The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Balance in Pregnancy

Maternal serum interleukin-1β, FoxO1 and Sestrin2 levels in predicting preterm delivery

The study aimed to investigate whether serum IL-1β, FoxO1and Sesn2 concentrations differed between threatened preterm labor (TPL) and uncomplicated pregnancies. This study was conducted on 54 women with TPL pregnancies and 26 healthy pregnant women. The TPL group was further divided into two subgroups according to the gestational age at delivery. Patients who gave birth within 48-72 hours after the hospitalization were referred to as preterm delivery (PD) and those who gave birth at ≥37 weeks were referred to as term delivery (TD). Maternal levels of serum IL-1β, FoxO1 and Sesn2 were measured with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The mean maternal serum IL-1β and FoxO1 of PD were significantly higher than TD (p<.000*) and the control group (p < .000*). The mean maternal serum IL-1β, FoxO1 level of TD was significantly higher than the control group (p<.000*). The mean maternal serum Sesn2 levels of TD and the control group were significantly higher than the preterm group (p<.000*). The mean maternal serum Sesn2 level of the control group was significantly higher than the TD group (p <.000*). A negative correlation was found between serum concentration of serum IL-1β, and FoxO1 with the gestational week of delivery (r= -0.722, p< .000*for, IL-1β; r = -0.625, p < .000* for FoxO1). A positive correlation was found between the serum concentration of serum Sesn2 with the gestational week of delivery (r = 0.507, p<.000* for sesn2). High serum IL-1β, FoxO1 levels, and low Sesn2 levels may have the potential to be used as biomarkers for the differentiation of PD and TD.

Analysis of copy number variants detected by sequencing in spontaneous abortion

BACKGROUND

The incidence of spontaneous abortion (SA), which affects approximately 15-20% of pregnancies, is the most common complication of early pregnancy. Pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs) are recognized as potential genetic causes of SA. However, CNVs of variants of uncertain significance (VOUS) have been identified in products of conceptions (POCs), and their correlation with SA remains uncertain.

RESULTS

Of 189 spontaneous abortion cases, trisomy 16 was the most common numerical chromosome abnormality, followed by monosomy X. CNVs most often occurred on chromosomes 4 and 8. Gene Ontology and signaling pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of genes related to nervous system development, transmembrane transport, cell adhesion, and structural components of chromatin. Furthermore, genes within the VOUS CNVs were screened by integrating human placental expression profiles, PhyloP scores, and Residual Variance Intolerance Score (RVIS) percentiles to identify potential candidate genes associated with spontaneous abortion. Fourteen potential candidate genes (LZTR1, TSHZ1, AMIGO2, H1-4, H2BC4, H2AC7, H3C8, H4C3, H3C6, PHKG2, PRR14, RNF40, SRCAP, ZNF629) were identified. Variations in LZTR1, TSHZ1, and H4C3 may contribute to embryonic lethality.

CONCLUSIONS

CNV sequencing (CNV-seq) analysis is an effective technique for detecting chromosomal abnormalities in POCs and identifying potential candidate genes for SA.

Update on diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy

Diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to several vascular and neurological complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR). As the population ages, health problems in certain groups, including children and pregnant women, are drawing more and more attention. Pregnancy is one of the independent risk factors for the development and progression of DR. Pregnancy-induced changes may contribute to or worsen DR, which can cause a tremendous burden on public health. It is essential for pregnant women with DR and their offspring to minimize the risk of vision loss from DR in this population and adverse outcomes by understanding the development and processes behind this process. Thus, we have updated the recent situation of epidemiology, evolution characteristics, risk factors, pathophysiology, pregnancy outcomes for a better understanding of the latest status of DR, helping to improve maternal and neonatal pregnancy outcomes, and promoting health for women with DR.

Plasma Redox Balance in Advanced-Maternal-Age Pregnant Women and Effects of Plasma on Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Pregnancy at advanced maternal age (AMA) is a condition of potential risk for the development of maternal-fetal complications with possible repercussions even in the long term. Here, we analyzed the changes in plasma redox balance and the effects of plasma on human umbilical cord mesenchymal cells (hUMSCs) in AMA pregnant women (patients) at various timings of pregnancy. One hundred patients and twenty pregnant women younger than 40 years (controls) were recruited and evaluated at various timings during pregnancy until after delivery. Plasma samples were used to measure the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione and nitric oxide (NO). In addition, plasma was used to stimulate the hUMSCs, which were tested for cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO release. The obtained results showed that, throughout pregnancy until after delivery in patients, the levels of plasma glutathione and NO were lower than those of controls, while those of TBARS were higher. Moreover, plasma of patients reduced cell viability and NO release, and increased ROS release in hUMSCs. Our results highlighted alterations in the redox balance and the presence of potentially harmful circulating factors in plasma of patients. They could have clinical relevance for the prevention of complications related to AMA pregnancy.

Frequency of Gene Polymorphisms in Admixed Venezuelan Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Microsomal Epoxy Hydroxylase (rs1051740) and Enos (rs1799983)

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects around 2% of women of reproductive age. Primary RPL is defined by ≥2 pregnancy losses and no normal birth delivery. In secondary RPL, the losses are after a normal pregnancy and delivery. Most cases have no clear aetiology, although primary cases are the most complex. Several gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with RPL. The frequency of some SNPs is increased in women suffering from RLP from Asian or Caucasian races; however, in admixed populations, the information on possible genetic links is scarce and contradictory. This study aimed to assess the frequency of two SNPs present in two different enzymes involved in medical conditions observed during pregnancy. It is a case-control study. Microsomal epoxy hydrolase (mEPH) is involved in detoxifying xenobiotics, is present in the ovaries, and is hormonally regulated. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) that forms nitric is involved in vascular tone. Two SNPs, rs1051740 (mEPH) and rs1799983 (NOS3), were assessed. The study included 50 controls and 63 primary RPL patients. The frequency of mutated alleles in both SNPs was significantly higher in patients (p < 0.05). Double-mutated homozygotes were encountered only in RPL patients (p < 0.05). Genetic polymorphisms rs1051740 and rs1799983 may be involved in primary RPL in the Venezuelan admix population. Genetic studies could provide crucial information on the aetiology of primary RPL.

Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of taxifolin in H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cell line

Oxidative stress has been implicated in numerous pregnancy-related disorders. Biologically active plant secondary metabolites, which are present in everyday diet, could prove effective therapeutic agents in preventing these disorders. This study evaluated effects of taxifolin (dihydroquercetin) on ROS production, markers of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, activity of antioxidant enzymes and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in H2O2-induced oxidative stress in trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells. Taxifolin in 10 µM and 100 µM concentrations attenuated oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, as evidenced by a decrease in MDA content, extracellular LDH activity, carbonyl groups and nitrite contents. A reduction in the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GPx in cells pre-treated with taxifolin, prior to H2O2 exposure, was also observed, along with a reduction in intracellular ROS production. Both evaluated concentrations of taxifolin showed anti-inflammatory activity in trophoblast cells, by reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. In this model of H2O2-induced oxidative stress, taxifolin showed marked antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in trophoblast cells, adding further evidence of its protective effects and showing potential as a therapeutic agent in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Shift in hemocyte immune parameters of marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) after exposure to methane

Methane are widely used in industry as an emerge source may be released significantly higher aquatic ecosystems due to gas seepages. In this study, short-term (90 min) methane effects on bivalve hemocytes were investigated using flow cytometry. Hemocyte parameters including hemolymph cellular composition, phagocytosis activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content were evaluated in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) exposed to hypoxia (control group), pure methane and industrial methane (industrial hydrocarbon mixture). Comparison of biomarkers showed that the mussel was more sensitive to methane than to low oxygen concentration, supporting the effects of methane on the mussel's immune system. After exposure to pure and industrial methane, the number of granulocytes decreased dramatically and the levels of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential and phagocytosis capacity increased significantly. It was shown that the methane type-dependent effect was pronounced, with industrial methane leading to more pronounced changes.

