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Alshammari MA, Alshehri AO, Alqahtani F, Khan MR, Bakhrebah MA, Alasmari F, Alshammari TK, Alsharari SD. Increased Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier in a Diabetic Mouse Model ( Leprdb/db Mice). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7768. [PMID: 39063010 PMCID: PMC11276738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is linked to multiple complications, including cognitive impairment, and the prevalence of memory-related neurodegenerative diseases is higher in T2DM patients. One possible theory is the alteration of the microvascular and macrovascular environment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we employed different approaches, including RT-PCR, functional pharmacokinetic studies using sodium fluorescein (NaFL), and confocal microscopy, to characterize the functional and molecular integrity of the BBB in a T2DM animal model, leptin receptor-deficient mutant mice (Leprdb/db mice). As a result, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MMP-9, and S100b (BBB-related markers) dysregulation was observed in the Leprdb/db animal model compared to littermate wild-type mice. The brain concentration of sodium fluorescein (NaFL) increased significantly in Leprdb/db untreated mice compared to insulin-treated mice. Therefore, the permeability of NaFL was higher in Leprdb/db control mice than in all remaining groups. Identifying the factors that increase the BBB in Leprdb/db mice will provide a better understanding of the BBB microvasculature and present previously undescribed findings of T2DM-related brain illnesses, filling knowledge gaps in this emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaad A. Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.R.K.); (F.A.); (T.K.A.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Abdulaziz O. Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Graduate Student), Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.R.K.); (F.A.); (T.K.A.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Mohammad R. Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.R.K.); (F.A.); (T.K.A.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Muhammed A. Bakhrebah
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.R.K.); (F.A.); (T.K.A.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Tahani K. Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.R.K.); (F.A.); (T.K.A.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Shakir D. Alsharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.R.K.); (F.A.); (T.K.A.); (S.D.A.)
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Eurén T, Gower B, Steneberg P, Wilson A, Edlund H, Chorell E. Myofiber-specific lipidomics unveil differential contributions to insulin sensitivity in individuals of African and European ancestry. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32456. [PMID: 38994058 PMCID: PMC11237840 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims Individuals of African ancestry (AA) present with lower insulin sensitivity compared to their European counterparts (EA). Studies show ethnic differences in skeletal muscle fiber type (lower type I fibers in AA), muscle fat oxidation capacity (lower in AA), whilst no differences in total skeletal muscle lipids. However, skeletal muscle lipid subtypes have not been examined in this context. We hypothesize that lower insulin sensitivity in AA is due to a greater proportion of type II (non-oxidative) muscle fibers, and that this would result in an ancestry-specific association between muscle lipid subtypes and peripheral insulin sensitivity. To test this hypothesis, we examined the association between insulin sensitivity and muscle lipids in AA and EA adults, and in an animal model of insulin resistance with muscle-specific fiber types. Methods In this cross-sectional study, muscle biopsies were obtained from individuals with a BMI ranging from normal to overweight with AA (N = 24) and EA (N = 19). Ancestry was assigned via genetic admixture analysis; peripheral insulin sensitivity via hyperinsulinaemic-euglycemic clamp; and myofiber content via myosin heavy chain immunohistochemistry. Further, muscle types with high (soleus) and low (vastus lateralis) type I fiber content were obtained from high-fat diet-induced insulin resistant F1 mice and littermate controls. Insulin sensitivity in mice was assessed via intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics was used to measure skeletal muscle lipid. Results Compared to EA, AA had lower peripheral insulin sensitivity and lower oxidative type 1 myofiber content, with no differences in total skeletal muscle lipid content. Muscles with lower type I fiber content (AA and vastus from mice) showed lower levels of lipids associated with fat oxidation capacity, i.e., cardiolipins, triacylglycerols with low saturation degree and phospholipids, compared to muscles with a higher type 1 fiber content (EA and soleus from mice). Further, we found that muscle diacylglycerol content was inversely associated with insulin sensitivity in EA, who have more type I fiber, whereas no association was found in AA. Similarly, we found that insulin sensitivity in mice was associated with diacylglycerol content in the soleus (high in type I fiber), not in vastus (low in type I fiber).Conclusions; Our data suggest that the lipid contribution to altered insulin sensitivity differs by ethnicity due to myofiber composition, and that this needs to be considered to increase our understanding of underlying mechanisms of altered insulin sensitivity in different ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova Eurén
- Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Barbara Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Pär Steneberg
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Andréa Wilson
- Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Helena Edlund
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Elin Chorell
- Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
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Younes S. The relationship between gender and pharmacology. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 7:100192. [PMID: 39101002 PMCID: PMC11295939 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2024.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The part of sexuality in pharmacology research was not acknowledged, and it was not thought-out to be a determinant that could impact strength and disease. For decades research has mainly contained male, women and animals, leading to a lack of news about syndromes in females. Still, it is critical to guarantee equal likeness so that determine the security, influence, and resistance of healing agents for all individuals. The underrepresentation of female models in preclinical studies over various decades has surpassed to disparities in the understanding, disease, and treatment of ailments 'tween genders. The closeness of sexuality bias has happened recognized as a contributing determinant to the restricted interpretation and replicability of preclinical research. Many demands operation have stressed the significance of including sexuality as a organic changeable, and this view is acquire growing support. Regardless of important progress in incorporating more female models into preclinical studies, differences prevail contemporary. The current review focuses on the part of sexuality and common in biomedical research and, therefore, their potential function in pharmacology and analyze the potential risks guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Younes
- Department of Pharmacy, Tartous University, Syria
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4
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Yang J, Zou Y, Lv X, Chen J, Cui C, Song J, Yang M, Hu H, Gao J, Xia L, Wang L, Chen L, Hou X. Didymin protects pancreatic beta cells by enhancing mitochondrial function in high-fat diet-induced impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:7. [PMID: 38172956 PMCID: PMC10762818 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolonged exposure to plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) leads to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) which can progress to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the absence of timely and effective interventions. High-fat diet (HFD) leads to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, impairing pancreatic beta cell (PBC) function. While Didymin, a flavonoid glycoside derived from citrus fruits, has beneficial effects on inflammation dysfunction, its specific role in HFD-induced IGT remains yet to be elucidated. Hence, this study aims to investigate the protective effects of Didymin on PBCs. METHODS HFD-induced IGT mice and INS-1 cells were used to explore the effect and mechanism of Didymin in alleviating IGT. Serum glucose and insulin levels were measured during the glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests to evaluate PBC function and insulin resistance. Next, RNA-seq analysis was performed to identify the pathways potentially influenced by Didymin in PBCs. Furthermore, we validated the effects of Didymin both in vitro and in vivo. Mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (Rotenone) was used to further confirm that Didymin exerts its ameliorative effect by enhancing mitochondria function. RESULTS Didymin reduces postprandial glycemia and enhances 30-minute postprandial insulin levels in IGT mice. Moreover, Didymin was found to enhance mitochondria biogenesis and function, regulate insulin secretion, and alleviate inflammation and apoptosis. However, these effects were abrogated with the treatment of Rotenone, indicating that Didymin exerts its ameliorative effect by enhancing mitochondria function. CONCLUSIONS Didymin exhibits therapeutic potential in the treatment of HFD-induced IGT. This beneficial effect is attributed to the amelioration of PBC dysfunction through improved mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huiqing Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Longqing Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xinguo Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China.
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, China.
