stress have not been comprehensively explored. Nutritional supplementation with amino acids, such as arginine (Arg), may provide one such option, as Arg reportedly enhances performance characteristics in chicken meat birds.
Aims
An in ovo study was conducted to investigate whether exposure to in ovo stress altered offspring performance in meat chickens. Additionally, Arg was supplemented post-hatch to alleviate reductions in performance, hypothesised to occur as a result of exposure to corticosterone.
Method
A total of 400 eggs were divided into two groups and administered a corticosterone (CORT) or control (CON) solution at embryonic Day 11. At hatch, birds were separated into four groups based on in ovo and dietary treatments: CORT-Control, CORT-Arg, CON-Arg and CON-Control. Birds fed supplementary Arg diets received an Arg:lysine inclusion of 125%. Bodyweight (bwt) and feed conversion were recorded weekly. Birds were euthanised at embryonic Day 15, Day 0, 7, 21 (n = 40 birds/time point), 28 and 35 (n = 48 birds/time point) for organ collection. A total of 12 additional female birds were euthanised and subjected to a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan for body composition at Day 35.
Results
Neither in ovo nor diet treatments influenced bwt, bwt gain, feed conversion or plasma corticosterone at any time point, nor did any in ovo by diet interaction exist. Female birds exposed to CORT exhibited significantly greater fat mass (%bwt; P = 0.007) and reduced lean mass (%bwt; P = 0.026) compared with CON females at Day 35. Supplementary Arg did not influence bird body composition.
Conclusions
These findings suggest in ovo exposure to CORT may negatively influence body composition of female birds.
Implications
Understanding the effects of the maternal/in ovo environment may provide a novel approach to further improve carcass quality and flock uniformity.
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9
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Abstract
Importance The pandemic of obesity during pregnancy now afflicts 1 out of every 2 pregnant women in the United States. Even though unintended pregnancy has decreased to 45% of all pregnancies, 50% of those unintended pregnancies occur in obese women. Objective This study aims to identify why current lifestyle interventions for obese pregnancy are not effective and what the newer complications are for obesity during pregnancy. Evidence Acquisition Available literatures on current treatments for maternal obesity were reviewed for effectiveness. Emerging maternal and infant complications from obesity during pregnancy were examined for significance. Results Limitations in successful interventions fell into 3 basic categories to include the following: (1) preconception weight loss; (2) bariatric surgery before pregnancy; and (3) prevention of excessive gestational weight gain during pregnancy. Emerging significant physiological changes from maternal obesity is composed of inflammation (placenta and human milk), metabolism (hormones, microbiome, fatty acids), and offspring outcomes (body composition, congenital malformations, chronic kidney disease, asthma, neurodevelopment, and behavior). Conclusions and Relevance Are current prepregnancy lifestyle and behavioral interventions feasible to prevent maternal obesity complications? Epigenetic and metabolomic research will be critical to determine what is needed to blunt the effects of maternal obesity and to discover successful treatment.
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10
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Abstract
Pregnancy is not a disease condition; it is a physiological process. However, the risks prevail until this process ends. While many pregnancies and births culminate without any problems, a considerable number of them end up with undesirable pregnancy outcomes such as intrauterine growth retardation, preterm labor, and low birth weight infants. Although the causes of these negative pregnancy outcomes are not fully understood, they occur in a multifactorial ways. One of the important issues here is the foods consumed by women with pregnancy. Pregnant women should avoid consuming fast food products, alcohol, or tobacco, which are already known to be harmful to human health, as well as harmful natural products containing mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are natural toxins with a wide range of chemical structures. While people can get these toxins directly from agricultural products, they can also be exposed indirectly through products of animals fed with contaminated feed. Mycotoxins have negative impacts on human health with their carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects. There are some evidences that mycotoxins can lead to negative pregnancy outcomes. These possible negative effects have been determined to be lower birth weight, neonatal jaundice, fetal loss, fetal defects, preterm birth, maternal anemia, and preeclampsia. However, more evidence is needed on this topic. This review aims to investigate the adverse effects of mycotoxins during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Serkan Yilmaz
- Faculty of Nursing, Department of Midwifery, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Abstract
Worldwide obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in children and adolescents, with the consequent emergence of co-morbidities. Moreover, the maternal environment during pregnancy plays an important role in obesity, contributing to transgenerational transmission of the same and metabolic dysfunction. White adipose tissue represents a prime target of metabolic programming induced by maternal milieu. In this article, we review adipose tissue physiology and development, as well as maternal influences during the perinatal period that may lead to obesity in early postnatal life and adulthood. First, we describe the adipose tissue cell composition, distribution and hormonal action, together with the evidence of hormonal factors participating in fetal/postnatal programming. Subsequently, we describe the critical periods of adipose tissue development and the relationship of gestational and early postnatal life with healthy fetal adipose tissue expansion. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence showing that adipose tissue is an important target for nutritional, hormonal and epigenetic signals to modulate fetal growth. Finally, we describe nutritional, hormonal, epigenetic and microbiome changes observed in maternal obesity, and whether their disruption alters fetal growth and adiposity. The presented evidence supports the developmental origins of health and disease concept, which proposes that the homeostatic system is affected during gestational and postnatal development, impeding the ability to regulate body weight after birth, thereby resulting in adult obesity. Consequently, we anticipate that promoting a healthy early-life programming of adipose tissue and increasing the knowledge of the mechanisms by which maternal factors affect the health of future generations may offer novel strategies for explaining and addressing worldwide health problems such as obesity.
