Expression of genes involved in vascular development and angiogenesis in endothelial cells of adult lung

RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq Identification of Unique and Overlapping Target Genes and Pathways Regulated by TBX4 in Human Pulmonary Fibroblasts and Pericytes

Transcription factor TBX4 rare variants associate with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), particularly in children, and are the second most common cause of heritable PAH. However, TBX4's down-stream targets and the molecular and cellular pathways these targets regulate remain largely unknown in PAH. We combined RNA-seq and ChIP-seq results to identify TBX4 direct targets in lung fibroblasts and pericytes, respectively. There were 555 genes with altered expression with TBX4 knockdown in both fibroblasts and pericytes by RNA-seq, and which also were found to be bound by TBX4 by ChIP-seq. Gene ontology analysis found that these were dominated by genes related to extracellular matrix, actin organization, and migration guidance, although there were also significant groups related to serine/threonine kinase signaling, GTPase mediated signaling, and glycoprotein metabolism. Migration and proliferation studies using TBX4 knockdown fibroblasts confirmed functional effects. These studies provide the first insights into how genes and pathways regulated by TBX4 are impacted and inform future studies about the key biological processes that lead to PAH in patients who carry pathologic TBX4 rare variants.

Alternative Splicing Changes Promoted by NOVA2 Upregulation in Endothelial Cells and Relevance for Gastric Cancer

Angiogenesis is crucial for cancer progression. While several anti-angiogenic drugs are in use for cancer treatment, their clinical benefits are unsatisfactory. Thus, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms sustaining cancer vessel growth is fundamental to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Alternative splicing (AS) is an essential modifier of human proteome diversity. Nevertheless, AS contribution to tumor vasculature development is poorly known. The Neuro-Oncological Ventral Antigen 2 (NOVA2) is a critical AS regulator of angiogenesis and vascular development. NOVA2 is upregulated in tumor endothelial cells (ECs) of different cancers, thus representing a potential driver of tumor blood vessel aberrancies. Here, we identified novel AS transcripts generated upon NOVA2 upregulation in ECs, suggesting a pervasive role of NOVA2 in vascular biology. In addition, we report that NOVA2 is also upregulated in ECs of gastric cancer (GC), and its expression correlates with poor overall survival of GC patients. Finally, we found that the AS of the Rap Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 6 (RapGEF6), a newly identified NOVA2 target, is altered in GC patients and associated with NOVA2 expression, tumor angiogenesis, and poor patient outcome. Our findings provide a better understanding of GC biology and suggest that AS might be exploited to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutics for anti-angiogenic GC treatments.

The diagnostic potential of plasma SCUBE-1 concentration for pulmonary embolism: A pilot study

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to investigate the potential application of plasma signal peptide-complement C1r/C1s, Uegf and Bmp1-epidermal growth factor domain-containing protein 1 (SCUBE-1) as a biomarker in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE).

METHODS

This cross-sectional study enrolled 177 patients who underwent PE diagnostic test and 87 healthy controls. The results of CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) were used as reference standards for PE diagnosis. The levels of SCUBE-1 and D-dimer in participants' plasma were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared among patients with confirmed PE, suspicious PE and healthy controls. The diagnostic values were analysed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. In addition, differences in plasma SCUBE-1 levels were compared among patients with different risk stratifications.

RESULTS

The plasma SCUBE-1 concentration levels in patients with CTPA confirmed PE (14.28 ± 7.74 ng/ml) was significantly higher than those in the suspicious patients (11.11 ± 4.48 ng/ml) and in healthy control (4.40 ± 3.23 ng/ml) (P < 0.01). ROC curve analysis showed that at the cut-off of 7.789 ng/ml, SCUBE-1 has significant diagnostic value in differentiating PE patients from healthy control (AUC = 0.919, sensitivity = 81.25%, specificity = 92.13%), and the performance is more accurate than D-dimer (cut-off 273.4 ng/ml, AUC = 0.648, sensitivity = 65.75%, specificity = 67.42%). The combination of D-dimer with SCUBE-1 did not further improve the diagnostic value. However, SCUBE-1 did not show significant diagnostic value in identifying PE among suspicious patients There was no significant difference in SCUBE-1 level among different risk groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

We believe that SCUBE-1 could be a potential coagulation-related marker for the diagnosis of PE.

Injectable Prevascularized Mature Adipose Tissues (iPAT) to Achieve Long-Term Survival in Soft Tissue Regeneration

Soft tissue regeneration remains a challenge in reconstructive surgery. So far, both autologous fat implantations and artificial implants methods used in clinical applications lead to various disadvantages and limited lifespan. To overcome these limitations and improve the graft volume maintenance, reproducing a mature adipose tissue already including vasculature structure before implantation can be the solution. Therefore, injectable prevascularized adipose tissues (iPAT) are made from physiological collagen microfibers mixed with human mature adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, embedded in fibrin gel. Following murine subcutaneous implantation, the iPAT show a higher cell survival (84% ± 6% viability) and volume maintenance after 3 months (up to twice heavier) when compared to non-prevascularized balls and liposuctioned fat implanted controls. This higher survival can be explained by the greater amount of blood vessels found (up to 1.6-fold increase), with balanced host anastomosis (51% ± 1% of human/mouse lumens), also involving infiltration by the lymphatic and neural vasculature networks. Furthermore, with the cryopreservation possibility enabling their later reinjection, the iPAT technology has the merit to allow noninvasive soft tissue regeneration for long-term outcomes.

Disseminated Melanoma Cells Transdifferentiate into Endothelial Cells in Intravascular Niches at Metastatic Sites

Tumor cell plasticity, including transdifferentiation, is thought to be a key driver of therapy failure, tumor dormancy, and metastatic dissemination. Although melanoma cells have been shown to adopt various phenotypic features in vitro, direct in vivo evidence of metastatic cell plasticity remains sparse. Here, we combine lineage tracing in a spontaneous metastatic mouse model of melanoma, advanced imaging, and single-cell RNA sequencing approaches to search for pathophysiologically relevant melanoma cellular states. We identify melanoma cells in intravascular niches of various metastatic organs. These cells are quiescent, are negative for characteristic melanoma markers, and acquire endothelial cell features. We replicate the endothelial transdifferentiation (EndT) finding in another mouse model and provide evidence of EndT in BRAF^V600E-metastatic biopsies from human lung, brain, and small intestine, thus highlighting the clinical relevance of these findings. The tumor-vasculature pattern described herein may contribute to melanoma dormancy within metastatic organs and represent a putative target for therapies.

Nephrin-Ephrin-B1-Na+/H+ Exchanger Regulatory Factor 2-Ezrin-Actin Axis Is Critical in Podocyte Injury

Ephrin-B1 is one of the critical components of the slit diaphragm of kidney glomerular podocyte. However, the precise function of ephrin-B1 is unclear. To clarify the function of ephrin-B1, ephrin-B1-associated molecules were studied. RNA-sequencing analysis suggested that Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger regulatory factor 2 (NHERF2), a scaffolding protein, is associated with ephrin-B1. NHERF2 was expressed at the apical area and the slit diaphragm, and interacted with the nephrin-ephrin-B1 complex at the slit diaphragm. The nephrin-ephrin-B1-NHERF2 complex interacted with ezrin bound to F-actin. NHERF2 bound ephrin-B1 via its first postsynaptic density protein-95/disks large/zonula occludens-1 domain, and podocalyxin via its second postsynaptic density protein-95/disks large/zonula occludens-1 domain. Both in vitro analyses with human embryonic kidney 293 cells and in vivo study with rat nephrotic model showed that stimulaiton of the slit diaphragm, phosphorylation of nephrin and ephrin-B1, and dephosphorylation of NHERF2 and ezrin, disrupted the linkages of ephrin-B1-NHERF2 and NHERF2-ezrin. It is conceivable that the linkage of nephrin-ephrin-B1-NHERF2-ezrin-actin is a novel critical axis in the podocytes. Ephrin-B1 phosphorylation also disrupted the linkage of an apical transmembrane protein, podocalyxin, with NHERF2-ezrin-actin. The phosphorylation of ephrin-B1 and the consequent dephosphorylation of NHERF2 are critical initiation events leading to podocyte injury.