Obesogenic diet in pregnancy disrupts placental iron handling and ferroptosis and stress signalling in association with fetal growth alterations

Obesity and gestational diabetes (GDM) impact fetal growth during pregnancy. Iron is an essential micronutrient needed for energy-intense feto-placental development, but if mis-handled can lead to oxidative stress and ferroptosis (iron-dependent cell death). In a mouse model showing maternal obesity and glucose intolerance, we investigated the association of materno-fetal iron handling and placental ferroptosis, oxidative damage and stress signalling activation with fetal growth. Female mice were fed a standard chow or high fat, high sugar (HFHS) diet during pregnancy and outcomes were measured at day (d)16 or d19 of pregnancy. In HFHS-fed mice, maternal hepcidin was reduced and iron status maintained (tissue iron levels) at both d16 and d19. However, fetal weight, placental iron transfer capacity, iron deposition, TFR1 expression and ERK2-mediated signalling were reduced and oxidative damage-related lipofuscin accumulation in the placenta was increased in HFHS-fed mice. At d19, whilst TFR1 remained decreased, fetal weight was normal and placental weight, iron content and iron transporter genes (Dmt1, Zip14, and Fpn1) were reduced in HFHS-fed mice. Furthermore, there was stress kinase activation (increased phosphorylated p38MAPK, total ERK and JNK) in the placenta from HFHS-fed mice at d19. In summary, a maternal HFHS diet during pregnancy impacts fetal growth trajectory in association with changes in placental iron handling, ferroptosis and stress signalling. Downregulation of placental iron transporters in HFHS mice may protect the fetus from excessive oxidative iron. These findings suggest a role for alterations in placental iron homeostasis in determining perinatal outcomes of pregnancies associated with GDM and/or maternal obesity.

l-Theanine delays d-galactose-induced senescence by regulating the cell cycle and inhibiting apoptosis in rat intestinal cells

BACKGROUND

Intestinal senescence is associated with several aging-related diseases. l-Theanine (LTA) has demonstrated strong potential as an antioxidant and antisenescence agent. This study investigated the regulatory effect of LTA on cellular senescence using an in vitro model of d-galactose (D-Gal)-induced senescence in the rat epithelial cell line, intestinal epithelioid cell-6 (IEC-6).

RESULTS

Treatment of IEC-6 cells with 40 mg/mL D-Gal for 48 h resulted in the successful development of the senescent cell model. Compared with D-Gal alone, both LTA preventive and delayed intervention increased cell viability and the ratio of JC-1 monomers to aggregates, increased the antioxidant capacity, and decreased the advanced glycation end product (AGE) levels and the overall number of senescent cells. Preventive and delayed intervention with 1000 μM LTA alleviated the D-Gal-induced cell cycle arrest by regulating p38, p53, CDK4, and CDK6 expression at the mRNA and protein levels, and further induced CycD1 proteins. Moreover, LTA preventive intervention reduced apoptosis to a greater degree than delayed intervention by upregulating the expression of the receptors of AGEs, Bax, Bcl-2, and NF-κB at the mRNA and protein levels.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that LTA intervention could attenuate senescence in IEC-6 cells by regulating the cell cycle and inhibiting apoptosis. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Malaria Is Associated with Diminished Levels of Ascorbic Acid: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: It is still unclear how ascorbic acid levels relate to the pathogenesis of malaria. This systematic review synthesized different ascorbic acid levels in malaria patients with different severity levels of malaria and Plasmodium species. Methods: The systematic review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023394849). A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Ovid, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted to identify studies that reported ascorbic acid and malaria. The pooled standardized mean difference (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated using the random-effects model. Results: A total of 1480 articles were obtained from the searches of the databases, and 30 studies were included for syntheses. The meta-analysis revealed that patients with malaria had lower levels of ascorbic acid than those without malaria or uninfected controls (p < 0.01, Cohen's d = -3.71, 95% CI = -4.44 to -2.98, I2 = 98.87%, 30 studies). Comparable levels of ascorbic acid were observed between patients with severe malaria and those with nonsevere malaria (p = 0.06, Cohen's d = -1.39, 95% CI = -2.85 to 0.07, I2 = 96.58%, 4 studies). Similarly, levels of ascorbic acid were comparable between patients with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria (p = 0.34, Cohen's d = -1.06, 95% CI = -3.23 to 1.12, I2 = 97.30%, 3 studies). Conclusions: The meta-analysis reveals diminished levels of ascorbic acid in malaria cases. Manipulating the host's nutritional status, such as by supplementing it with ascorbic acid to restore reactive oxygen species balance, may alter the progression of malarial infection and prevention of disease severity. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 460-469.

Melatonin-mediated actions and circadian functions that improve implantation, fetal health and pregnancy outcome

This review summarizes data related to the potential importance of the ubiquitously functioning antioxidant, melatonin, in resisting oxidative stress and protecting against common pathophysiological disorders that accompany implantation, gestation and fetal development. Melatonin from the maternal pineal gland, but also trophoblasts in the placenta, perhaps in the mitochondria, produce this molecule as a hedge against impairment of the uteroplacental unit. We also discuss the role of circadian disruption on reproductive disorders of pregnancy. The common disorders of pregnancy, i.e., stillborn fetus, recurrent fetal loss, preeclampsia, fetal growth retardation, premature delivery, and fetal teratology are all conditions in which elevated oxidative stress plays a role and experimental supplementation with melatonin has been shown to reduce the frequency or severity of these conditions. Moreover, circadian disruption often occurs during pregnancy and has a negative impact on fetal health; conversely, melatonin has circadian rhythm synchronizing actions to overcome the consequences of chronodisruption which often appear postnatally. In view of the extensive findings supporting the ability of melatonin, an endogenously-produced and non-toxic molecule, to protect against experimental placental, fetal, and maternal pathologies, it should be given serious consideration as a supplement to forestall the disorders of pregnancy. Until recently, the collective idea was that melatonin supplements should be avoided during pregnancy. The data summarized herein suggests otherwise. The current findings coupled with the evidence, published elsewhere, showing that melatonin is highly protective of the fertilized oocyte from oxidative damage argues in favor of its use for improving pregnancy outcome generally.

Nutritional Approaches Targeting Gut Microbiota in Oxidative-Stress-Associated Metabolic Syndrome: Focus on Early Life Programming

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) denotes a constellation of risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, with its roots potentially traced back to early life. Given the pivotal role of oxidative stress and dysbiotic gut microbiota in MetS pathogenesis, comprehending their influence on MetS programming is crucial. Targeting these mechanisms during the early stages of life presents a promising avenue for preventing MetS later in life. This article begins by examining detrimental insults during early life that impact fetal programming, ultimately contributing to MetS in adulthood. Following that, we explore the role of oxidative stress and the dysregulation of gut microbiota in the initiation of MetS programming. The review also consolidates existing evidence on how gut-microbiota-targeted interventions can thwart oxidative-stress-associated MetS programming, encompassing approaches such as probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and the modulation of bacterial metabolites. While animal studies demonstrate the favorable effects of gut-microbiota-targeted therapy in mitigating MetS programming, further clinical investigations are imperative to enhance our understanding of manipulating gut microbiota and oxidative stress for the prevention of MetS.

Effects of Supplementation with Oregano Essential Oil during Late Gestation and Lactation on Serum Metabolites, Antioxidant Capacity and Fecal Microbiota of Sows

A total of 20 healthy white × landrace sows were evenly and randomly divided into two groups, and fed basal diets unsupplemented or supplemented with 500 g/t Meriden-Stim® from day 100 of gestation until day 21 of lactation. Serum and fecal samples were collected from the sows on the final day for subsequent analysis. Compared to the control group, there were no significant differences in the sows' performances; however, an increase was observed in the piglets' weight at weaning (p = 0.08). Moreover, oregano essential oil (OEO) significantly reduced the levels of urea (UREA) (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (p < 0.05) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p < 0.05) in serum. In terms of antioxidant indexes in serum, the catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels showed significant increases (p < 0.05) while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level exhibited a decrease tendency (p = 0.09). 16S rRNA analysis identified the specific bacteria taxa in feces. OEO significantly decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria at the phylum level (p < 0.05). At the genus level, OEO significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Prevotellaceae UCG 003 and UCG 005, while decreasing that of Escherichia-Shigella (p < 0.05). Taken together, OEO supplementation in maternal diets during late gestation and lactation improved serum metabolites, antioxidant capacity and regulated the intestinal-flora balance of sows, thereby tending to increase the piglets' weight at weaning.