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12
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Lamichhane N, Olsen NJ, Mortensen EL, Obel C, Heitmann BL, Händel MN. Associations between maternal stress during pregnancy and offspring obesity risk later in life-A systematic literature review. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12951. [PMID: 31642601 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to prenatal stress is linked to health consequences in the offspring. The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize and critically appraise primary human studies that have examined the association between prenatal exposure to psychosocial stress, or adverse life events, stress hormones, and later risk of developing obesity. We searched Medline, Embase, ScienceDirect, WorldCat, and OpenGrey up to January 2019 to identify relevant literature. We critically appraised the identified studies, assessed their quality, and summarized their findings. From a total of 5930 search results and references of studies that authors considered pertinent, we identified 15 relevant studies among which three were of high quality and the rest were medium-quality studies. We found direct association between exposure to stress in fetal life and different measures of obesity in the offspring in eight studies. The direct association was usually observed in studies that involved measurement of stress among mothers exposed to natural disasters. Due to lack of adequate and comparable data from the included studies, we did not conduct a meta-analysis. We concluded that there may be direct association between prenatal stress and later obesity, but further research with more comparable sources of stressors is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishan Lamichhane
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna Julie Olsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Obel
- Faculty of Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilienthal Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Public Health, Section for General Practice, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mina Nicole Händel
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Angove JL, Forder REA. The avian maternal environment: exploring the physiological mechanisms driving progeny performance. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1729675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Angove
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - R. E. A. Forder
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
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14
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Watkins JM, von Chamier M, Brown MB, Reyes L, Hayward LF. Prenatal infection with Mycoplasma pulmonis in rats exaggerates the angiotensin II pressor response in adult offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 318:R338-R350. [PMID: 31850818 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00194.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to different stressors in utero is linked to adult diseases such as obesity and hypertension. In this study, the impact of prenatal infection (PNI) on adult body weight and cardiovascular function was evaluated using a naturally occurring rodent pathogen, Mycoplasma pulmonis (MP). Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with MP on gestational day 14 and gave birth naturally. Adult PNI offspring weighed more than controls, but resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) was unchanged. Subcutaneous injection of angiotensin II (10 μg/kg) elicited a rise in MAP that was greater in both male and female PNI offspring compared with controls (P < 0.03). The accompanying reflex bradycardia was similar to the controls, suggesting that PNI induced baroreflex dysfunction. Subcutaneous nicotine administration, a potent cardiorespiratory stimulus, also elicited a transient rise in MAP that was generally greater in the PNI group, but the change in MAP from baseline was only significant in the PNI females compared with controls (P < 0.03). Elevated body weight and cardiovascular reactivity in the PNI offspring was associated with an increase in the ratio of hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptors type 1 to type 2 gene expression in both sexes compared with controls. These findings support previous studies demonstrating that PNI induces alterations in cardiovascular function and body weight. Yet, unlike previous studies utilizing other models of PNI (e.g., endotoxin), MP PNI did not induce resting hypertension. Thus, our study provides a foundation for future studies evaluating the cardiovascular risks of offspring exposed to microbial challenges in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Watkins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - M von Chamier
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - M B Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - L Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - L F Hayward
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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15
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Szkup M, Chełmecka E, Lubkowska A, Owczarek AJ, Grochans E. The influence of the TNFα rs1800629 polymorphism on some inflammatory biomarkers in 45-60-year-old women with metabolic syndrome. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:2935-2943. [PMID: 30383538 PMCID: PMC6224245 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: There are reports that the TNFα gene (rs1800629) can be involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome through an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we have decided to search for the relationship between the TNFα gene polymorphisms and serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IFNγ) and CRP in women with metabolic syndrome. Material and methods: The study sample consisted of 416 women aged 45-60 years, including 118 with metabolic syndrome. The participants were surveyed and subjected to anthropometric, biochemical and genetic analysis. Results: We noticed that in the group meeting the criteria for metabolic syndrome, the G/G genotype of the TNFα gene was related to higher IL-6 levels than in the remainder group. The carriers of the A/G genotype in the metabolic syndrome group had significantly higher levels of IFNγ than those in the group without this syndrome. CRP was significantly higher in the group with metabolic syndrome, irrespective of the women’s genotypes. Conclusions: The upregulation of IFNγ and IL-6 and CRP suggests that autoinflammatory process may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. However, a direct relationship between the TNFα gene polymorphisms and inflammatory biomarkers analyzed in our study was not confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szkup
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin 71-210, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Chełmecka
- Department of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin 71-210, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jerzy Owczarek
- Department of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Grochans
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin 71-210, Poland
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16
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Fusarium Mycotoxins Disrupt the Barrier and Induce IL-6 Release in a Human Placental Epithelium Cell Line. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110665. [PMID: 31739567 PMCID: PMC6891427 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone, major Fusarium mycotoxins, contaminate human food on a global level. Exposure to these mycotoxins during pregnancy can lead to abnormalities in neonatal development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Fusarium mycotoxins on human placental epithelial cells. As an in vitro model of placental barrier, BeWo cells were exposed to different concentrations of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or T-2 toxin. Cytotoxicity, effects on barrier integrity, paracellular permeability along with mRNA and protein expression and localization of junctional proteins after exposure were evaluated. Induction of proinflammatory responses was determined by measuring cytokine production. Increasing mycotoxin concentrations affect BeWo cell viability, and T-2 toxin was more toxic compared to other mycotoxins. Deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin caused significant barrier disruption, altered protein and mRNA expression of junctional proteins, and induced irregular cellular distribution. Although the effects of zearalenone on barrier integrity were less prominent, all tested mycotoxins were able to induce inflammation as measured by IL-6 release. Overall, Fusarium mycotoxins disrupt the barrier of BeWo cells by altering the expression and structure of junctional proteins and trigger proinflammatory responses. These changes in placental barrier may disturb the maternal–fetal interaction and adversely affect fetal development.
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Chin PY, Dorian C, Sharkey DJ, Hutchinson MR, Rice KC, Moldenhauer LM, Robertson SA. Toll-Like Receptor-4 Antagonist (+)-Naloxone Confers Sexually Dimorphic Protection From Inflammation-Induced Fetal Programming in Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2646-2662. [PMID: 31504393 PMCID: PMC6936318 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation elicited by infection or noninfectious insults during gestation induces proinflammatory cytokines that can shift the trajectory of development to alter offspring phenotype, promote adiposity, and increase susceptibility to metabolic disease in later life. In this study, we use mice to investigate the utility of a small molecule Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 antagonist (+)-naloxone, the nonopioid isomer of the opioid receptor antagonist (-)-naloxone, for mitigating altered fetal metabolic programming induced by a modest systemic inflammatory challenge in late gestation. In adult progeny exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in utero, male but not female offspring exhibited elevated adipose tissue, reduced muscle mass, and elevated plasma leptin at 20 weeks of age. Effects were largely reversed by coadministration of (+)-naloxone following LPS. When given alone without LPS, (+)-naloxone elicited accelerated postweaning growth and elevated muscle and fat mass in adult male but not female offspring. LPS induced expression of inflammatory cytokines Il1a, Il1b, Il6, Tnf, and Il10 in fetal brain, placental, and uterine tissues, and (+)-naloxone suppressed LPS-induced cytokine expression. Fetal sex-specific regulation of cytokine expression was evident, with higher Il1a, Il1b, Il6, and Il10 induced by LPS in tissues associated with male fetuses, and greater suppression by (+)-naloxone of Il6 in females. These data demonstrate that modulating TLR4 signaling with (+)-naloxone provides protection from inflammatory diversion of fetal developmental programming in utero, associated with attenuation of gestational tissue cytokine expression in a fetal sex-specific manner. The results suggest that pharmacologic interventions targeting TLR4 warrant evaluation for attenuating developmental programming effects of fetal exposure to maternal inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peck Yin Chin