Paternally expressed retrotransposon Gag-like 1 gene, RTL1, is one of the crucial elements for placental angiogenesis in horses†

RTL1 (retrotransposon Gag-like 1) is an essential gene in the development of the human and murine placenta. Several fetal and placental abnormalities such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and hydrops conditions have been associated with altered expression of this gene. However, the function of RTL1 has not been identified. RTL1 is located on a highly conserved region in eutherian mammals. Therefore, the genetic and molecular analysis in horses could hold important implications for other species, including humans. Here, we demonstrated that RTL1 is paternally expressed and is localized within the endothelial cells of the equine (Equus caballus) chorioallantois. We developed an equine placental microvasculature primary cell culture and demonstrated that RTL1 knockdown leads to loss of the sprouting ability of these endothelial cells. We further demonstrated an association between abnormal expression of RTL1 and development of hydrallantois. Our data suggest that RTL1 may be essential for placental angiogenesis, and its abnormal expression can lead to placental insufficiency. This placental insufficiency could be the reason for IUGR and hydrops conditions reported in other species, including humans.

miR-19a-3p Facilitates Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Phenotypes by Inhibiting TEK

Background: Both TEK and miR-19a-3p have been reported to regulate lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression. However, the association between TEK and miR-19a-3p in LUAD remained unknown. This research aimed to investigate a novel miR-19a-3p/TEK interactome in LUAD cells. Methods: The mRNA expression and protein expression in the cell lines were determined using qPCR and Western blot assay, respectively. CCK-8 assay, EDU assay, flow cytometry cell apoptosis assay, scratch assay, and cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion assay were performed to detect the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and adhesion ability of A549 and H1975 cell lines. Results: Findings revealed that both mRNA and protein levels of TEK were downregulated in the LUAD tumor tissues and cell lines. It was also found that compared with the control group, the transfection of TEK overexpression plasmids into H1975 and A549 cell lines significantly inhibited cancerous phenotypes. However, experimental results indicated that by downregulating TEK, miR-19a-3p promoted LUAD cell phenotypes. Conclusion: This research demonstrated that an interactome existed between miR-19a-3p and TEK and that miR-19a-3p could suppress LUAD tumors by inhibiting TEK. This novel interactome could be used as a novel therapy target for LUAD.

Upregulation of Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen like 1 promotes gastric cancer growth and metastasis by regulating multiple matrix metallopeptidase expression

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-like 1 (TINAGL1), as a novel matricellular protein, has been demonstrated to participate in cancer progression, whereas the potential function of TINAGL1 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown.

METHODS

The expression pattern of TINAGL1 in GC was examined by immunohistochemistry, ELISA, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. Correlation between TINAGL1 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was analyzed by the GEPIA website and Kaplan-Meier plots database. The lentivirus-based TINAGL1 knockdown, CCK-8, and transwell assays were used to test the function of TINAGL1 in vitro. The role of TINAGL1 was confirmed by subcutaneous xenograft, abdominal dissemination, and lung metastasis model. Microarray experiments, ELISA, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot were used to identify molecular mechanism.

RESULTS

TINAGL1 was increased in GC tumor tissues and associated with poor patient survival. Moreover, TINAGL1 significantly promoted GC cell proliferation and migration in vitro as well as facilitated GC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. TINAGL1 expression in GC cells was accompanied with increasing MMPs including MMP2, MMP9, MMP11, MMP14, and MMP16. GEPIA database revealed that these MMPs were correlated with TINAGL1 in GC tumors and that the most highly expressed MMP was MMP2. Mechanically, TINAGL1 regulated MMP2 through the JNK signaling pathway activation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data highlight that TINAGL1 promotes GC growth and metastasis and regulates MMP2 expression, indicating that TINAGL1 may serve as a therapeutic target for GC.

Fabricating a pre-vascularized large-sized metabolically-supportive scaffold using Brassica oleracea leaf

BACKGROUND

There is a significant pitfall in clinical translation of large-sized tissue-engineered grafts - a lack of vascularization. This study was carried out to find the answer in a plant leaf, as plants and animals share structural similarities.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We fabricated a scaffold using Brassica oleracea leaves (10%SDS) and expanded the endothelial cells onto them. The vascularity was demarcated by angiography. The thermal decomposition confirmed that the oxidation resistance of the scaffold is parallel to the natural leaf. The acellularity of the scaffold as well as the presence of cellular establishment after culture on the scaffold was confirmed by histology, scanning electron microscopy, periodic acid-Schiff, and DNA quantification. Further, we estimated various biochemical markers like MDA, catalase, total proteins, and total nitric oxide for confirming their metabolic activities. Cell-specific markers like vWF, lectin established their phenotype. Cytotoxicity and live-dead assay showed the viability of cells.

CONCLUSION

Our findings proved that the decellularized leaf scaffold preserves vascularity, exhibits non-toxicity, maintains the cell identity, and supports mammalian cells for their metabolic activities. The study gives a futuristic hope in combating the ever-growing issues of clinical applicability of large-sized grafts.

Equine hydrallantois is associated with impaired angiogenesis in the placenta

INTRODUCTION

Hydrallantois is the excessive accumulation of fluid in the allantoic cavities during the last trimester of pregnancy, leading to abdominal wall hernias, cardiovascular shock, abortion, and dystocia. It has been postulated that hydrallantois is associated with structural and/or functional changes in the chorioallantoic membrane. In the present study, we hypothesized that angiogenesis is impaired in the hydrallantoic placenta.

METHOD

Capillary density in the hydrallantoic placenta was evaluated in the chorioallantois via immunohistochemistry for Von Willebrand Factor. Moreover, the expression of angiogenic genes was compared between equine hydrallantois and age-matched, normal placentas.

RESULTS

In the hydrallantoic samples, edema was the main pathological finding. The capillary density was significantly lower in the hydrallantoic samples than in normal placentas. The reduction in the number of vessels was associated with abnormal expression of a subset of angiogenic and hypoxia-associated genes including VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, ANGPT1, eNOS and HIF1A. We believe that the capillary density and the abnormal expression of angiogenic genes leads to tissue hypoxia (high expression of HIF1A) and edema. Finally, we identified a lower expression of genes associated with steroidogenic enzyme (CYP19A1) and estrogen receptor signaling (ESR2) in the hydrallantoic placenta.

DISCUSSION

Based on the presented data, we believe that formation of edema is due to disrupted vascular development (low number of capillaries) and hypoxia in the hydrallantoic placenta. The edema leads to further hypoxia and consequently, causes an increase in vessel permeability which leads to a gradual increase in interstitial fluid accumulation, resulting in an insufficient transplacental exchange rate and accumulation of fluid in the allantoic cavity.

Genome-wide interaction study reveals age-dependent determinants of responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroids in individuals with asthma

While genome-wide association studies have identified genes involved in differential treatment responses to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in asthma, few studies have evaluated the potential effects of age in this context. A significant proportion of asthmatics experience exacerbations (hospitalizations and emergency department visits) during ICS treatment. We evaluated the interaction of genetic variation and age on ICS response (measured by the occurrence of exacerbations) through a genome-wide interaction study (GWIS) of 1,321 adult and child asthmatic patients of European ancestry. We identified 107 genome-wide suggestive (P<10-05) age-by-genotype interactions, two of which also met genome-wide significance (P<5x10-08) (rs34631960 [OR 2.3±1.6-3.3] in thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing protein 4 (THSD4) and rs2328386 [OR 0.5±0.3-0.7] in human immunodeficiency virus type I enhancer binding protein 2 (HIVEP2)) by joint analysis of GWIS results from discovery and replication populations. In addition to THSD4 and HIVEP2, age-by-genotype interactions also prioritized genes previously identified as asthma candidate genes, including DPP10, HDAC9, TBXAS1, FBXL7, and GSDMB/ORMDL3, as pharmacogenomic loci as well. This study is the first to link these genes to a pharmacogenetic trait for asthma.

