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Izadpanah A, Mohammadkhani N, Masoudnia M, Ghasemzad M, Saeedian A, Mehdizadeh H, Poorebrahim M, Ebrahimi M. Update on immune-based therapy strategies targeting cancer stem cells. Cancer Med 2023; 12:18960-18980. [PMID: 37698048 PMCID: PMC10557910 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data reveals that tumors possess a specialized subset of cancer cells named cancer stem cells (CSCs), responsible for metastasis and recurrence of malignancies, with various properties such as self-renewal, heterogenicity, and capacity for drug resistance. Some signaling pathways or processes like Notch, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), Hedgehog (Hh), and Wnt, as well as CSCs' surface markers such as CD44, CD123, CD133, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) have pivotal roles in acquiring CSCs properties. Therefore, targeting CSC-related signaling pathways and surface markers might effectively eradicate tumors and pave the way for cancer survival. Since current treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy cannot eradicate all of the CSCs and tumor relapse may happen following temporary recovery, improving novel and more efficient therapeutic options to combine with current treatments is required. Immunotherapy strategies are the new therapeutic modalities with promising results in targeting CSCs. Here, we review the targeting of CSCs by immunotherapy strategies such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, chimeric antigen receptors (CAR)-engineered immune cells, natural killer-cell (NK-cell) therapy, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), checkpoint inhibitors, and the use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) in pre-clinical and clinical studies. This review will mainly focus on blood malignancies but also describe solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Izadpanah
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
| | - Niloufar Mohammadkhani
- Department of Clinical BiochemistrySchool of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mina Masoudnia
- Department of ImmunologySchool of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mahsa Ghasemzad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology‐Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in BiologyUniversity of Science and CultureTehranIran
| | - Arefeh Saeedian
- Radiation Oncology Research CenterCancer Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hamid Mehdizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
| | - Mansour Poorebrahim
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of CalgaryAlbertaCalgaryCanada
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
- Department of regenerative medicineCell Science research Center, Royan Institute for stem cell biology and technology, ACECRTehranIran
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Kemper K, Gielen E, Boross P, Houtkamp M, Plantinga TS, de Poot SAH, Burm SM, Janmaat ML, Koopman LA, van den Brink EN, Rademaker R, Verzijl D, Engelberts PJ, Satijn D, Sasser AK, Breij ECW. Mechanistic and pharmacodynamic studies of DuoBody-CD3x5T4 in preclinical tumor models. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/11/e202201481. [PMID: 36271507 PMCID: PMC9458754 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD3 bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) show great promise as anticancer therapeutics. Here, we show in-depth mechanistic studies of a CD3 bsAb in solid cancer, using DuoBody-CD3x5T4. Cross-linking T cells with tumor cells expressing the oncofetal antigen 5T4 was required to induce cytotoxicity. Naive and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were equally effective at mediating cytotoxicity, and DuoBody-CD3x5T4 induced partial differentiation of naive T-cell subsets into memory-like cells. Tumor cell kill was associated with T-cell activation, proliferation, and production of cytokines, granzyme B, and perforin. Genetic knockout of FAS or IFNGR1 in 5T4+ tumor cells abrogated tumor cell kill. In the presence of 5T4+ tumor cells, bystander kill of 5T4− but not of 5T4−IFNGR1− tumor cells was observed. In humanized xenograft models, DuoBody-CD3x5T4 antitumor activity was associated with intratumoral and peripheral blood T-cell activation. Lastly, in dissociated patient-derived tumor samples, DuoBody-CD3x5T4 activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and induced tumor-cell cytotoxicity, even when most tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expressed PD-1. These data provide an in-depth view on the mechanism of action of a CD3 bsAb in preclinical models of solid cancer.
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3
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Hooper AT, Marquette K, Chang CPB, Golas J, Jain S, Lam MH, Guffroy M, Leal M, Falahatpisheh H, Mathur D, Chen T, Kelleher K, Khandke K, Muszynska E, Loganzo F, Rosfjord E, Lucas J, Kan Z, Subramanyam C, O'Donnell C, Neri D, Gerber HP, May C, Sapra P. Anti-Extra Domain B Splice Variant of Fibronectin Antibody-Drug Conjugate Eliminates Tumors with Enhanced Efficacy When Combined with Checkpoint Blockade. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1462-1472. [PMID: 35793468 PMCID: PMC9446899 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Extra domain B splice variant of fibronectin (EDB+FN) is an extracellular matrix protein (ECM) deposited by tumor-associated fibroblasts, and is associated with tumor growth, angiogenesis, and invasion. We hypothesized that EDB+FN is a safe and abundant target for therapeutic intervention with an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). We describe the generation, pharmacology, mechanism of action, and safety profile of an ADC specific for EDB+FN (EDB-ADC). EDB+FN is broadly expressed in the stroma of pancreatic, non-small cell lung (NSCLC), breast, ovarian, head and neck cancers, whereas restricted in normal tissues. In patient-derived xenograft (PDX), cell-line xenograft (CLX), and mouse syngeneic tumor models, EDB-ADC, conjugated to auristatin Aur0101 through site-specific technology, demonstrated potent antitumor growth inhibition. Increased phospho-histone H3, a pharmacodynamic biomarker of response, was observed in tumor cells distal to the target site of tumor ECM after EDB-ADC treatment. EDB-ADC potentiated infiltration of immune cells, including CD3+ T lymphocytes into the tumor, providing rationale for the combination of EDB-ADC with immune checkpoint therapy. EDB-ADC and anti-PD-L1 combination in a syngeneic breast tumor model led to enhanced antitumor activity with sustained tumor regressions. In nonclinical safety studies in nonhuman primates, EDB-ADC had a well-tolerated safety profile without signs of either on-target toxicity or the off-target effects typically observed with ADCs that are conjugated through conventional conjugation methods. These data highlight the potential for EDB-ADC to specifically target the tumor microenvironment, provide robust therapeutic benefits against multiple tumor types, and enhance activity antitumor in combination with checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T. Hooper
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York.,Corresponding Authors: Kimberly Marquette, BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139. E-mail: ; and Andrea T. Hooper,
| | - Kimberly Marquette
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, BioMedicine Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Corresponding Authors: Kimberly Marquette, BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139. E-mail: ; and Andrea T. Hooper,
| | - Chao-Pei Betty Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Jonathon Golas
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Sadhana Jain
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, BioMedicine Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - My-Hanh Lam
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Magali Guffroy
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Drug Safety Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Mauricio Leal
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, BioMedicine Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hadi Falahatpisheh
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Drug Safety Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Divya Mathur
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Ting Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, BioMedicine Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kerry Kelleher
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, BioMedicine Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kiran Khandke
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Elwira Muszynska
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Frank Loganzo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Edward Rosfjord
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Judy Lucas
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Zhengyan Kan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | | | | | - Dario Neri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Gerber
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Chad May
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Puja Sapra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medicine, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
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Debnath U, Verma S, Patra J, Mandal SK. A review on recent synthetic routes and computational approaches for antibody drug conjugation developments used in anti-cancer therapy. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Wu Y, Li Q, Kong Y, Wang Z, Lei C, Li J, Ding L, Wang C, Cheng Y, Wei Y, Song Y, Yang Z, Tu C, Ding Y, Ying T. A highly stable human single-domain antibody-drug conjugate exhibits superior penetration and treatment of solid tumors. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2785-2799. [PMID: 35462042 PMCID: PMC9372316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inefficient tumor penetration of therapeutic antibodies has hampered their effective use in treating solid tumors. Here, we report the identification of a fully human single-domain antibody (UdAb), designated as n501, targeting the oncofetal antigen 5T4. The high-resolution crystal structure indicates that n501 adopts a compact structure very similar to that of camelid nanobodies, and binds tightly to all eight leucine-rich repeats of 5T4. Furthermore, the UdAb n501 exhibits exceptionally high stability, with no apparent activity changes over 4 weeks of storage at various temperatures. Importantly, the UdAb-based antibody-drug conjugate (n501-SN38) showed much deeper tumor penetration, significantly higher tumor uptake, and faster accumulation at tumor sites than conventional IgG1-based antibody-drug conjugate (m603-SN38), resulting in improved tumor inhibition. These results highlight the potential of UdAb-based antibody-drug conjugates as a potential class of antitumor therapeutics with characteristics of high stability and strong tumor penetration for the effective treatment of solid tumors.
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6
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Singh D, Dheer D, Samykutty A, Shankar R. Antibody drug conjugates in gastrointestinal cancer: From lab to clinical development. J Control Release 2021; 340:1-34. [PMID: 34673122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are one the fastest growing biotherapeutics in oncology and are still in their infancy in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer for clinical applications to improve patient survival. The ADC based approach is developed with tumor specific antigen, antibody carrying cytotoxic agents to precisely target and deliver chemotherapeutics at the tumor site. To date, 11 ADCs have been approved by US-FDA, and more than 80 are in the clinical development phase for different oncological indications. However, The ADCs based therapies in GI cancers are still far from having high-efficient clinical outcomes. The limited success of these ADCs and lessons learned from the past are now being used to develop a newer generation of ADC against GI cancers. In this review, we did a comprehensive assessment of the key components of ADCs, including tumor marker, antibody, cytotoxic payload, and linkage strategy, with a focus on technical improvement and some future trends in the pipeline for clinical translation. The various preclinical and clinical ADCs used in gastrointestinal malignancies, their target, composition and bioconjugation, along with preclinical and clinical outcomes, are discussed. The emphasis is also given to new generation ADCs employing novel mAb, payload, linker, and bioconjugation methods are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Singh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Divya Dheer
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Abhilash Samykutty
- Stephenson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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7
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Smith RA, Zammit DJ, Damle NK, Usansky H, Reddy SP, Lin JH, Mistry M, Rao NS, Denis LJ, Gupta S. ASN004, A 5T4-targeting scFv-Fc Antibody-Drug Conjugate with High Drug-to-Antibody Ratio, Induces Complete and Durable Tumor Regressions in Preclinical Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1327-1337. [PMID: 34045226 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 5T4 oncofetal antigen (trophoblast glycoprotein) is expressed in a wide range of malignant tumors but shows very limited expression in normal adult tissues. ASN004 is a 5T4-targeted antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that incorporates a novel single-chain Fv-Fc antibody and Dolaflexin drug-linker technology, with an Auristatin F hydroxypropylamide payload drug-to-antibody ratio of approximately 10-12. The pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetic properties of ASN004 and its components were investigated in vitro and in vivo ASN004 showed high affinity for the 5T4 antigen and was selectively bound to and internalized into 5T4-expressing tumor cells, and potent cytotoxicity was demonstrated for a diverse panel of solid tumor cell lines. ASN004 induced complete and durable tumor regression in multiple tumor xenograft models, derived from human lung, breast, cervical, and gastric tumor cell lines having a wide range of 5T4 expression levels. A single dose of ASN004, as low as 1 mg/kg i.v., achieved complete tumor regression leading to tumor-free survivors in the A431 cervical cancer model. In head-to-head studies, superior activity of ASN004 was demonstrated against trastuzumab-DM1, in a low-5T4/high-HER2 expressing gastric tumor model, and 10-fold greater potency was found for ASN004 against the 5T4-targeted ADC PF-06263507 in a lung tumor model. In marmoset monkeys, ASN004 was well tolerated at doses up to 1.5 mg/kg Q3W i.v., and showed dose-dependent exposure, linear pharmacokinetics, and markedly low exposure of free payload drug. Taken together, these findings identify ASN004 as a promising new ADC therapeutic for clinical evaluation in a broad range of solid tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Smith
- Asana BioSciences, Princeton Pike Corporate Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey.