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Camilla Dorian
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Sharkey
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lachlan M Moldenhauer
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Correspondence: Sarah A. Robertson, PhD, Robinson Research Institute and the Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. E-mail:
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19
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Huber HF, Kuo AH, Li C, Jenkins SL, Gerow KG, Clarke GD, Nathanielsz PW. Antenatal Synthetic Glucocorticoid Exposure at Human Therapeutic Equivalent Doses Predisposes Middle-Age Male Offspring Baboons to an Obese Phenotype That Emerges With Aging. Reprod Sci 2019; 26:591-599. [PMID: 29871548 PMCID: PMC6728579 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118778794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women threatening premature delivery receive synthetic glucocorticoids (sGC) to accelerate fetal lung maturation, reducing neonatal mortality and morbidity. Few investigations have explored potential long-term offspring side effects. We previously reported increased pericardial fat and liver lipids in 10-year-old (human equivalent 40 years) male baboons exposed to 3 antenatal sGC courses. We hypothesized middle-aged sGC male offspring show obesity-related morphometric changes. METHODS Pregnant baboons received courses of 2 betamethasone injections (175 μg·kg-1·d-1 intramuscular) at 0.6, 0.64, and 0.68 gestation. At 10 to 12.5 years, we measured morphometrics and serum lipids in 5 sGC-exposed males and 10 age-matched controls. We determined whether morphometric parameters predicted amount of pericardial fat or lipids. Life-course serum lipids were measured in 25 males (7-23 years) providing normal regression formulas to compare sGC baboons' lipid biological and chronological age. RESULTS Birth weights were similar. When studied, sGC-exposed males showed a steeper weight increase from 8 to 12 years and had increased waist and hip circumferences, neck and triceps skinfolds, and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Triceps skinfold correlated with apical and midventricular pericardial fat thickness, hip and waist circumferences with insulin. CONCLUSIONS Triceps skinfold and waist and hip circumferences are useful biomarkers for identifying individuals at risk for obesity and metabolic dysregulation following fetal sGC exposure. Prenatal sGC exposure predisposes male offspring to internal adiposity, greater body size, and increased serum lipids. Results provide further evidence for developmental programming by fetal sGC exposure and call attention to potential emergence of adverse life-course effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anderson H. Kuo
- Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San
Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Cun Li
- Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center and Texas Biomedical Research
Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Geoffrey D. Clarke
- Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San
Antonio, TX, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center and Texas Biomedical Research
Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center and Texas Biomedical Research
Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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20
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Yang Q, Ali M, El Andaloussi A, Al-Hendy A. The emerging spectrum of early life exposure-related inflammation and epigenetic therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:13-23. [PMID: 30474062 DOI: 10.17140/csmmoj-4-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Early life exposure to a variety of insults during sensitive windows of development can reprogram normal physiological responses and alter disease susceptibility later in life. During this process, Inflammation triggered by a variety of adverse exposures plays an important role in the initiation and development of many types of diseases including tumorigenesis. This review article summaries the current knowledge about the role and mechanism of inflammation in development of diseases. In addition, epigenome alteration related to inflammation and treatment options using epigenetic modifiers are highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Lindsay KL, Buss C, Wadhwa PD, Entringer S. Maternal Stress Potentiates the Effect of an Inflammatory Diet in Pregnancy on Maternal Concentrations of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091252. [PMID: 30200631 PMCID: PMC6163870 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal inflammation during pregnancy is known to adversely impact fetal development, birth outcomes, and offspring physical and mental health. Diet and stress have been identified as important determinants of inflammation, yet their combined effects have not been examined in the context of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal diet with inflammatory potential and psychological stress, and to determine their interaction effect on concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α across pregnancy. We conducted a prospective longitudinal study of n = 202 women with three assessments during pregnancy, which included: ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of maternal stress using the perceived stress scale (PSS) short version; 24-h dietary recalls from which the dietary inflammatory index (DII) was computed; and serum measurements of TNF-α. Across pregnancy, higher perceived stress was associated with consumption of a more pro-inflammatory diet (r = 0.137; p < 0.05). In a linear regression model adjusted for covariates, DII was positively associated with TNF-α (B = 0.093, p = 0.010). The effect of the pro-inflammatory diet on concentrations of TNF-α was more pronounced in women reporting higher levels of stress (B = 0.134, p = 0.018 for DII*PSS interaction). These results highlight the need to consider nutrition and stress concurrently in the context of inflammation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Lindsay
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- UC Irvine Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Claudia Buss
- UC Irvine Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Charité⁻Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- UC Irvine Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Departments of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Sonja Entringer
- UC Irvine Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Charité⁻Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Moore BF, Sauder KA, Starling AP, Hebert JR, Shivappa N, Ringham BM, Glueck DH, Dabelea D. Proinflammatory Diets during Pregnancy and Neonatal Adiposity in the Healthy Start Study. J Pediatr 2018; 195:121-127.e2. [PMID: 29217099 PMCID: PMC6363107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores during pregnancy and neonatal adiposity. STUDY DESIGN The analysis included 1078 mother-neonate pairs in Healthy Start, a prospective prebirth cohort. Diet was assessed using repeated 24-hour dietary recalls. DII scores were obtained by summing nutrient intakes, which were standardized to global means and multiplied by inflammatory effect scores. Air displacement plethysmography measured fat mass and fat-free mass within 72 hours of birth. Linear and logistic models evaluated the associations of DII scores with birth weight, fat mass, fat-free mass, and percent fat mass, and with categorical outcomes of small- and large-for-gestational age. We tested for interactions with prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain. RESULTS The interaction between prepregnancy BMI and DII was statistically significant for birth weight, neonatal fat mass, and neonatal percent fat mass. Among neonates born to obese women, each 1-unit increase in DII was associated with increased birth weight (53 g; 95% CI, 20, 87), fat mass (20 g; 95% CI, 7-33), and percent fat mass (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8). No interaction was detected for small- and large-for-gestational age. Each 1-unit increase in DII score was associated a 40% increase in odds of a large-for-gestational age neonate (1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-2.0; P = .04), but not a small-for-gestational age neonate (1.0; 95% CI, 0.8-1.2; P = .80). There was no evidence of an interaction with gestational weight gain. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that an increased inflammatory milieu during pregnancy may be a risk factor for neonatal adiposity. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02273297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna F Moore
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora CO, USA
| | - Katherine A Sauder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora CO, USA
| | - Anne P Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora CO, USA
| | - James R Hebert
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA,Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA,Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA,Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA,Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC
| | - Brandy M Ringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora CO, USA
| | - Deborah H Glueck
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora CO, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
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23
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Chaves Filho AJM, Lima CNC, Vasconcelos SMM, de Lucena DF, Maes M, Macedo D. IDO chronic immune activation and tryptophan metabolic pathway: A potential pathophysiological link between depression and obesity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:234-249. [PMID: 28595944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and depression are among the most pressing health problems in the contemporary world. Obesity and depression share a bidirectional relationship, whereby each condition increases the risk of the other. By inference, shared pathways may underpin the comorbidity between obesity and depression. Activation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is a key factor in the pathophysiology of depression. CMI cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNFα and IL-1β, induce the catabolism of tryptophan (TRY) by stimulating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) resulting in the synthesis of kynurenine (KYN) and other tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs). In the CNS, TRYCATs have been related to oxidative damage, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytotoxicity, excitotoxicity, neurotoxicity and lowered neuroplasticity. The pathophysiology of obesity is also associated with a state of aberrant inflammation that activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a pathway involved in the detection of intracellular or environmental changes as well as with increases in the production of TRYCATs, being KYN an agonists of AHR. Both AHR and TRYCATS are involved in obesity and related metabolic disorders. These changes in the TRYCAT pathway may contribute to the onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms in obesity. This paper reviews the role of immune activation, IDO stimulation and increased TRYCAT production in the pathophysiology of depression and obesity. Here we suggest that increased synthesis of detrimental TRYCATs is implicated in comorbid obesity and depression and is a new drug target to treat both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Camila Nayane Carvalho Lima