Re-endothelization of human saphenous vein scaffold surfaces for bioprosthesis fabrication

Various in vitro methods have been used for biological and synthetic scaffold fabrication. Some use polymers such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), while others use allogeneic or xenogeneic biological materials (e.g. blood vessels). While fabricating a biological scaffold, the first step is complete decellularization by enzymes (e.g. trypsin, collagenase, etc.) or chemicals (e.g. SDS, Triton-X, etc.), and the scaffolds should maintain its extracellular matrix (ECM). The second step involves re-endothelization so as to get fully biomimetic graft. In this study, we focused (concentrated) on the fabrication of a human saphenous vein scaffold by using various chemicals. We observed that cationic 1% SDS solution (Group B) performed excellent decellularization without altering the extracellular matrix as compared to the other chemicals like 0.25% trypsin and 70% ethanol (Groups C and D). Decellularization percentage and intactness of ECM (in all tunicae – intima, media, and adventitia) were confirmed based on histology. The PicoGreen assay showed that Group B (1% SDS decellularized scaffold, n = 3) had no detectable residual DNA. Re-endothelization on the complete decellularized scaffold (Group B) was done in both ways, without initial fibrin glue application (Group E) and with prior fibrin glue application (Group F). The vWF and lectin expressions suggested that endothelial cells did not alter their phenotype on human saphenous vein scaffolds. Uniaxial tensile testing revealed no significant differences in strain characteristics and modulus between native tissue and decellularized scaffolds. The live-dead (FDA/PI) and MTT assays confirmed the endothelial cell proliferation and viability, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) data showed that the cells adhered to the scaffold matrix (Group F). We concluded that an allogeneic human saphenous vein scaffold with desirable properties can be fabricated and re-endothelialized to form a non-thrombogenic intimal surface in vitro using this protocol.

Lung Mammary Metastases but Not Primary Tumors Induce Accumulation of Atypical Large Platelets and Their Chemokine Expression

The tumor microenvironment (TME) at the metastatic site consists of multiple components with considerable cellular heterogeneity. To test whether endothelial cells (ECs) associated with lung metastases express a distinct gene expression program that promotes metastatic growth, we isolated CD31+/CD45- cells from lung mammary cancer metastases for RNA sequencing and found CD44 upregulation. Unexpectedly, the CD44+ subset did not comprise authentic ECs nor were they bone-marrow-derived CD45- endothelial progenitor cells. Instead, they were a population of large platelets that are distinct from regular small platelets. These CD44+ large platelets were enriched in lung metastases but not primary mammary tumors and upregulated myeloid cell-regulating chemokines indicative of potential regulation of metastasis via indirect mechanisms. Identification of this cellular player in the TME of metastasis suggests a role for the recently identified lung-resident megakaryocytes (MKs) and offers an unexplored route to discover novel mechanisms and an opportunity for therapeutic interventions.

Fabrication of aortic bioprosthesis by decellularization, fibrin glue coating and re-endothelization: a cell scaffold approach

Aortic dysfunctions (aneurysm, aortitis) lead to the most serious conditions related to aortic wall with life-threatening complications. The most common modality of management for such conditions is replacement (diseased part) of aorta by a larger diameter stent (reconstructive vascular surgery) which in itself is a big trial. The most natural way is to use a re-endothelized scaffold. Developing a scaffold with biomimetic properties is an experimental aim for most of the scientists and surgeons. We aim to structure a strategy to overcome the well-known problems associated with aorta. In this study, we plan to remold a larger diameter blood vessel such as aorta from xenogeneic origin using different protocols to decellularize and comparing them with normal aorta. The chemicals and enzymes used for bovine aorta decellularization are 1% SDS (group II), 70% ethanol + 0.25% trypsin (group III), 70% ethanol (group IV), and 0.25% trypsin (group V). Group I served as control (without decellularization). Histology and SEM study were conducted for cellular presence/absence in all scaffolds. Later, the scaffolds were coated with the fibrin glue (FG) and endothelial cells were proliferated over them. 3D images were taken showing the remolding of the endothelial cells on FG-coated surfaces. The re-endothelization was confirmed by lectin and vWF^+/+ expression. Graft elasticity and burst pressure were confirmed by biomechanical tensile testing. Further, the absence of host tissue DNA and presence of cellular DNA after re-endothelialization were confirmed by PicoGreen assay. The acceptability for metabolically active cellular proliferation on scaffolds and its non-toxicity were proved by cell viability assay. Current findings accomplish that larger diameter aorta extracellular matrix scaffold (group II) can be fabricated and re-endothelialized to develop non-thrombotic surfaces with improved graft patency with promising results compared to other fabricated scaffold groups.

How many cadherins do human endothelial cells express?

The vasculature is the paradigm of a compartment generated by parallel cellular barriers that aims to transport oxygen, nutrients and immune cells in complex organisms. Vascular barrier dysfunction leads to fatal acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. The endothelial barrier lines the inner side of vessels and is the main regulator of vascular permeability. Cadherins comprise a superfamily of 114 calcium-dependent adhesion proteins that contain conserved cadherin motifs and form cell-cell junctions in metazoans. In mature human endothelial cells, only VE (vascular endothelial)-cadherin and N (neural)-cadherin have been investigated in detail. Although both cadherins are essential for regulating endothelial permeability, no comprehensive expression studies to identify which other family members could play a relevant role in endothelial cells has so far been performed. Here, we have reviewed gene and protein expression databases to analyze cadherin expression in mature human endothelium and found that at least 24 cadherin superfamily members are significantly expressed. Based on data obtained from other cell types, organisms and experimental models, we discuss their potential functions, many of them unrelated to the formation of endothelial cell-cell junctions. The expression of this new set of endothelial cadherins highlights the important but still poorly defined roles of planar cell polarity, the Hippo pathway and mitochondria metabolism in human vascular homeostasis.

The Functional Implications of Endothelial Gap Junctions and Cellular Mechanics in Vascular Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis—the sprouting and growth of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature—is an important contributor to tumor development, since it facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients to cancer cells. Endothelial cells are critically affected during the angiogenic process as their proliferation, motility, and morphology are modulated by pro-angiogenic and environmental factors associated with tumor tissues and cancer cells. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that the gap junctions of endothelial cells also participate in the promotion of angiogenesis. Pro-angiogenic factors modulate gap junction function and connexin expression in endothelial cells, whereas endothelial connexins are involved in angiogenic tube formation and in the cell migration of endothelial cells. Several mechanisms, including gap junction function-dependent or -independent pathways, have been proposed. In particular, connexins might have the potential to regulate cell mechanics such as cell morphology, cell migration, and cellular stiffness that are dynamically changed during the angiogenic processes. Here, we review the implication for endothelial gap junctions and cellular mechanics in vascular angiogenesis.

Hereditary multiple exostoses of the ribs as an uncommon cause of pneumothorax: A case report

RATIONALE

Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a genetic musculoskeletal condition causing multiple exostoses. Rib location of exostosis can be complicated by thoracic injuries.

PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSES

We report a case of pneumothorax in a 32-year-old man with a partial left-sided pneumothorax caused by an exostosis of the fourth and fifth ribs.

INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES

Clinical and radiological presentations allowed a conservative management. A video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed a few weeks later to avoid any recurrence.

LESSONS

Rib exostosis represents an unusual cause of pneumothorax. Any local modification of symptoms or size of the exostosis should lead to investigations in regard to chondrosarcoma transformation.