The Maternal Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentration in Early Pregnancy and Infant Neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES Study

Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) play a key role in early neurodevelopment, but evidence from observational and clinical studies remains inconsistent. This study investigates the association between maternal n-3 LCPUFA, Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentrations during pregnancy and infant development functioning at 40 days. This study includes 348 mother-infant pairs. Maternal serum concentrations were assessed in the first and third trimesters alongside sociodemographic, clinical, nutritional, psychological, and obstetrical data. At 40 days, the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III) was administered. An adjusted analysis revealed that lower first-trimester n-3 LCPUFA and DHA concentrations are associated with better infant motor development. These results underscore the potential significance of the maternal n-3 LCPUFA status in early pregnancy for influencing fetal neurodevelopment. However, the complexity of these associations necessitates further investigation, emphasizing the urgent need for additional studies to comprehensively elucidate the nuanced interplay between the maternal n-3 LCPUFA status and infant neurodevelopment.

Efficacy of a vaginal suppository formulation prepared with Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. gum and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. in heavy menstrual bleeding analyzed using a machine learning technique

Objective: This study aims to determine the efficacy of the Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. vaginal suppository in addressing heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and their impact on participants' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) analyzed using machine learning algorithms. Method: A total of 62 participants were enrolled in a double-dummy, single-center study. They were randomly assigned to either the suppository group (SG), receiving a formulation prepared with Acacia arabica gum (Gond Babul) and camphor from Cinnamomum camphora (Kafoor) through two vaginal suppositories (each weighing 3,500 mg) for 7 days at bedtime along with oral placebo capsules, or the tranexamic group (TG), receiving oral tranexamic acid (500 mg) twice a day for 5 days and two placebo vaginal suppositories during menstruation at bedtime for three consecutive menstrual cycles. The primary outcome was the pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBLAC) for HMB, and secondary outcomes included hemoglobin level and SF-36 HRQoL questionnaire scores. Additionally, machine learning algorithms such as k-nearest neighbor (KNN), AdaBoost (AB), naive Bayes (NB), and random forest (RF) classifiers were employed for analysis. Results: In the SG and TG, the mean PBLAC score decreased from 635.322 ± 504.23 to 67.70 ± 22.37 and 512.93 ± 283.57 to 97.96 ± 39.25, respectively, at post-intervention (TF3), demonstrating a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). A higher percentage of participants in the SG achieved normal menstrual blood loss compared to the TG (93.5% vs 74.2%). The SG showed a considerable improvement in total SF-36 scores (73.56%) compared to the TG (65.65%), with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Additionally, no serious adverse events were reported in either group. Notably, machine learning algorithms, particularly AB and KNN, demonstrated the highest accuracy within cross-validation models for both primary and secondary outcomes. Conclusion: The A. arabica and C. camphora vaginal suppository is effective, cost-effective, and safe in controlling HMB. This botanical vaginal suppository provides a novel and innovative alternative to traditional interventions, demonstrating promise as an effective management approach for HMB.

Proteomics Analysis of Pregnancy in Ewes under Heat Stress Conditions and Melatonin Administration

Melatonin is an indoleamine with broad spectrum properties that acts as a regulator of antioxidant and immune response in organisms. In our previous studies, melatonin improved redox status and inflammatory response in pregnant ewes under heat stress conditions. In the present study, using proteomics, the proteins regulated by melatonin during different stages of pregnancy and lambing were assessed. Twenty-two ewes equally divided into two groups, the melatonin (M) (n = 11) and control (C) group (n = 11), participated in the study and were exposed to heat stress during the first months of pregnancy. In the M group, melatonin implants were administered throughout pregnancy, every 40 days, until parturition (a total of four implants per ewe). Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the study simultaneously with the administration of the first melatonin implant (blood samples M1, C1), mating (M2, C2), second implant (M3, C3), fourth implant (M4, C4) and parturition (M5, C5), and MALDI-TOF analysis was performed. The results revealed the existence of 42 extra proteins in samples M2, M3 and M4 and 53 in M5 (sample at parturition) that are linked to melatonin. The biological processes of these proteins refer to boosted immune response, the alleviation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, energy metabolism, the protection of the maternal organism and embryo development. This proteomics analysis indicates that melatonin regulates protective mechanisms and controls cell proliferation under exogenous or endogenous stressful stimuli during pregnancy and parturition.

Evidence for ethnicity and location as regulators of the newborn blood metabolome: a monozygous twin study

Introduction

Monochorionic, diamniotic (MCDA) monozygotic twins share nearly all genetic variation and a common placenta in utero. Despite this, MCDA twins are often discordant for a range of common phenotypes, including early growth and birth weight. As such, MCDA twins represent a unique model to explore variation in early growth attributable primarily to in utero environmental factors.

Methods

MCDA twins with a range of within-pair birth weight discordance were sampled from the peri/postnatal epigenetic twin study (PETS, Melbourne; n = 26 pairs), Beijing twin study (BTS, Beijing; n = 25), and the Chongqing longitudinal twin study (LoTiS, Chongqing; n = 22). All PETS participants were of European-Australian ancestry, while all Chinese participants had Han ancestry. The average of the birth weight difference between the larger and smaller co-twins for all twin pairs was determined and metabolomic profiles of amino acids, TCA cycle intermediates, fatty acids, organic acids, and their derivatives generated from cord blood plasma by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry. Within and between co-twin pair analyses were performed to identify metabolites specifically associated with discordance in birth weight. Multivariable regression and pathway enrichment analyses between different regions were performed to evaluate the geographical effects on the metabolism of MCDA twin pairs.

Results

PETS twins showed a markedly different metabolic profile at birth compared to the two Chinese samples. Within-pair analysis revealed an association of glutathione, creatinine, and levulinic acid with birth weight discordance. Caffeine, phenylalanine, and several saturated fatty acid levels were uniquely elevated in PETS twins and were associated with maternal BMI and average within pair birth weight, in addition to birth weight discordance. LoTiS twins had higher levels of glutathione, tyrosine, and gamma-linolenic acid relative to PETS and BTS twins, potentially associated with eating habits.

Conclusion

This study highlights the potential role of underlying genetic variation (shared by MZ twins), in utero (non-shared by MZ twins) and location-specific (shared by MZ twins) environmental factors, in regulating the cord blood metabolome of uncomplicated MCDA twins. Future research is needed to unravel these complex relationships that may play a key role in phenotypic metabolic alterations of twins independent of genetic diversity.

Quercetin stimulates trophoblast fusion via the mitochondrial function

The fusion of mononuclear trophoblasts into multinucleate syncytiotrophoblasts is the critical event in the process of syncytialization, and its dysregulation can lead to pregnancy complications, notably hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). Oxidative stress may disrupt trophoblast syncytialization in HDP. Specifically, placentas with HDP exhibit impaired mitochondria, giving rise to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative stress. Quercetin, a bioflavonoid known for its antioxidant and anti-aging properties, has the potential to mitigate oxidative stress during trophoblast syncytialization. However, the precise mechanism underlying the action of quercetin in these processes remains to be elucidated. To explore the impact of quercetin on syncytialization, mitochondrial function, and ROS generation, cyclic AMP-stimulated BeWo cells were treated with quercetin. The expression of markers associated with cell fusion, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress was determined using qPCR and western blotting. Additionally, morphological syncytialization and mitophagy (mitochondrial degradation) were assessed by immunofluorescence analysis. Our results revealed that quercetin increased the expression of syncytialization markers and promoted cell fusion. Furthermore, this compound also upregulated markers associated with mitophagy and mitochondrial fusion, which are corroborated by visual evidence of mitophagy through the fluorescence microscope. Cell fusion naturally stimulated ROS generation, which was attenuated by quercetin. Quercetin downregulated the expression of NRF2 and HO-1 during syncytialization, while increasing the expression of sirtuin1/3/6, which are known to play essential roles in antioxidant responses. In conclusion, quercetin effectively regulates mitochondrial function through its antioxidant properties and the suppression of ROS generation, ultimately promoting trophoblast fusion, suggesting that the flavonoid has the potential to ameliorate pregnancy-related disorder stemming from placental dysplasia.