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Impact Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Danielle Macedo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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24
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Das UN. Is There a Role for Bioactive Lipids in the Pathobiology of Diabetes Mellitus? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:182. [PMID: 28824543 PMCID: PMC5539435 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, decreased levels of circulating endothelial nitric oxide (eNO) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), altered activity of hypothalamic neurotransmitters (including serotonin and vagal tone) and gut hormones, increased concentrations of free radicals, and imbalance in the levels of bioactive lipids and their pro- and anti-inflammatory metabolites have been suggested to play a role in diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM) is due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells because of enhanced production of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines released by immunocytes infiltrating the pancreas in response to unknown exogenous and endogenous toxin(s). On the other hand, type 2 DM is due to increased peripheral insulin resistance secondary to enhanced production of IL-6 and TNF-α in response to high-fat and/or calorie-rich diet (rich in saturated and trans fats). Type 2 DM is also associated with significant alterations in the production and action of hypothalamic neurotransmitters, eNO, BDNF, free radicals, gut hormones, and vagus nerve activity. Thus, type 1 DM is because of excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines close to β cells, whereas type 2 DM is due to excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the systemic circulation. Hence, methods designed to suppress excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may form a new approach to prevent both type 1 and type 2 DM. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and similar surgeries ameliorate type 2 DM, partly by restoring to normal: gut hormones, hypothalamic neurotransmitters, eNO, vagal activity, gut microbiota, bioactive lipids, BDNF production in the gut and hypothalamus, concentrations of cytokines and free radicals that results in resetting glucose-stimulated insulin production by pancreatic β cells. Our recent studies suggested that bioactive lipids, such as arachidonic acid, eicosapentaneoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (which are unsaturated fatty acids) and their anti-inflammatory metabolites: lipoxin A4, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, may have antidiabetic actions. These bioactive lipids have anti-inflammatory actions, enhance eNO, BDNF production, restore hypothalamic dysfunction, enhance vagal tone, modulate production and action of ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin, and influence gut microbiota that may explain their antidiabetic action. These pieces of evidence suggest that methods designed to selectively deliver bioactive lipids to pancreatic β cells, gut, liver, and muscle may prevent type 1 and type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N. Das
- BioScience Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Hospital, GVP College of Engineering Campus, Visakhapatnam, India
- UND Life Sciences, Battle Ground, WA, United States
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25
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Dudele A, Hougaard KS, Kjølby M, Hokland M, Winther G, Elfving B, Wegener G, Nielsen AL, Larsen A, Nøhr MK, Pedersen SB, Wang T, Lund S. Chronic maternal inflammation or high-fat-feeding programs offspring obesity in a sex-dependent manner. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1420-1426. [PMID: 28588305 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The current world-wide obesity epidemic partially results from a vicious circle whereby maternal obesity during pregnancy predisposes the offspring for accelerated weight gain and development of metabolic syndrome. Here we investigate whether low-grade inflammation, characteristic of the obese state, provides a causal role for this disastrous fetal programming in mice. METHODS We exposed pregnant and lactating C57BL/6JBom female mice to either high-fat diet (HFD), or continuous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent trigger of innate immunity, and studied offspring phenotypes. RESULTS Both maternal LPS or HFD treatments rendered the offspring hyperphagic and inept of coping with a HFD challenge during adulthood, increasing their adiposity and weight gain. The metabolic effects were more pronounced in female offspring, while exposed male offspring mounted a larger inflammatory response to HFD at adulthood. CONCLUSIONS This supports our hypothesis and highlights the programming potential of inflammation in obese pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dudele
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K S Hougaard
- Department of Public Health, Section for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kjølby
- Department of Biomedicine, The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine and Danish Diabetes Academy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Hokland
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - G Winther
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - B Elfving
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - G Wegener
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - A L Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Larsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M K Nøhr
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism C, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism C, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T Wang
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Lund
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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26
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Poon K, Barson JR, Shi H, Chang GQ, Leibowitz SF. Involvement of the CXCL12 System in the Stimulatory Effects of Prenatal Exposure to High-Fat Diet on Hypothalamic Orexigenic Peptides and Behavior in Offspring. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:91. [PMID: 28567007 PMCID: PMC5434113 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a high fat diet (HFD) during gestation stimulates neurogenesis and expression of hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides that affect consummatory and emotional behaviors. With recent studies showing a HFD to increase inflammation, this report investigated the neuroinflammatory chemokine, CXCL12, and compared the effects of prenatal CXCL12 injection to those of prenatal HFD exposure, first, by testing whether the HFD affects circulating CXCL12 in the dam and the CXCL12 system in the offspring brain, and then by examining whether prenatal exposure to CXCL12 itself mimics the effects of a HFD on hypothalamic neuropeptides and emotional behaviors. Our results showed that prenatal exposure to a HFD significantly increased circulating levels of CXCL12 in the dam, and that daily injections of CXCL12 induced a similar increase in CXCL12 levels as the HFD. In addition, prenatal HFD exposure significantly increased the expression of CXCL12 and its receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the offspring. Finally, the results revealed strong similarities in the effects of prenatal HFD and CXCL12 administration, which both stimulated neurogenesis and enkephalin (ENK) expression in the PVN, while having inconsistent or no effect in other regions of the hypothalamus, and also increased anxiety as measured by several behavioral tests. These results focus attention specifically on the CXCL12 chemokine system in the PVN of the offspring as being possibly involved in the stimulatory effects of prenatal HFD exposure on ENK-expressing neurons in the PVN and their associated changes in emotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinning Poon
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica R Barson
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Huanzhi Shi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Guo Qing Chang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
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Maternal cytokine status may prime the metabolic profile and increase risk of obesity in children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1440-1446. [PMID: 28487553 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maternal inflammation status during pregnancy has been associated with metabolic imprinting and obesity development in the child. However, the influence of the maternal Th2 cytokines, interleukin-4 (IL4), IL5 and IL13, has not been studied so far. METHODS We investigated the relationship between maternal innate (IL6, IL8, IL10 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFa)) and adaptive (interferon-γ, IL4, IL5 and IL13) blood cytokine levels at 34 weeks of gestation and children's overweight development until the age of 3 years in 407 children of the German longitudinal LINA (Lifestyle and Environmental Factors and their Influence on Newborns Allergy risk) cohort. Children's body weight and height were measured during the annual clinical visits or acquired from questionnaires. Body mass index (BMI) Z-scores were calculated according to the WHO reference data to adjust for child's age and gender. Cytokine secretion was stimulated with phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide and measured by cytometric bead assay. Furthermore, we assessed metabolic parameter in blood of 318 children at age 1 using the AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit (Biocrates LIFE Science AG). RESULTS Applying logistic regression models, we found that an increase of maternal IL4 and IL13 was associated with a decreased risk for overweight development in 1- and 2-year-old children. This effect was consistent up to the age of 3 years for IL13 and mainly concerns children without maternal history of atopy. Children's acylcarnitine concentrations at 1 year were positively correlated with maternal IL13 levels and inversely associated with the BMI Z-score at age 1. CONCLUSIONS We were able to show for the first time that the maternal Th2 status may be linked inversely to early childhood overweight development accompanied by an altered metabolic profile of the fetus. However, our data do not support a direct mediating role of acylcarnitines on maternal IL13-induced weight development.