Diagnostic value of signal peptide-Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, and Bmp1-epidermal growth factor domain-containing protein 1 on serum and tissue samples in non-small cell lung cancer

Background

This study aims to investigate whether there is any relationship between the type, stage and the extensiveness of lung cancer and levels of signal peptide-Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, and Bmp1-epidermal growth factor domaincontaining protein 1 in serum and lung tissues of non-small cell lung cancer patients and also whether there is any difference in signal peptide-Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, and Bmp1-epidermal growth factor domain-containing protein 1 levels of patients with malignant or benign diseases.

Methods

The study included 55 subjects (45 males, 10 females; mean age 57.8±15.9 years; range 18 to 82 years) who were separated into three groups as 25 resectable non-small cell lung cancer patients (21 males, 4 females; mean age 64.6±9.4 years; range, 41 to 79 years) who were operated with the purpose of diagnosis and treatment (group 1), 15 unresectable non-small cell lung cancer patients (10 males, 5 females; mean age 61.8±9.6 years; range, 48 to 82 years) (group 2), and 15 patients (14 males, 1 females; mean age 42.5±19.5 years; range, 18 to 76 years) who were operated with non-cancer related reasons (group 3; control group).

Results

Preoperative serum signal peptide-Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, and Bmp1-epidermal growth factor domain-containing protein 1 levels in groups 1 and 2 were significantly higher compared to control group (p=0.045). Serum signal peptide-Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, and Bmp1-epidermal growth factor domain-containing protein 1 levels in group 2 were significantly higher compared to the other two groups (p=0.008). Levels of signal peptide- Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, and Bmp1-epidermal growth factor domaincontaining protein 1 in tissue samples were significantly higher in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and yielded a prognostic importance such that a 1 ng/mL rise in tissue signal peptide-Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, and Bmp1- epidermal growth factor domain-containing protein 1 concentration caused a 1.4 fold increase in death risk (p=0.009).

Conclusion

Concentration of signal peptide-Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, and Bmp1-epidermal growth factor domain-containing protein 1 in serum and tumor tissue may be an important biomarker in determining the diagnosis and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Epha3 acts as proangiogenic factor in multiple myeloma

This study investigates the role of ephrin receptor A3 (EphA3) in the angiogenesis of Multiple Myeloma (MM) and the effects of a selective target of EphA3 by a specific monoclonal antibody on primary bone marrow endothelial cells (ECs) of MM patients.

EphA3 mRNA and protein were evaluated in ECs of MM patients (MMECs), in ECs of patients with monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (MGECs) and in ECs of healthy subjects (control ECs). The effects of EphA3 targeting by mRNA silencing (siRNA) or by the anti EphA3 antibody on the angiogenesis were evaluated. We found that EphA3 is highly expressed in MMECs compared to the other EC types. Loss of function of EphA3 by siRNA significantly inhibited the ability of MMECs to adhere to fibronectin, to migrate and to form tube like structures in vitro, without affecting cell proliferation or viability. In addition, gene expression profiling showed that knockdown of EphA3 down modulated some molecules that regulate adhesion, migration and invasion processes. Interestingly, EphA3 targeting by an anti EphA3 antibody reduced all the MMEC angiogenesis-related functions in vitro. In conclusion, our findings suggest that EphA3 plays an important role in MM angiogenesis.

WNT receptor signalling in lung physiology and pathology

The WNT signalling cascades have emerged as critical regulators of a wide variety of biological aspects involved in lung development as well as in physiological and pathophysiological processes in the adult lung. WNTs (secreted glycoproteins) interact with various transmembrane receptors and co-receptors to activate signalling pathways that regulate transcriptional as well as non-transcriptional responses within cells. In physiological conditions, the majority of WNT receptors and co-receptors can be detected in the adult lung. However, dysregulation of WNT signalling pathways contributes to the development and progression of chronic lung pathologies, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and lung cancer. The interaction between a WNT and the (co-)receptor(s) present at the cell surface is the initial step in transducing an extracellular signal into an intracellular response. This proximal event in WNT signal transduction with (cell-specific) ligand-receptor interactions is of great interest as a potential target for pharmacological intervention. In this review we highlight the diverse expression of various WNT receptors and co-receptors in the aforementioned chronic lung diseases and discuss the currently available biologicals and pharmacological tools to modify proximal WNT signalling.

Lymphatic Changes in Respiratory Diseases: More than Just Remodeling of the Lung?

Advances in our ability to identify lymphatic endothelial cells and differentiate them from blood endothelial cells have led to important progress in the study of lymphatic biology. Over the past decade, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that there are changes to the lymphatic vasculature in nearly all lung diseases. Efforts to understand the contribution of lymphatics and their growth factors to disease initiation, progression, and resolution have led to seminal findings establishing critical roles for lymphatics in lung biology spanning from the first breath after birth to asthma, tuberculosis, and lung transplantation. However, in other diseases, it remains unclear if lymphatics are part of the overall lung remodeling process or real contributors to disease pathogenesis. The goal of this Translational Review is to highlight some of the advances in our understanding of the role(s) of lymphatics in lung disease and shed light on the critical needs and unanswered questions that might lead to novel translational applications.

Cavin-2 regulates the activity and stability of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) in angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a highly regulated process for formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. Angiogenesis is dysregulated in various pathologies, including age-related macular degeneration, arthritis, and cancer. Inhibiting pathological angiogenesis therefore represents a promising therapeutic strategy for treating these disorders, highlighting the need to study angiogenesis in more detail. To this end, identifying the genes essential for blood vessel formation and elucidating their function are crucial for a complete understanding of angiogenesis. Here, focusing on potential candidate genes for angiogenesis, we performed a morpholino-based genetic screen in zebrafish and identified Cavin-2, a membrane-bound phosphatidylserine-binding protein and critical organizer of caveolae (small microdomains in the plasma membrane), as a regulator of angiogenesis. Using endothelial cells, we show that Cavin-2 is required for in vitro angiogenesis and also for endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. We noted a high level of Cavin-2 expression in the neovascular tufts in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy, suggesting a role for Cavin-2 in pathogenic angiogenesis. Interestingly, we also found that Cavin-2 regulates the production of nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells by controlling the stability and activity of the endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) and that Cavin-2 knockdown cells produce much less NO than WT cells. Also, mass spectrometry, flow cytometry, and electron microscopy analyses indicated that Cavin-2 is secreted in endothelial microparticles (EMPs) and is required for EMP biogenesis. Taken together, our results indicate that in addition to its function in caveolae biogenesis, Cavin-2 plays a critical role in endothelial cell maintenance and function by regulating eNOS activity.

Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-like 1 protein is downregulated in the placenta of pre-eclamptic women

Background

Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-like 1 protein (TINAGL1), is a matricellular protein, known to play role in cell adhesion and cell receptor interaction. Research related to TINAGL1 is limited to cell culture and animal models. Demonstration of TINAGL1 as a positive regulator of angiogenesis and its expression in the decidua of postimplantation mouse uterus, prompted us to validate its expression in human placenta during impaired angiogenesis in pre-eclamptic condition.

Methods

Placental tissue from normotensive (n = 25) and pre-eclamptic (n = 25) pregnancies were used to study the differentially expressed proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and TINAGL1 protein was validated with Western blotting.

Results

A total of 55 protein spots were differentially expressed (fold change >1.5, p < 0.05), of which 27 were upregulated and 28 were downregulated in the pre-eclamptic placenta. TINAGL1 was found to be downregulated in pre-eclamptic compared to normotensive pregnant women.

Conclusion

This is the first study reporting TINAGL1 to be present in human placenta and differentially expressed in pre-eclamptic condition. The functional role of TINAGL1 in association to human pregnancy needs to be explored further.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-017-9144-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The Hepatic Lymphatic Vascular System: Structure, Function, Markers, and Lymphangiogenesis

The lymphatic vascular system has been minimally explored in the liver despite its essential functions including maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis. The discovery of specific markers for lymphatic endothelial cells has advanced the study of lymphatics by methods including imaging, cell isolation, and transgenic animal models and has resulted in rapid progress in lymphatic vascular research during the last decade. These studies have yielded concrete evidence that lymphatic vessel dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge of the structure, function, and markers of the hepatic lymphatic vascular system as well as factors associated with hepatic lymphangiogenesis and compares liver lymphatics with those in other tissues.