| | - David J Zammit
- Asana BioSciences, Princeton Pike Corporate Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Nitin K Damle
- Asana BioSciences, Princeton Pike Corporate Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Helen Usansky
- Asana BioSciences, Princeton Pike Corporate Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Sanjeeva P Reddy
- Asana BioSciences, Princeton Pike Corporate Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Jun-Hsiang Lin
- Asana BioSciences, Princeton Pike Corporate Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Mahesh Mistry
- Asana BioSciences, Princeton Pike Corporate Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Niranjan S Rao
- Asana BioSciences, Princeton Pike Corporate Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Louis J Denis
- Asana BioSciences, Princeton Pike Corporate Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Sandeep Gupta
- Asana BioSciences, Princeton Pike Corporate Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
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8
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Geles KG, Gao Y, Giannakou A, Sridharan L, Yamin TT, Zhang J, Karim R, Bard J, Piche-Nicholas N, Charati M, Maderna A, Lucas J, Golas J, Guffroy M, Pirie-Shepherd S, Roy M, Qian J, Franks T, Zhong W, O'Donnell CJ, Tchistiakova L, Gerber HP, Sapra P. NOTCH3-targeted antibody drug conjugates regress tumors by inducing apoptosis in receptor cells and through transendocytosis into ligand cells. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100279. [PMID: 34095881 PMCID: PMC8149476 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant NOTCH3 signaling and overexpression is oncogenic, associated with cancer stem cells and drug resistance, yet therapeutic targeting remains elusive. Here, we develop NOTCH3-targeted antibody drug conjugates (NOTCH3-ADCs) by bioconjugation of an auristatin microtubule inhibitor through a protease cleavable linker to two antibodies with differential abilities to inhibit signaling. The signaling inhibitory antibody rapidly induces ligand-independent receptor clustering and internalization through both caveolin and clathrin-mediated pathways. The non-inhibitory antibody also efficiently endocytoses via clathrin without inducing receptor clustering but with slower lysosomal co-localization kinetics. In addition, DLL4 ligand binding to the NOTCH3 receptor mediates transendocytosis of NOTCH3-ADCs into ligand-expressing cells. NOTCH3-ADCs internalize into receptor and ligand cells independent of signaling and induce cell death in both cell types representing an atypical mechanism of ADC cytotoxicity. Treatment of xenografts with NOTCH3-ADCs leads to sustained tumor regressions, outperforms standard-of-care chemotherapy, and allows targeting of tumors that overexpress NOTCH3 independent of signaling inhibition. NOTCH3 receptor is overexpressed in breast, lung, and ovarian tumors Newly generated NOTCH3-targeted antibody drug conjugates are efficacious and safe NOTCH3 antibodies internalize through different routes depending on signaling status NOTCH3 antibody intercellular trafficking occurs by transendocytosis into ligand cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Geles
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Oncology Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Yijie Gao
- BioMedicine Design, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Giannakou
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Oncology Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Latha Sridharan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Oncology Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Yamin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Oncology Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Joel Bard
- BioMedicine Design, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Manoj Charati
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Oncology Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | | | - Judy Lucas
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Oncology Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Jonathon Golas
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Oncology Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Magali Guffroy
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | | | - Marc Roy
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jessie Qian
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Tania Franks
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Wenyan Zhong
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Oncology Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Hans-Peter Gerber
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Oncology Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Puja Sapra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Oncology Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
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Wan YL, Sapra P, Bolton J, Chua JX, Durrant LG, Stern PL. Combination Treatment with an Antibody-Drug Conjugate (A1mcMMAF) Targeting the Oncofetal Glycoprotein 5T4 and Carboplatin Improves Survival in a Xenograft Model of Ovarian Cancer. Target Oncol 2020; 14:465-477. [PMID: 31332693 PMCID: PMC6684567 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-019-00650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Recurrence occurs in over 75% of women with epithelial ovarian cancer despite optimal treatment. Selectively killing tumour cells thought to initiate relapse using an antibody–drug conjugate could prolong progression-free survival and offer an improved side-effect profile. A1mcMMAF is an antibody–drug conjugate designed to target cells expressing the tumour-associated antigen 5T4. It has shown to be efficacious in various cell line models and have a greater impact when combined with routine chemotherapeutic regimes. Objectives This study aims to explore the potential for the use of a 5T4 antibody–drug conjugate in women with ovarian cancer both as a monotherapy and in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was used to assess 5T4 expression in tumours from patients with ovarian cancer. Effectiveness of A1mcMMAF therapy as a single agent and in combination with carboplatin was assessed in vitro in the ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 and confirmed in vivo using a serial bioluminescence assay in a SKOV3 xenograft model of ovarian cancer. Results 5T4 is confirmed as suitably expressed in epithelial ovarian cancers prior to adjuvant therapy and is an independent predictor of poor survival. A1mcMMAF showed specific activity, both in vitro and in vivo, against SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. When used in combination with carboplatin, in vivo tumour growth was inhibited resulting in prolonged survival in a SKOV3 xenograft model. Conclusions These data support further investigation of A1mcMMAF in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy in ovarian and other cancer treatments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11523-019-00650-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Louise Wan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, 5th Floor Research, St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Puja Sapra
- Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY, 10954, USA
| | - James Bolton
- Department of Histopathology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Jia Xin Chua
- Academic Clinical Oncology, The University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Academic Clinical Oncology, The University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Peter L Stern
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.
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10
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Xu Y, Morales AJ, Cargill MJ, Towlerton AMH, Coffey DG, Warren EH, Tykodi SS. Preclinical development of T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy targeting the 5T4 tumor antigen on renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1979-1993. [PMID: 31686124 PMCID: PMC6877496 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
5T4 (trophoblast glycoprotein, TPBG) is a transmembrane tumor antigen expressed on more than 90% of primary renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and a wide range of human carcinomas but not on most somatic adult tissues. The favorable expression pattern has encouraged the development and clinical testing of 5T4-targeted antibody and vaccine therapies. 5T4 also represents a compelling and unexplored target for T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T-cell therapy. Our group has previously isolated high-avidity CD8+ T-cell clones specific for an HLA-A2-restricted 5T4 epitope (residues 17-25; 5T4p17). In this report, targeted single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 5T4p17-specific T-cell clones to sequence the highly variable complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of T-cell receptor α chain (TRA) and β chain (TRB) genes. Full-length TRA and TRB sequences were cloned into lentiviral vectors and transduced into CD8+ T-cells from healthy donors. Redirected effector T-cell function against 5T4p17 was measured by cytotoxicity and cytokine release assays. Seven unique TRA-TRB pairs were identified. All seven TCRs exhibited high expression on CD8+ T-cells with transduction efficiencies from 59 to 89%. TCR-transduced CD8+ T-cells demonstrated redirected cytotoxicity and cytokine release in response to 5T4p17 on target-cells and killed 5T4+/HLA-A2+ kidney-, breast-, and colorectal-tumor cell lines as well as primary RCC tumor cells in vitro. TCR-transduced CD8+ T-cells also detected presentation of 5T4p17 in TAP1/2-deficient T2 target-cells. TCR-transduced T-cells redirected to recognize the 5T4p17 epitope from a broadly shared tumor antigen are of interest for future testing as a cellular immunotherapy strategy for HLA-A2+ subjects with 5T4+ tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Xu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Alicia J Morales
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J Cargill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea M H Towlerton
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David G Coffey
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edus H Warren
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott S Tykodi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Shi B, Wu M, Li Z, Xie Z, Wei X, Fan J, Xu Y, Ding D, Akash SH, Chen S, Cao S. Antitumor activity of a 5T4 targeting antibody drug conjugate with a novel payload derived from MMAF via C-Lock linker. Cancer Med 2019; 8:1793-1805. [PMID: 30843650 PMCID: PMC6488119 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) belong to a promising class of biopharmaceuticals in which target-killing of tumor cells was achieved by marrying the potency of the cytotoxic payload with the tumor specificity of the antibody. Here we developed a novel ADC (ZV0508) that targets 5T4 oncofetal antigen, which is overexpressed in many carcinomas on both bulk tumor cells and cancer stem cells. A novel cytotoxic payload called Duostatin-5 (Duo-5) which was derived from monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) was attached to a 5T4 targeting antibody (ZV05) by interchain cysteine cross-linking conjugation via a disubstituted C-Lock linker. We have investigated the antitumor efficacy of ZV0508 by in vitro and in vivo studies, and compared its antitumor activity with ZV05-mcMMAF (ZV0501), in which MMAF was linked via a conventional noncleavable maleimidocaproyl linker. As results, ZV0508 exhibited ideal antiproliferative effects through blocking cell cycle and inducing cell apoptosis. The in vivo studies revealed that both ZV0501 and ZV0508 exhibited excellent antitumor activities even at a single dose. Although ZV0508 was inferior to ZV0501 in vitro, it elicited more durable antitumor responses than ZV0501 in vivo. The superior in vivo activity of ZV0508 may be due to the combined use of the disubstituted C-Lock linker and the novel payload Duo-5, resulting in a more stable and potent ADC. Taken together, these data suggest ZV0508 is a worthy candidate for the treatment of 5T4 positive cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cross-Linking Reagents