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28
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Developmental and Transmittable Origins of Obesity-Associated Health Disorders. Trends Genet 2017; 33:399-407. [PMID: 28438343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current global obesity pandemic is clearly linked to both the increasing prevalence of, and preference for, foods high in calories, specifically fat and sucrose, and declining levels of daily physical activity. A less commonly discussed possible explanation is that risk of obesity begins in utero as a result of developmental plasticity during early life. This idea fits into the broader Developmental Origins of Health and Diseases (DOHAD) hypothesis, which holds that stressful in utero exposure manifests as disease in adulthood. In this review, we highlight several studies that have revealed the role of epigenetics in multigenerational transmission of developmentally programmed obesity and associated cardiometabolic disease.
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29
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Kuo AH, Li J, Li C, Huber HF, Schwab M, Nathanielsz PW, Clarke GD. Prenatal steroid administration leads to adult pericardial and hepatic steatosis in male baboons. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1299-1302. [PMID: 28337030 PMCID: PMC5548625 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Developmental programming studies indicate that glucocorticoids modify
fetal development. We hypothesized that administration of the synthetic
glucocorticoid (sGC) betamethasone to pregnant baboons at doses and stages of
fetal life equivalent to human obstetric practice to decrease premature
offspring morbidity and mortality, programs lipid metabolism. In 10-year-old
male baboons (human equivalent 40) exposed in fetal life to betamethasone or
saline, we quantified pericardial fat and hepatic lipid content with magnetic
resonance imaging and spectroscopy. sGC offspring delivered at term as do most
sGC exposed human neonates. Pericardial fat thickness (7.7 ± 3.6 mm vs.
3.1 ± 1.1 mm, M ± SD; p = 0.022; n=5) and
hepatic fatty acids (13.3 ± 11.0 % vs. 2.5 ± 2.2
%; p = 0.046; n=5) increased following sGC without birth
weight or current body morphometric differences. Our results indicate that
antenatal sGC therapy caused abnormal fat deposition and adult body composition
in mid-life primate offspring. The concern raised is that this degree of
pericardial and hepatic lipid accumulation can lead to harmful local
lipotoxicity. In summary, developmental programing by sGC produces a mid-life
metabolically obese but normal weight phenotype. Prior studies show sexually
dimorphic responses to some programming challenges thus female studies are
necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Kuo
- Department of Radiology and Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J Li
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - C Li
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - H F Huber
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - M Schwab
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - P W Nathanielsz
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - G D Clarke
- Department of Radiology and Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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30
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Rakers F, Rupprecht S, Dreiling M, Bergmeier C, Witte OW, Schwab M. Transfer of maternal psychosocial stress to the fetus. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 117:S0149-7634(16)30719-9. [PMID: 28237726 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial maternal stress experienced during different vulnerable periods throughout gestation is thought to increase the individual's risk to develop neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular and metabolic disease in later life. Cortisol has generally been identified as the major mediator of maternal stress transfer to the fetus. Its lipophilic nature allows a trans-placental passage and thus excessive maternal cortisol could persistently impair the development of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA). However, cortisol alone cannot fully explain all effects of maternal stress especially during early to mid pregnancy before maturation of the fetal HPAA has even begun and expression of fetal glucocorticoid receptors is limited. This review focuses on mediators of maternal fetal stress transfer that in addition to cortisol have been proposed as transmitters of maternal stress: catecholamines, cytokines, serotonin/tryptophan, reactive-oxygen-species and the maternal microbiota. We propose that the effects of psychosocial maternal stress on fetal development and health and disease in later life are not a consequence of a single pathway but are mediated by multiple stress-transfer mechanisms acting together in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rakers
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sven Rupprecht
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Michelle Dreiling
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christoph Bergmeier
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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31
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Pathogen-Host Defense in the Evolution of Depression: Insights into Epidemiology, Genetics, Bioregional Differences and Female Preponderance. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:5-27. [PMID: 27629366 PMCID: PMC5143499 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significant attention has been paid to the potential adaptive value of depression as it relates to interactions with people in the social world. However, in this review, we outline the rationale of why certain features of depression including its environmental and genetic risk factors, its association with the acute phase response and its age of onset and female preponderance appear to have evolved from human interactions with pathogens in the microbial world. Approaching the relationship between inflammation and depression from this evolutionary perspective yields a number of insights that may reveal important clues regarding the origin and epidemiology of the disorder as well as the persistence of its risk alleles in the modern human genome.
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32
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Capuron L, Lasselin J, Castanon N. Role of Adiposity-Driven Inflammation in Depressive Morbidity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:115-128. [PMID: 27402495 PMCID: PMC5143483 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression and metabolic disorders, including overweight and obesity, appear tightly interrelated. The prevalence of these conditions is concurrently growing worldwide, and both depression and overweight/obesity represent substantial risk factors for multiple medical complications. Moreover, there is now multiple evidence for a bidirectional relationship between depression and increased adiposity, with overweight/obesity being associated with an increased prevalence of depression, and in turn, depression augmenting the risk of weight gain and obesity. Although the reasons for this intricate link between depression and increased adiposity remain unclear, converging clinical and preclinical evidence points to a critical role for inflammatory processes and related alterations of brain functions. In support of this notion, increased adiposity leads to a chronic low-grade activation of inflammatory processes, which have been shown elsewhere to have a potent role in the pathophysiology of depression. It is therefore highly possible that adiposity-driven inflammation contributes to the development of depressive disorders and their growing prevalence worldwide. This review will present recent evidence in support of this hypothesis and will discuss the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Altogether, findings presented here should help to better understand the mechanisms linking adiposity to depression and facilitate the identification of new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Capuron
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), INRA, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Lasselin
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Universitäts Klinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division for Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Castanon
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), INRA, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), Bordeaux, France
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33
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Lambin S, van Bree, R, Vergote I, Verhaeghe J. Chronic Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Infusion in Gravid C57BL6/J Mice Accelerates Adipose Tissue Development in Female Offspring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 13:558-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Lambin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Katholieke University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Campus Gathuisberg box 611, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Johan Verhaeghe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Katholieke University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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34
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Aavani T, Rana SA, Hawkes R, Pittman QJ. Maternal immune activation produces cerebellar hyperplasia and alterations in motor and social behaviors in male and female mice. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:491-505. [PMID: 25863812 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There have been suggestions that maternal immune activation is associated with alterations in motor behavior in offspring. To explore this further, we treated pregnant mice with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a viral mimetic that activates the innate immune system, or saline on embryonic days 13-15. At postnatal day (P) 18, offspring cerebella were collected from perfused brains and immunostained as whole-mounts for zebrin II. Measurements of zebrin II+/- stripes in both sexes indicated that prenatal poly(I:C)-exposed offspring had significantly wider stripes; this difference was also seen in similarly treated offspring in adulthood (~P120). When sagittal sections of the cerebellum were immunostained for calbindin and Purkinje cell numbers were counted, we observed greater numbers of Purkinje cells in poly(I:C) offspring at both P18 and ~ P120. In adolescence (~P40), both male and female prenatal poly(I:C)-exposed offspring exhibited poorer performance on the rotarod and ladder rung tests; deficits in performance on the latter test persisted into adulthood. Offspring of both sexes from poly(I:C) dams also exhibited impaired social interaction in adolescence, but this difference was no longer apparent in adulthood. Our results suggest that maternal immune exposure at a critical time of cerebellum development can enhance neuronal survival or impair normal programmed cell death of Purkinje cells, with lasting consequences on cerebellar morphology and a variety of motor and non-motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooka Aavani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shadna A Rana
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Genes & Development Research Group, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Quentin J Pittman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada.