Oleuropein Stimulates Migration of Human Trophoblast Cells and Expression of Invasion-Associated Markers

Successful pregnancy establishment requires highly synchronized cross talk between the invasive trophoblast cells and the receptive maternal endometrium. Any disturbances in this tightly regulated process may lead to pregnancy complications. Local factors such as nutrients, hormones, cytokines and reactive oxygen species modulate the invasion of extravillous trophoblasts through critical signaling cascades. Epidemiological studies strongly indicate that a Mediterranean diet can significantly impact molecular pathways during placentation. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine whether oleuropein (OLE), one of the main compounds of the Mediterranean diet, may influence trophoblast cell adhesion and migration, as well as the expression of invasion-associated molecular markers and inflammatory pathways fostering these processes. HTR-8/SVneo cells were incubated with OLE at selected concentrations of 10 and 100 µM for 24 h. Results showed that OLE did not affect trophoblast cell viability, proliferation and adhesion after 24 h in in vitro treatment. The mRNA expression of integrin subunits α1, α5 and β1, as well as matrix-degrading enzymes MMP-2 and -9, was significantly increased after treatment with 10 µM OLE. Furthermore, OLE at a concentration of 10 µM significantly increased the protein expression of integrin subunits α1 and β1. Also, OLE inhibited the activation of JNK and reduced the protein expression of COX-2. Finally, a lower concentration of OLE 10 µM significantly stimulated migration of HTR-8/SVneo cells. In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrate the effects of OLE on the function of trophoblast cells by promoting cell migration and stimulating the expression of invasion markers. As suggested from results, these effects may be mediated via inhibition of the JNK signaling pathway.

Selenium-More than Just a Fortuitous Sulfur Substitute in Redox Biology

Living organisms use selenium mainly in the form of selenocysteine in the active site of oxidoreductases. Here, selenium's unique chemistry is believed to modulate the reaction mechanism and enhance the catalytic efficiency of specific enzymes in ways not achievable with a sulfur-containing cysteine. However, despite the fact that selenium/sulfur have different physicochemical properties, several selenoproteins have fully functional cysteine-containing homologues and some organisms do not use selenocysteine at all. In this review, selected selenocysteine-containing proteins will be discussed to showcase both situations: (i) selenium as an obligatory element for the protein's physiological function, and (ii) selenium presenting no clear advantage over sulfur (functional proteins with either selenium or sulfur). Selenium's physiological roles in antioxidant defence (to maintain cellular redox status/hinder oxidative stress), hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and repair (maintain genetic stability) will be also highlighted, as well as selenium's role in human health. Formate dehydrogenases, hydrogenases, glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, and iodothyronine deiodinases will be herein featured.

Nurturing through Nutrition: Exploring the Role of Antioxidants in Maternal Diet during Pregnancy to Mitigate Developmental Programming of Chronic Diseases

Chronic diseases represent one of the major causes of death worldwide. It has been suggested that pregnancy-related conditions, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), maternal obesity (MO), and intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) induce an adverse intrauterine environment, increasing the offspring's predisposition to chronic diseases later in life. Research has suggested that mitochondrial function and oxidative stress may play a role in the developmental programming of chronic diseases. Having this in mind, in this review, we include evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are mechanisms by which GDM, MO, and IUGR program the offspring to chronic diseases. In this specific context, we explore the promising advantages of maternal antioxidant supplementation using compounds such as resveratrol, curcumin, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and Mitoquinone (MitoQ) in addressing the metabolic dysfunction and oxidative stress associated with GDM, MO, and IUGR in fetoplacental and offspring metabolic health. This approach holds potential to mitigate developmental programming-related risk of chronic diseases, serving as a probable intervention for disease prevention.

Vitamin D and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress among pregnant women: a systematic review of observational studies

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review aimed to map the evidence evaluated the relationship between vitamin D and redox and inflammatory status during gestation.

METHODS

Three databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS)) and reference list of included documents were searched for related observational studies published until 2nd October 2023. To determine the quality of the selected observational studies, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used.

RESULTS

After a primary search of three databases, 19492records were appeared. When duplicates and irrelevant documents were removed, 14 articles were found to have eligible criteria. The design of the identified studies was cross-sectional, case-control and cohort. Evidence showed an adverse association between 25(OH)D and the biomarkers of inflammation, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor- alfa (TNF-α) during pregnancy. On the contrary, some studies represented that 25(OH)D positively correlated with hs-CRP in the cord blood. One study suggested a direct association between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and Interleukin-8 (IL-8), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP), and TNF-α levels in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A case-control study showed that lower serum concentration of 25(OH)D positively correlated with total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in participants.

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence confirmed the supposition of the direct relationship between vitamin D levels and biomarkers with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. However, the Existence of inconsistent evidence confirms the need for further studies in mothers with GDM and hypertensive disorders.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION CODE

CRD42020202600.

Exploring the Role of Mediterranean and Westernized Diets and Their Main Nutrients in the Modulation of Oxidative Stress in the Placenta: A Narrative Review

Oxidative stress is a major cellular event that occurs in the placenta, fulfilling critical physiological roles in non-pathological pregnancies. However, exacerbated oxidative stress is a pivotal feature of different obstetric complications, like pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and other diseases. Compelling evidence supports the relevant role of diet during pregnancy, with pleiotropic consequences for maternal well-being. The present review aims to examine the complex background between oxidative stress and placental development and function in physiological conditions, also intending to understand the relationship between different dietary patterns and the human placenta, particularly how this could influence oxidative stress processes. The effects of Westernized diets (WDs) and high-fat diets (HFDs) rich in ultra-processed foods and different additives are compared with healthy patterns such as a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) abundant in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, dietary fiber, and vitamins. Although multiple studies have focused on the role of specific nutrients, mostly in animal models and in vitro, further observational and intervention studies focusing on the placental structure and function in women with different dietary patterns should be conducted to understand the precise influence of diet on this organ.

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by Obesity, Gestational Diabetes, and Preeclampsia in Pregnancy: Role of High-Density Lipoproteins as Vectors for Bioactive Compounds

Inflammation and oxidative stress are essential components in a myriad of pathogenic entities that lead to metabolic and chronic diseases. Moreover, inflammation in its different phases is necessary for the initiation and maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. Therefore, an equilibrium between a necessary/pathologic level of inflammation and oxidative stress during pregnancy is needed to avoid disease development. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are important for a healthy pregnancy and a good neonatal outcome. Their role in fetal development during challenging situations is vital for maintaining the equilibrium. However, in certain conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases, it has been observed that HDL loses its protective properties, becoming dysfunctional. Bioactive compounds have been widely studied as mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress in different diseases, but their mechanisms of action are still unknown. Nonetheless, these agents, which are obtained from functional foods, increase the concentration of HDL, TRC, and antioxidant activity. Therefore, this review first summarizes several mechanisms of HDL participation in the equilibrium between inflammation and oxidative stress. Second, it gives an insight into how HDL may act as a vector for bioactive compounds. Third, it describes the relationships between the inflammation process in pregnancy and HDL activity. Consequently, different databases were used, including MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus, where scientific articles published in the English language up to 2023 were identified.

The Effect of Holder Pasteurization and Different Variants on Breast Milk Antioxidants

BACKGROUND

After birth, breast milk (BM) is a known essential source of antioxidants for infants. We analyzed the non-enzymatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and glutathione, calcium, transferrin, and total protein levels of human breast milk before and after Holder pasteurization (HoP).

METHODS

The collected donor BM samples were pasteurized with HoP.