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug ResearchZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Min Wu
- Zova Biotherapeutics IncFuyang, HangzhouChina
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Zova Biotherapeutics IncFuyang, HangzhouChina
| | | | - Xiaoyue Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug ResearchZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiansheng Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug ResearchZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yingchun Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug ResearchZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ding Ding
- Noeantigen Therapeutics (HangZhou) Co., LtdHangzhouChina
| | - Sajid Hamid Akash
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug ResearchZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shuqing Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug ResearchZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Sheldon Cao
- Zova Biotherapeutics IncFuyang, HangzhouChina
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12
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Marcucci F, Caserta CA, Romeo E, Rumio C. Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC) Against Cancer Stem-Like Cells (CSC)-Is There Still Room for Optimism? Front Oncol 2019; 9:167. [PMID: 30984612 PMCID: PMC6449442 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSC) represent a subpopulation of tumor cells with peculiar functionalities that distinguish them from the bulk of tumor cells, most notably their tumor-initiating potential and drug resistance. Given these properties, it appears logical that CSCs have become an important target for many pharma companies. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) have emerged over the last decade as one of the most promising new tools for the selective ablation of tumor cells. Three ADCs have already received regulatory approval and many others are in different phases of clinical development. Not surprisingly, also a considerable number of anti-CSC ADCs have been described in the literature and some of these have entered clinical development. Several of these ADCs, however, have yielded disappointing results in clinical studies. This is similar to the results obtained with other anti-CSC drug candidates, including native antibodies, that have been investigated in the clinic. In this article we review the anti-CSC ADCs that have been described in the literature and, in the following, we discuss reasons that may underlie the failures in clinical trials that have been observed. Possible reasons relate to the biology of CSCs themselves, including their heterogeneity, the lack of strictly CSC-specific markers, and the capacity to interconvert between CSCs and non-CSCs; second, inherent limitations of some classes of cytotoxins that have been used for the construction of ADCs; third, the inadequacy of animal models in predicting efficacy in humans. We conclude suggesting some possibilities to address these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristiano Rumio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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13
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Harrop R, O’Neill E, Stern PL. Cancer stem cell mobilization and therapeutic targeting of the 5T4 oncofetal antigen. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2019; 7:2515135518821623. [PMID: 30719508 PMCID: PMC6348545 DOI: 10.1177/2515135518821623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can act as the cellular drivers of tumors harnessing stem cell properties that contribute to tumorigenesis either as founder elements or by the gain of stem cell traits by the malignant cells. Thus, CSCs can self-renew and generate the cellular heterogeneity of tumors including a hierarchical organization similar to the normal tissue. While the principle tumor growth contribution is often from the non-CSC components, it is the ability of small numbers of CSCs to avoid the effects of therapeutic strategies that can contribute to recurrence after treatment. However, identifying and characterizing CSCs for therapeutic targeting is made more challenging by their cellular potency being influenced by a particular tissue niche or by the capacity of more committed cells to regain stem cell functions. This review discusses the properties of CSCs including the limitations of the available cell surface markers, the assays that document tumor initiation and clonogenicity, the roles of epithelial mesenchymal transition and molecular pathways such as Notch, Wnt, Hippo and Hedgehog. The ability to target and eliminate CSCs is thought to be critical in the search for curative cancer treatments. The oncofetal tumor-associated antigen 5T4 (TBGP) has been linked with CSC properties in several different malignancies. 5T4 has functional attributes that are relevant to the spread of tumors including through EMT, CXCR4/CXCL12, Wnt, and Hippo pathways which may all contribute through the mobilization of CSCs. There are several different immunotherapies targeting 5T4 in development including antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-targeted bacterial super-antigens, a Modified Vaccinia Ankara-basedvaccine and 5T4-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cells. These immune therapies would have the advantage of targeting both the bulk tumor as well as mobilized CSC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Harrop
- Oxford BioMedica plc, Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford, OX4 6LT, UK
| | - Eric O’Neill
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter L. Stern
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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14
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Wang R, Lai Q, Lu Y, Zhou Y, Tang L, Tao Y, Yao Y, Yu L, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang R, Jiang X, Gou L, Yang J. Expression of 5T4 extracellular domain fusion protein and preparation of anti-5T4 monoclonal antibody with high affinity and internalization efficiency. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 158:51-58. [PMID: 29981846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
5T4, a membrane protein, is overexpressed in many tumor tissues but rarely expressed in normal tissues. Here, CHO-5T4+ cells were generated and served as the antigen to immunize mice. Hybridoma techniques were employed to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The recombinant protein of human IgG Fc-fused extracellular domain of 5T4 (5T4 ECD-Fc) was obtained from transient expression in HEK293F cells. The fusion protein 5T4 ECD-Fc and CHO-5T4+ cells were respectively utilized to screen anti-5T4 antibodies that could bind to the native antigen. In preliminary screening, three hundred and fifty mAbs were obtained. Via surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry screening, seven anti-5T4 mAbs stood out. Among them, H6 showed a high affinity (KD = 1.6 × 10-11 M) and internalization percentage (36% for 1 h and 80% for 4 h). The molecular weight and isoelectric point of H6 were determined by LC-MS and iCIEF. Moreover, the specific reactivity of H6 was demonstrated by western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In conclusion, we produced human recombinant protein of 5T4 extracellular domain and developed high-affinity internalizing monoclonal antibodies which may be applied in the 5T4-targeting ADC therapy and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhuai Lai
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- The Gastroenterology Tumor and Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangze Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiran Tao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, NO. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China
| | - Lin Yu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lantu Gou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China.
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15
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Schunselaar LM, Monkhorst K, van der Noort V, Wijdeven R, Peters D, Zwart W, Neefjes J, Baas P. Trophoblast Glycoprotein is Associated With a Favorable Outcome for Mesothelioma and a Target for Antibody Drug Conjugates. J Thorac Oncol 2018; 13:1577-1587. [PMID: 29959059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prognosis for patients with mesothelioma is poor, which prompts the need for the development of better treatment options. Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are gaining interest as a therapeutic strategy in mesothelioma. Trophoblast glycoprotein (5T4) is an oncofetal protein overexpressed in mesothelioma with low expression in normal tissue and therefore a good candidate for ADC treatment. Here, we evaluated and manipulated 5T4 as a suitable antigen for ADC targeted therapy in patients with mesothelioma. METHODS Expression of the 5T4 antigen is evaluated in (primary) mesothelioma cell lines and biopsy specimens, and correlated with clinical outcome. Internalization was assessed in 5T4 expressing cells. The cytotoxicity of three different 5T4-targeting ADCs was tested on (primary) mesothelioma cells. RESULTS 5T4 was expressed in 10 of 12 (primary) cell lines. Most biopsy specimens stained positive for the 5T4 antigen, with marked differences in staining intensity and percentage of positive cells. High expression correlated with long progression-free survival. Both free antibody and ADCs targeting 5T4 were internalized and entered lysosomal compartments. Cytotoxicity experiments showed that cell lines with a high expression for 5T4 were sensitive to two of three ADCs. Lack of efficacy for the third ADC could be restored by neutralizing lysosomal compartments with chloroquine. CONCLUSIONS The 5T4 antigen is expressed in mesothelioma and 5T4-based ADCs are internalized in lysosomes. Two of three ADCs were capable of killing the mesothelioma cells; the third ADC required additional lysosomal neutralization for its effect. 5T4-based ADCs would be a selective strategy for the treatment of mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel M Schunselaar
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute within Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Monkhorst
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruud Wijdeven
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute within Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Peters
- Core Facility Molecular Pathology & Biobanking, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute within Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute within Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Baas
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Sneha S, Nagare RP, Priya SK, Sidhanth C, Pors K, Ganesan TS. Therapeutic antibodies against cancer stem cells: a promising approach. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1383-1398. [PMID: 28840297 PMCID: PMC11028654 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been extensively used to treat malignancy along with routine chemotherapeutic drugs. Chemotherapy for metastatic cancer has not been successful in securing long-term remission of disease. This is in part due to the resistance of cancer cells to drugs. One aspect of the drug resistance is the inability of conventional drugs to eliminate cancer stem cells (CSCs) which often constitute less than 1-2% of the whole tumor. In some tumor types, it is possible to identify these cells using surface markers. Monoclonal antibodies targeting these CSCs are an attractive option for a new therapeutic approach. Although administering antibodies has not been effective, when combined with chemotherapy they have proved synergistic. This review highlights the potential of improving treatment efficacy using functional antibodies against CSCs, which could be combined with chemotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smarakan Sneha
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Rohit Pravin Nagare
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Syama Krishna Priya
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Chirukandath Sidhanth
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Trivadi Sundaram Ganesan
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India.