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35
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Gaillard R, Rifas-Shiman SL, Perng W, Oken E, Gillman MW. Maternal inflammation during pregnancy and childhood adiposity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1320-7. [PMID: 27094573 PMCID: PMC4918508 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity is associated with offspring obesity. Underlying mechanisms may involve a maternal obesity-mediated proinflammatory state during pregnancy. Maternal C-reactive protein (CRP) level during pregnancy is a biomarker of low-grade systemic inflammation. METHODS Among 1,116 mother-child pairs, this study examined associations of maternal second-trimester CRP plasma level, measured by high-sensitivity CRP arrays, with mid-childhood DXA fat mass index (FMI), trunk fat mass index (trunkFMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and early and mid-childhood BMI-z and waist circumference (WC). Main analyses were adjusted for maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle-related characteristics, gestational age at blood draw, and child's age and sex. RESULTS Higher maternal CRP level was associated with higher mid-childhood FMI and trunkFMI (adjusted difference: 0.15 kg/m(2) [95% CI: 0.01, 0.29] [P = 0.04] and 0.06 kg/m(2) [95% CI: 0.00, 0.12] [P = 0.06], per SD increment in maternal CRP, respectively), but not FFMI. Higher maternal CRP level was associated with higher early and mid-childhood BMI-z and WC in the basic models [P < 0.05], but these associations attenuated after adjustment for maternal characteristics (adjusted difference in early and mid-childhood BMI-z and WC: 0.05 [95% CI: -0.03, 0.13] [P = 0.20], 0.10 cm [95% CI: -0.17, 0.37] [P = 0.46], 0.07 [95% CI: -0.01, 0.14] [P = 0.09], 0.34 cm [95% CI: -0.25, 0.94] [P = 0.26], per SD increment in maternal CRP, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Higher second-trimester maternal CRP level was associated with higher mid-childhood overall and central adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wei Perng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan , School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Emily Oken
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew W. Gillman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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36
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Manitz MP, Plümper J, Demir S, Ahrens M, Eßlinger M, Wachholz S, Eisenacher M, Juckel G, Friebe A. Flow cytometric characterization of microglia in the offspring of PolyI:C treated mice. Brain Res 2016; 1636:172-182. [PMID: 26872595 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuropathology of schizophrenia has been reported to be closely associated with microglial activation. In a previous study, using the prenatal PolyI:C schizophrenia animal model, we showed an increase in cell numbers and a reduction in microglial branching in 30-day-old PolyI:C descendants, which suggests that there is microglial activation during adolescence. To provide more information about the activation state, we aimed to examine the expression levels of Iba1, which was reported to be up-regulated in activated microglia. We used a flow cytometric approach and investigated CD11b and CD45, two additional markers for the identification of microglial cells. We demonstrated that intracellular staining against Iba1 can be used as a reliable flow cytometric method for identification of microglial cells. Prenatal PolyI:C treatment had long-term effects on CD11b and CD45 expression. It also resulted in a trend towards increased Iba1 expression. Imbalance in CD11b, CD45, and Iba1 expression might contribute to impaired synaptic surveillance and enhanced activation/inflammatory activity of microglia in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierre Manitz
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Plümper
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Seray Demir
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Maike Ahrens
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Manuela Eßlinger
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Simone Wachholz
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Martin Eisenacher
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Astrid Friebe
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
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37
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Dimasuay KG, Boeuf P, Powell TL, Jansson T. Placental Responses to Changes in the Maternal Environment Determine Fetal Growth. Front Physiol 2016; 7:12. [PMID: 26858656 PMCID: PMC4731498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental responses to maternal perturbations are complex and remain poorly understood. Altered maternal environment during pregnancy such as hypoxia, stress, obesity, diabetes, toxins, altered nutrition, inflammation, and reduced utero-placental blood flow may influence fetal development, which can predispose to diseases later in life. The placenta being a metabolically active tissue responds to these perturbations by regulating the fetal supply of nutrients and oxygen and secretion of hormones into the maternal and fetal circulation. We have proposed that placental nutrient sensing integrates maternal and fetal nutritional cues with information from intrinsic nutrient sensing signaling pathways to balance fetal demand with the ability of the mother to support pregnancy by regulating maternal physiology, placental growth, and placental nutrient transport. Emerging evidence suggests that the nutrient-sensing signaling pathway mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a central role in this process. Thus, placental nutrient sensing plays a critical role in modulating maternal-fetal resource allocation, thereby affecting fetal growth and the life-long health of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Genelyn Dimasuay
- Department of Medicine, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
| | - Philippe Boeuf
- Department of Medicine, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Theresa L. Powell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
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38
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Penfold NC, Ozanne SE. Developmental programming by maternal obesity in 2015: Outcomes, mechanisms, and potential interventions. Horm Behav 2015; 76:143-52. [PMID: 26145566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Obesity in women of child-bearing age is a growing problem in developed and developing countries. Evidence from human studies indicates that maternal BMI correlates with offspring adiposity from an early age and predisposes to metabolic disease in later life. Thus the early life environment is an attractive target for intervention to improve public health. Animal models have been used to investigate the specific physiological outcomes and mechanisms of developmental programming that result from exposure to maternal obesity in utero. From this research, targeted intervention strategies can be designed. In this review we summarise recent progress in this field, with a focus on cardiometabolic disease and central control of appetite and behaviour. We highlight key factors that may mediate programming by maternal obesity, including leptin, insulin, and ghrelin. Finally, we explore potential lifestyle and pharmacological interventions in humans and the current state of evidence from animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Penfold
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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39
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Ingvorsen C, Brix S, Ozanne SE, Hellgren LI. The effect of maternal Inflammation on foetal programming of metabolic disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:440-9. [PMID: 26011013 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity during pregnancy increases the child's risk of developing obesity and obesity-related diseases later in life. Key components in foetal programming of metabolic risk remain to be identified; however, chronic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity might be responsible for metabolic imprinting in the offspring. We have therefore surveyed the literature to evaluate the role of maternal obesity-induced inflammation in foetal programming of obesity and related diseases. The literature on this topic is limited, so this review also includes animal models where maternal inflammation is mimicked by single injections with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). An LPS challenge results in an immunological response that resembles the obesity-induced immune profile, although LPS injections provoke a stronger response than the subclinical obesity-associated response. Maternal LPS or cytokine exposures result in increased adiposity and impaired metabolic homeostasis in the offspring, similar to the phenotype observed after exposure to maternal obesity. The cytokine levels might be specifically important for the metabolic imprinting, as cytokines are both transferable from maternal to foetal circulation and have the capability to modulate placental nutrient transfer. However, the immune response associated with obesity is moderate and therefore potentially weakened by the pregnancy-driven immune modulation, dominated by anti-inflammatory Treg and Th2 cells. We know from other low-grade inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, that pregnancy can improve disease state. If pregnancy is also capable of suppressing the obesity-associated inflammation, the immunological markers might be less likely to affect metabolic programming in the developing foetus than otherwise implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ingvorsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Center for Fetal Programming, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Brix