Functional mutations in 5'UTR of the BMPR2 gene identified in Chinese families with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive pulmonary vasculopathy with significant morbidity and mortality. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) has been well recognized as the principal gene responsible for heritable and sporadic PAH. Four unrelated Chinese patients with PAH and their family members, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, were genetically evaluated by sequencing all exons and the flanking regions of BMPR2. Functionality of the aberrant mutations at the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of BMPR2 in the families with PAH was determined by site mutation, transient transfection, and promoter-reporter assays. Four individual mutations in the BMPR2 gene were identified in the 4 families, respectively: 10-GGC repeats, 13-GGC repeats, 4-AGC repeats in 5'UTR, and a novel missense mutation in exon 7 (c.961C>T; p.Arg321X). Moreover, we demonstrated that (1) these 5'UTR mutations decreased the transcription of BMPR2 and (2) the GGC repeats and AGC repeats in BMPR2 5'UTR bore functional binding sites of EGR-1 and MYF5, respectively. This is the first report demonstrating the presence of functional BMPR2 5'UTR mutations in familial patients with PAH and further indicating that EGR-1 and MYF5 are potential targets for correcting these genetic abnormalities for PAH therapy.

Wnt5A/Ryk signaling critically affects barrier function in human vascular endothelial cells

Satisfactory therapeutic strategies for septic shock are still missing. Previously we found elevated levels of Wnt5A in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Wnt5A is released by activated macrophages but knowledge of its effects in the vascular system remains scant. Here we investigate the response of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) to Wnt5A. We used a genome-wide differential expression approach to define novel targets regulated by Wnt5A. Gene ontology analysis of expression profiles revealed clusters of genes involved in actin cytoskeleton remodeling as the predominant targets of Wnt5A. Wnt5A targeted Rho-associated protein serine/threonine kinase (ROCK), leading to phosphorylation of LIM kinase-2 (LIMK2) and inactivation of the actin depolymerization factor cofilin-1 (CFL1). Functional experiments recording cytoskeletal rearrangements in living cells showed that Wnt5A enhanced stress fiber formation as a consequence of reduced actin depolymerization. The antagonist Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) that specifically interferes with the WIF domain of Ryk receptors prevented actin polymerization. Wnt5A disrupted β-catenin and VE-cadherin adherens junctions forming inter-endothelial gaps. Functional experiments targeting the endothelial monolayer integrity and live recording of trans-endothelial resistance revealed enhanced permeability of Wnt5A-treated HCAEC. Ryk silencing completely prevented Wnt5A-induced endothelial hyperpermeability. Wnt5A decreased wound healing capacity of HCAEC monolayers; this was restored by the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. Here we show that Wnt5A acts on the vascular endothelium causing enhanced permeability through Ryk interaction and downstream ROCK/LIMK2/CFL1 signaling. Wnt5A/Ryk signaling might provide novel therapeutic strategies to prevent capillary leakage in systemic inflammation and septic shock.

Expression of Lymphatic Markers in the Adult Rat Spinal Cord

Under physiological conditions, lymphatic vessels are thought to be absent from the central nervous system (CNS), although they are widely distributed within the rest of the body. Recent work in the eye, i.e., another organ regarded as alymphatic, revealed numerous cells expressing lymphatic markers. As the latter can be involved in the response to pathological conditions, we addressed the presence of cells expressing lymphatic markers within the spinal cord by immunohistochemistry. Spinal cord of young adult Fisher rats was scrutinized for the co-expression of the lymphatic markers PROX1 and LYVE-1 with the cell type markers Iba1, CD68, PGP9.5, OLIG2. Rat skin served as positive control for the lymphatic markers. PROX1-immunoreactivity was detected in many nuclei throughout the spinal cord white and gray matter. These nuclei showed no association with LYVE-1. Expression of LYVE-1 could only be detected in cells at the spinal cord surface and in cells closely associated with blood vessels. These cells were found to co-express Iba1, a macrophage and microglia marker. Further, double labeling experiments using CD68, another marker found in microglia and macrophages, also displayed co-localization in the Iba1+ cells located at the spinal cord surface and those apposed to blood vessels. On the other hand, PROX1-expressing cells found in the parenchyma were lacking Iba1 or PGP9.5, but a significant fraction of those cells showed co-expression of the oligodendrocyte lineage marker OLIG2. Intriguingly, following spinal cord injury, LYVE-1-expressing cells assembled and reorganized into putative pre-vessel structures. As expected, the rat skin used as positive controls revealed classical lymphatic vessels, displaying PROX1+ nuclei surrounded by LYVE-1-immunoreactivity. Classical lymphatics were not detected in adult rat spinal cord. Nevertheless, numerous cells expressing either LYVE-1 or PROX1 were identified. Based on their localization and overlapping expression with Iba1, the LYVE-1+ cell population likely represents a macrophage subpopulation, while a significant fraction of PROX1+ cells belong to the oligodendrocytic lineage based on their distribution and the expression of OLIG2. The response of these LYVE-1+ and PROX1+ cell subpopulations to pathological conditions, especially in spinal cord inflammatory conditions, needs to be further elucidated.

A Functional Variant rs6435156C > T in BMPR2 is Associated With Increased Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Southern Chinese Population

BACKGROUNDS

Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) signaling is anti-inflammatory. Decreased BMPR2 expression was seen in lung tissue from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.

METHODS

The selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BMPR2 were genotyped with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ligase detection reaction. The effects of SNPs on gene expression were analyzed with luciferase assays. The mRNA and protein expression levels of BMPR2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from COPD patients were determined by quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively.

FINDINGS

Two SNPs, rs6435156C > T and rs1048829G > T in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of BMPR2 were selected and genotyped in COPD case and healthy control subjects from southern Chinese population. Both of them were found associated with significantly increased COPD risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.58 with 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-2.15, P = 0.0056 for rs6435156C > T; adjusted OR = 1.47 and 95% CI = 1.10-1.97, P = 0.0092 for rs1048829G > T). Older age, cigarette smoking, family history of cancer and COPD were all factors that interacted with rs6435156C > T and rs1048829G > T causing increased COPD risk. Cigarette smokers with rs6435156 (CT + TT) or rs1048829 (GT + TT) were more susceptible to COPD than that with the rs6435156CC or rs1048829GG genotypes. In A549 human alveolar epithelial cells, luciferase reporter assays revealed that introduction of 3'UTR of BMPR2 plasmids carrying rs6435156T allele but not rs1048829T led to lower luciferase activity than the wild-type C or G alleles. Comparing to rs6435156CC, treatment with hsa-miR-20a mimics deceased whereas hsa-miR-20a inhibitor restored the luciferase reporter activity in cells transfected with constructs carrying rs6435156TT. BMPR2 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly lower in PBMCs from COPD smokers than that in non-smokers. COPD patients carrying rs6435156T allele had less BMPR2 expression in PBMCs.

INTERPRETATION

This study demonstrated that both rs6435156C > T and rs1048829G > T variants in BMPR2 contributed to increased susceptibility to COPD. The T variants of rs6435156 increased COPD risk likely by binding with hsa-miR-20a, thus leading to downregulated BMPR2 expression in lung epithelial and immune cells.

Identification of novel vascular targets in lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death, largely owing to the lack of effective treatments. A tumour vascular targeting strategy presents an attractive alternative; however, the molecular signature of the vasculature in lung cancer is poorly explored. This work aimed to identify novel tumour vascular targets in lung cancer.