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17
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Matsuzaki S, Serada S, Hiramatsu K, Nojima S, Matsuzaki S, Ueda Y, Ohkawara T, Mabuchi S, Fujimoto M, Morii E, Yoshino K, Kimura T, Naka T. Anti-glypican-1 antibody-drug conjugate exhibits potent preclinical antitumor activity against glypican-1 positive uterine cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:1056-1066. [PMID: 29055044 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glypican-1 (GPC1) is highly expressed in solid tumors, especially squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), and is thought to be associated with disease progression. We explored the use of a GPC1-targeted antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) as a novel treatment for uterine cervical cancer. On immunohistochemical staining, high expression levels of GPC1 were detected in about 50% of uterine cervical cancer tissues and also in a tumor that had relapsed after chemoradiotherapy. Novel anti-GPC1 monoclonal antibodies were developed, and clone 01a033 was selected as the best antibody for targeted delivery of the cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) into GPC1-positive cells. The anti-GPC1 antibody was conjugated with MMAF. On flow cytometry, HeLa and ME180 cervical cancer cells highly expressed GPC1, however, RMG-I ovarian clear cell cancer cell line showed weak expression. The GPC1-ADC was rapidly internalized into GPC1-expressing cells in vitro and was potently cytotoxic to cancer cells highly expressing GPC1. There were no inhibitory effects on cancer cells with low expression of GPC1. In a murine xenograft model, GPC1-ADC also had significant and potent tumor growth inhibition. GPC1-ADC-mediated G2/M phase cell cycle arrest was detected, indicating that the dominant antitumor effect in vivo was MMAF-mediated. The toxicity of GPC-ADC was tolerable within the therapeutic dose range in mice. Our data showed that GPC1-ADC has potential as a promising therapy for uterine cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Serada
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nojima
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ueda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Ohkawara
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Seiji Mabuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Naka
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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18
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Chang CH, Wang Y, Li R, Rossi DL, Liu D, Rossi EA, Cardillo TM, Goldenberg DM. Combination Therapy with Bispecific Antibodies and PD-1 Blockade Enhances the Antitumor Potency of T Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5384-5394. [PMID: 28819027 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The DOCK-AND-LOCK (DNL) method is a platform technology that combines recombinant engineering and site-specific conjugation to create multispecific, multivalent antibodies of defined composition with retained bioactivity. We have applied DNL to generate a novel class of trivalent bispecific antibodies (bsAb), each comprising an anti-CD3 scFv covalently conjugated to a stabilized dimer of different antitumor Fabs. Here, we report the further characterization of two such constructs, (E1)-3s and (14)-3s, which activate T cells and target Trop-2- and CEACAM5-expressing cancer cells, respectively. (E1)-3s and (14)-3s, in the presence of human T cells, killed target cells grown as monolayers at subnanomolar concentrations, with a similar potency observed for drug-resistant cells. Antitumor efficacy was demonstrated for (E1)-3s coadministered with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in NOD/SCID mice harboring xenografts of MDA-MB-231, a triple-negative breast cancer line constitutively expressing Trop-2 and PD-L1. Growth inhibition was observed following treatment with (E1)-3s or (14)-3s combined with human PBMC in 3D spheroids generated from target cell lines to mimic the in vivo behavior and microenvironment of these tumors. Moreover, addition of an antagonistic anti-PD-1 antibody increased cell death in 3D spheroids and extended survival of MDA-MB-231-bearing mice. These preclinical results emphasize the potential of combining T-cell-redirecting bsAbs with antagonists or agonists that mitigate T-cell inhibition within the tumor microenvironment to improve immunotherapy of solid cancers in patients. They also support the use of 3D spheroids as a predictive alternative to in vivo models for evaluating T-cell functions. Cancer Res; 77(19); 5384-94. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsing Chang
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey. .,IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey
| | - Yang Wang
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey
| | - Rongxiu Li
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey
| | | | - Donglin Liu
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey.,IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey
| | | | | | - David M Goldenberg
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey.,IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey
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19
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Pirie-Shepherd SR, Painter C, Whalen P, Vizcarra P, Roy M, Qian J, Franks T, Coskran T, Golas J, Deng S, Zhong W, Tucker E, Marrinucci D, Gerber HP, Powell EL. Detecting expression of 5T4 in CTCs and tumor samples from NSCLC patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179561. [PMID: 28727782 PMCID: PMC5519031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal oncogene 5T4 is a cell surface protein, with overexpression observed in a variety of cancers as compared to normal adult tissue. The ability to select patients with tumors that express high levels of 5T4 may enrich a clinical trial cohort with patients most likely to respond to 5T4 targeted therapy. To that end, we developed assays to measure 5T4 in both tumors and in circulating tumor cells (CTCs). We identified the presence of 5T4 in both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of lung, in all clinical stages and grades of disease. CTCs were identified in peripheral blood from the majority of patients with NSCLC, and 5T4 was detectable in most samples. Although 5T4 was present in both CTCs and tumors in most patients, there was no concordance between relative amount in either sample type. Clinical response rates of patients treated with the therapies directed against 5T4 in early stage clinical trials, as determined by these assays, may provide important insights into the biology of 5T4 in tumors and the mechanisms of action of 5T4-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cory Painter
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, EORCD, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pamela Whalen
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, EORCD, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pamela Vizcarra
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, EORCD, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marc Roy
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, IPL, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jesse Qian
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, IPL, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tania Franks
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, IPL, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tim Coskran
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, IPL, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jon Golas
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, OTTD, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - Shibing Deng
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, EORCD, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wenyan Zhong
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, OTTD, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric Tucker
- Epic Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Dena Marrinucci
- Epic Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Truvian Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Hans-Peter Gerber
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, OTTD, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Powell
- Pfizer Inc, WRD, EORCD, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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20
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Hinrichs MJM, Ryan PM, Zheng B, Afif-Rider S, Yu XQ, Gunsior M, Zhong H, Harper J, Bezabeh B, Vashisht K, Rebelatto M, Reed M, Ryan PC, Breen S, Patel N, Chen C, Masterson L, Tiberghien A, Howard PW, Dimasi N, Dixit R. Fractionated Dosing Improves Preclinical Therapeutic Index of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine-Containing Antibody Drug Conjugates. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 28630216 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To use preclinical models to identify a dosing schedule that improves tolerability of highly potent pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers (PBDs) antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) without compromising antitumor activity.Experimental Design: A series of dose-fractionation studies were conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetic drivers of safety and efficacy of PBD ADCs in animal models. The exposure-activity relationship was investigated in mouse xenograft models of human prostate cancer, breast cancer, and gastric cancer by comparing antitumor activity after single and fractionated dosing with tumor-targeting ADCs conjugated to SG3249, a potent PBD dimer. The exposure-tolerability relationship was similarly investigated in rat and monkey toxicology studies by comparing tolerability, as assessed by survival, body weight, and organ-specific toxicities, after single and fractionated dosing with ADCs conjugated to SG3249 (rats) or SG3400, a structurally related PBD (monkeys).Results: Observations of similar antitumor activity in mice treated with single or fractionated dosing suggests that antitumor activity of PBD ADCs is more closely related to total exposure (AUC) than peak drug concentrations (Cmax). In contrast, improved survival and reduced toxicity in rats and monkeys treated with a fractionated dosing schedule suggests that tolerability of PBD ADCs is more closely associated with Cmax than AUC.Conclusions: We provide the first evidence that fractionated dosing can improve preclinical tolerability of at least some PBD ADCs without compromising efficacy. These findings suggest that preclinical exploration of dosing schedule could be an important clinical strategy to improve the therapeutic window of highly potent ADCs and should be investigated further. Clin Cancer Res; 23(19); 5858-68. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline M Ryan
- Biologics Safety Assessment, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Bo Zheng
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Xiang Qing Yu
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Michele Gunsior
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Haihong Zhong
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Jay Harper
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Binyam Bezabeh
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Kapil Vashisht
- Biologics Safety Assessment, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Molly Reed
- Biologics Safety Assessment, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Patricia C Ryan
- Biologics Safety Assessment, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Shannon Breen
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Neki Patel
- Spirogen Ltd., QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cui Chen
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Luke Masterson
- Spirogen Ltd., QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nazzareno Dimasi
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Rakesh Dixit
- Biologics Safety Assessment, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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21
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Shapiro GI, Vaishampayan UN, LoRusso P, Barton J, Hua S, Reich SD, Shazer R, Taylor CT, Xuan D, Borghaei H. First-in-human trial of an anti-5T4 antibody-monomethylauristatin conjugate, PF-06263507, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:315-323. [PMID: 28070718 PMCID: PMC5418317 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The antibody-drug conjugate PF-06263507 targets the cell-surface, tumor-associated antigen 5T4 and consists of a humanized IgG1 conjugated to the microtubule-disrupting agent monomethylauristatin-F by a non-cleavable maleimidocaproyl linker. In this first-in-human, dose-finding trial (NCT01891669), we evaluated safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary antitumor activity of PF-06263507 in pretreated patients with advanced solid tumors, unselected for 5T4 expression. starting at 0.05 mg/kg, with 25, 56, and 95% dose increments, depending on observed dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), applying a modified continual reassessment method. Results Twenty-six patients received PF-06263507 at 0.05 to 6.5 mg/kg. The first DLT, grade 3 photophobia, occurred at 4.34 mg/kg and two additional DLTs, grade 2 keratitis and grade 1 limbal stem cell deficiency (> 2-week dosing delay), at 6.5 mg/kg. The most common adverse events (AEs) were fatigue (38.5%), photophobia (26.9%), and decreased appetite, dry eye, nausea, and thrombocytopenia (23.1% each). No treatment-related grade 4-5 AEs were reported. Systemic exposure of PF-06263507 increased in a dose-related manner. At the maximum tolerated dose (MTD, 4.34 mg/kg), mean terminal half-life for PF-06263507 and unconjugated payload were ~6 and 3 days, respectively. Payload serum concentrations were substantially lower compared with PF-06263507. No objective responses were observed. Conclusions The MTD and recommended phase II dose were determined to be 4.34 mg/kg. Ocular toxicities accounted for the DLTs observed, as previously reported with monomethylauristatin-F payloads. Further studies are warranted to investigate clinical activity of this agent in patients with 5T4-expressing tumors.Trial registration ID: NCT01891669.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/adverse effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/adverse effects
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Keratitis/chemically induced
- Male
- Maximum Tolerated Dose
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/adverse effects
- Oligopeptides/pharmacokinetics
- Oligopeptides/therapeutic use
- Photophobia/chemically induced
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Early Drug Development Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Mayer 446, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carrie T Taylor
- Pfizer Oncology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Pfizer Early Oncology Development and Clinical Research, 10777 Science Center Drive, CB-1, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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22
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Harper J, Lloyd C, Dimasi N, Toader D, Marwood R, Lewis L, Bannister D, Jovanovic J, Fleming R, D'Hooge F, Mao S, Marrero AM, Korade M, Strout P, Xu L, Chen C, Wetzel L, Breen S, van Vlerken-Ysla L, Jalla S, Rebelatto M, Zhong H, Hurt EM, Hinrichs MJ, Huang K, Howard PW, Tice DA, Hollingsworth RE, Herbst R, Kamal A. Preclinical Evaluation of MEDI0641, a Pyrrolobenzodiazepine-Conjugated Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting 5T4. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1576-1587. [PMID: 28522587 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are used to selectively deliver cytotoxic agents to tumors and have the potential for increased clinical benefit to cancer patients. 5T4 is an oncofetal antigen overexpressed on the cell surface in many carcinomas on both bulk tumor cells as well as cancer stem cells (CSC), has very limited normal tissue expression, and can internalize when bound by an antibody. An anti-5T4 antibody was identified and optimized for efficient binding and internalization in a target-specific manner, and engineered cysteines were incorporated into the molecule for site-specific conjugation. ADCs targeting 5T4 were constructed by site-specifically conjugating the antibody with payloads that possess different mechanisms of action, either a DNA cross-linking pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer or a microtubule-destabilizing tubulysin, so that each ADC had a drug:antibody ratio of 2. The resulting ADCs demonstrated significant target-dependent activity in vitro and in vivo; however, the ADC conjugated with a PBD payload (5T4-PBD) elicited more durable antitumor responses in vivo than the tubulysin conjugate in xenograft models. Likewise, the 5T4-PBD more potently inhibited the growth of 5T4-positive CSCs in vivo, which likely contributed to its superior antitumor activity. Given that the 5T4-PBD possessed both potent antitumor activity as well as anti-CSC activity, and thus could potentially target bulk tumor cells and CSCs in target-positive indications, it was further evaluated in non-GLP rat toxicology studies that demonstrated excellent in vivo stability with an acceptable safety profile. Taken together, these preclinical data support further development of 5T4-PBD, also known as MEDI0641, against 5T4+ cancer indications. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1576-87. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Harper
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland.