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Jinan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
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Pacini G, Ahrén B. The dual incretin co-agonist tirzepatide increases both insulin secretion and glucose effectiveness in model experiments in mice. Peptides 2024; 171:171117. [PMID: 37984684 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Tirzepatide is a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor co-agonist which is approved for glucose-lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes. Here, we explored its effects on beta cell function, insulin sensitivity and insulin-independent glucose elimination (glucose effectiveness) in normal mice. Anesthetized female C57/BL/6 J mice were injected intravenously with saline or glucose (0.125, 0.35 or 0.75 g/kg) with or without simultaneous administration of synthetic tirzepatide (3 nmol/kg). Samples were taken at 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 min. Glucose elimination rate was estimated by the percentage reduction in glucose from min 5 to min 20 (KG). The 50 min areas under the curve (AUC) for insulin and glucose were determined. Beta cell function was assessed as AUCinsulin divided by AUCglucose. Insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose effectiveness (SG) were determined by minimal model analysis of the insulin and glucose data. Tirzepatide glucose-dependently reduced glucose levels and increased insulin levels. The slope for the regression of AUCinsulin versus AUCglucose was increased 7-fold by tirzepatide from 0.014 ± 0.004 with glucose only to 0.099 ± 0.016 (P < 0.001). SI was not affected by tirzepatide, whereas SG was increased by 78% (P < 0.001). The increase in SG contributed to an increase in KG by 74 ± 4% after glucose alone and by 67 ± 8% after glucose+ tirzepatide, whereas contribution by SI times AUCinsulin insulin (i.e., disposition index) was 26 ± 4% and 33 ± 8%, respectively. In conclusion, tirzepatide stimulates both insulin secretion and glucose effectiveness, with stimulation of glucose effectiveness being the prominent process to reduce glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Wirth F, Heitz FD, Seeger C, Combaluzier I, Breu K, Denroche HC, Thevenet J, Osto M, Arosio P, Kerr-Conte J, Verchere CB, Pattou F, Lutz TA, Donath MY, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Grimm J. A human antibody against pathologic IAPP aggregates protects beta cells in type 2 diabetes models. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6294. [PMID: 37813862 PMCID: PMC10562398 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with type 2 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells progressively degenerate and gradually lose their ability to produce insulin and regulate blood glucose. Beta cell dysfunction and loss is associated with an accumulation of aggregated forms of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) consisting of soluble prefibrillar IAPP oligomers as well as insoluble IAPP fibrils in pancreatic islets. Here, we describe a human monoclonal antibody selectively targeting IAPP oligomers and neutralizing IAPP aggregate toxicity by preventing membrane disruption and apoptosis in vitro. Antibody treatment in male rats and mice transgenic for human IAPP, and human islet-engrafted mouse models of type 2 diabetes triggers clearance of IAPP oligomers resulting in beta cell protection and improved glucose control. These results provide new evidence for the pathological role of IAPP oligomers and suggest that antibody-mediated removal of IAPP oligomers could be a pharmaceutical strategy to support beta cell function in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wirth
- Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 18, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Karin Breu
- Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 18, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Heather C Denroche
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, A4-151 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julien Thevenet
- Univ-Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1190 - EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Melania Osto
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- Univ-Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1190 - EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, A4-151 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - François Pattou
- Univ-Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1190 - EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Y Donath
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hock
- Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 18, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine-IREM, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Roger M Nitsch
- Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 18, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine-IREM, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jan Grimm
- Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 18, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
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Allegra S, Chiara F, Di Grazia D, Gaspari M, De Francia S. Evaluation of Sex Differences in Preclinical Pharmacology Research: How Far Is Left to Go? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:786. [PMID: 37375734 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Until the last quarter of the 20th century, sex was not recognized as a variable in health research, nor was it believed to be a factor that could affect health and illness. Researchers preferred studying male models for a variety of reasons, such as simplicity, lower costs, hormone confounding effects, and fear of liability from perinatal exposure in case of pregnancy. Equitable representation is imperative for determining the safety, effectiveness, and tolerance of therapeutic agents for all consumers. Decades of female models' underrepresentation in preclinical studies has resulted in inequality in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of disease between the sexes. Sex bias has been highlighted as one of the contributing factors to the poor translation and replicability of preclinical research. There have been multiple calls for action, and the inclusion of sex as a biological variable is increasingly supported. However, although there has been substantial progress in the efforts to include more female models in preclinical studies, disparities today remain. In the present review, we consider the current standard practice of the preclinical research setting, why the sex bias exists, why there is the need to include female models, and what risks may arise from continuing this exclusion from experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Allegra
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiara
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Grazia
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Marco Gaspari
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Silvia De Francia
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
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Lee SR, Jeong SH, Mukae M, Jeong KJ, Kwun HJ, Hong EJ. GLUT4 degradation by GLUTFOURINH® in mice resembles moderate-obese diabetes of human with hyperglycemia and low lipid accumulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166668. [PMID: 36822448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. To investigate T2D, genetic and chemical induced hyper-obese rodent models have been experimentally developed. However, establishment of moderate-obese diabetes model will confer diverse opportunities for translational studies. In this study, we found the chemical, GLUTFOURINH® (GFI), induces post-translational degradation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). We aimed to establish novel diabetic model by using GFI. METHODS AND RESULTS Low plasma membrane GLUT4 (pmGLUT4) levels by GFI resulted in reduction of intracellular glucose uptake and TG, and increase of intracellular FFA in A204 cells. Likewise, GFI treatment decreased intracellular TG and increased intracellular FFA levels in Hep3B and 3T3-L1 cells. Mice were administered with GFI (16 mg/kg) for short-term (3-day) and long-term (28- and 31-day) to compared with vehicle injection, HFD model, and T2D model, respectively. Short-term and long-term GFI treatments induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia with low pmGLUT4 levels. Compared to HFD model, long-term GFI with HFD reduced adipose weight and intracellular TG accumulation, but increased plasma FFA. GFI treatment resulted in insulin resistance by showing low QUICKI and high HOMA-IR values, and low insulin response during insulin tolerance test. Additionally, low pmGLUT4 by GFI heightened hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance compared to T2D model. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we report GLUT4 degradation by novel chemical (GFI) induces moderate-obese diabetes representing hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and low intracellular lipid accumulation. The GLUT4 degradation by GFI has translational value for studying diseases related to moderate-obese diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang R Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hee Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Moeka Mukae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Joo Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kwun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Kennard MR, Nandi M, Chapple S, King AJ. The glucose tolerance test in mice: Sex, drugs and protocol. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:2241-2252. [PMID: 35815375 PMCID: PMC9795999 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To establish the impact of sex, dosing route, fasting duration and acute habituation stress on glucose tolerance test (GTT) measurements used in the preclinical evaluation of potential glucose-modulating therapeutics. METHODS Adult male and female C57Bl/6J mice, implanted with HD-XG glucose telemetry devices, were fasted for 16 hours or 6 hours following acute habituation stress due to whole cage change, cage change with retention of used bedding or no cage change prior to intraperitoneal (IP) GTTs. To evaluate protocol refinement and sex on the ability of the GTT to detect drug effects, we administered 250 mg/kg oral metformin or 10 nmol/kg IP exendin-4 using optimized protocols. RESULTS Female mice were less sensitive to human intervention when initiating fasting. Following a 6-hour fast, retention of bedding whilst changing the cage base promotes quicker stabilization of basal blood glucose in both sexes. Prolonged fasting for 16 hours resulted in an exaggerated GTT response but induced pronounced basal hypoglycaemia. Following GTT protocol optimization the effect of exendin-4 and metformin was equivalent in both sexes, with females showing a more modest but more reproducible GTT response. CONCLUSIONS Variations in GTT protocol have profound effects on glucose homeostasis. Protocol refinement and/or the use of females still allows for detection of drug effects, providing evidence that more severe phenotypes are not an essential prerequisite when characterizing/validating new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manasi Nandi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sarah Chapple
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
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10
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Holter MM, Phuong DJ, Lee I, Saikia M, Weikert L, Fountain S, Anderson ET, Fu Q, Zhang S, Sloop KW, Cummings BP. 14-3-3-zeta mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist action to alter α cell proglucagon processing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3773. [PMID: 35867787 PMCID: PMC9307243 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that α cells contribute to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists potently potentiate GSIS, making these drugs useful for diabetes treatment. However, the role of α and β cell paracrine interactions in the effects of GLP-1R agonists is undefined. We previously found that increased β cell GLP-1R signaling activates α cell GLP-1 expression. Here, we characterized the bidirectional paracrine cross-talk by which α and β cells communicate to mediate the effects of the GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide. We find that the effect of liraglutide to enhance GSIS is blunted by α cell ablation in male mice. Furthermore, the effect of β cell GLP-1R signaling to activate α cell GLP-1 is mediated by a secreted protein factor that is regulated by the signaling protein, 14-3-3-zeta, in mouse and human islets. These data refine our understanding of GLP-1 pharmacology and identify 14-3-3-zeta as a potential target to enhance α cell GLP-1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M. Holter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daryl J. Phuong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Isaac Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mridusmita Saikia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Weikert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Fountain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Anderson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qin Fu
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kyle W. Sloop
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bethany P. Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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11
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Du Y, Li D, Chen J, Li YH, Zhang Z, Hidayat K, Wan Z, Xu JY, Qin LQ. Lactoferrin improves hepatic insulin resistance and pancreatic dysfunctions in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Nutr Res 2022; 103:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tumor Metabolism Is Affected by Obesity in Preclinical Models of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030562. [PMID: 35158830 PMCID: PMC8833372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Obesity promotes both development and progression of breast cancer. As a disease, obesity is followed by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. The impact of obesity, accumulation of fat depots, and related markers on the metabolism of tumors still remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to characterize the putative differences in the metabolism of tumors from obese and lean mice. The findings reported here could help tailor personalized treatments targeting tumor metabolism in obese cancer patients by identifying the metabolic preferences of these tumors. Abstract Obesity is characterized by an excessive fat mass accumulation associated with multiple disorders, including impaired glucose homeostasis, altered adipokine levels, and hyperlipidemia. Despite clear associations between tumor progression and obesity, the effects of these disorders on tumor metabolism remain largely unknown. Thus, we studied the metabolic differences between tumors of obese and lean mice in murine models of triple-negative breast cancer (E0771 and PY8819). For this purpose, a real-time hyperpolarized 1-13C-pyruvate-to-lactate conversion was studied before and after glucose administration in fasting mice. This work was completed by U-13C glucose tracing experiments using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry (MS). Ex vivo analyses included immunostainings of major lipid, glucose, and monocarboxylic acids transporters. On the one hand, we discovered that tumors of obese mice yield higher lactate/pyruvate ratios after glucose administration. On the other hand, we found that the same tumors produce higher levels of lactate and alanine from glucose than tumors from lean mice, while no differences on the expression of key transporters associated with glycolysis (i.e., GLUT1, MCT1, MCT4) have been observed. In conclusion, our data suggests that breast tumor metabolism is regulated by the host’s physiological status, such as obesity and diabetes.