RESULTS

HoP decreased TAC (-12.6%), ORAC (-12.1%), transferrin (-98.3%), and total protein (-21.4%) levels; HoP did not influence the glutathione concentration, and it increased the total calcium (+25.5%) concentration. Mothers who gave birth via Cesarean section had significantly lower TAC in their BM. TAC and glutathione levels were elevated in the BM of mothers over the age of 30. BM produced in the summer had higher glutathione and calcium levels compared to BM produced in the winter. The glutathione concentration in term milk samples was significantly higher in the first two months of lactation compared to the period between the third and sixth months. The transferrin level of BM for female infants was significantly higher than the BM for boys, and mothers with a BMI above 30 had increased transferrin in their samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Antioxidant levels in human milk are influenced by numerous factors. Environmental and maternal factors, the postpartum age at breast milk collection, and Holder pasteurization of the milk influence the antioxidant intake of the infant.

Exploring the Link between Maternal Hematological Disorders during Pregnancy and Neurological Development in Newborns: Mixed Cohort Study

Maternal hematological disorders during pregnancy may pose a risk to the neurological development of newborns. To investigate the association between maternal hematological disorders during pregnancy and neurological outcomes in newborns, this mixed cohort study was conducted on 200 pregnant women diagnosed with hematological disorders during pregnancy. Some cases have been identified in the past who have completed the pregnancy in full, as well as cases in pregnancy. Currently, the children of all mothers have been followed up to evaluate the neurological outcomes of the children at the age of three months. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between maternal hematological disorders and neurological outcomes in newborns. Children born to mothers with hematological disorders had a higher risk of developmental delays (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 0.90-2.50), cognitive impairments (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.20-2.70), and motor impairments (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.00-2.50) compared to children born to mothers without hematological disorders. Hemophilia was associated with the highest risk of neurological outcomes (developmental delay: OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.60-4.90; cognitive impairment: OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 2.00-5.10; motor impairment: OR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.50-4.60). Conclusion: Our study suggests that maternal hematological disorders during pregnancy may increase the risk of negative neurological consequences in newborns. Further research is needed to identify potential mechanisms and explore preventive measures.

Effects of dietary polyphenols on maternal and fetal outcomes in maternal diabetes

The incidences of short-term or long-term adverse maternal and fetal outcomes caused by maternal diabetes are increasing. Due to toxicity or side effects, economic pressures, and other problems associated with injections or oral hypoglycemic drugs, many researchers have investigated natural treatment methods. Polyphenols can protect against chronic pathologies by regulating numerous physiological processes and provide many health benefits. Moreover, polyphenols have anti-diabetic properties and can be used to treat diabetic complications. Diets rich in polyphenols are beneficial to pregnant women with diabetes. Here, we review the epidemiological and experimental evidence on the impact of dietary polyphenols on maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with diabetes, and the effects of polyphenols on biological changes and possible mechanisms. Previous data (mainly from in vitro and animal experiments) showed that polyphenols can alleviate gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetic embryopathy by reducing maternal hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress, and regulating related signaling pathways. Although polyphenols have shown many health benefits, further research is needed to better understand the complex interactions between polyphenols and maternal diabetes.

Gestational exposure to FireMaster® 550 (FM 550) disrupts the placenta-brain axis in a socially monogamous rodent species, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster)

Gestational flame retardant (FR) exposure has been linked to heightened risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Historically, toxicologists have relied on traditional, inbred rodent models, yet those do not always best model human vulnerability or biological systems, especially social systems. Here we used prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), a monogamous and bi-parental rodent, leveraged for decades to decipher the underpinnings of social behaviors, to examine the impact of fetal FR exposure on gene targets in the mid-gestational placenta and fetal brain. We previously established gestational exposure to the commercial mixture Firemaster 550 (FM 550) impairs sociality, particularly in males. FM 550 exposure disrupted placental monoamine production, particularly serotonin, and genes required for axon guidance and cellular respiration in the fetal brains. Effects were dose and sex specific. These data provide insights on the mechanisms by which FRs impair neurodevelopment and later in life social behaviors.

Effect of mode of delivery on neonatal oxidative stress and dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of the mode of delivery on neonatal oxidative stress and dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis.

METHODS

Sixty women who were followed up in the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic were included in this prospective study. Cord blood samples were obtained from women who underwent cesarean section (CS) and vaginal delivery (VD). Total oxidant status and total antioxidant status levels were measured by spectrophotometry. The dynamic thiol-disulfide balance was determined by colorimetry.

RESULTS

The total antioxidant status and oxidative stress index levels were higher and total oxidant status levels were lower in the VD group compared with the CS group. Native and total thiol levels were higher while disulfide levels were lower in the VD compared with the CS delivery group, while disulfide levels were higher in the CS group.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that disulfide formation leads to decreased antioxidant capacity in women undergoing CS. Monitoring of dynamic thiol-disulfide levels may thus provide clinicians with important information on the oxidative stress status in newborns.

Comparative analysis of antioxidant status in diabetic patients with and without insulin resistance

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, where hyperglycemia is believed to trigger oxidative stress, contributing to insulin function impairment. This study aimed to assess and compare levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and uric acid in diabetic patients with and without insulin resistance and to assess the correlation with fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipid profiles. Significant variations were found in MDA, uric acid, and GSH levels between insulin-resistant and non-resistant diabetic groups (p<0.0001). FBS, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), insulin activity, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) significantly differed between the groups (p<0.0001). Total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations were higher in the insulin resistance group than the non-insulin resistance group (p<0.0001). Uric acid also exhibited a significant correlation (p<0.01) with LDL levels, while HDL levels showed a negative correlation with both MDA and uric acid (p<0.001). Diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, may play a role in the development of oxidative stress. This oxidative stress is a significant factor that could potentially lead to the onset of insulin resistance, a condition strongly associated with dyslipidemia. The results of this study indicate that the decrease in GSH levels and the increase in MDA and uric acid levels are particularly noteworthy in the context of insulin resistance among patients with diabetes.

Effects of an Eating Pattern Including Colorful Fruits and Vegetables on Management of Gestational Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined as abnormal glucose tolerance that presents during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, is a growing issue in the United States and worldwide. If left untreated or poorly controlled, GDM can result in numerous consequences for both the mother and the fetus; thus, it is imperative that different avenues of management for GDM be explored. There is a paucity of studies that examine how lifestyle changes, including dietary and physical activity, affect management of GDM. We examined how counseling on lifestyle changes can affect cardiometabolic risks in women with GDM. We conducted a 12-week randomized controlled trial based on behavioral counseling in which women with GDM (N = 38) were randomized into either a nutrition education (control) (N = 18) group or nutrition intervention (N = 20) group. The nutrition education group were given dietary counseling regarding healthy dietary choices based on USDA guidelines, while the nutrition intervention group were instructed to consume a total of one cup of whole berries and one cup of leafy vegetables daily along with performing postprandial exercise (walking). Blood samples, anthropometric measures, and dietary and physical activity data, recorded in daily food and activity logs, were collected at baseline and at the end of the study and compared between the two groups. Dietary counseling on supplementation with whole berries and leafy vegetables resulted in increased fiber intake, increased antioxidant intake and total serum antioxidant capacity, improved random blood glucose, decreased serum IL-6, and improved HDL cholesterol versus the control group (all p < 0.05). These results highlight that whole berry and leafy vegetable supplementation-based dietary counseling can improve the metabolic pathways involved in gestational diabetes pathogenesis and prognosis. These functional foods must be recommended in the management of pregnancies affected by GDM.