| | - Christopher Lloyd
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nazzareno Dimasi
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Dorin Toader
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Rose Marwood
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leeanne Lewis
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Bannister
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jelena Jovanovic
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Fleming
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Shenlan Mao
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Martin Korade
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Patrick Strout
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Linda Xu
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Cui Chen
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Leslie Wetzel
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Shannon Breen
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Sanjoo Jalla
- Project Management, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Haihong Zhong
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Elaine M Hurt
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Keven Huang
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - David A Tice
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Ronald Herbst
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Adeela Kamal
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland.,Ferring Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California
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23
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Stern PL, Harrop R. 5T4 oncofoetal antigen: an attractive target for immune intervention in cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:415-426. [PMID: 27757559 PMCID: PMC11029567 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The natural history of a patient's cancer is often characterised by genetic diversity and sequential sweeps of clonal dominance. It is therefore not surprising that identifying the most appropriate tumour-associated antigen for targeted intervention is challenging. The 5T4 oncofoetal antigen was identified by searching for surface molecules shared between human trophoblast and cancer cells with the rationale that they may function to allow survival of the foetus as a semi-allograft in the mother or a tumour in its host. The 5T4 protein is expressed by many different cancers but rarely in normal adult tissues. 5T4 molecules are 72 kD, heavily N-glycosylated proteins with several leucine-rich repeats which are often associated with protein-protein interactions. 5T4 expression is associated with the directional movement of cells through epithelial mesenchymal transition, potentiation of CXCL12/CXCR4 chemotaxis and inhibition of canonical Wnt/beta-catenin while favouring non-canonical pathway signalling; all processes which help drive the spread of cancer cells. The selective pattern of 5T4 tumour expression, association with a tumour-initiating phenotype plus a mechanistic involvement with cancer spread have underwritten the clinical development of different immunotherapeutic strategies including a vaccine, a tumour-targeted superantigen and an antibody drug conjugate. In addition, a chimeric antigen receptor T cell approach targeting 5T4 expressing tumour cells is in pre-clinical development. A key challenge will include how best to combine each 5T4 targeted immunotherapy with the most appropriate standard of care treatment (or adjunct therapy) to maximise the recovery of immune control and ultimately eliminate the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Stern
- Institute of Cancer Studies, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Richard Harrop
- Oxford BioMedica Plc, Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford, OX4 6LT, UK.
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24
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McGinn OJ, Krishnan S, Bourquin JP, Sapra P, Dempsey C, Saha V, Stern PL. Targeting the 5T4 oncofetal glycoprotein with an antibody drug conjugate (A1mcMMAF) improves survival in patient-derived xenograft models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2017; 102:1075-1084. [PMID: 28341731 PMCID: PMC5451339 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.158485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is prognosticated from levels of minimal residual disease after remission induction therapy. Higher levels of minimal residual disease are associated with inferior results even with intensification of therapy, thus suggesting that identification and targeting of minimal residual disease cells could be a therapeutic strategy. Here we identify high expression of 5T4 in subclonal populations of patient-derived xenografts from patients with high, post-induction levels of minimal residual disease. 5T4-positive cells showed preferential ability to overcome the NOD-scidIL2Rγnull mouse xenograft barrier, migrated in vitro on a CXCL12 gradient, preferentially localized to bone marrow in vivo and displayed the ability to reconstitute the original clonal composition on limited dilution engraftment. Treatment with A1mcMMAF (a 5T4-antibody drug conjugate) significantly improved survival without overt toxicity in mice engrafted with a 5T4-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. Mice engrafted with 5T4-positive patient-derived xenograft cells were treated with combination chemotherapy or dexamethasone alone and then given A1mcMMAF in the minimal residual disease setting. Combination chemotherapy was toxic to NOD-scidIL2Rγnull mice. While dexamethasone or A1mcMMAF alone improved outcomes, the sequential administration of dexamethasone and A1mcMMAF significantly improved survival (P=0.0006) over either monotherapy. These data show that specifically targeting minimal residual disease cells improved outcomes and support further investigation of A1mcMMAF in patients with high-risk B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia identified by 5T4 expression at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J McGinn
- Immunology, Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Shekhar Krishnan
- Paediatric Oncology, Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,Tata Translational Cancer Research Center, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourquin
- Division of Oncology & Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Puja Sapra
- Pfizer Inc. Pearl River, NY10965-1299, USA
| | - Clare Dempsey
- Paediatric Oncology, Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Vaskar Saha
- Paediatric Oncology, Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK .,Tata Translational Cancer Research Center, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Peter L Stern
- Immunology, Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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25
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Dimasi N, Fleming R, Zhong H, Bezabeh B, Kinneer K, Christie RJ, Fazenbaker C, Wu H, Gao C. Efficient Preparation of Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates Using Cysteine Insertion. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1501-1516. [PMID: 28245132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of biopharmaceuticals that combine the specificity of antibodies with the high-potency of cytotoxic drugs. Engineering cysteine residues in the antibodies using mutagenesis is a common method to prepare site-specific ADCs. With this approach, solvent accessible amino acids in the antibody have been selected for substitution with cysteine for conjugating maleimide-bearing cytotoxic drugs, resulting in homogeneous and stable site-specific ADCs. Here we describe a cysteine engineering approach based on the insertion of cysteines before and after selected sites in the antibody, which can be used for site-specific preparation of ADCs. Cysteine-inserted antibodies have expression level and monomeric content similar to the native antibodies. Conjugation to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer (SG3249) resulted in comparable efficiency of site-specific conjugation between cysteine-inserted and cysteine-substituted antibodies. Cysteine-inserted ADCs were shown to have biophysical properties, FcRn, and antigen binding affinity similar to the cysteine-substituted ADCs. These ADCs were comparable for serum stability to the ADCs prepared using cysteine-mutagenesis and had selective and potent cytotoxicity against human prostate cancer cells. Two of the cysteine-inserted variants abolish binding of the resulting ADCs to FcγRs in vitro, thereby potentially preventing non-target mediated uptake of the ADCs by cells of the innate immune system that express FcγRs, which may result in mitigating off-target toxicities. A selected cysteine-inserted ADC demonstrated potent dose-dependent anti-tumor activity in a xenograph tumor mouse model of human breast adenocarcinoma expressing the oncofetal antigen 5T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Dimasi
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering and ‡Oncology Research, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Ryan Fleming
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering and ‡Oncology Research, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Haihong Zhong
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering and ‡Oncology Research, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Binyam Bezabeh
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering and ‡Oncology Research, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Krista Kinneer
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering and ‡Oncology Research, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Ronald J Christie
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering and ‡Oncology Research, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Christine Fazenbaker
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering and ‡Oncology Research, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Herren Wu
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering and ‡Oncology Research, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering and ‡Oncology Research, MedImmune , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
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26
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van den Brand D, Massuger LF, Brock R, Verdurmen WPR. Mimicking Tumors: Toward More Predictive In Vitro Models for Peptide- and Protein-Conjugated Drugs. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:846-856. [PMID: 28122451 PMCID: PMC5355905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular drug candidates and nanoparticles are typically tested in 2D cancer cell culture models, which are often directly followed by in vivo animal studies. The majority of these drug candidates, however, fail in vivo. In contrast to classical small-molecule drugs, multiple barriers exist for these larger molecules that two-dimensional approaches do not recapitulate. In order to provide better mechanistic insights into the parameters controlling success and failure and due to changing ethical perspectives on animal studies, there is a growing need for in vitro models with higher physiological relevance. This need is reflected by an increased interest in 3D tumor models, which during the past decade have evolved from relatively simple tumor cell aggregates to more complex models that incorporate additional tumor characteristics as well as patient-derived material. This review will address tissue culture models that implement critical features of the physiological tumor context such as 3D structure, extracellular matrix, interstitial flow, vascular extravasation, and the use of patient material. We will focus on specific examples, relating to peptide-and protein-conjugated drugs and other nanoparticles, and discuss the added value and limitations of the respective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk van den Brand
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leon F Massuger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter P R Verdurmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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27
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Wang YJ, Li YY, Liu XY, Lu XL, Cao X, Jiao BH. Marine Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Design Strategies and Research Progress. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E18. [PMID: 28098746 PMCID: PMC5295238 DOI: 10.3390/md15010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), constructed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), linkers, and natural cytotoxins, are innovative drugs developed for oncotherapy. Owing to the distinctive advantages of both chemotherapy drugs and antibody drugs, ADCs have obtained enormous success during the past several years. The development of highly specific antibodies, novel marine toxins' applications, and innovative linker technologies all accelerate the rapid R&D of ADCs. Meanwhile, some challenges remain to be solved for future ADCs. For instance, varieties of site-specific conjugation have been proposed for solving the inhomogeneity of DARs (Drug Antibody Ratios). In this review, the usages of various natural toxins, especially marine cytotoxins, and the development strategies for ADCs in the past decade are summarized. Representative ADCs with marine cytotoxins in the pipeline are introduced and characterized with their new features, while perspective comments for future ADCs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yu-Yan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiao-Ling Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xin Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bing-Hua Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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28
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Damelin M, Bankovich A, Bernstein J, Lucas J, Chen L, Williams S, Park A, Aguilar J, Ernstoff E, Charati M, Dushin R, Aujay M, Lee C, Ramoth H, Milton M, Hampl J, Lazetic S, Pulito V, Rosfjord E, Sun Y, King L, Barletta F, Betts A, Guffroy M, Falahatpisheh H, O’Donnell CJ, Stull R, Pysz M, Escarpe P, Liu D, Foord O, Gerber HP, Sapra P, Dylla SJ. A PTK7-targeted antibody-drug conjugate reduces tumor-initiating cells and induces sustained tumor regressions. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/372/eaag2611. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Enrichment and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells and Other Rare Cell Populations by Microfluidic Filtration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 994:119-131. [PMID: 28560671 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55947-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current standard methods for isolating circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood involve EPCAM-based immunomagnetic approaches. A major disadvantage of these strategies is that CTCs with low EPCAM expression will be missed. Isolation by size using filter membranes circumvents the reliance on this cell surface marker, and can facilitate the capture not only of EPCAM-negative CTCs but other rare cells as well. These cells that are trapped on the filter membrane can be characterized by immunocytochemistry (ICC) , enumerated and profiled to elucidate their clinical significance. In this chapter, we discuss advances in filtration systems to capture rare cells as well as downstream ICC methods to detect and identify these cells. We highlight our recent clinical study demonstrating the feasibility of using a novel method consisting of automated microfluidic filtration and sequential ICC for detection and enumeration of CTCs, as well as circulating mesenchymal cells (CMCs), circulating endothelial cells (CECs), and putative circulating stem cells (CSCs). We hypothesize that simultaneous analysis of circulating rare cells in blood of cancer patients may lead to a better understanding of disease progression and development of resistance to therapy.