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Ahrén B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and beta cell glucose sensitivity - a glucose ramp study in mice. Peptides 2021; 146:170650. [PMID: 34547355 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut hormone but also locally produced in pancreatic islets. We evaluated effects of GLP-1 on the insulin response to a gradual increase in glucose in mice within physiological levels. We initially developed a glucose ramp technique in mice. Glucose levels were slowly increased by 0.2 mmol/l/min for 40 min under control conditions, during intravenous infusion of GLP-1 and in GLP-1 receptor knockout mice. In control mice, glucose levels increased from 8.5 ± 0.3 to 16.1 ± 0.3 mmol/l over the 40 min, i.e., by 0.22 ± 0.01 mmol/l/min. This resulted in a slow increase in insulin levels by 96 ± 38 pmol/l from the baseline of 319 ± 53 pmol/l. GLP-1 at 0.5 nmol/kg as bolus plus 0.3 nmol/kg/min over 40 min progressively increased this insulin response by 100-fold, to 9.5 ± 0.2 nmol/l (P < 0.001). Higher doses of GLP-1 enhanced the insulin response similarly (1.0 or 3.0 nmol/kg bolus followed by 0.4 or 1.2 nmol/kg/min), whereas a lower dose (0.3 nmol/kg bolus plus 0.15 nmol/kg/min) had no significant effect compared to controls. Moreover, there was no significant difference in insulin responses between controls and GLP-1 receptor knockout mice. Since the increase in glucose levels were standardized, there was no significant difference in glucose levels between the experimental groups. We conclude that the glucose ramp technique is a tool for studies on insulin responses to slow changes in circulating glucose levels in mice. We also conclude that GLP-1 is extraordinarily potent in enhancing the insulin response to a slow increase in glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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14
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Ovlund T, Pacini G, Ahrén B. Impact of Incretin Hormone Receptors on Insulin-Independent Glucose Disposal in Model Experiments in Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:680153. [PMID: 34168617 PMCID: PMC8217865 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.680153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A large contribution to glucose elimination from the circulation is achieved by insulin-independent processes. We have previously shown that the two incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increase this process and, therefore, seem to contribute to glucose disposal both through this effect and through the classical incretin effect resulting in enhanced insulin levels. We have now explored in more detail the potential contribution by incretin hormone receptors to insulin-independent processes for glucose elimination. To that end, we have performed intravenous glucose tests (0.35g/kg) in C57BL/6J mice and analyzed glucose elimination rate and glucose effectiveness (i.e., insulin-independent glucose disposal, SG) in wildtype mice and in mice with genetic deletion of GIP receptors or GLP-1 receptors. We performed studies with or without complete blockade of insulin secretion by the drug diazoxide (25 mg/kg). The mice were anesthetized with a novel fentanyl citrate/fluanisone formulation, called Fluafent, together with midazolam. Initially we demonstrated that glucose and insulin data after intravenous and oral glucose were not different using this anesthesia compared to the previously commonly used combination of HypnormR and midazolam. The results show that SG was reduced in GLP-1 receptor knockout mice, whereas there was no difference between GIP receptor knockout mice and wildtype mice, and this was evident both under normal conditions and after complete inhibition of insulin secretion. The study therefore indicates that insulin-independent glucose elimination requires active GLP-1 receptors and thus that the two incretin hormone receptor types show dissociated relevance for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ovlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Ahrén B, Yamada Y, Seino Y. The Insulin Response to Oral Glucose in GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Knockout Mice: Review of the Literature and Stepwise Glucose Dose Response Studies in Female Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:665537. [PMID: 34122340 PMCID: PMC8190331 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.665537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A key factor for the insulin response to oral glucose is the pro-glucagon derived incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), together with the companion incretin hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Studies in GIP and GLP-1 receptor knockout (KO) mice have been undertaken in several studies to examine this role of the incretin hormones. In the present study, we reviewed the literature on glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose in these mice. We found six publications with such studies reporting results of thirteen separate study arms. The results were not straightforward, since glucose intolerance in GIP or GLP-1 receptor KO mice were reported only in eight of the arms, whereas normal glucose tolerance was reported in five arms. A general potential weakness of the published study is that each of them have examined effects of only one single dose of glucose. In a previous study in mice with genetic deletion of both GLP-1 and GIP receptors we showed that these mice have impaired insulin response to oral glucose after large but not small glucose loads, suggesting that the relevance of the incretin hormones may be dependent on the glucose load. To further test this hypothesis, we have now performed a stepwise glucose administration through a gastric tube (from zero to 125mg) in model experiments in anesthetized female wildtype, GLP-1 receptor KO and GIP receptor KO mice. We show that GIP receptor KO mice exhibit glucose intolerance in the presence of impaired insulin response after 100 and 125 mg glucose, but not after lower doses of glucose. In contrast, GLP-1 receptor KO mice have normal glucose tolerance after all glucose loads, in the presence of a compensatory increase in the insulin response. Therefore, based on these results and the literature survey, we suggest that GIP and GLP-1 receptor KO mice retain normal glucose tolerance after oral glucose, except after large glucose loads in GIP receptor KO mice, and we also show an adaptive mechanism in GLP-1 receptor KO mice, which needs to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
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Abstract
A low-glycaemic diet is crucial for those with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Information on the glycaemic index (GI) of different ingredients can help in designing novel food products for such target groups. This is because of the intricate dependency of material source, composition, food structure and processing conditions, among other factors, on the glycaemic responses. Different approaches have been used to predict the GI of foods, and certain discrepancies exist because of factors such as inter-individual variation among human subjects. Besides other aspects, it is important to understand the mechanism of food digestion because an approach to predict GI must essentially mimic the complex processes in the human gastrointestinal tract. The focus of this work is to review the advances in various approaches for predicting the glycaemic responses to foods. This has been carried out by detailing conventional approaches, their merits and limitations, and the need to focus on emerging approaches. Given that no single approach can be generalised to all applications, the review emphasises the scope of deriving insights for improvements in methodologies. Reviewing the conventional and emerging approaches for the determination of GI in foods, this detailed work is intended to serve as a state-of-the-art resource for nutritionists who work on developing low-GI foods.