METHODS

Enzymatic digestion of fresh tissue followed by endothelial capture with Ulex lectin-coated magnetic beads was used to isolate the endothelium from fresh tumour specimens of lung cancer patients. Endothelial isolates from the healthy and tumour lung tissue were subjected to whole human genome expression profiling using microarray technology.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics analysis identified tumour endothelial expression of angiogenic factors, matrix metalloproteases and cell-surface transmembrane proteins. Predicted novel tumour vascular targets were verified by RNA-seq, quantitative real-time PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry. Further detailed expression profiling of STEAP1 on 82 lung cancer patients confirmed STEAP1 as a novel target in the tumour vasculature. Functional analysis of STEAP1 using siRNA silencing implicates a role in endothelial cell migration and tube formation.

CONCLUSIONS

The identification of cell-surface tumour endothelial markers in lung is of interest in therapeutic antibody and vaccine development.

The diagnostic role of signal peptide-C1r/C1s, Uegf, and Bmp1-epidermal growth factor domain-containing protein 1 in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome

OBJECTIVE

Chest pain and/or electrocardiogram changes in non-ST elevation or suspicious chest pain and cardiac marker elevations are defined as non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Serial electrocardiogram and marker follow-up are needed to make a diagnosis of NSTE-ACS and to eliminate noncoronary chest pain (NCCP). Signal peptide-C1r/C1s, Uegf, and Bmp1-epidermal growth factor domain-containing protein 1 (SCUBE1) is stored within the α granules of inactive platelets and secreted at a high rate during thrombosis. We believe that SCUBE1 may be a sensitive early diagnostic indicator in distinguishing coronary-induced chest pain from noncoronary-induced chest pain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study included 190 patients with an initial diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department. Based on a definitive diagnosis, these patients were classified into 3 groups: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), NSTE-ACS, and NCCP.

RESULTS

Plasma SCUBE1 levels were significantly higher in the STEMI group when compared with those of the other groups (P < .05). They were also significantly higher in the NSTE-ACS group when compared with those of the NCCP group (P < .01). Troponin I, creatinine kinase, and creatinine kinase MB levels were significantly different in the NSTE-ACS group when compared with those of the NCCP group (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

High rates of SCUBE1 were found both in the STEMI and NSTE-ACS patients. Furthermore, in the study group, SCUBE1 was an adequate marker for distinguishing NSTE-ACS from NCCP.

Physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the adult pulmonary circulation

Angiogenesis occurs during growth and physiological adaptation in many systemic organs, for example, exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy, ovulation, and tissue repair. Disordered angiogenesis contributes to chronic inflammatory disease processes and to tumor growth and metastasis. Although it was previously thought that the adult pulmonary circulation was incapable of supporting new vessel growth, over that past 10 years new data have shown that angiogenesis within this circulation occurs both during physiological adaptive processes and as part of the pathogenic mechanisms of lung diseases. Here we review the expression of vascular growth factors in the adult lung, their essential role in pulmonary vascular homeostasis and the changes in their expression that occur in response to physiological challenges and in disease. We consider the evidence for adaptive neovascularization in the pulmonary circulation in response to alveolar hypoxia and during lung growth following pneumonectomy in the adult lung. In addition, we review the role of disordered angiogenesis in specific lung diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute adult distress syndrome and both primary and metastatic tumors of the lung. Finally, we examine recent experimental data showing that therapeutic enhancement of pulmonary angiogenesis has the potential to treat lung diseases characterized by vessel loss.

PEDF expression regulates the proangiogenic and proinflammatory phenotype of the lung endothelium

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein with important roles in regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis. It is produced by various cell types, including endothelial cells (EC). However, the cell autonomous impact of PEDF on EC function needs further investigation. Lung EC prepared from PEDF-deficient (PEDF-/-) mice were more migratory and failed to undergo capillary morphogenesis in Matrigel compared with wild type (PEDF+/+) EC. Although no significant differences were observed in the rates of apoptosis in PEDF-/- EC compared with PEDF+/+ cells under basal or stress conditions, PEDF-/- EC proliferated at a slower rate. PEDF-/- EC also expressed increased levels of proinflammatory markers, including vascular endothelial growth factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, as well as altered cellular junctional organization, and nuclear localization of β-catenin. The PEDF-/- EC were also more adhesive, expressed decreased levels of thrombospondin-2, tenascin-C, and osteopontin, and increased fibronectin. Furthermore, we showed lungs from PEDF-/- mice exhibited increased expression of macrophage marker F4/80, along with increased thickness of the vascular walls, consistent with a proinflammatory phenotype. Together, our data suggest that the PEDF expression makes significant contribution to modulation of the inflammatory and angiogenic phenotype of the lung endothelium.

Targeting notch signaling pathway in cancer: clinical development advances and challenges

Notch signaling plays an important role in development and cell fate determination, and it is deregulated in human hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. This review includes a brief introduction of the relevant pathophysiology of Notch signaling pathway and primarily focuses on the clinical development of promising agents that either obstruct Notch receptor cleavages such as γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) or interfere with the Notch ligand-receptor interaction by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Antitumor activity by GSIs and mAbs administered as single agent in early phases of clinical trials has been observed in advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, intracranial tumors, sarcoma or desmoid tumors, colorectal cancer with neuroendocrine features, melanoma and ovarian cancer. A number of mechanism-based adverse events particularly gastrointestinal toxicities emerged and mitigation strategies are developed after testing multiple GSIs and Notch targeting mAbs. We also discuss pharmacodynamic biomarkers in conjunction with methods of assessment of the molecular target inhibition validation. Biomarkers of efficacy or benefit may be of importance for a successful development of this class of drugs.

Lactate dehydrogenase a expression is necessary to sustain rapid angiogenesis of pulmonary microvascular endothelium

Angiogenesis is a fundamental property of endothelium, yet not all endothelial cells display equivalent angiogenic responses; pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells undergo rapid angiogenesis when compared to endothelial cells isolated from conduit vessels. At present it is not clear how pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells fulfill the bioenergetic demands that are necessary to sustain such rapid blood vessel formation. We have previously established that pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells utilize aerobic glycolysis to generate ATP during growth, a process that requires the expression of lactate dehydrogenase A to convert pyruvate to lactate. Here, we test the hypothesis that lactate dehydrogenase A is required for pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells to sustain rapid angiogenesis. To test this hypothesis, Tet-On and Tet-Off conditional expression systems were developed in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, where doxycycline is utilized to induce lactate dehydrogenase A shRNA expression. Expression of LDH-A shRNA induced a time-dependent decrease in LDH-A protein, which corresponded with a decrease in glucose consumption from the media, lactate production and cell growth; re-expression of LDH-A rescued each of these parameters. LDH-A silencing greatly reduced network formation on Matrigel in vitro, and decreased blood vessel formation in Matrigel in vivo. These findings demonstrate that LDH-A is critically important for sustaining the rapid angiogenesis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells.

Blood capillary length estimation from three-dimensional microscopic data by image analysis and stereology

Studies of the capillary bed characterized by its length or length density are relevant in many biomedical studies. A reliable assessment of capillary length from two-dimensional (2D), thin histological sections is a rather difficult task as it requires physical cutting of such sections in randomized directions. This is often technically demanding, inefficient, or outright impossible. However, if 3D image data of the microscopic structure under investigation are available, methods of length estimation that do not require randomized physical cutting of sections may be applied. Two different rat brain regions were optically sliced by confocal microscopy and resulting 3D images processed by three types of capillary length estimation methods: (1) stereological methods based on a computer generation of isotropic uniform random virtual test probes in 3D, either in the form of spatial grids of virtual "slicer" planes or spherical probes; (2) automatic method employing a digital version of the Crofton relations using the Euler characteristic of planar sections of the binary image; and (3) interactive "tracer" method for length measurement based on a manual delineation in 3D of the axes of capillary segments. The presented methods were compared in terms of their practical applicability, efficiency, and precision.