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30
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Giddabasappa A, Gupta VR, Norberg R, Gupta P, Spilker ME, Wentland J, Rago B, Eswaraka J, Leal M, Sapra P. Biodistribution and Targeting of Anti-5T4 Antibody-Drug Conjugate Using Fluorescence Molecular Tomography. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2530-2540. [PMID: 27466353 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding a drug's whole-body biodistribution and tumor targeting can provide important information regarding efficacy, safety, and dosing parameters. Current methods to evaluate biodistribution include in vivo imaging technologies like positron electron tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography or ex vivo quantitation of drug concentrations in tissues using autoradiography and standard biochemical assays. These methods use radioactive compounds or are cumbersome and do not give whole-body information. Here, for the first time, we show the utility of fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) imaging to determine the biodistribution and targeting of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). An anti-5T4-antibody (5T4-Ab) and 5T4-ADC were conjugated with a near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore VivoTag 680XL (VT680). Both conjugated compounds were stable as determined by SEC-HPLC and plasma stability studies. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy studies showed that VT680-conjugated 5T4-ADC specifically bound 5T4-expressing cells in vitro and also exhibited a similar cytotoxicity profile as the unconjugated 5T4-ADC. In vivo biodistribution and tumor targeting in an H1975 subcutaneous xenograft model demonstrated no significant differences between accumulation of VT680-conjugated 5T4-Ab or 5T4-ADC in either normal tissues or tumor. In addition, quantitation of heart signal from FMT imaging showed good correlation with the plasma pharmacokinetic profile suggesting that it (heart FMT imaging) may be a surrogate for plasma drug clearance. These results demonstrate that conjugation of VT680 to 5T4-Ab or 5T4-ADC does not change the behavior of native biologic, and FMT imaging can be a useful tool to understand biodistribution and tumor-targeting kinetics of antibodies, ADCs, and other biologics. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2530-40. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Giddabasappa
- Global Science & Technology - Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California.
| | - Vijay R Gupta
- Global Science & Technology - Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Rand Norberg
- Global Science & Technology - Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Parul Gupta
- Global Science & Technology - Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Mary E Spilker
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Joann Wentland
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Brian Rago
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Jeetendra Eswaraka
- Global Science & Technology - Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Mauricio Leal
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York
| | - Puja Sapra
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York
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Diamantis N, Banerji U. Antibody-drug conjugates--an emerging class of cancer treatment. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:362-7. [PMID: 26742008 PMCID: PMC4815767 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging novel class of anticancer treatment agents that combines the selectivity of targeted treatment with the cytotoxic potency of chemotherapy drugs. New linker technology associated with novel highly potent cytotoxic payloads has permitted the development of more effective and safe ADCs. In recent years, two ADCs have been licensed, T-DM1 and brentuximab vedotin, and are already establishing their place in cancer treatment. A plethora of ADCs are being investigated in phases I and II trials, emerging data of which appears promising. As we deepen our understanding of what makes a successful ADC, an increasing number of ADCs will likely become viable treatment options as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy. This review will present the philosophy underlying ADCs, their main characteristics and current research developments with a focus on ADCs in solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Diamantis
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Udai Banerji
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, London SM2 5PT, UK
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Wurz GT, Kao CJ, DeGregorio MW. Novel cancer antigens for personalized immunotherapies: latest evidence and clinical potential. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2016; 8:4-31. [PMID: 26753003 DOI: 10.1177/1758834015615514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of monoclonal antibody immune checkpoint modulators such as ipilimumab, which targets cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and the recently approved agents nivolumab and pembrolizumab, which target programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1), has stimulated renewed enthusiasm for anticancer immunotherapy, which was heralded by Science as 'Breakthrough of the Year' in 2013. As the potential of cancer immunotherapy has been recognized since the 1890s when William Coley showed that bacterial products could be beneficial in cancer patients, leveraging the immune system in the treatment of cancer is certainly not a new concept; however, earlier attempts to develop effective therapeutic vaccines and antibodies against solid tumors, for example, melanoma, frequently met with failure due in part to self-tolerance and the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Increased knowledge of the mechanisms through which cancer evades the immune system and the identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and negative immune checkpoint regulators have led to the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies targeting specific tumor antigens and immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. This review first discusses the established targets of currently approved cancer immunotherapies and then focuses on investigational cancer antigens and their clinical potential. Because of the highly heterogeneous nature of tumors, effective anticancer immunotherapy-based treatment regimens will likely require a personalized combination of therapeutic vaccines, antibodies and chemotherapy that fit the specific biology of a patient's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Wurz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Chiao-Jung Kao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Michael W DeGregorio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, 4501 X Street Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Li JY, Perry SR, Muniz-Medina V, Wang X, Wetzel LK, Rebelatto MC, Hinrichs MJM, Bezabeh BZ, Fleming RL, Dimasi N, Feng H, Toader D, Yuan AQ, Xu L, Lin J, Gao C, Wu H, Dixit R, Osbourn JK, Coats SR. A Biparatopic HER2-Targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugate Induces Tumor Regression in Primary Models Refractory to or Ineligible for HER2-Targeted Therapy. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:117-29. [PMID: 26766593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) which delivers cytotoxic drugs specifically into targeted cells through internalization and lysosomal trafficking has emerged as an effective cancer therapy. We show that a bivalent biparatopic antibody targeting two non-overlapping epitopes on HER2 can induce HER2 receptor clustering, which in turn promotes robust internalization, lysosomal trafficking, and degradation. When conjugated with a tubulysin-based microtubule inhibitor, the biparatopic ADC demonstrates superior anti-tumor activity over ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in tumor models representing various patient subpopulations, including T-DM1 eligible, T-DM1 ineligible, and T-DM1 relapsed/refractory. Our findings indicate that this biparatopic ADC has promising potential as an effective therapy for metastatic breast cancer and a broader patient population may benefit from this unique HER2-targeting ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y Li
- Biosuperiors, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Samuel R Perry
- Biosuperiors, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Xinzhong Wang
- Biosuperiors, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | | | - Binyam Z Bezabeh
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Ryan L Fleming
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Nazzareno Dimasi
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Dorin Toader
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Andy Q Yuan
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Lan Xu
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jia Lin
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Herren Wu
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Rakesh Dixit
- Biologics Safety Assessment, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jane K Osbourn
- Biosuperiors, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Steven R Coats
- Biosuperiors, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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Recent advances in the construction of antibody–drug conjugates. Nat Chem 2016; 8:114-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Doñate F, Raitano A, Morrison K, An Z, Capo L, Aviña H, Karki S, Morrison K, Yang P, Ou J, Moriya R, Shostak Y, Malik F, Nadell R, Liu W, Satpayev D, Atkinson J, Joseph IBJ, Pereira DS, Challita-Eid PM, Stover DR. AGS16F Is a Novel Antibody Drug Conjugate Directed against ENPP3 for the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1989-99. [PMID: 26589436 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New cancer-specific antigens are required for the design of novel antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) that deliver tumor-specific and highly potent cytotoxic therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Suppression subtractive hybridization identified ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3 (ENPP3 or CD203c) as a potential human cancer-specific antigen. Antibodies targeting the extracellular domain of human ENPP3 were produced and selected for specific binding to ENPP3. Expression of ENPP3 in normal and cancer tissue specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). ADCs comprising anti-ENPP3 Ab conjugated with maleimidocaproyl monomethyl auristatin F via a noncleavable linker (mcMMAF) were selected for therapeutic potential using binding and internalization assays, cytotoxicity assays, and tumor growth inhibition in mouse xenograft models. Pharmacodynamic markers were evaluated by IHC in tissues and ELISA in blood. RESULTS ENPP3 was highly expressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: 92.3% of samples were positive and 83.9% showed high expression. By contrast, expression was negligible in normal tissues examined, with the exception of the kidney. High expression was less frequent in papillary renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma samples. AGS16F, an anti-ENPP3 antibody-mcMMAF conjugate, inhibited tumor growth in three different renal cell carcinoma (RCC) xenograft models. AGS16F localized to tumors, formed the active metabolite Cys-mcMMAF, induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, and increased blood levels of caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18, a marker of epithelial cell death. CONCLUSIONS AGS16F is a promising new therapeutic option for patients with RCC and is currently being evaluated in a phase I clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zili An
- Agensys Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Peng Yang
- Agensys Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Jimmy Ou
- Agensys Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Wendy Liu
- Agensys Inc., Santa Monica, California
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Magbanua MJM, Pugia M, Lee JS, Jabon M, Wang V, Gubens M, Marfurt K, Pence J, Sidhu H, Uzgiris A, Rugo HS, Park JW. A Novel Strategy for Detection and Enumeration of Circulating Rare Cell Populations in Metastatic Cancer Patients Using Automated Microfluidic Filtration and Multiplex Immunoassay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141166. [PMID: 26496203 PMCID: PMC4619669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Size selection via filtration offers an antigen-independent approach for the enrichment of rare cell populations in blood of cancer patients. We evaluated the performance of a novel approach for multiplex rare cell detection in blood samples from metastatic breast (n = 19) and lung cancer patients (n = 21), and healthy controls (n = 30) using an automated microfluidic filtration and multiplex immunoassay strategy. Captured cells were enumerated after sequential staining for specific markers to identify circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating mesenchymal cells (CMCs), putative circulating stem cells (CSCs), and circulating endothelial cells (CECs). Preclinical validation experiments using cancer cells spiked into healthy blood demonstrated high recovery rate (mean = 85%) and reproducibility of the assay. In clinical studies, CTCs and CMCs were detected in 35% and 58% of cancer patients, respectively, and were largely absent from healthy controls (3%, p = 0.001). Mean levels of CTCs were significantly higher in breast than in lung cancer patients (p = 0.03). Fifty-three percent (53%) of cancer patients harbored putative CSCs, while none were detectable in healthy controls (p<0.0001). In contrast, CECs were observed in both cancer and control groups. Direct comparison of CellSearch® vs. our microfluidic filter method revealed moderate correlation (R2 = 0.46, kappa = 0.47). Serial blood analysis in breast cancer patients demonstrated the feasibility of monitoring circulating rare cell populations over time. Simultaneous assessment of CTCs, CMCs, CSCs and CECs may provide new tools to study mechanisms of disease progression and treatment response/resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jesus M. Magbanua
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Michael Pugia
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Elkhart, IN, 46516, United States of America
| | - Jin Sun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115, United States of America
| | - Marc Jabon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115, United States of America
| | - Victoria Wang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115, United States of America
| | - Matthew Gubens
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115, United States of America
| | - Karen Marfurt
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Elkhart, IN, 46516, United States of America
| | - Julia Pence
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Elkhart, IN, 46516, United States of America
| | - Harwinder Sidhu
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Elkhart, IN, 46516, United States of America
| | - Arejas Uzgiris
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Elkhart, IN, 46516, United States of America
| | - Hope S. Rugo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115, United States of America
| | - John W. Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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Shor B, Kahler J, Dougher M, Xu J, Mack M, Rosfjord E, Wang F, Melamud E, Sapra P. Enhanced Antitumor Activity of an Anti-5T4 Antibody-Drug Conjugate in Combination with PI3K/mTOR inhibitors or Taxanes. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:383-94. [PMID: 26319086 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeted treatment of solid or liquid tumors with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) can lead to promising clinical benefit. The aim of the study is to investigate combination regimens of auristatin-based ADCs in preclinical models of cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An auristatin-based anti-5T4 antibody conjugate (5T4-ADC) and auristatin payloads were combined with the dual PI3K/mTOR catalytic site inhibitor PF-05212384 (PF-384) or taxanes in a panel of tumor cell lines. Drug interactions in vitro were evaluated using cell viability assays, apoptosis induction, immunofluorescence, mitotic index, and immunoblotting. Breast cancer cells treated with auristatin analogue or 5T4-ADC were profiled by total- and phospho-proteomics. Antitumor efficacy of selected combinations was evaluated in 5T4-positive human breast or lung tumor xenografts in vivo. RESULTS In vitro, auristatin-based agents displayed strong synergistic or additive activity when combined with PF-384 or taxanes, respectively. Further, treatment of 5T4-ADC plus PF-384 resulted in stronger induction of apoptosis and cell line-specific attenuation of pAKT and pGSK. Interestingly, proteomic analysis revealed unique effects of auristatins on multiple components of mRNA translation. Addition of PF-384 further amplified effects of 5T4-ADC on translational components, providing a potential mechanism of synergy between these drugs. In human tumor xenografts, dual targeting with 5T4-ADC/PF-384 or 5T4-ADC/paclitaxel produced substantially greater antitumor effects with longer average survival as compared with monotherapy treatments. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a biologic rationale for combining 5T4-ADC with either PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitors or taxanes and suggest that mechanisms underlying the synergy may be attributed to cellular effects of the auristatin payload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Shor
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Jennifer Kahler
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Maureen Dougher
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Jane Xu
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Michelle Mack
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Ed Rosfjord
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Fang Wang
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Eugene Melamud
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Puja Sapra
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, New York.