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Savva C, Helguero LA, González-Granillo M, Couto D, Melo T, Li X, Angelin B, Domingues MR, Kutter C, Korach-André M. Obese mother offspring have hepatic lipidic modulation that contributes to sex-dependent metabolic adaptation later in life. Commun Biol 2021; 4:14. [PMID: 33398027 PMCID: PMC7782679 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of obesity in women of reproductive age, there is an urgent need to understand the metabolic impact on the fetus. Sex-related susceptibility to liver diseases has been demonstrated but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that maternal obesity impacts lipid metabolism differently in female and male offspring. Males, but not females, gained more weight and had impaired insulin sensitivity when born from obese mothers compared to control. Although lipid mass was similar in the livers of female and male offspring, sex-specific modifications in the composition of fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids was observed. These overall changes could be linked to sex-specific regulation of genes controlling metabolic pathways. Our findings revised the current assumption that sex-dependent susceptibility to metabolic disorders is caused by sex-specific postnatal regulation and instead we provide molecular evidence supporting in utero metabolic adaptations in the offspring of obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Savva
- Department of Medicine, Cardio Metabolic Unit (CMU) and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luisa A Helguero
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marcela González-Granillo
- Department of Medicine, Cardio Metabolic Unit (CMU) and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Couto
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Xidan Li
- Department of Medicine, Cardio Metabolic Unit (CMU) and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Angelin
- Department of Medicine, Cardio Metabolic Unit (CMU) and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Claudia Kutter
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marion Korach-André
- Department of Medicine, Cardio Metabolic Unit (CMU) and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Panajatovic MV, Singh F, Krähenbühl S, Bouitbir J. Simvastatin Impairs Glucose Homeostasis in Mice Depending on PGC-1α Skeletal Muscle Expression. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E351. [PMID: 32942550 PMCID: PMC7555587 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies showed an increased risk for diabetes with statin treatment. PGC-1α is an important regulator of muscle energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Since statins impair skeletal muscle PGC-1α expression and reduced PGC-1α expression has been observed in diabetic patients, we investigated the possibility that skeletal muscle PGC1α expression influences the effect of simvastatin on muscle glucose metabolism. Mice with muscle PGC-1α knockout (KO) or PGC-1α overexpression (OE), and wild-type (WT) mice were investigated. Mice were treated orally for 3 weeks with simvastatin (5 mg/kg/day) and investigated by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (iGTT), in vivo skeletal muscle glucose uptake, muscle glycogen content, and Glut4 and hexokinase mRNA and protein expression. Simvastatin impaired glucose metabolism in WT mice, as manifested by increased glucose blood concentrations during the iGTT, decreased skeletal muscle glucose uptake and glycogen stores. KO mice showed impaired glucose homeostasis with increased blood glucose concentrations during the iGTT already without simvastatin treatment and simvastatin induced a decrease in skeletal muscle glucose uptake. In OE mice, simvastatin treatment increased blood glucose and insulin concentrations during the iGTT, and increased skeletal muscle glucose uptake, glycogen stores, and Glut4 and hexokinase protein expression. In conclusion, simvastatin impaired skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in WT mice, while KO mice exhibited impaired skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity already in the absence of simvastatin. In OE mice, simvastatin augmented muscular glucose uptake but impaired whole-body insulin sensitivity. Thus, simvastatin affected glucose homeostasis depending on PGC-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljenko Valentin Panajatovic
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.V.P.); (F.S.); (S.K.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - François Singh
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.V.P.); (F.S.); (S.K.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.V.P.); (F.S.); (S.K.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.V.P.); (F.S.); (S.K.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Yang J, Guo Y, Henning SM, Chan B, Long J, Zhong J, Acin-Perez R, Petcherski A, Shirihai O, Heber D, Li Z. Ellagic Acid and Its Microbial Metabolite Urolithin A Alleviate Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000091. [PMID: 32783299 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This work aims at evaluating the effect of dietary ellagic acid (EA) and its microbial metabolite urolithin A (UA) on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance (IR) in mice with diet-induced IR. METHODS AND RESULTS DBA2J mice are fed a high fat/high sucrose diet (HF/HS) for 8 weeks to induce IR and then 0.1% EA, UA, or EA and UA (EA+UA) are added to the HF/HS-diet for another 8 weeks. UA significantly decreases fasting glucose and increases adiponectin compared with HF/HS-controls. During intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test, EA+UA significantly improve insulin-mediated glucose lowering effects at 15 and 120 min and reduce blood triglycerides compared with HF/HS-controls. Serum free fatty acids are significantly decreased by EA, UA, and EA+UA. Differential expression of genes related to mitochondrial function by EA, UA, and EA+UA in liver and skeletal muscle is observed. Primary hepatocytes from IR-mice have higher proton leak, basal and ATP-linked oxygen consumption rates compared with healthy controls. EA and EA+UA but not UA reduce the proton leak in hepatocytes from IR-mice. CONCLUSION EA and UA induce different metabolic benefits in IR mice. The effects of EA and UA on mitochondrial function suggest a potentially novel mechanism modulating metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Yang
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuanqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Susanne M Henning
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Brenda Chan
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jianfeng Long
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, 2nd XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Anton Petcherski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Orian Shirihai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - David Heber
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Running wheel access fails to resolve impaired sustainable health in mice feeding a high fat sucrose diet. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:1564-1579. [PMID: 30860981 PMCID: PMC6428087 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diet and physical activity are thought to affect sustainable metabolic health and survival. To improve understanding, we studied survival of mice feeding a low-fat (LF) or high-saturated fat/high sugar (HFS) diet, each with or without free running wheel (RW) access. Additionally several endocrine and metabolic health indices were assessed at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age. As expected, HFS feeding left-shifted survival curve of mice compared to LF feeding, and this was associated with increased energy intake and increased (visceral/total) adiposity, liver triglycerides, and increased plasma cholesterol, corticosterone, HOMA-IR, and lowered adiponectin levels. Several of these health parameters improved (transiently) by RW access in HFS and LF fed mice (i.e., HOMA-IR, plasma corticosterone), others however deteriorated (transiently) by RW access only in HFS-fed mice (i.e., body adiposity, plasma resistin, and free cholesterol levels). Apart from these multiple and sometimes diverging health effects of RW access, RW access did not affect survival curves. Important to note, voluntary RW activity declined with age, but this effect was most pronounced in the HFS fed mice. These results thus challenge the hypothesis that voluntary wheel running can counteract HFS-induced deterioration of survival and metabolic health.
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González-Granillo M, Savva C, Li X, Ghosh Laskar M, Angelin B, Gustafsson JÅ, Korach-André M. Selective estrogen receptor (ER)β activation provokes a redistribution of fat mass and modifies hepatic triglyceride composition in obese male mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 502:110672. [PMID: 31811898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen exerts its action through the binding to two major receptors, estrogen receptor (ER)α and β. Recently, the beneficial role of selective ERβ activation in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis in obesity has been demonstrated, but its importance is still controversial. However, no data are available regarding possible gender differences in response to pharmaceutical activation of ERβ. Male mice were fed a control diet (CD) or a high fat diet (HFD) before being treated with the ERβ selective ligand, 4-(2-(3-5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)-1H-indol-3yl)phenol (DIP) in the same conditions as in our recently published paper in female mice. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy were performed repeatedly in vivo after 6 weeks of diet and after 2 weeks of DIP. Adipose tissue distribution and hepatic triglycerides composition were quantified. HFD-treated males showed a feminization of their fat distribution towards more subcutaneous fat depots and increase total fat content and visceral adipose tissue showed clear browning sites after DIP. Hepatic lipid composition was modified by DIP, with less saturated and more unsaturated lipids and an improved insulin sensitivity. Finally, brown adipose tissue size expended after DIP, due to an increase of the size of the lipid droplets. Our data demonstrate that selective activation of ERβ exerts a tissue-specific and sex-dependent response to metabolic adaptation to overfeeding. Most importantly, together with our previously published results in females, the current findings support the concept that sex should be considered in the future development of obesity-moderating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela González-Granillo
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit, KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Savva
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit, KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xidan Li
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit, KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moumita Ghosh Laskar
- Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Angelin
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit, KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signalling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Marion Korach-André
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit, KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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González-Granillo M, Helguero LA, Alves E, Archer A, Savva C, Pedrelli M, Ahmed O, Li X, Domingues MR, Parini P, Gustafsson JÅ, Korach-André M. Sex-specific lipid molecular signatures in obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions revealed by lipidomic characterization in ob/ob mouse. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:11. [PMID: 30808418 PMCID: PMC6390380 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The response to overfeeding is sex dependent, and metabolic syndrome is more likely associated to obesity in men or postmenopausal women than in young fertile women. We hypothesized that obesity-induced metabolic syndrome is sex dependent due to a sex-specific regulation of the fatty acid (FA) synthesis pathways in liver and white adipose depots. We aimed to identify distinctive molecular signatures between sexes using a lipidomics approach to characterize lipid species in liver, perigonadal adipose tissue, and inguinal adipose tissue and correlate them to the physiopathological responses observed. Males had less total fat but lower subcutaneous on visceral fat ratio together with higher liver weight and higher liver and serum triglyceride (TG) levels. Males were insulin resistant compared to females. Fatty acid (FA) and TG profiles differed between sexes in both fat pads, with longer chain FAs and TGs in males compared to that in females. Remarkably, hepatic phospholipid composition was sex dependent with more abundant lipotoxic FAs in males than in females. This may contribute to the sexual dimorphism in response to obesity towards more metaflammation in males. Our work presents an exhaustive novel description of a sex-specific lipid signature in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders associated with obesity in ob/ob mice. These data could settle the basis for future pharmacological treatment in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela González-Granillo
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luisa A Helguero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eliana Alves
- Mass spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry (QOPNA, CESAM & ECOMARE), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amena Archer
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Savva
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Osman Ahmed
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xidan Li
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Mass spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry (QOPNA, CESAM & ECOMARE), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signalling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marion Korach-André