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S E Ozanne
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - L I Hellgren
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Center for Fetal Programming, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mor A, Antonsen S, Kahlert J, Holsteen V, Jørgensen S, Holm-Pedersen J, Sørensen HT, Pedersen O, Ehrenstein V. Prenatal exposure to systemic antibacterials and overweight and obesity in Danish schoolchildren: a prevalence study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1450-5. [PMID: 26178293 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Prenatal exposure to antibacterials may permanently dysregulate fetal metabolic patterns via epigenetic pathways or by altering maternal microbiota. We examined the association of prenatal exposure to systemic antibacterials with overweight and obesity in schoolchildren. SUBJECTS/METHODS We conducted a prevalence study among Danish schoolchildren aged 7-16 years using data from routine school anthropometric evaluations conducted during 2002-2013. Prenatal exposure to antibacterials was ascertained by using maternal prescription dispensations and infection-related hospital admissions during pregnancy. We defined overweight and obesity among the children using standard age- and sex-specific cutoffs. We computed sex-specific adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) of overweight and obesity associated with exposure to prenatal antibacterials, adjusting for maternal age at delivery, marital status, smoking in pregnancy and multiple gestation; we also stratified the analyses by birth weight. RESULTS Among 9886 schoolchildren, 3280 (33%) had prenatal exposure to antibacterials. aPRs associated with the exposure were 1.26 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-1.45) for overweight and 1.29 (95% CI: 1.03-1.62) for obesity. Among girls, aPRs were 1.16 (95% CI: 0.95-1.42) for overweight and 1.27 (95% CI: 0.89 to 1.82) for obesity. Among boys, aPRs were 1.37 (95% CI: 1.13-1.66) for overweight and 1.29 (95% CI: 0.96-1.73) for obesity. The aPR for overweight was higher among schoolchildren with birth weight <3500 g (aPR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.05-1.61) than in schoolchildren with birth weight ⩾3500 g (aPR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.95-1.46). Inversely, the association for obesity was higher among schoolchildren with birth weight ⩾3500 g (aPR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.00-1.81) than among those who were <3500 g at birth (aPR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.82-1.65). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to systemic antibacterials is associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity at school age, and this association varies by birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mor
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Antonsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Kahlert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - V Holsteen
- Child and Adolescent Health Section, Department of Family and Employment, Municipality of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - S Jørgensen
- Child and Adolescent Health Section, Department of Family and Employment, Municipality of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J Holm-Pedersen
- Child and Adolescent Health Section, Department of Family and Employment, Municipality of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - H T Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - O Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - V Ehrenstein
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Labouesse MA, Langhans W, Meyer U. Long-term pathological consequences of prenatal infection: beyond brain disorders. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1-R12. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00087.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal immunological adversities such as maternal infection have been widely acknowledged to contribute to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental brain disorders. In recent years, epidemiological and experimental evidence has accumulated to suggest that prenatal exposure to immune challenges can also negatively affect various physiological and metabolic functions beyond those typically associated with primary defects in CNS development. These peripheral changes include excessive accumulation of adipose tissue and increased body weight, impaired glycemic regulation and insulin resistance, altered myeloid lineage development, increased gut permeability, hyperpurinergia, and changes in microbiota composition. Experimental work in animal models further suggests that at least some of these peripheral abnormalities could directly contribute to CNS dysfunctions, so that normalization of peripheral pathologies could lead to an amelioration of behavioral deficits. Hence, seemingly unrelated central and peripheral effects of prenatal infection could represent interrelated pathological entities that emerge in response to a common developmental stressor. Targeting peripheral abnormalities may thus represent a valuable strategy to improve the wide spectrum of behavioral abnormalities that can emerge in subjects with prenatal infection histories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Urs Meyer
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Bolton JL, Bilbo SD. Developmental programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet: focus on inflammatory mechanisms. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015. [PMID: 25364282 PMCID: PMC4214174 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2014.16.3/jbolton] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is now epidemic worldwide. Beyond associated diseases such as diabetes, obesity is linked to neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Alarmingly maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption during gestation/lactation may “program” offspring longterm for increased obesity themselves, along with increased vulnerability to mood disorders. We review the evidence that programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet is propagated by inflammatory mechanisms, as obesity and high-fat diets are independently associated with exaggerated systemic levels of inflammatory mediators. Due to the recognized dual role of these immune molecules (eg, interleukin [IL]-6, 11-1β) in placental function and brain development, any disruption of their delicate balance with growth factors or neurotransmitters (eg, serotonin) by inflammation early in life can permanently alter the trajectory of fetal brain development. Finally, epigenetic regulation of inflammatory pathways is a likely candidate for persistent changes in metabolic and brain function as a consequence of the perinatal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bolton
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Tsukada T, Simamura E, Shimada H, Arai T, Higashi N, Akai T, Iizuka H, Hatta T. The suppression of maternal-fetal leukemia inhibitory factor signal relay pathway by maternal immune activation impairs brain development in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129011. [PMID: 26043040 PMCID: PMC4456156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in rodents suggest that maternal immune activation (MIA) by viral infection is associated with schizophrenia and autism in offspring. Although maternal IL-6 is though t to be a possible mediator relating MIA induced these neuropsychiatric disorders, the mechanism remains to be elucidated. Previously, we reported that the maternal leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)–placental ACTH–fetal LIF signaling relay pathway (maternal–fetal LIF signal relay) promotes neurogenesis of fetal cerebrum in rats. Here we report that the maternal–fetal LIF signal relay in mice is suppressed by injection of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid into dams, which induces MIA at 12.5 days post-coitum. Maternal IL-6 levels and gene expression of placental suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (Socs3) increased according to the severity of MIA and gene expression of placental Socs3 correlated with maternal IL-6 levels. Furthermore, we show that MIA causes reduction of LIF level in the fetal cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in the decreased neurogenesis in the cerebrum. These findings suggest that maternal IL-6 interferes the maternal–fetal LIF signal relay by inducing SOCS3 in the placenta and leads to decreased neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tsukada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Eriko Simamura
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimada
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Takuma Arai
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Higashi
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Takuya Akai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Hideaki Iizuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Zakharova LA. Perinatal stress in brain programming and pathogenesis of psychoneurological disorders. BIOL BULL+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359015010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bouret S, Levin BE, Ozanne SE. Gene-environment interactions controlling energy and glucose homeostasis and the developmental origins of obesity. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:47-82. [PMID: 25540138 PMCID: PMC4281588 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often occur together and affect a growing number of individuals in both the developed and developing worlds. Both are associated with a number of other serious illnesses that lead to increased rates of mortality. There is likely a polygenic mode of inheritance underlying both disorders, but it has become increasingly clear that the pre- and postnatal environments play critical roles in pushing predisposed individuals over the edge into a disease state. This review focuses on the many genetic and environmental variables that interact to cause predisposed individuals to become obese and diabetic. The brain and its interactions with the external and internal environment are a major focus given the prominent role these interactions play in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Bouret