Polymorphisms in Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Genes Modify the Effect of Exposure to Maternal Smoking Metabolites in Pregnancy and Offspring DNA Methylation

Maternal smoking in pregnancy (MSP) affects the offspring's DNA methylation (DNAm). There is a lack of knowledge regarding individual differences in susceptibility to exposure to MSP. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes are involved in protection against harmful oxidants such as those found in cigarette smoke. This study aimed to test whether polymorphisms in GST genes influence the effect of MSP on offspring DNAm. Using data from the Isle of Wight birth cohort, we assessed the association of MSP and offspring DNAm in 493 mother-child dyads (251 male, 242 female) with the effect-modifying role of GST gene polymorphism (at rs506008, rs574344, rs12736389, rs3768490, rs1537234, and rs1695). MSP was assessed by levels of nicotine and its downstream metabolites (cotinine, norcotinine, and hydroxycotinine) in maternal sera. In males, associations of hydroxycotinine with DNAm at cg18473733, cg25949550, cg11647108, and cg01952185 and norcotinine with DNAm at cg09935388 were modified by GST gene polymorphisms (p-values < 0.05). In females, associations of hydroxycotinine with DNAm at cg12160087 and norcotinine with DNAm at cg18473733 were modified by GST gene polymorphisms (p-values < 0.05). Our study emphasizes the role of genetic polymorphism in GST genes in DNAm's susceptibility to MSP.

A comprehensive meta-analysis on the association between vitamin C intake and gestational diabetes mellitus: Insights and novel perspectives

BACKGROUND

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a significant health concern in pregnant women and their offspring. Although Vitamin C is known to play a role in maintaining normal physiological processes, its relationship with GDM has not been fully elucidated.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, analyzing data from 15 studies selected from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library up to May 16, 2023. These studies were selected based on inclusion criteria such as study design, outcome of interest, exposure factor, and data extractability. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We assessed the heterogeneity between studies and conducted a sensitivity analysis.

RESULTS

Data from 10,131 subjects, including 1304 diagnosed GDM cases, were analyzed. The meta-analysis showed that women in the low Vitamin C exposure group had higher odds of developing GDM (odds ratio 2.72, 95% CI:1.24-4.19). There was a greater likelihood of increased GDM risk with lower Vitamin C exposure (standardized mean difference: -0.71, 95% CI [-1.07 -0.36]). Subgroup analysis revealed that both internal and external Vitamin C exposure, along with exposure during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, was associated with higher GDM incidence rates under low Vitamin C exposure. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results, and no significant publication bias was detected.

CONCLUSION

Low Vitamin C exposure during pregnancy may increase the risk of GDM. Given these findings, it could be beneficial for pregnant women to increase their intake of Vitamin C-rich foods and to ensure adequate blood Vitamin C levels as a preventive measure against GDM.

The Importance of Metabolic and Environmental Factors in the Occurrence of Oxidative Stress during Pregnancy

Metabolic changes in pregnant women begin in the first weeks after conception under the influence of placental hormones that affect the metabolism of all nutrients. An increased concentration of total lipids accompanies pregnancy and an increased accumulation of triglycerides in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) particles. Lipids in small dense LDL particles are more susceptible to oxidative modification than normal-density LDL particles. Unlike LDL high-density lipoproteins (HDL), lipoprotein particles have an atheroprotective role in lipid metabolism. The very growth of the fetus depends on the nutrition of both parents, so obesity is not only in the mother but also in the father. Nutritional programming of the offspring occurs through changes in lipid metabolism and leads to an increased risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Pregnancy is accompanied by an increased need for oxygen in the mitochondria of the placenta and a tendency to develop oxidative stress. Oxidative stress represents a disturbance in the balance of oxidation-reduction processes in the body that occurs due to the excessive production of free oxygen radicals that cellular homeostatic mechanisms are unable to neutralize. When the balance with the antioxidant system is disturbed, which happens when free oxygen radicals are in high concentrations, serious damage to biological molecules occurs, resulting in a series of pathophysiological and pathological changes, including cell death. Therefore, oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of many complications that can occur during pregnancy. The oxidative status of pregnant women is also influenced by socioeconomic living conditions, lifestyle habits, diet, smoking, and exposure to environmental air pollution. During a healthy pregnancy, the altered lipid profile and oxidative stress create an increased risk for premature birth and pregnancy-related diseases, and a predisposition to adult diseases.

The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Nutrient Intake on Oxidative Stress Levels in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review

During pregnancy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) may physiologically increase due to changes and growth of mother and fetal tissues. Consequently, oxidative stress (OS) may occur and be involved in the onset of pregnancy and newborn complications. Among exogenous antioxidant sources, diet is a cost-effective prevention strategy supporting the health of mothers and newborns; however, there is still a lack of nutritional education during pregnancy interviews. This review aims to systematically summarize the knowledge on the association between OS and diet during pregnancy. Four electronic databases (PubMed Central, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Food Science and Technology Abstracts) were searched on 22 December 2022. Among 4162 records, 13 original articles were finally included. Overall, 80% of the studies considered dietary patterns as exposure and 60% of them assessed the association with malondialdehyde levels in blood and urine. Three studies analyzed the influence of daily intakes of fruit and vegetables on different OS biomarkers (malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine). Among studies exploring dietary fat intakes (39%), 80% focused on polyunsaturated fatty acids, finding a positive association with glutathione peroxidase, biopirryn and isoprostane levels, respectively. Four studies analyzed vitamin intakes and 50% of them in association with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine.

The impact of early pregnancy metabolic disorders on pregnancy outcome and the specific mechanism

Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy. The most common causes of early miscarriage are chromosomal abnormalities of the embryo, maternal endocrine abnormalities, organ malformations, and abnormal immune factors. Late miscarriages are mostly caused by factors such as cervical insufficiency. However, the causes of 50% of miscarriages remain unknown. Recently, increasing attention has been given to the role of metabolic abnormalities in miscarriage. In this review, we mainly discuss the roles of four major metabolic pathways (glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, and oxidation‒reduction balance) in miscarriage and the metabolism-related genes that lead to metabolic disorders in miscarriage. Depending on aetiology, the current treatments for miscarriage include hormonal and immunological drugs, as well as surgery, while there are few therapies for metabolism. Therefore, we also summarize the drugs for metabolism-related targets. The study of altered metabolism underlying miscarriage not only helps us to understand the mechanisms involved in miscarriage but also provides an important basis for clinical research on new therapies.

Effect of peroxiredoxin 1 on the regulation of trophoblast function by affecting autophagy and oxidative stress in preeclampsia

PURPOSE

PE is a pregnancy-specific syndrome and one of the main causes of maternal, fetal, and neonatal mortality. PRDX1 is an antioxidant that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of PRDX1 on the regulation of trophoblast function by affecting autophagy and oxidative stress in preeclampsia.

METHODS

Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and immunofluorescence were used to examine the expression of PRDX1 in placentas. PRDX1-siRNA was transfected to knockdown PRDX1 in HTR-8/SVneo cells. The biological function of HTR-8/SVneo cells was detected by wound healing, invasion, tube formation, CCK-8, EdU, flow cytometry, and TUNEL assays. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of cleaved-Caspase3, Bax, LC3II, Beclin1, PTEN, and p-AKT. DCFH-DA staining was used to detect ROS levels by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

PRDX1 was significantly decreased in placental trophoblasts in PE patients. Following the exposure of HTR-8/SVneo cells to H₂O₂, PRDX1 expression was significantly decreased, LC3II and Beclin1 expression was notably increased, and ROS level was also markedly increased. PRDX1 knockdown impaired migration, invasion, and tube-formation abilities and promoted apoptosis, which was accompanied by an increased expression of cleaved-Caspase3 and Bax. PRDX1 knockdown induced a significant decrease in LC3II and Beclin1 expression, along with an elevated p-AKT expression and a decreased PTEN expression. PRDX1 knockdown increased intracellular ROS levels, and NAC attenuated PRDX1 knockdown-induced apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

PRDX1 regulated trophoblast function through the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway to affect cell autophagy and ROS level, which provided a potential target for the treatment of PE.