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. .,Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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González-Granillo M, Savva C, Li X, Fitch M, Pedrelli M, Hellerstein M, Parini P, Korach-André M, Gustafsson JÅ. ERβ activation in obesity improves whole body metabolism via adipose tissue function and enhanced mitochondria biogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 479:147-158. [PMID: 30342056 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogens play a key role in the distribution of adipose tissue and have their action by binding to both estrogen receptors (ER), α and β. Although ERβ has a role in the energy metabolism, limited data of the physiological mechanism and metabolic response involved in the pharmacological activation of ERβ is available. METHODS For clinical relevance, non-ovariectomized female mice were subjected to high fat diet together with pharmacological (DIP - 4-(2-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl)phenol) interventions to ERβ selective activation. The physiological mechanism was assessed in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, and oral glucose and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test before and after DIP treatment. Liver and adipose tissue metabolic response was measured in HFD + vehicle and HFD + DIP by stable isotope, RNA sequencing and protein content. RESULTS HFD-fed females treated with DIP had a tissue-specific response towards ERβ selective activation. The metabolic profile showed an improved fasting glucose level, insulin sensitivity and reduced liver steatosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that selective activation of ERβ exerts a tissue-specific activity which promotes a beneficial effect on whole body metabolic response to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela González-Granillo
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit and KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
| | - Christina Savva
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit and KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Xidan Li
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit and KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Marc Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Paolo Parini
- Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Marion Korach-André
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit and KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signalling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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24
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Pacini G, Ahrén B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide: effects alone and in combination on insulin secretion and glucose disappearance in mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/11/e13280. [PMID: 28611149 PMCID: PMC5471432 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) stimulate insulin secretion. They are both released after meal ingestion, and therefore they might cooperate in their actions. However, whether there is a cooperative action of the two incretins is not known. This study therefore investigated the effects on insulin secretion and glucose disappearance of GLP‐1 and GIP when given together with intravenous glucose both alone and in combination in mice. Four different doses were used (0.003, 0.03, 0.3 and 3.0 nmol/kg), which ranged from subthreshold to maximal doses to stimulate first‐phase insulin secretion as evident from initial dose–response studies. It was found that at 0.03 nmol/kg and higher doses, glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion was augmented by both incretins. When they were given in combination, no further increase was observed, indicating no synergistic effect. Also, glucose disappearance rate was increased by 0.03 and 3.0 nmol/kg of the two incretins, both when they were given alone and in combination with, again, no synergy. Finally, glucose effectiveness (an index of noninsulin‐mediated processes) was enhanced by the two incretins, in particular GIP. We also found that insulin‐dependent and insulin‐independent mechanisms contributed 38% and 62%, respectively, to glucose tolerance after glucose alone; with GIP, the contribution by noninsulin‐dependent processes was remarkably dominant and with GLP‐1, insulin‐dependent processes were prevailing. In conclusion, GIP and GLP‐1 stimulate insulin secretion and glucose effectiveness in mice with no synergistic action, but with a dissociated contributory effector on glucose disposal: with GLP‐1 being more active on insulin‐dependent processes and GIP more active on noninsulin‐dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pacini
- Metabolic Unit, Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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25
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Hansson B, Wasserstrom S, Morén B, Periwal V, Vikman P, Cushman SW, Göransson O, Storm P, Stenkula KG. Intact glucose uptake despite deteriorating signaling in adipocytes with high-fat feeding. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:199-211. [PMID: 29339400 PMCID: PMC7459392 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To capture immediate cellular changes during diet-induced expansion of adipocyte cell volume and number, we characterized mature adipocytes during a short-term high-fat diet (HFD) intervention. Male C57BL6/J mice were fed chow diet, and then switched to HFD for 2, 4, 6 or 14 days. Systemic glucose clearance was assessed by glucose tolerance test. Adipose tissue was dissected for RNA-seq and cell size distribution analysis using coulter counting. Insulin response in isolated adipocytes was monitored by glucose uptake assay and Western blotting, and confocal microscopy was used to assess autophagic activity. Switching to HFD was accompanied by an immediate adipocyte size expansion and onset of systemic insulin resistance already after two days, followed by recruitment of new adipocytes. Despite an initially increased non-stimulated and preserved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, we observed a decreased phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and protein kinase B (PKB). After 14 days of HFD, both the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) and glucose uptake was blunted. RNA-seq analysis of adipose tissue revealed transient changes in gene expression at day four, including highly significant upregulation of Trp53inp, previously demonstrated to be involved in autophagy. We confirmed increased autophagy, measured as an increased density of LC3-positive puncta and decreased p62 expression after 14 days of HFD. In conclusion, HFD rapidly induced systemic insulin resistance, whereas insulin-stimulated glucose uptake remained intact throughout 6 days of HFD feeding. We also identified autophagy as an early cellular process that potentially influences adipocyte function upon switching to HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hansson
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Morén
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vipul Periwal
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Petter Vikman
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Samuel W Cushman
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga Göransson
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Storm
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karin G Stenkula
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, Lund, Sweden
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26
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Chronic noise-exposure exacerbates insulin resistance and promotes the manifestations of the type 2 diabetes in a high-fat diet mouse model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195411. [PMID: 29601606 PMCID: PMC5877872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have revealed that noise exposure was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the exact nature of that association remains to be elucidated. The present study is designed to examine the effects of chronic noise exposure on the development of T2DM in combination with a high-fat-diet (HFD) in mice. Here we show that chronic noise exposure at 85 dB SPL (4 h /day, below the safety limit for occupational noise exposure) exaggerated multiple metabolic abnormalities induced by HFD in C57BL/6J male mice, including worsened glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, fasting hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, noise exposure exhibited a paradoxical impact on fat accumulation and circulating levels of free fatty acid, indicating a potential stimulating effect of noise on lipolysis. These results provide first in vivo supporting evidence for the causative role of noise exposure in diabetogenesis and pinpoint a noise-associated increase in blood free fatty acid levels as a possible mediator accelerating the effect of noise on the development of insulin resistance and T2DM.
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27
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Alquier T, Poitout V. Considerations and guidelines for mouse metabolic phenotyping in diabetes research. Diabetologia 2018; 61:526-538. [PMID: 29143855 PMCID: PMC5805661 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mice are the most commonly used species in preclinical research on the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. Although they are extremely useful for identifying pathways, mechanisms and genes regulating glucose and energy homeostasis, the specificities of the various mouse models and methodologies used to investigate a metabolic phenotype can have a profound impact on experimental results and their interpretation. This review aims to: (1) describe the most commonly used experimental tests to assess glucose and energy homeostasis in mice; (2) provide some guidelines regarding the design, analysis and interpretation of these tests, as well as for studies using genetic models; and (3) identify important caveats and confounding factors that must be taken into account in the interpretation of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Alquier
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Office R08-418, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Office R08-418, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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28
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Lombarte M, Lupo M, Fina Brenda L, Campetelli G, Buzalaf Marilia AR, Basualdo M, Rigalli A. In vivo measurement of the rate constant of liver handling of glucose and glucose uptake by insulin-dependent tissues, using a mathematical model for glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats. J Theor Biol 2018; 439:205-215. [PMID: 29217483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a disease that affects glucose homeostasis. The World Health Organization informs that there are over 347 million people in the world with diabetes. The diagnosis and characterization of glucose homeostasis in different metabolic conditions are subjects of great importance with high clinical impact. There are many mathematical models that describe the glucoregulatory system in detail. However, the use of these models is limited because they have a large number of mathematical equations and parameters and they require complex methodologies to estimate of them. This forced to work with average values that decrease the validity of results and the applicability of the models. In this study two mathematical models for rats with diabetes mellitus were developed. The difference between these models and others lies in the possibility of obtaining all parameters for each animal from simple measurements (glucose and insulin plasma levels). Moreover, the models allow to measure in vivo the different physiological processes involved in glucose homeostasis in animals: insulin secretion and its plasma clearance, absorption of insulin from a subcutaneous injection, the liver handling of glucose, intestine absorption of glucose, glucose uptake rate of insulin-independent tissues, glucose uptake rate of insulin-dependent tissues, and renal glucose excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Lombarte
- Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University. Santa Fe 3100, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Maela Lupo
- Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University. Santa Fe 3100, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L Fina Brenda
- Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University. Santa Fe 3100, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - German Campetelli
- Facultad Regional Rosario-Universidad Tecnologica NacionalZEBALLOS 1341 - S2000BQA - Dpt. Control. FCEIyA-Universidad Nacional de Rosario Riobamba y Beruti-Rosario
| | - A R Buzalaf Marilia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Octávio Pinheiro Brisola, 9-75, Vila Unviersitária 17012-901 - Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Basualdo
- Facultad Regional Rosario-Universidad Tecnologica NacionalZEBALLOS 1341 - S2000BQA - Dpt. Control. FCEIyA-Universidad Nacional de Rosario Riobamba y Beruti-Rosario
| | - Alfredo Rigalli
- Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University. Santa Fe 3100, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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29