Ectopic expression of homeobox gene NKX2-1 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is mediated by aberrant chromatin modifications

Homeobox genes encode transcription factors ubiquitously involved in basic developmental processes, deregulation of which promotes cell transformation in multiple cancers including hematopoietic malignancies. In particular, NKL-family homeobox genes TLX1, TLX3 and NKX2-5 are ectopically activated by chromosomal rearrangements in T-cell neoplasias. Here, using transcriptional microarray profiling and RQ-PCR we identified ectopic expression of NKL-family member NKX2-1, in a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell line SU-DHL-5. Moreover, in silico analysis demonstrated NKX2-1 overexpression in 5% of examined DLBCL patient samples. NKX2-1 is physiologically expressed in lung and thyroid tissues where it regulates differentiation. Chromosomal and genomic analyses excluded rearrangements at the NKX2-1 locus in SU-DHL-5, implying alternative activation. Comparative expression profiling implicated several candidate genes in NKX2-1 regulation, variously encoding transcription factors, chromatin modifiers and signaling components. Accordingly, siRNA-mediated knockdown and overexpression studies confirmed involvement of transcription factor HEY1, histone methyltransferase MLL and ubiquitinated histone H2B in NKX2-1 deregulation. Chromosomal aberrations targeting MLL at 11q23 and the histone gene cluster HIST1 at 6p22 which we observed in SU-DHL-5 may, therefore, represent fundamental mutations mediating an aberrant chromatin structure at NKX2-1. Taken together, we identified ectopic expression of NKX2-1 in DLBCL cells, representing the central player in an oncogenic regulative network compromising B-cell differentiation. Thus, our data extend the paradigm of NKL homeobox gene deregulation in lymphoid malignancies.

Gene expression changes associated with the airway wall response to injury

Background

Understanding the way in which the airway heals in response to injury is fundamental to dissecting the mechanisms underlying airway disease pathology. As only limited data is available in relation to the in vivo characterisation of the molecular features of repair in the airway we sought to characterise the dynamic changes in gene expression that are associated with the early response to physical injury in the airway wall.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We profiled gene expression changes in the airway wall using a large animal model of physical injury comprising bronchial brush biopsy in anaesthetised sheep. The experimental design featured sequential studies in the same animals over the course of a week and yielded data relating to the response at 6 hours, and 1, 3 and 7 days after injury. Notable features of the transcriptional response included the early and sustained preponderance of down-regulated genes associated with angiogenesis and immune cell activation, selection and differentiation. Later features of the response included the up-regulation of cell cycle genes at d1 and d3, and the latter pronounced up-regulation of extracellular matrix-related genes at d3 and d7.

Conclusions/Significance

It is possible to follow the airway wall response to physical injury in the same animal over the course of time. Transcriptional changes featured coordinate expression of functionally related genes in a reproducible manner both within and between animals. This characterisation will provide a foundation against which to assess the perturbations that accompany airway disease pathologies of comparative relevance.

Genome-wide association study identifies TH1 pathway genes associated with lung function in asthmatic patients

BACKGROUND

Recent meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies in general populations of European descent have identified 28 loci for lung function.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to identify novel lung function loci specifically for asthma and to confirm lung function loci identified in general populations.

METHODS

Genome-wide association studies of lung function (percent predicted FEV1 [ppFEV1], percent predicted forced vital capacity, and FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio) were performed in 4 white populations of European descent (n = 1544), followed by meta-analyses.

RESULTS

Seven of 28 previously identified lung function loci (HHIP, FAM13A, THSD4, GSTCD, NOTCH4-AGER, RARB, and ZNF323) identified in general populations were confirmed at single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) levels (P < .05). Four of 32 loci (IL12A, IL12RB1, STAT4, and IRF2) associated with ppFEV1 (P < 10(-4)) belong to the TH1 or IL-12 cytokine family pathway. By using a linear additive model, these 4 TH1 pathway SNPs cumulatively explained 2.9% to 7.8% of the variance in ppFEV1 values in 4 populations (P = 3 × 10(-11)). Genetic scores of these 4 SNPs were associated with ppFEV1 values (P = 2 × 10(-7)) and the American Thoracic Society severe asthma classification (P = .005) in the Severe Asthma Research Program population. TH2 pathway genes (IL13, TSLP, IL33, and IL1RL1) conferring asthma susceptibility were not associated with lung function.

CONCLUSION

Genes involved in airway structure/remodeling are associated with lung function in both general populations and asthmatic subjects. TH1 pathway genes involved in anti-virus/bacterial infection and inflammation modify lung function in asthmatic subjects. Genes associated with lung function that might affect asthma severity are distinct from those genes associated with asthma susceptibility.

Macrophages and angiogenesis: a role for Wnt signaling

Macrophages regulate many developmental and pathological processes in both embryonic and adult tissues, and recent studies have shown a significant role in angiogenesis. Similarly, Wnt signaling is fundamental to tissue morphogenesis and also has a role in vascular development. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the field of macrophage-regulated angiogenesis, with a focus on the role of macrophage-derived Wnt ligands. We review data that provide both direct and indirect evidence for macrophage-derived Wnt regulation of physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis. Finally, we propose that Wnt signaling plays a central role in differentiation of tumor associated and wound infiltrating macrophages to a proangiogenic phenotype.

The roles and therapeutic potentials of Ephs and ephrins in lung cancer

Eph receptors and their membrane-bound ephrin ligands are intimately involved in embryonic patterning, neuronal targeting, and vascular development during normal embryogenesis. In recent years, a growing number of studies revealed their participation in the development of various cancers. In this review, we concentrate on their involvement in lung cancer. In this context, we summarize their aberrant expressions, their pro- or anti-oncogenic effects as well as related mechanisms, and their potential as drug targets in lung cancer.

LRP5 regulates development of lung microvessels and alveoli through the angiopoietin-Tie2 pathway

Angiogenesis is crucial for lung development. Although there has been considerable exploration, the mechanism by which lung vascular and alveolar formation is controlled is still not completely understood. Here we show that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), a component of the Wnt ligand-receptor complex, regulates angiogenesis and alveolar formation in the lung by modulating expression of the angiopoietin (Ang) receptor, Tie2, in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Vascular development in whole mouse lungs and in cultured ECs is controlled by LRP5 signaling, which is, in turn, governed by a balance between the activities of the antagonistic Tie2 ligands, Ang1 and Ang2. Under physiological conditions when Ang1 is dominant, LRP5 knockdown decreases Tie2 expression and thereby, inhibits vascular and alveolar development in the lung. Conversely, when Ang2 dominates under hyperoxia treatment in neonatal mice, high LRP5 and Tie2 expression suppress angiogenesis and lung development. These findings suggest that the LRP5-Tie2-Ang signaling axis plays a central role in control of both angiogenesis and alveolarization during postnatal lung development, and that deregulation of this signaling mechanism might lead to developmental abnormalities of the lung, such as are observed in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

Neuropilins: expression and roles in the epithelium

Initially found expressed in neuronal and then later in endothelial cells, it is well established that the transmembrane glycoproteins neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and neuropilin-2 (NRP2) play essential roles in axonal growth and guidance and in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Neuropilin expression and function in epithelial cells has received little attention when compared with neuronal and endothelial cells. Overexpression of NRPs is shown to enhance growth, correlate with invasion and is associated with poor prognosis in various tumour types, especially those of epithelial origin. The contribution of NRP and its ligands to tumour growth and metastasis has spurred a strong interest in NRPs as novel chemotherapy drug targets. Given NRP's role as a multifunctional co-receptor with an ability to bind with disparate ligand families, this has sparked new areas of research implicating NRPs in diverse biological functions. Here, we review the growing body of research demonstrating NRP expression and role in the normal and neoplastic epithelium.