Environmental pollutants exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus: Evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies

Except for known sociodemographic factors, long-term exposure to environmental pollutants has been shown to contribute to the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the conclusions remain controversial. To provide a comprehensive overview of the association between environmental pollutants and GDM, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. Several electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Medline and Cochrane) were searched for related epidemiological and experimental studies up to September 2022. For epidemiological studies, a meta-analysis was carried out to appraise the effect of environmental pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), phenols, phthalates (PAEs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and parabens exposure on GDM. Moreover, we also summarized possible biological mechanisms linking pollution exposure and GDM based on the included experimental studies. A total of 80 articles were enrolled, including 38 epidemiological studies and 42 experimental studies. Meta-analysis results showed that exposure to PAEs [OR (95%CI) = 1.07 (1.00, 1.14)], PFASs [OR (95%CI) = 1.10 (1.01, 1.19)], as well as PCBs [OR (95%CI) = 1.18 (1.02, 1.36)] and PBDEs [OR (95%CI) = 1.33 (1.17, 1.50)] significantly increased the risk of GDM, but no significant effects were found for phenols, OCPs, and parabens. In addition, experimental studies suggested that the potential biological mechanisms of environmental pollutants contributing to GDM may involve insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, neurohormonal dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, epigenetic modification, and alterations in gut microbiome. In conclusion, long-term environmental pollutants exposure may induce the development of GDM, and there may be a synergistic effect between the homologs. However, studies conducted on the direct biological link between environmental pollutants and GDM were few. More prospective studies and high-quality in vivo and in vitro experiments were needed to investigate the specific effects and mechanisms.

The Trace Element Concentrations and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Afterbirths from Women with Multiple Pregnancies

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intensity of oxidative stress by measuring the concentrations of lipid peroxidation products (LPO) in fetal membrane, umbilical cord, and placenta samples obtained from women with multiple pregnancies. Additionally, the effectiveness of protection against oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR). Due to the role of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) as cofactors for antioxidant enzymes, the concentrations of these elements were also analyzed in the studied afterbirths. The obtained data were compared with newborn parameters, selected environmental factors, and the health status of women during pregnancy to determine the relationship between oxidative stress and the health of women and their offspring during pregnancy. The study involved women (n = 22) with multiple pregnancies and their newborns (n = 45). The Fe, Zn, and Cu levels in the placenta, umbilical cord, and fetal membrane were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) using an ICAP 7400 Duo system. Commercial assays were used to determine SOD, GPx, GR, CAT, and LPO activity levels. The determinations were made spectrophotometrically. The present study also investigated the relationships between trace element concentrations in fetal membrane, placenta, and umbilical cord samples and various maternal and infant parameters in women. Notably, a strong positive correlation was observed between Cu and Zn concentrations in the fetal membrane (p = 0.66) and between Zn and Fe concentrations in the placenta (p = 0.61). The fetal membrane Zn concentration exhibited a negative correlation with shoulder width (p = -0.35), while the placenta Cu concentration was positively correlated with placenta weight (p = 0.46) and shoulder width (p = 0.36). The umbilical cord Cu level was positively correlated with head circumference (p = 0.36) and birth weight (p = 0.35), while the placenta Fe concentration was positively correlated with placenta weight (p = 0.33). Furthermore, correlations were determined between the parameters of antioxidative stress (GPx, GR, CAT, SOD) and oxidative stress (LPO) and the parameters of infants and maternal characteristics. A negative correlation was observed between Fe and LPO product concentrations in the fetal membrane (p = -0.50) and placenta (p = -0.58), while the Cu concentration positively correlated with SOD activity in the umbilical cord (p = 0.55). Given that multiple pregnancies are associated with various complications, such as preterm birth, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, and placental and umbilical cord abnormalities, research in this area is crucial for preventing obstetric failures. Our results could serve as comparative data for future studies. However, we advise caution when interpreting our results, despite achieving statistical significance.

Expression of placental glycans and its role in regulating peripheral blood NK cells during preeclampsia: a perspective

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related multisystem disorder characterized by altered trophoblast invasion, oxidative stress, exacerbation of systemic inflammatory response, and endothelial damage. The pathogenesis includes hypertension and mild-to-severe microangiopathy in the kidney, liver, placenta, and brain. The main mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis have been proposed to limit trophoblast invasion and increase the release of extracellular vesicles from the syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal circulation, exacerbating the systemic inflammatory response. The placenta expresses glycans as part of its development and maternal immune tolerance during gestation. The expression profile of glycans at the maternal-fetal interface may play a fundamental role in physiological pregnancy changes and disorders such as preeclampsia. It is unclear whether glycans and their lectin-like receptors are involved in the mechanisms of maternal-fetal recognition by immune cells during pregnancy homeostasis. The expression profile of glycans appears to be altered in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which could lead to alterations in the placental microenvironment and vascular endothelium in pregnancy conditions such as preeclampsia. Glycans with immunomodulatory properties at the maternal-fetal interface are altered in early-onset severe preeclampsia, implying that innate immune system components, such as NK cells, exacerbate the systemic inflammatory response observed in preeclampsia. In this article, we discuss the evidence for the role of glycans in gestational physiology and the perspective of glycobiology on the pathophysiology of hypertensive disorders in gestation.

Maternal SARS-CoV-2, Placental Changes and Brain Injury in 2 Neonates

Long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae are a potential concern in neonates following in utero exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We report 2 neonates born to SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers, who displayed early-onset (day 1) seizures, acquired microcephaly, and significant developmental delay over time. Sequential MRI showed severe parenchymal atrophy and cystic encephalomalacia. At birth, neither infant was SARS-CoV-2 positive (nasopharyngeal swab, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction), but both had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and increased blood inflammatory markers. Placentas from both mothers showed SARS-CoV-2-nucleocapsid protein and spike glycoprotein 1 in the syncytiotrophoblast, fetal vascular malperfusion, and significantly increased inflammatory and oxidative stress markers pyrin domain containing 1 protein, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 βη, stromal cell-derived factor 1, interleukin 13, and interleukin 10, whereas human chorionic gonadotropin was markedly decreased. One infant (case 1) experienced sudden unexpected infant death at 13 months of age. The deceased infant's brain showed evidence of SARS-CoV-2 by immunofluorescence, with colocalization of the nucleocapsid protein and spike glycoprotein around the nucleus as well as within the cytoplasm. The constellation of clinical findings, placental pathology, and immunohistochemical changes strongly suggests that second-trimester maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection with placentitis triggered an inflammatory response and oxidative stress injury to the fetoplacental unit that affected the fetal brain. The demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 in the deceased infant's brain also raises the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 infection of the fetal brain directly contributed to ongoing brain injury. In both infants, the neurologic findings at birth mimicked the presentation of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy of newborn and neurologic sequelae progressed well beyond the neonatal period.

Urinary oxidative stress biomarkers are associated with preterm birth: an Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program study

BACKGROUND

Preterm birth is the leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elevated levels of oxidative stress have been associated with an increased risk of delivering before term. However, most studies testing this hypothesis have been conducted in racially and demographically homogenous study populations, which do not reflect the diversity within the United States.

OBJECTIVE

We leveraged 4 cohorts participating in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program to conduct the largest study to date examining biomarkers of oxidative stress and preterm birth (N=1916). Furthermore, we hypothesized that elevated oxidative stress would be associated with higher odds of preterm birth, particularly preterm birth of spontaneous origin.

STUDY DESIGN

This study was a pooled analysis and meta-analysis of 4 birth cohorts spanning multiple geographic regions in the mainland United States and Puerto Rico (208 preterm births and 1708 full-term births). Of note, 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α, 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (F2-IsoP-M; the major 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α metabolite), and prostaglandin-F2α were measured in urine samples obtained during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the associations between averaged biomarker concentrations for each participant and all preterm births, spontaneous preterm births, nonspontaneous preterm births (births of medically indicated or unknown origin), and categories of preterm birth (early, moderate, and late). Individual oxidative stress biomarkers were examined in separate models.

RESULTS

Approximately 11% of our analytical sample was born before term. Relative to full-term births, an interquartile range increase in averaged concentrations of F2-IsoP-M was associated with higher odds of all preterm births (odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.51), with a stronger association observed for spontaneous preterm birth (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.90). An interquartile range increase in averaged concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α was similarly associated with higher odds of all preterm births (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.50). The results from our meta-analysis were similar to those from the pooled combined cohort analysis.