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Nagy C, Einwallner E. Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT). J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29364280 DOI: 10.3791/56672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity represents the most important single risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, a disease which is characterized by a resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and a gross decompensation of systemic glucose metabolism. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of glucose metabolism, the molecular mechanisms of its regulation in health and disease remain under-investigated, while novel approaches to prevent and treat diabetes are urgently needed. Diet derived glucose stimulates the pancreatic secretion of insulin, which serves as the principal regulator of cellular anabolic processes during the fed-state and thus balances blood glucose levels to maintain systemic energy status. Chronic overfeeding triggers meta-inflammation, which leads to alterations in peripheral insulin receptor-associated signaling and thus reduces the sensitivity to insulin-mediated glucose disposal. These events ultimately result in elevated fasting glucose and insulin levels as well as a reduction in glucose tolerance, which in turn serve as important indicators of insulin resistance. Here, we present a protocol for the generation and metabolic characterization of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice as a frequently used model of diet-induced insulin resistance. We illustrate in detail the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which monitors the peripheral disposal of an orally administered glucose load and insulin secretion over time. Additionally, we present a protocol for the insulin tolerance test (ITT) to monitor whole-body insulin action. Together, these methods and their downstream applications represent powerful tools to characterize the general metabolic phenotype of mice as well as to specifically assess alterations in glucose metabolism. They may be especially useful in the broad research field of insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity to provide a better understanding of pathogenesis as well as to test the effects of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csörsz Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Elisa Einwallner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna;
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30
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Evers SS, Boersma GJ, Tamashiro KL, Scheurink AJ, van Dijk G. Roman high and low avoidance rats differ in their response to chronic olanzapine treatment at the level of body weight regulation, glucose homeostasis, and cortico-mesolimbic gene expression. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1437-1452. [PMID: 28892416 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117724749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Olanzapine, an antipsychotic agent mainly used for treating schizophrenia, is frequently associated with body weight gain and diabetes mellitus. Nonetheless, studies have shown that not every individual is equally susceptible to olanzapine's weight-gaining effect. Therefore, Roman high and low avoidance rat strains were examined on their responsiveness to olanzapine treatment. The Roman high avoidance rat shares many behavioral and physiological characteristics with human schizophrenia, such as increased central dopaminergic sensitivity, whereas the Roman low avoidance rat has been shown to be prone to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. The data revealed that only the Roman high avoidance rats are susceptible to olanzapine-induced weight gain and attenuated glucose tolerance. Here it is suggested that the specific olanzapine-induced weight gain in Roman high avoidance rats could be related to augmented dopaminergic sensitivity at baseline through increased expression of prefrontal cortex dopamine receptor D1 mRNA and nucleus accumbens dopamine receptor D2 mRNA expression. Regression analyses revealed that olanzapine-induced weight gain in the Roman high avoidance rat is above all related to increased prolactin levels, whereas changes in glucose homeostasis is best explained by differences in central dopaminergic receptor expressions between strains and treatment. Our data indicates that individual differences in dopaminergic receptor expression in the cortico-mesolimbic system are related to susceptibility to olanzapine-induced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Evers
- 1 Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh, the Netherlands.,2 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA
| | - Gretha J Boersma
- 3 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,4 Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kellie Lk Tamashiro
- 3 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Anton Jw Scheurink
- 1 Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan van Dijk
- 1 Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh, the Netherlands
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31
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Morettini M, Faelli E, Perasso L, Fioretti S, Burattini L, Ruggeri P, Di Nardo F. IVGTT-based simple assessment of glucose tolerance in the Zucker fatty rat: Validation against minimal models. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173200. [PMID: 28264067 PMCID: PMC5338807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For the assessment of glucose tolerance from IVGTT data in Zucker rat, minimal model methodology is reliable but time- and money-consuming. This study aimed to validate for the first time in Zucker rat, simple surrogate indexes of insulin sensitivity and secretion against the glucose-minimal-model insulin sensitivity index (SI) and against first- (Φ1) and second-phase (Φ2) β-cell responsiveness indexes provided by C-peptide minimal model. Validation of the surrogate insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and of two sets of coupled insulin-based indexes for insulin secretion, differing from the cut-off point between phases (FPIR3-SPIR3, t = 3 min and FPIR5-SPIR5, t = 5 min), was carried out in a population of ten Zucker fatty rats (ZFR) and ten Zucker lean rats (ZLR). Considering the whole rat population (ZLR+ZFR), ISI showed a significant strong correlation with SI (Spearman's correlation coefficient, r = 0.88; P<0.001). Both FPIR3 and FPIR5 showed a significant (P<0.001) strong correlation with Φ1 (r = 0.76 and r = 0.75, respectively). Both SPIR3 and SPIR5 showed a significant (P<0.001) strong correlation with Φ2 (r = 0.85 and r = 0.83, respectively). ISI is able to detect (P<0.001) the well-recognized reduction in insulin sensitivity in ZFRs, compared to ZLRs. The insulin-based indexes of insulin secretion are able to detect in ZFRs (P<0.001) the compensatory increase of first- and second-phase secretion, associated to the insulin-resistant state. The ability of the surrogate indexes in describing glucose tolerance in the ZFRs was confirmed by the Disposition Index analysis. The model-based validation performed in the present study supports the utilization of low-cost, insulin-based indexes for the assessment of glucose tolerance in Zucker rat, reliable animal model of human metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Morettini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luisa Perasso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sandro Fioretti
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Burattini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Nardo
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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32
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Windeløv JA, Pedersen J, Holst JJ. Use of anesthesia dramatically alters the oral glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in C57Bl/6 mice. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/11/e12824. [PMID: 27255361 PMCID: PMC4908499 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the impact of anesthesia on oral glucose tolerance in mice. Anesthesia is often used when performing OGTT in mice to avoid the stress of gavage and blood sampling, although anesthesia may influence gastrointestinal motility, blood glucose, and plasma insulin dynamics. C57Bl/6 mice were anesthetized using the following commonly used regimens: (1) hypnorm/midazolam repetitive or single injection; (2) ketamine/xylazine; (3) isoflurane; (4) pentobarbital; and (5) A saline injected, nonanesthetized group. Oral glucose was administered at time 0 min and blood glucose measured in the time frame −15 to +150 min. Plasma insulin concentration was measured at time 0 and 20 min. All four anesthetic regimens resulted in impaired glucose tolerance compared to saline/no anesthesia. (1) hypnorm/midazolam increased insulin concentrations and caused an altered glucose tolerance; (2) ketamine/xylazine lowered insulin responses and resulted in severe hyperglycemia throughout the experiment; (3) isoflurane did not only alter the insulin secretion but also resulted in severe hyperglycemia; (4) pentobarbital resulted in both increased insulin secretion and impaired glucose tolerance. All four anesthetic regimens altered the oral glucose tolerance, and we conclude that anesthesia should not be used when performing metabolic studies in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne A Windeløv
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Translational Metabolic Physiology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Translational Metabolic Physiology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Translational Metabolic Physiology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dusaulcy R, Handgraaf S, Skarupelova S, Visentin F, Vesin C, Heddad-Masson M, Reimann F, Gribble F, Philippe J, Gosmain Y. Functional and Molecular Adaptations of Enteroendocrine L-Cells in Male Obese Mice Are Associated With Preservation of Pancreatic α-Cell Function and Prevention of Hyperglycemia. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3832-3843. [PMID: 27547850 PMCID: PMC7228810 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis depends on the coordinated secretion of glucagon, insulin, and Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 by pancreas and intestine. Obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, affects the function of these organs. Here, we investigate the functional and molecular adaptations of proglucagon-producing cells in obese mice to better define their involvement in type 2 diabetes development. We used GLU-Venus transgenic male mice specifically expressing Venus fluorochrome in proglucagon-producing cells. Mice were subjected to 16 weeks of low-fat diet or high-fat diet (HFD) and then subdivided by measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in 3 groups: low-fat diet mice and I-HFD (glucose-intolerant) mice with similar HbA1c and H-HFD (hyperglycemic) mice, which exhibited higher HbA1c. At 16 weeks, both HFD groups exhibited similar weight gain, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. However, I-HFD mice exhibited better glucose tolerance compared with H-HFD mice. I-HFD mice displayed functional and molecular adaptations of enteroendocrine L-cells resulting in increased intestinal GLP-1 biosynthesis and release as well as maintained pancreatic α- and β-cell functions. By contrast, H-HFD mice exhibited dysfunctional L, α- and β-cells with increased β- and L-cell numbers. Administration of the GLP-1R antagonist Exendin9-39 in I-HFD mice led to hyperglycemia and alterations of glucagon secretion without changes in insulin secretion. Our results highlight the cross-talk between islet and intestine endocrine cells and indicate that a compensatory adaptation of L-cell function in obesity plays an important role in preserving glucose homeostasis through the control of pancreatic α-cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Dusaulcy
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition; University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Handgraaf
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition; University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Svetlana Skarupelova
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition; University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Visentin
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition; University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Vesin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mounia Heddad-Masson
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition; University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Fiona Gribble
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition; University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Gosmain
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition; University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Address correspondence to: Yvan Gosmain, Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland, Tel. +41 22 372 42 37 ; Fax. +41 22 372 93 26,
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Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D 2 synthase (L-PGDS) modulates beneficial metabolic effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 12:1523-1531. [PMID: 27425837 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) ameliorates metabolic complications in obese and diabetic patients through unknown mechanisms. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the role of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-PGDS) in glucose regulation in response to VSG using L-PGDS knock-out (KO), knock-in (KI), and C57BL/6 (wild type) mice. SETTING Winthrop University Hospital Research Institute. METHODS Animals were divided into 6 groups: L-PGDS KO sham/VSG (n = 5), L-PGDS KI sham/VSG (n = 5), and C57BL/6 (wild type) sham/VSG (n = 5). Related parameters were measured in fasting animals after 10 weeks. RESULTS Our intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance results showed significant glycemic improvement 10 weeks post-VSG in both C57BL/6 and KI groups compared with the sham group. In contrast, the KO group developed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance similar to or greater than the sham group 10 weeks post-VSG. Interestingly, weight gain was insignificant 10 weeks post-VSG in all the groups and even trended higher in the KO group compared with sham. Peptide YY levels in the KO group post-VSG were slightly increased but significantly less than other groups. Similarly, the KO group showed significantly less leptin sensitivity in response to VSG compared with the KI group. Total cholesterol level remained unchanged in all groups irrespective of sham or surgery but interestingly, the KO group had significantly higher cholesterol levels. In parallel, adipocyte size was also found to be significantly increased in the KO group post-VSG compared with the sham group. CONCLUSION Our findings propose that L-PGDS plays an important role in the beneficial metabolic effects observed after VSG.