Notch signaling in ocular vasculature development and diseases

Ocular angiogenesis, characterized by the formation of new blood vessels in the avascular area in eyes, is a highly coordinated process involved in retinal vasculature formation and several ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. This process is orchestrated by complicated cellular interactions and vascular growth factors, during which endothelial cells acquire heterogeneous phenotypes and distinct cellular destinations. To date, while the vascular endothelial growth factor has been identified as the most critical angiogenic agent with a remarkable therapeutic value, the Notch signaling pathway appears to be a similarly important regulator in several angiogenic steps. Recent progress has highlighted the involvement, mechanisms and therapeutic potential of Notch signaling in retinal vasculature development and pathological angiogenesis-related eye disorders, which may cause irreversible blindness.

Critical role of the axonal guidance cue EphrinB2 in lung growth, angiogenesis, and repair

RATIONALE

Lung diseases characterized by alveolar damage currently lack efficient treatments. The mechanisms contributing to normal and impaired alveolar growth and repair are incompletely understood. Axonal guidance cues (AGC) are molecules that guide the outgrowth of axons to their targets. Among these AGCs, members of the Ephrin family also promote angiogenesis, cell migration, and organogenesis outside the nervous system. The role of Ephrins during alveolar growth and repair is unknown.

OBJECTIVES

We hypothesized that EphrinB2 promotes alveolar development and repair.

METHODS

We used in vitro and in vivo manipulation of EphrinB2 signaling to assess the role of this AGC during normal and impaired lung development.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

In vivo EphrinB2 knockdown using intranasal siRNA during the postnatal stage of alveolar development in rats arrested alveolar and vascular growth. In a model of O(2)-induced arrested alveolar growth in newborn rats, air space enlargement, loss of lung capillaries, and pulmonary hypertension were associated with decreased lung EphrinB2 and receptor EphB4 expression. In vitro, EphrinB2 preserved alveolar epithelial cell viability in O(2), decreased O(2)-induced alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis, and accelerated alveolar epithelial cell wound healing, maintained lung microvascular endothelial cell viability, and proliferation and vascular network formation. In vivo, treatment with intranasal EphrinB2 decreased alveolar epithelial and endothelial cell apoptosis, preserved alveolar and vascular growth in hyperoxic rats, and attenuated pulmonary hypertension.

CONCLUSION

The AGC EphrinB2 may be a new therapeutic target for lung repair and pulmonary hypertension.

Inhibition of microRNA-17 improves lung and heart function in experimental pulmonary hypertension

RATIONALE

MicroRNAs (miRs) control various cellular processes in tissue homeostasis and disease by regulating gene expression on the posttranscriptional level. Recently, it was demonstrated that the expression of miR-21 and members of the miR-17-92 cluster was significantly altered in experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH).

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and antiremodeling potential of miR inhibitors in the pathogenesis of PH.

METHODS

We first tested the effects of miR inhibitors (antagomirs), which were specifically designed to block miR-17 (A-17), miR-21 (A-21), and miR-92a (A-92a) in chronic hypoxia-induced PH in mice and A-17 in monocrotaline-induced PH in rats. Moreover, biological function of miR-17 was analyzed in cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

In the PH mouse model, A-17 and A-21 reduced right ventricular systolic pressure, and all antagomirs decreased pulmonary arterial muscularization. However, only A-17 reduced hypoxia-induced right ventricular hypertrophy and improved pulmonary artery acceleration time. In the monocrotaline-induced PH rat model, A-17 treatment significantly decreased right ventricular systolic pressure and total pulmonary vascular resistance index, increased pulmonary artery acceleration time, normalized cardiac output, and decreased pulmonary vascular remodeling. Among the tested miR-17 targets, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21) was up-regulated in lungs undergoing A-17 treatment. Likewise, in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, A-17 increased p21. Overexpression of miR-17 significantly reduced p21 expression and increased proliferation of smooth muscle cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data demonstrate that A-17 improves heart and lung function in experimental PH by interfering with lung vascular and right ventricular remodeling. The beneficial effects may be related to the up-regulation of p21. Thus, inhibition of miR-17 may represent a novel therapeutic concept to ameliorate disease state in PH.

Ephs and ephrins in cancer: ephrin-A1 signalling

Ephrin-A1 and its primary receptor, EphA2, are involved in numerous physiological processes and have been intensely studied for their roles in malignancy. Ephrin-Eph signalling is complex on its own and is also cell-type dependent, making elucidation of the exact role of ephrin-A1 in neoplasia challenging. Multiple oncogenic signalling pathways, such as MAP/ERK and PI3K are affected by ephrin-A1, and in some cases evidence suggests the promotion of a specific pathway in one cell or cancer type and inhibition of the same pathway in another type of cell or cancer. Ephrin-A1 also plays an integral role in angiogenesis and tumor neovascularization. Until recently, studies investigating ephrins focused on the ligands as GPI-anchored proteins that required membrane anchoring or artificial clustering for Eph receptor activation. However, recent studies have demonstrated a functional role for soluble, monomeric ephrin-A1. This review will focus on various forms of ephrin-A1-specific signalling in human malignancy.

Cigarette smoke exposure aggravates air space enlargement and alveolar cell apoptosis in Smad3 knockout mice

The concept of genetic susceptibility factors predisposing cigarette smokers to develop emphysema stems from the clinical observation that only a fraction of smokers develop clinically significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We investigated whether Smad3 knockout mice, which develop spontaneous air space enlargement after birth because of a defect in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, develop enhanced alveolar cell apoptosis and air space enlargement following cigarette smoke exposure. We investigated Smad3(-/-) and Smad3(+/+) mice at different adult ages and determined air space enlargement, alveolar cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, laser-capture microdissection and real-time PCR were used to measure compartment-specific gene expression. We then compared the effects of cigarette smoke exposure on Smad3(-/-) and littermate controls. Smad3 knockout resulted in the development of air space enlargement in the adult mouse and was associated with decreased alveolar VEGF levels and activity and increased alveolar cell apoptosis. Cigarette smoke exposure aggravated air space enlargement and alveolar cell apoptosis. We also found increased Smad2 protein expression and phosphorylation, which was enhanced following cigarette smoke exposure, in Smad3-knockout animals. Double immunofluorescence analysis revealed that endothelial apoptosis started before epithelial apoptosis. Our data indicate that balanced TGF-β signaling is not only important for regulation of extracellular matrix turnover, but also for alveolar cell homeostasis. Impaired signaling via the Smad3 pathway results in alveolar cell apoptosis and alveolar destruction, likely via increased Smad2 and reduced VEGF expression and might represent a predisposition for accelerated development of emphysema due to cigarette smoke exposure.

Anthrax lethal toxin-induced gene expression changes in mouse lung

A major virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis is the anthrax Lethal Toxin (LeTx), a bipartite toxin composed of Protective Antigen and Lethal Factor. Systemic administration of LeTx to laboratory animals leads to death associated with vascular leakage and pulmonary edema. In this study, we investigated whether systemic exposure of mice to LeTx would induce gene expression changes associated with vascular/capillary leakage in lung tissue. We observed enhanced susceptibility of A/J mice to death by systemic LeTx administration compared to the C57BL/6 strain. LeTx-induced groups of both up- and down-regulated genes were observed in mouse lungs 6 h after systemic administration of wild type toxin compared to lungs of mice exposed to an inactive mutant form of the toxin. Lungs of the less susceptible C57BL/6 strain showed 80% fewer differentially expressed genes compared to lungs of the more sensitive A/J strain. Expression of genes known to regulate vascular permeability was modulated by LeTx in the lungs of the more susceptible A/J strain. Unexpectedly, the largest set of genes with altered expression was immune specific, characterized by the up-regulation of lymphoid genes and the down-regulation of myeloid genes. Transcripts encoding neutrophil chemoattractants, modulators of tumor regulation and angiogenesis were also differentially expressed in both mouse strains. These studies provide new directions for the investigation of vascular leakage and pulmonary edema induced by anthrax LeTx.