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Leal M, Wentland J, Han X, Zhang Y, Rago B, Duriga N, Spriggs F, Kadar E, Song W, McNally J, Shakey Q, Lorello L, Lucas J, Sapra P. Preclinical Development of an anti-5T4 Antibody-Drug Conjugate: Pharmacokinetics in Mice, Rats, and NHP and Tumor/Tissue Distribution in Mice. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2223-32. [PMID: 26180901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of an antibody (huA1)-drug (auristatin microtubule disrupting MMAF) conjugate, targeting 5T4-expressing cells, were characterized during the discovery and development phases in female nu/nu mice and cynomolgus monkeys after a single dose and in S-D rats and cynomolgus monkeys from multidose toxicity studies. Plasma/serum samples were analyzed using an ELISA-based method for antibody and conjugate (ADC) as well as for the released payload using an LC-MS/MS method. In addition, the distribution of the Ab, ADC, and released payload (cys-mcMMAF) was determined in a number of tissues (tumor, lung, liver, kidney, and heart) in two tumor mouse models (H1975 and MDA-MB-361-DYT2 models) using similar LBA and LC-MS/MS methods. Tissue distribution studies revealed preferential tumor distribution of cys-mcMMAF and its relative specificity to the 5T4 target containing tissue (tumor). Single dose studies suggests lower CL values at the higher doses in mice, although a linear relationship was seen in cynomolgus monkeys at doses from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg with no evidence of TMDD. Evaluation of DAR (drug-antibody ratio) in cynomolgus monkeys (at 3 mg/kg) indicated that at least half of the payload was still on the ADC 1 to 2 weeks after IV dosing. After multiple doses, the huA1 and conjugate data in rats and monkeys indicate that exposure (AUC) increases with increasing dose in a linear fashion. Systemic exposure (as assessed by Cmax and AUC) of the released payload increased with increasing dose, although exposure was very low and its pharmacokinetics appeared to be formation rate limited. The incidence of ADA was generally low in rats and monkeys. We will discuss cross species comparison, relationships between the Ab, ADC, and released payload exposure after multiple dosing, and insights into the distribution of this ADC with a focus on experimental design as a way to address or bypass apparent obstacles and its integration into predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Leal
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - JoAnn Wentland
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xiaogang Han
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brian Rago
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nicole Duriga
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Franklin Spriggs
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Eugene Kadar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Wei Song
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James McNally
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Quazi Shakey
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Leslie Lorello
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Judy Lucas
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc. , Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Puja Sapra
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc. , Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
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Visintin A, Knowlton K, Tyminski E, Lin CI, Zheng X, Marquette K, Jain S, Tchistiakova L, Li D, O'Donnell CJ, Maderna A, Cao X, Dunn R, Snyder WB, Abraham AK, Leal M, Shetty S, Barry A, Zawel L, Coyle AJ, Dvorak HF, Jaminet SC. Novel Anti-TM4SF1 Antibody-Drug Conjugates with Activity against Tumor Cells and Tumor Vasculature. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1868-76. [PMID: 26089370 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) represent a promising therapeutic modality for managing cancer. Here, we report a novel humanized ADC that targets the tetraspanin-like protein TM4SF1. TM4SF1 is highly expressed on the plasma membranes of many human cancer cells and also on the endothelial cells lining tumor blood vessels. TM4SF1 is internalized upon interaction with antibodies. We hypothesized that an ADC against TM4SF1 would inhibit cancer growth directly by killing cancer cells and indirectly by attacking the tumor vasculature. We generated a humanized anti-human TM4SF1 monoclonal antibody, v1.10, and armed it with an auristatin cytotoxic agent LP2 (chemical name mc-3377). v1.10-LP2 selectively killed cultured human tumor cell lines and human endothelial cells that express TM4SF1. Acting as a single agent, v1.10-LP2 induced complete regression of several TM4SF1-expressing tumor xenografts in nude mice, including non-small cell lung cancer and pancreas, prostate, and colon cancers. As v1.10 did not react with mouse TM4SF1, it could not target the mouse tumor vasculature. Therefore, we generated a surrogate anti-mouse TM4SF1 antibody, 2A7A, and conjugated it to LP2. At 3 mpk, 2A7A-LP2 regressed several tumor xenografts without noticeable toxicity. Combination therapy with v1.10-LP2 and 2A7A-LP2 together was more effective than either ADC alone. These data provide proof-of-concept that TM4SF1-targeting ADCs have potential as anticancer agents with dual action against tumor cells and the tumor vasculature. Such agents could offer exceptional therapeutic value and warrant further investigation. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(8); 1868-76. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Visintin
- Pfizer Inc., Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly Knowlton
- Pfizer Inc., Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edyta Tyminski
- Pfizer Inc., Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chi-Iou Lin
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Pfizer Inc., Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly Marquette
- Pfizer Inc., Global Biotherapeutic Technologies (GBT), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sadhana Jain
- Pfizer Inc., Global Biotherapeutic Technologies (GBT), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Dan Li
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Andreas Maderna
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Xianjun Cao
- Pfizer Inc., Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), San Diego, California
| | - Robert Dunn
- Pfizer Inc., Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), San Diego, California
| | - William B Snyder
- Pfizer Inc., Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), San Diego, California
| | - Anson K Abraham
- Pfizer Inc., Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mauricio Leal
- Pfizer Inc., Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Pearl River, New York
| | - Shoba Shetty
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety R&D, Investigative Toxicology, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Anthony Barry
- Pfizer Inc., Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andover, Massachusetts
| | - Leigh Zawel
- Pfizer Inc., Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony J Coyle
- Pfizer Inc., Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Harold F Dvorak
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Shou-Ching Jaminet
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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DiPippo VA, Olson WC, Nguyen HM, Brown LG, Vessella RL, Corey E. Efficacy studies of an antibody-drug conjugate PSMA-ADC in patient-derived prostate cancer xenografts. Prostate 2015; 75:303-13. [PMID: 25327986 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is timely and important to develop new treatment modalities for advanced prostate cancer, because even the newly FDA approved treatments, despite providing significant survival benefits, do not constitute cure of this disease. Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising approach to cancer therapy. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed in advanced prostate cancer and targeting this protein is used for imaging of advanced prostate cancer as well as development of targeting strategies. The objective of our studies was to evaluate the efficacy of PSMA ADC against a series of patient-derived prostate cancer xenografts (LuCaP 58, LuCaP 77, LuCaP 96CR, and LuCaP 105) with different characteristics, including varying levels of PSMA expression and responses to androgen suppression. METHODS Mice bearing subcutaneous LuCaP prostate cancer-derived xenografts received PSMA antibody monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) drug conjugate (PSMA ADC) in which the antibody and MMAE are linked via a protease-cleavable linker. PSMA ADC dose ranged from 1 to 6 mg/kg. Unmodified PSMA mAb + free MMAE at the amount equivalent to those contained in 6 mg/kg PSMA ADC was used as control. All treatments were administered once a week via tail-vein injections and repeated four times once a week and tumor responses were monitored for 10 weeks. IHC analyses were performed to determine PSMA and AR expression and effects on proliferation. RESULTS Treatment responses varied widely across the tumor models, from complete tumor regressions in LuCaP 96CR to largely unimpeded tumor progression of LuCaP 58, which had the lowest baseline level of PSMA expression. Intermediate antitumor effects were seen for LuCaP 77 and LuCaP 105 tumors, despite their having similar basal expression of PSMA as LuCaP 96CR. Interestingly, we detected substantial differences in responses even within the same model, indicating that PSMA expression is not the only factor involved in treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show high efficacy of PSMA ADC in advanced prostate cancer but also considerable variability in effects despite PSMA expression. Further studies to identify tumor characteristics that are predictive of treatment response are ongoing.
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Evolving Strategies for Target Selection for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3494-507. [PMID: 25585957 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising modality for the treatment of cancer. The therapeutic strategy is to deliver a potent drug preferentially to the tumor and not normal tissues by attaching the drug to an antibody that recognizes a tumor antigen. The selection of antigen targets is critical to enabling a therapeutic window for the ADC and has proven to be surprisingly complex. We surveyed the tumor and normal tissue expression profiles of the targets of ADCs currently in clinical development. Our analysis demonstrates a surprisingly broad range of expression profiles and the inability to formalize any optimal parameters for an ADC target. In this context, we discuss additional considerations for ADC target selection, including interdependencies among biophysical properties of the drug, biological functions of the target and strategies for clinical development. The TPBG (5T4) oncofetal antigen and the anti-TPBG ADC A1-mcMMAF are highlighted to demonstrate the relevance of the target's biological function. Emerging platform technologies and novel biological insights are expanding ADC target space and transforming strategies for target selection.