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Salunkhe VA, Mollet IG, Ofori JK, Malm HA, Esguerra JLS, Reinbothe TM, Stenkula KG, Wendt A, Eliasson L, Vikman J. Dual Effect of Rosuvastatin on Glucose Homeostasis Through Improved Insulin Sensitivity and Reduced Insulin Secretion. EBioMedicine 2016; 10:185-94. [PMID: 27453321 PMCID: PMC5006666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but these lipid-lowering drugs are associated with increased incidence of new on-set diabetes. The cellular mechanisms behind the development of diabetes by statins are elusive. Here we have treated mice on normal diet (ND) and high fat diet (HFD) with rosuvastatin. Under ND rosuvastatin lowered blood glucose through improved insulin sensitivity and increased glucose uptake in adipose tissue. In vitro rosuvastatin reduced insulin secretion and insulin content in islets. In the beta cell Ca2 + signaling was impaired and the density of granules at the plasma membrane was increased by rosuvastatin treatment. HFD mice developed insulin resistance and increased insulin secretion prior to administration of rosuvastatin. Treatment with rosuvastatin decreased the compensatory insulin secretion and increased glucose uptake. In conclusion, our data shows dual effects on glucose homeostasis by rosuvastatin where insulin sensitivity is improved, but beta cell function is impaired. Rosuvastatin lowered blood glucose in vivo most likely due to improved glucose uptake. Rosuvastatin reduced insulin content and impaired Ca2 + signaling in beta cells leading to reduced insulin secretion. Dual effects of rosuvastatin in HFD mice though decreased compensatory insulin secretion and increased glucose uptake.
Statins are a group of drugs used to lower blood cholesterol in individuals with a risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It has been shown in several studies that statins increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This increased risk has not yet been explained. We have investigated the effect of rosuvastatin on blood glucose regulation in mice. We found that rosuvastatin has a beneficial effect on glucose uptake in muscles which results in lowered blood glucose. However, in the insulin producing beta cells rosuvastatin altered normal cell function something that might increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal A Salunkhe
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Dept Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University CRC 91-11, SUS Malmö, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Inês G Mollet
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Dept Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University CRC 91-11, SUS Malmö, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jones K Ofori
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Dept Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University CRC 91-11, SUS Malmö, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Helena A Malm
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Dept Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University CRC 91-11, SUS Malmö, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonathan L S Esguerra
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Dept Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University CRC 91-11, SUS Malmö, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas M Reinbothe
- Inst. Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11-13, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin G Stenkula
- Unit of Glucose Transport and Protein Trafficking, Dept of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University BMC-C11, Sölvegatan 21, 222 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Wendt
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Dept Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University CRC 91-11, SUS Malmö, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Dept Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University CRC 91-11, SUS Malmö, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Jenny Vikman
- Unit of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Dept Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University CRC 60-13, SUS Malmö, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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Ahlkvist L, Omar B, Pacini G, Ahrén B. Evidence for neural contribution to islet effects of DPP-4 inhibition in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 780:46-52. [PMID: 26997369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that neural mechanisms may contribute to effects of the incretin hormones, and, therefore, also to the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4) inhibition. We therefore examined whether muscarinic mechanisms are involved in the stimulation of insulin secretion by DPP-4 inhibition. Fasted, anesthetized mice were given intraperitoneal saline or the muscarinic antagonist atropine (5mg/kg) before duodenal glucose (75mg/mouse), with or without the DPP-4 inhibitor NVPDPP728 (0.095mg/mouse), or before intravenous glucose (0.35g/kg) with or without co-administration with GLP-1 or glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (both 3nmol/kg). Furthermore, isolated islets were incubated (1h) in 2.8 and 11.1mM glucose, with or without GIP or GLP-1 (both 100nM), in the presence or absence of atropine (100µM). Duodenal glucose increased circulating insulin and this effect was potentiated by DPP-4 inhibition. The increase in insulin achieved by DPP-4 inhibition was reduced by atropine by approximately 35%. Duodenal glucose also elicited an increase in circulating intact GLP-1 and GIP and this was augmented by DPP-4 inhibition, but these effects were not affected by atropine. Atropine did also not affect the augmentation by GLP-1 and GIP on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated islets. Based on these findings, we suggest that muscarinic mechanisms contribute to the stimulation of insulin secretion by DPP-4 inhibition through neural effects induced by GLP-1 and GIP whereas neural effects do not affect the levels of GLP-1 or GIP or the islet effects of the two incretin hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ahlkvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bilal Omar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Pacini
- Metabolic Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Malmgren S, Ahrén B. Evidence for time dependent variation of glucagon secretion in mice. Peptides 2016; 76:102-7. [PMID: 26774585 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is subjected to diurnal variation, which might be mediated by alterations in the transcription pattern of clock genes and regulated by hormonal factors, as has been demonstrated for insulin. However, whether also glucagon is involved in the diurnal variation of glucose homeostasis is not known. We therefore examined glucagon secretion after meal ingestion (meal tolerance test) and during hypoglycemia (hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamp at 2.5mmol/L glucose) and in vitro from isolated islets at ZT3 versus ZT15 in normal C57BL/6J mice and, furthermore, glucose levels and the insulin response to meal ingestion were also examined at these time points in glucagon receptor knockout mice (GCGR-/-) and their wildtype (wt) littermates. We found in normal mice that whereas the glucagon response to meal ingestion was not different between ZT3 and ZT15, the glucagon response to hypoglycemia was lower at ZT3 than at ZT15 and glucagon secretion from isolated islets was higher at ZT3 than at ZT15. GCGR-/- mice displayed lower basal glucose, a lower insulin response to meal and a higher insulin sensitivity than wt mice at ZT3 but not at ZT15. We conclude that there is a time dependent variation in glucagon secretion in normal mice, which is dependent both on intraislet and extraislet regulatory mechanisms and that the phenotype characteristics of a lower glucose and reduced insulin response to meal in GCGR-/- mice are evident only during the light phase. These findings suggest that glucagon signaling is a plausible contributor to the diurnal variation in glucose homeostasis which may explain that the phenotype of the GCGR-/- mice is dependent on the time of the day when it is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Malmgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Section of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Section of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Amelioration of Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Cognitive Impairments in Mice via a Reduction in Dietary Fat Content or Infusion of Non-Diabetic Plasma. EBioMedicine 2015; 3:26-42. [PMID: 26870815 PMCID: PMC4739422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with decreased cognitive function. While weight loss and T2D remission result in improvements in metabolism and vascular function, it is less clear if these benefits extend to cognitive performance. Here, we highlight the malleable nature of MetS-associated cognitive dysfunction using a mouse model of high fat diet (HFD)-induced MetS. While learning and memory was generally unaffected in mice with type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple cognitive impairments were associated with MetS, including deficits in novel object recognition, cued fear memory, and spatial learning and memory. However, a brief reduction in dietary fat content in chronic HFD-fed mice led to a complete rescue of cognitive function. Cerebral blood volume (CBV), a measure of vascular perfusion, was decreased during MetS, was associated with long term memory, and recovered following the intervention. Finally, repeated infusion of plasma collected from age-matched, low fat diet-fed mice improved memory in HFD mice, and was associated with a distinct metabolic profile. Thus, the cognitive dysfunction accompanying MetS appears to be amenable to treatment, related to cerebrovascular function, and mitigated by systemic factors.
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Key Words
- ADMA, Asymmetric dimethylarginine
- BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BW, Body weight
- Br Fat, Brown adipose tissue
- Brain
- C-X-C motif, Chemokine
- CBV, Cerebral blood volume
- CH, Cholesterol
- Cerebrovascular
- Cognitive
- Cxcl1, Ligand 1
- DG, Diacylglycerol
- Diabetes
- FFA, Free fatty acids
- GL, Glycerolipid
- GLP-1, Glucagon-like peptide 1
- GPL, Glycerophospholipid
- GlcCer, Glucosylceramide
- HFD, High fat diet
- IFNγ, Interferon-γ
- IL-10, Interleukin-10
- IL-12p70, Interleukin-12p70
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- IR, Insulin resistance
- ITT, Insulin tolerance test
- Il-1b, Interleukin-1β
- KB, Total ketone bodies
- LFD, Low fat diet
- LPA, Lysophosphatidic acid
- MetS, Metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- OGTT, Oral glucose tolerance test
- Obesity
- PC, Phosphatidylcholine
- PE, Phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, Phosphatidylglycerol
- PGP, Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate
- PI, Phosphatidylinositol
- PS, Phosphatidylserine
- Plasma
- SC Fat, Subcutaneous adipose tissue
- T1D, Type 1 Diabetes
- T2D, Type 2 Diabetes
- TG, Triglycerides
- TNFα, Tumor necrosis factor-α
- V Fat, Visceral adipose tissue
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Fasting enriches liver triacylglycerol with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: implications for understanding the adipose-liver axis in serum docosahexaenoic acid regulation. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:39. [PMID: 26386841 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of short-term fasting on coordinate changes in the fatty acid composition of adipose triacylglycerol (TAG), serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), liver TAG, and serum TAG and phospholipids in mice fed ad libitum or fasted for 16 h overnight. In contrast to previous reports under conditions of maximal lipolysis, adipose tissue TAG was not preferentially depleted of n-3 PUFA or any specific fatty acids, nor were there any striking changes in the serum NEFA composition. Short-term fasting did, however, increase the hepatic proportion of n-3 PUFA, and almost all individual species of n-3 PUFA showed relative and absolute increases. The relative proportion of n-6 PUFA in liver TAG also increased but to a lesser extent, resulting in a significant decrease in the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (from 14.3 ± 2.54 to 9.6 ± 1.20), while the proportion of MUFA decreased significantly and SFA proportion did not change. Examination of genes involved in PUFA synthesis suggested that hepatic changes in the elongation and desaturation of precursor lipids could not explain this effect. Rather, an increase in the expression of fatty acid transporters specific for 22:6n-3 and other long-chain n-3 and n-6 PUFA likely mediated the observed hepatic enrichment. Analysis of serum phospholipids indicated a specific increase in the concentration of 22:6n-3 and 16:0, suggesting increased specific synthesis of DHA-enriched phospholipid by the liver for recirculation. Given the importance of blood phospholipid in distributing DHA to neural tissue, these findings have implications for understanding the adipose-liver-brain axis in n-3 PUFA metabolism.