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barry E Levin
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Hale MW, Spencer SJ, Conti B, Jasoni CL, Kent S, Radler ME, Reyes TM, Sominsky L. Diet, behavior and immunity across the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 58:46-62. [PMID: 25524877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that perinatal events can set an organism on a life-long trajectory for either health or disease, resilience or risk. One early life variable that has proven critical for optimal development is the nutritional environment in which the organism develops. Extensive research has documented the effects of both undernutrition and overnutrition, with strong links evident for an increased risk for obesity and metabolic disorders, as well as adverse mental health outcomes. Recent work has highlighted a critical role of the immune system, in linking diet with long term health and behavioral outcomes. The present review will summarize the recent literature regarding the interactions of diet, immunity, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bruno Conti
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine L Jasoni
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Morgan E Radler
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Teresa M Reyes
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luba Sominsky
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Since their introduction more than forty years ago, antenatal glucocorticoids have become a cornerstone in the management of preterm birth and have been responsible for substantial reductions in neonatal mortality and morbidity. Clinical trials conducted over the past decade have shown that these benefits may be increased further through administration of repeat doses of antenatal glucocorticoids in women at ongoing risk of preterm and in those undergoing elective cesarean at term. At the same time, a growing body of experimental animal evidence and observational data in humans has linked fetal overexposure to maternal glucocorticoids with increased risk of cardiovascular, metabolic and other disorders in later life. Despite these concerns, and somewhat surprisingly, there has been little evidence to date from randomized trials of longer-term harm from clinical doses of synthetic glucocorticoids. However, with wider clinical application of antenatal glucocorticoid therapy there has been greater need to consider the potential for later adverse effects. This paper reviews current evidence for the short- and long-term health effects of antenatal glucocorticoids and discusses the apparent discrepancy between data from randomized clinical trials and other studies.
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Effects of pregnancy on obesity-induced inflammation in a mouse model of fetal programming. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1282-9. [PMID: 24785102 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of metabolic dysfunction in the offspring. It is not clear whether it is the metabolic changes or chronic low-grade inflammation in the obese state that causes this metabolic programming. We therefore investigated whether low-grade inflammation was present in obese dams compared with controls dams at gestation day 18 (GD18). METHODS Female mice were fed either a standard chow diet or a highly palatable obesogenic diet for 6 weeks before conception. Mice were either kileed before mating (n=12 in each group) or on GD18 (n=8 in each group). Blood and tissues were collected for analysis. RESULTS The obesogenic diet increased body weight and decreased insulin sensitivity before conception, while there was no difference between the groups at GD18. Local inflammation was assayed by macrophage count in adipose tissue (AT) and liver. Macrophage count in the AT was increased significantly by the obesogenic diet, and the hepatic count also showed a tendency to increased macrophage infiltration before gestation. This was further supported by a decreased population of monocytes in the blood of the obese animals, which suggested that monocytes are being recruited from the blood to the liver and AT in the obese animals. Gestation reversed macrophage infiltration, such that obese dams showed a lower AT macrophage count at the end of gestation compared with pre-pregnancy obese mice, and there were no longer a tendency toward increased hepatic macrophage count. Placental macrophage count was also similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION At GD18, obese dams were found to have similar macrophage infiltration in placenta, AT and liver as lean dams, despite an incipient infiltration before gestation. Thus, the obesity-induced inflammation was reversed during gestation.
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Hanson MA, Gluckman PD. Early developmental conditioning of later health and disease: physiology or pathophysiology? Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1027-76. [PMID: 25287859 PMCID: PMC4187033 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive experimental animal studies and epidemiological observations have shown that environmental influences during early development affect the risk of later pathophysiological processes associated with chronic, especially noncommunicable, disease (NCD). This field is recognized as the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). We discuss the extent to which DOHaD represents the result of the physiological processes of developmental plasticity, which may have potential adverse consequences in terms of NCD risk later, or whether it is the manifestation of pathophysiological processes acting in early life but only becoming apparent as disease later. We argue that the evidence suggests the former, through the operation of conditioning processes induced across the normal range of developmental environments, and we summarize current knowledge of the physiological processes involved. The adaptive pathway to later risk accords with current concepts in evolutionary developmental biology, especially those concerning parental effects. Outside the normal range, effects on development can result in nonadaptive processes, and we review their underlying mechanisms and consequences. New concepts concerning the underlying epigenetic and other mechanisms involved in both disruptive and nondisruptive pathways to disease are reviewed, including the evidence for transgenerational passage of risk from both maternal and paternal lines. These concepts have wider implications for understanding the causes and possible prevention of NCDs such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, for broader social policy and for the increasing attention paid in public health to the lifecourse approach to NCD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hanson
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, and NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Liggins Institute and Gravida (National Centre for Growth and Development), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P D Gluckman
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, and NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Liggins Institute and Gravida (National Centre for Growth and Development), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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The interleukins IL-6 and IL-1Ra: a mediating role in the associations between BMI and birth weight? J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 1:310-8. [PMID: 25141934 DOI: 10.1017/s204017441000036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms in the association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and birth weight are not well understood, but are likely to involve maternal plasma glucose levels and nutrient transport across the placenta, both important modulators of fetal growth. Adipose tissue contributes to circulating levels of interleukins that may affect glucose metabolism and possibly also placental transport of nutrients. We investigated possible mediating roles of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1 Receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in 208 pregnant women. Known and hypothesized dependencies between BMI in early pregnancy and fasting glucose, IL-1Ra and IL-6 at gestational weeks 30-32, and birth weight were specified in a path diagram. Standardized regression coefficients, expressing direct, indirect and total effects, were estimated by Bayesian path analysis. Mean (s.d.) BMI was 24.9 kg/m2 (4.2) and mean (s.d.) birth weight 3748 g (454). The total effect of BMI on birth weight was 0.24 (95% credibility interval (CrI) [0.12, 0.36]). The direct effect of IL-1Ra on birth weight was not statistically significant, but significant effects of BMI on IL-1Ra (0.61, 95% CrI [0.51, 0.72]), of IL-1Ra on fasting glucose (0.17, 95% CrI [0.01, 0.34]) and of fasting glucose on birth weight (0.14, 95% CrI [0.01, 0.27]) implied an indirect pathway from BMI via IL-1Ra on birth weight. Approximately 20% of the effect of BMI on birth weight was mediated through IL-1Ra. For IL-6, no such effects were found. Our results indicate that IL-1Ra may be a mediator in the association between BMI and birth weight.
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