CONCLUSION

Here, oxidative stress, as measured by 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α, F2-IsoP-M, and prostaglandin-F2α in urine, was associated with increased odds of preterm birth, particularly preterm birth of spontaneous origin and delivery before 34 completed weeks of gestation.

Dietary Inflammatory Index during pregnancy is associated with birth weight and child anthropometry up to 10 years old: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that the dietary inflammatory potential in pregnant women might influence maternal and child health. The objective of this work is to review the literature on the association of Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) during pregnancy with early and late maternal and child health outcomes. We searched Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Virtual Health Library. Observational studies on DII in the gestational period that met the objective of this review were selected. There was a double-blind evaluation of 185 studies, of which 16 were included in narrative synthesis and 9 in meta-analysis. High methodological quality, longitudinal studies (87.5%) and the Food Frequency Questionnaire for DII evaluation (68.8%) prevailed. Outcomes studied were gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 5), gestational age at delivery (n = 7), type of delivery (n = 3), gestational weight gain or pregestational body mass index (n = 11), and anthropometry at birth (n = 8) and of the child up to age 10 years (n = 4). Higher maternal DII was associated with increased risk of small-for-gestational-age babies (odds radio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.21; I², 29%; P = .24) and low birth weight (<2.500 g) (odds ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.26; I², 56%; P = .10). The association between higher maternal DII and higher risk of obesity in late childhood is also suggestive. Thus, maternal diet may be a modifiable factor of inflammation in pregnancy associated with health outcomes of the offspring.

Maternal obesity and offspring health: Adapting metabolic changes through autophagy and mitophagy

Maternal obesity leads to obstetric complications and a high prevalence of metabolic anomalies in the offspring. Among various contributing factors for maternal obesity-evoked health sequelae, developmental programming is considered as one of the leading culprit factors for maternal obesity-associated chronic comorbidities. Although a unified theory is still lacking to systematically address multiple unfavorable postnatal health sequelae, a cadre of etiological machineries have been put forward, including lipotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy/mitophagy defect, and cell death. Hereinto, autophagy and mitophagy play an essential housekeeping role in the clearance of long-lived, damaged, and unnecessary cell components to maintain and restore cellular homeostasis. Defective autophagy/mitophagy has been reported in maternal obesity and negatively impacts fetal development and postnatal health. This review will provide an update on metabolic disorders in fetal development and postnatal health issues evoked by maternal obesity and/or intrauterine overnutrition and discuss the possible contribution of autophagy/mitophagy in metabolic diseases. Moreover, relevant mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies will be discussed in an effort to target autophagy/mitophagy and metabolic disturbances in maternal obesity.

The Biochemistry and Effectiveness of Antioxidants in Food, Fruits, and Marine Algae

It is more effective to maintain good health than to regain it after losing it. This work focuses on the biochemical defense mechanisms against free radicals and their role in building and maintaining antioxidant shields, aiming to show how to balance, as much as possible, the situations in which we are exposed to free radicals. To achieve this aim, foods, fruits, and marine algae with a high antioxidant content should constitute the basis of nutritional elements, since natural products are known to have significantly greater assimilation efficiency. This review also gives the perspective in which the use of antioxidants can extend the life of food products, by protecting them from damage caused by oxidation as well as their use as food additives.

Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) characterized by impairments in social communication, repetitive behaviors, restricted interests, and hyperesthesia/hypesthesia caused by genetic and/or environmental factors. In recent years, inflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD. In this review, we discuss the inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of ASD, particularly focusing on maternal immune activation (MIA). MIA is a one of the common environmental risk factors for the onset of ASD during pregnancy. It induces an immune reaction in the pregnant mother’s body, resulting in further inflammation and oxidative stress in the placenta and fetal brain. These negative factors cause neurodevelopmental impairments in the developing fetal brain and subsequently cause behavioral symptoms in the offspring. In addition, we also discuss the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs and antioxidants in basic studies on animals and clinical studies of ASD. Our review provides the latest findings and new insights into the involvements of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of ASD.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and reproductive complications

Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The assessment of biological redox status is performed by the use of oxidative stress biomarkers. An oxidative stress biomarker is defined as any physical structure or process or chemical compound that can be assessed in a living being (in vivo) or in solid or fluid parts thereof (in vitro), the determination of which is a reproducible and reliable indicator of oxidative stress. The use of oxidative stress biomarkers allows early identification of the risk of developing diseases associated with this process and also opens up possibilities for new treatments. At the end of the last century, interest in oxidative stress biomarkers began to grow, due to evidence of the association between the generation of free radicals and various pathologies. Up to now, a significant number of studies have been carried out to identify and apply different oxidative stress biomarkers in clinical practice. Among the most important oxidative stress biomarkers, it can be mentioned the products of oxidative modifications of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and uric acid as well as the measurement of the total antioxidant capacity of fluids in the human body. In this review, we aim to present recent advances and current knowledge on the main biomarkers of oxidative stress, including the discovery of new biomarkers, with emphasis on the various reproductive complications associated with variations in oxidative stress levels.

Epigallocatechin gallate improves the quality of diabetic oocytes

BACKGROUND

Maternal diabetes compromises the quality and developmental potential of oocytes. Therefore, it is important to study how to ameliorate the adverse effects of diabetes on oocyte quality. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has a variety of physiological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetes. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of EGCG on the maturation of diabetic oocytes in vitro.

OBJECTIVE

Investigating the role of EGCG in restoring the adverse effects of diabetes on oocyte quality.

METHODS

Diabetes mouse model was established by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Oocytes were collected and matured in vitro with/without EGCG in M16 medium.

RESULTS

Compared with control, diabetic oocytes have a higher frequency of spindle defects and chromosome misalignment, but EGCG effectively reduces the incidence of oocytes with abnormal spindle assembly and chromosome mismatches. Moreover, the abnormal mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of diabetic oocytes is significantly alleviated by EGCG, and the reduced expression of genes regulating mitochondrial fusion (Mfn1 and Mfn2) and fission (Drp1) in diabetic oocytes is significantly increased while EGCG is added. EGCG also decreases the higher level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic oocytes that may be regulated by the increased expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) and superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2). EGCG can also reduce the DNA damage of diabetic oocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that EGCG, at least partially, improve the quality of diabetic oocytes.

Placental Malfunction, Fetal Survival and Development Caused by Sow Metabolic Disorder: The Impact of Maternal Oxidative Stress

The energy and metabolic state of sows will alter considerably over different phases of gestation. Maternal metabolism increases dramatically, particularly in late pregnancy. This is accompanied by the development of an increase in oxidative stress, which has a considerable negative effect on the maternal and the placenta. As the only link between the maternal and the fetus, the placenta is critical for the maternal to deliver nutrients to the fetus and for the fetus' survival and development. This review aimed to clarify the changes in energy and metabolism in sows during different pregnancy periods, as well as the impact of maternal oxidative stress on the placenta, which affects the fetus' survival and development.

Malvidin-3-O-Glucoside Ameliorates Cadmium-Mediated Cell Dysfunction in the Estradiol Generation of Human Granulosa Cells

Cadmium (Cd) is a frequent environmental pollutant associated with biological toxicity that can harm female reproduction. Anthocyanins have been reported to reduce the toxicity of Cd. In the present study, the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of malvidin-3-O-glucoside (M3G) against the toxicity of Cd on female reproduction in KGN cells (human ovarian granulosa-like tumor cells) were investigated. After treating cells with 10 µmol/L cadmium chloride, the results showed that M3G lessened Cd-induced KGN cell cytotoxicity better than malvidin and malvidin-3,5-O-diglucoside. Additionally, M3G significantly decreased the Cd-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, inhibited the Cd-induced arrest of the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and increased estradiol (E2) production. According to transcriptomic results, M3G reduced the abnormal expression of genes that responded to estrogen. Additionally, M3G promoted the endogenous synthesis and secretion of E2 by controlling the expression of CYP17A1 and HSD17B7. The current findings indicated that M3G is of great potential to prevent Cd-induced female reproductive impairment as a dietary supplement.