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Pacini G, Ahrén B. Glucagon and GLP-1 exhibit no synergistic enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice. Peptides 2015; 71:66-71. [PMID: 26119909 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The combination of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been suggested as an approach to target obesity, since the two hormones have complementary action on body weight. We examined whether complementary action of the two hormones also exist on insulin secretion. Female C57BL/6 mice were injected intravenously with glucose with or without GLP-1, glucagon or the combination of GLP-1 and glucagon at three different dose levels. Furthermore, freshly isolated mouse islets were incubated for 30min in the presence of 2.8, 11.1 or 16.7mmol/l glucose or with 11.1mmol/l glucose in the presence of 100nmol/l glucagon and/or GLP-1. It was found that at 1min after glucose injection alone, insulin rose to a peak level and this peak, as well as the 50min area under the insulin curve (AUC insulin) were dose-dependently augmented by GLP-1 and glucagon. However, peak insulin with the two hormones together (with glucose) was not higher than after either single administration at any of the tested doses, i.e., no additive of synergistic action was observed by the combination on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Similar results were observed when calculating insulin for the whole test period. Also in vitro, both glucagon and GLP-1 augmented insulin secretion; however, there was no difference between the combined stimulation of insulin secretion by GLP-1 and glucagon together compared with either hormone alone. Insulin sensitivity did not exhibit significant changes from the glucose only condition. We conclude that the acute combined administration of the strongly insulinotropic GLP-1 and glucagon, both in vivo and in vitro, did not induce any additive or synergistic action on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. This shows that the risk of a marked insulinotropic action when the two compounds are given together most likely does not result in increased risk of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pacini
- Metabolic Unit, Institute of Neurosciences (IN-CNR), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy.
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Biomedical Center, C11, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE 22184 Lund, Sweden
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Streckel E, Braun-Reichhart C, Herbach N, Dahlhoff M, Kessler B, Blutke A, Bähr A, Übel N, Eddicks M, Ritzmann M, Krebs S, Göke B, Blum H, Wanke R, Wolf E, Renner S. Effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide in juvenile transgenic pigs modeling a pre-diabetic condition. J Transl Med 2015; 13:73. [PMID: 25890210 PMCID: PMC4362632 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonist liraglutide improves glycemic control and reduces body weight of adult type 2 diabetic patients. However, efficacy and safety of liraglutide in adolescents has not been systematically investigated. Furthermore, possible pro-proliferative effects of GLP1R agonists on the endocrine and exocrine pancreas need to be further evaluated. We studied effects of liraglutide in adolescent pigs expressing a dominant-negative glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPRdn) in the beta-cells, leading to a pre-diabetic condition including disturbed glucose tolerance, reduced insulin secretion and progressive reduction of functional beta-cell mass. Methods Two-month-old GIPRdn transgenic pigs were treated daily with liraglutide (0.6-1.2 mg per day) or placebo for 90 days. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated prior to and at the end of the treatment period by performing mixed meal and intravenous glucose tolerance tests (MMGTT and IVGTT). Finally animals were subjected to necropsy and quantitative-stereological analyses were performed for evaluation of alpha- and beta-cell mass, beta-cell proliferation as well as acinus-cell proliferation. Results MMGTT at the end of the study revealed 23% smaller area under the curve (AUC) for glucose, a 36% smaller AUC insulin, and improved insulin sensitivity, while IVGTT showed a 15% smaller AUC glucose but unchanged AUC insulin in liraglutide- vs. placebo-treated animals. Liraglutide led to marked reductions in body weight gain (-31%) and food intake (-30%) compared to placebo treatment, associated with reduced phosphorylation of insulin receptor beta (INSRB)/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor beta (IGF1RB) and protein kinase B (AKT) in skeletal muscle. Absolute alpha- and beta-cell mass was reduced in liraglutide-treated animals, but alpha- and beta-cell mass-to-body weight ratios were unchanged. Liraglutide neither stimulated beta-cell proliferation in the endocrine pancreas nor acinus-cell proliferation in the exocrine pancreas, excluding both beneficial and detrimental effects on the pig pancreas. Conclusions Although plasma liraglutide levels of adolescent transgenic pigs treated in our study were higher compared to human trials, pro-proliferative effects on the endocrine or exocrine pancreas or other liraglutide-related side-effects were not observed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0431-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Streckel
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Nadja Herbach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Maik Dahlhoff
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nicole Übel
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Göke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Center of the LMU Munich, Campus Großhadern, Munich, Germany.
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Simone Renner
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Gabrielsson J, Hjorth S, Vogg B, Harlfinger S, Gutierrez PM, Peletier L, Pehrson R, Davidsson P. Modeling and design of challenge tests: Inflammatory and metabolic biomarker study examples. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 67:144-159. [PMID: 25435491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the complexity of pharmacological challenge experiments, it is perhaps not surprising that design and analysis, and in turn interpretation and communication of results from a quantitative point of view, is often suboptimal. Here we report an inventory of common designs sampled from anti-inflammatory, respiratory and metabolic disease drug discovery studies, all of which are based on animal models of disease involving pharmacological and/or patho/physiological interaction challenges. The corresponding data are modeled and analyzed quantitatively, the merits of the respective approach discussed and inferences made with respect to future design improvements. Although our analysis is limited to these disease model examples, the challenge approach is generally applicable to the vast majority of pharmacological intervention studies. In the present five Case Studies results from pharmacodynamic effect models from different therapeutic areas were explored and analyzed according to five typical designs. Plasma exposures of test compounds were assayed by either liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry or ligand binding assays. To describe how drug intervention can regulate diverse processes, turnover models of test compound-challenger interaction, transduction processes, and biophase time courses were applied for biomarker response in eosinophil count, IL6 response, paw-swelling, TNFα response and glucose turnover in vivo. Case Study 1 shows results from intratracheal administration of Sephadex, which is a glucocorticoid-sensitive model of airway inflammation in rats. Eosinophils in bronchoalveolar fluid were obtained at different time points via destructive sampling and then regressed by the mixed-effects modeling. A biophase function of the Sephadex time course was inferred from the modeled eosinophil time courses. In Case Study 2, a mouse model showed that the time course of cytokine-induced IL1β challenge was altered with or without drug intervention. Anakinra reversed the IL1β induced cytokine IL6 response in a dose-dependent manner. This Case Study contained time courses of test compound (drug), challenger (IL1β) and cytokine response (IL6), which resulted in high parameter precision. Case Study 3 illustrates collagen-induced arthritis progression in the rat. Swelling scores (based on severity of hind paw swelling) were used to describe arthritis progression after the challenge and the inhibitory effect of two doses of an orally administered test compound. In Case Study 4, a cynomolgus monkey model for lipopolysaccharide LPS-induced TNFα synthesis and/or release was investigated. This model provides integrated information on pharmacokinetics and in vivo potency of the test compounds. Case Study 5 contains data from an oral glucose tolerance test in rats, where the challenger is the same as the pharmacodynamic response biomarker (glucose). It is therefore convenient to model the extra input of glucose simultaneously with baseline data and during intervention of a glucose-lowering compound at different dose levels. Typically time-series analyses of challenger- and biomarker-time data are necessary if an accurate and precise estimate of the pharmacodynamic properties of a test compound is sought. Erosion of data, resulting in the single-point assessment of drug action after a challenge test, should generally be avoided. This is particularly relevant for situations where one expects time-curve shifts, tolerance/rebound, impact of disease, or hormetic concentration-response relationships to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gabrielsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Stephan Hjorth
- CVMD iMed Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, R&D, Innovative Medicines, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Barbara Vogg
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, DMPK/Nonclinical PK/PD, Fabrikstrasse 28, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Harlfinger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Lambertus Peletier
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, PB 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rikard Pehrson
- RIRA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, R&D, Innovative Medicines, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Pia Davidsson
- CVMD iMed Translational Science, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, R&D, Innovative Medicines, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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