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42
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Selecting an Optimal Antibody for Antibody- Drug Conjugate Therapy. ANTIBODY-DRUG CONJUGATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13081-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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43
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Hu G, Leal M, Lin Q, Affolter T, Sapra P, Bates B, Damelin M. Phenotype of TPBG Gene Replacement in the Mouse and Impact on the Pharmacokinetics of an Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:1730-7. [PMID: 25423493 DOI: 10.1021/mp5006323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of predictive preclinical models in drug discovery is critical for compound selection, optimization, preclinical to clinical translation, and strategic decision-making. Trophoblast glycoprotein (TPBG), also known as 5T4, is the therapeutic target of several anticancer agents currently in clinical development, largely due to its high expression in tumors and low expression in normal adult tissues. In this study, mice were engineered to express human TPBG under endogenous regulatory sequences by replacement of the murine Tpbg coding sequence. The gene replacement was considered functional since the hTPBG knockin (hTPBG-KI) mice did not exhibit clinical observations or histopathological phenotypes that are associated with Tpbg gene deletion, except in rare instances. The expression of hTPBG in certain epithelial cell types and in different microregions of the brain and spinal cord was consistent with previously reported phenotypes and expression patterns. In pharmacokinetic studies, the exposure of a clinical-stage anti-TPBG antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), A1mcMMAF, was lower in hTPBG-KI versus wild-type animals, which was evidence of target-related increased clearance in hTPBG-KI mice. Thus, the hTPBG-KI mice constitute an improved system for pharmacology studies with current and future TPBG-targeted therapies and can generate more precise pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data. In general the strategy of employing gene replacement to improve pharmacokinetic assessments should be broadly applicable to the discovery and development of ADCs and other biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio Leal
- §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Qingcong Lin
- ∥Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Puja Sapra
- #Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Brian Bates
- ∥Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marc Damelin
- #Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
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44
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Using the Lessons Learned From the Clinic to Improve the Preclinical Development of Antibody Drug Conjugates. Pharm Res 2014; 32:3458-69. [PMID: 25339341 PMCID: PMC4596896 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The treatment options for cancer patients include surgery, chemotherapeutics, radiation therapy, antibody therapy and various combinations of these therapies. The challenge with each therapy is finding the balance between maximizing the anti-tumor efficacy while minimizing the dose limiting toxicities. Antibodies, unlike small molecule chemotherapeutics, selectively bind to cell surface tumor antigens and can be used to deliver radionucleotides or small molecule chemotherapeutic drugs directly to the tumor. Advances in antibody engineering, linker chemistry and the identification of potent cytotoxic drugs led to the recent approval of two antibody drug conjugates to treat breast cancer and lymphoma patients. We will discuss how the observations from the clinical development of antibody drug conjugates can guide the preclinical development of the next generation of antibody drug conjugates.
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Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising therapeutic modality for the clinical management of cancer. The recent approvals of brentuximab vedotin and ado-trastuzumab emtansine plus emerging data for many molecules in clinical trials highlight the potential for ADCs to offer new therapeutic options for patients. Currently, more than 30 ADCs are being evaluated in early- or late-stage clinical trials. Accordingly, much has been done to refine and transform the early-generation ADCs to the highly effective products that we now have in clinical development. These changes include a better understanding of optimal target selection, advances in antibody engineering, improvements in linker/payload conjugation strategies, and the generation of highly potent ADC payloads. In this review, we detail the current status of ADCs in both preclinical and clinical development, highlight technological advancements in ADC development, and speculate towards the future of this targeted therapeutic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Mack
- Oncology Research Unit, World Wide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Pearl River, NY
| | - Michael Ritchie
- Oncology Research Unit, World Wide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Pearl River, NY
| | - Puja Sapra
- Oncology Research Unit, World Wide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Pearl River, NY.
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46
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Understanding and exploiting 5T4 oncofoetal glycoprotein expression. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 29:13-20. [PMID: 25066861 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oncofoetal antigens are present during foetal development with generally limited expression in the adult but are upregulated in cancer. These molecules can sometimes be used to diagnose or follow treatment of tumours or as a target for different immunotherapies. The 5T4 oncofoetal glycoprotein was identified by searching for shared surface molecules of human trophoblast and cancer cells with the rationale that they may function to allow survival of the foetus as a semi-allograft in the mother or a tumour in its host, potentially influencing growth, invasion or altered immune surveillance of the host. 5T4 tumour selective expression has stimulated the development of 5T4 vaccine, 5T4 antibody targeted-superantigen and 5T4 antibody-drug therapies through preclinical and into clinical studies. It is now apparent that 5T4 expression is a marker of the use (or not) of several cellular pathways relevant to tumour growth and spread. Thus 5T4 expression is mechanistically associated with the directional movement of cells through epithelial mesenchymal transition, facilitation of CXCL12/CXCR4 chemotaxis, blocking of canonical Wnt/beta-catenin while favouring non-canonical pathway signalling. These processes are highly regulated in development and in normal adult tissues but can contribute to the spread of cancer cells. Understanding the differential impact of these pathways marked by 5T4 can potentially improve existing, or aid development of novel cancer treatment strategies.
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Rosfjord E, Lucas J, Li G, Gerber HP. Advances in patient-derived tumor xenografts: from target identification to predicting clinical response rates in oncology. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:135-43. [PMID: 24950467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most oncology compounds entering clinical development have passed stringent preclinical pharmacology evaluation criteria. However, only a small fraction of experimental agents induce meaningful antitumor activities in the clinic. Low predictability of conventional preclinical pharmacology models is frequently cited as a main reason for the unusually high clinical attrition rates of therapeutic compounds in oncology. Therefore, improvement in the predictive values of preclinical efficacy models for clinical outcome holds great promise to reduce the clinical attrition rates of experimental compounds. Recent reports suggest that pharmacology studies conducted with patient derived xenograft (PDX) tumors are more predictive for clinical outcome compared to conventional, cell line derived xenograft (CDX) models, in particular when therapeutic compounds were tested at clinically relevant doses (CRDs). Moreover, the study of the most malignant cell types within tumors, the tumor initiating cells (TICs), relies on the availability of preclinical models that mimic the lineage hierarchy of cells within tumors. PDX models were shown to more closely recapitulate the heterogeneity of patient tumors and maintain the molecular, genetic, and histological complexity of human tumors during early stages of sequential passaging in mice, rendering them ideal tools to study the responses of TICs, tumor- and stromal cells to therapeutic intervention. In this commentary, we review the progress made in the development of PDX models in key areas of oncology research, including target identification and validation, tumor indication search and the development of a biomarker hypothesis that can be tested in the clinic to identify patients that will benefit most from therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Rosfjord
- Bioconjugate Discovery and Development, Oncology Research Units, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, United States; Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, United States
| | - Judy Lucas
- Bioconjugate Discovery and Development, Oncology Research Units, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, United States; Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, United States
| | - Gang Li
- Bioconjugate Discovery and Development, Oncology Research Units, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, United States; Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, United States
| | - Hans-Peter Gerber
- Bioconjugate Discovery and Development, Oncology Research Units, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, United States; Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, United States.
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Qin Y, Liu XJ, Li L, Liu XJ, Li Y, Gao RJ, Shao RG, Zhen YS. MMP-2/9-oriented combinations enhance antitumor efficacy of EGFR/HER2-targeting fusion proteins and gemcitabine. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:121-30. [PMID: 24807584 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase the antitumor efficacy, in the present study, we proposed several settings of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9-oriented combinations that comprise the MMP-2/9-targeting fusion protein dFv-LDP and the MMP inhibitor doxycycline (DOX) in association with EGFR/HER2-bispecific fusion protein Ec-LDP-Hr, its enediyne-energized analogue Ec-LDP-Hr-AE, and gemcitabine (GEM). The expressions of various fusion proteins were detected by western blot analysis. Proliferation and migration inhibition of cells were determined by MTT and Transwell assay, respectively. The binding capability of dFv-LDP and Ec-LDP-Hr to cancer cells was examined by ELISA, cell immunofluorescence coimmunoprecipitation and confocal assays. Animal experiments were set to investigate the antitumor efficacy of various combinations against colorectal carcinoma HCT-15 xenograft in athymic mice. These two targeting proteins dFv-LDP and Ec-LDP-Hr had strong binding capabilities and antiproliferation effects on various cancer cell lines. Enhanced therapeutic efficacy in vivo was observed in the MMP-2/9-targeting fusion protein dFv-LDP integrated combinations including: i) dFv-LDP and Ec-LDP-Hr, ii) dFv-LDP and enediyne-energized fusion protein Ec-LDP-Hr-AE, iii) dFv-LDP and Ec-LDP-Hr-AE plus DOX, and iv) dFv-LDP and GEM plus DOX against colorectal cancer HCT-15 xenograft in athymic mice. In setting iii, DOX (20 mg/kg), dFv-LDP (20 mg/kg) and Ec-LDP-Hr-AE (0.3 mg/kg) alone suppressed tumor growth by 35, 49.7 and 67.5%, respectively. The combination of dFv-LDP and Ec-LDP-Hr-AE was 75.1%. Furthermore, this combination plus DOX showed stronger efficacy with an inhibitory rate of 82.7%. In setting iv, the combination of dFv-LDP and GEM suppressed tumor growth by 66.3%. Notably, the tumor inhibitory rate of the dFv-LDP/GEM/DOX combination reached 85.5%, producing initial shrinkage after the first administration. The MMP-2/9-oriented combination strategy that employs the MMP-2/9-targeting antibody-based fusion protein and the small molecular inhibitor DOX as the basic composed agents may enhance antitumor efficacy in association with the EGFR/HER2-targeting fusion protein and GEM. This multiple targeting approach may be useful for enhancing antitumor efficacy against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Qin
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Jun Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Jie Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Juan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Guang Shao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Su Zhen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Zhao Y, Malinauskas T, Harlos K, Jones EY. Structural insights into the inhibition of Wnt signaling by cancer antigen 5T4/Wnt-activated inhibitory factor 1. Structure 2014; 22:612-20. [PMID: 24582434 PMCID: PMC3988984 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The tumor antigen 5T4/WAIF1 (Wnt-activated inhibitory factor 1; also known as Trophoblast glycoprotein TPBG) is a cell surface protein targeted in multiple cancer immunotherapy clinical trials. Recently, it has been shown that 5T4/WAIF1 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a signaling system central to many developmental and pathological processes. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is controlled by multiple inhibitors and activators. Here, we report crystal structures for the extracellular domain of 5T4/WAIF1 at 1.8 Å resolution. They reveal a highly glycosylated, rigid core, comprising eight leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), which serves as a platform to present evolutionarily conserved surface residues in the N-terminal LRR1. Structural and cell-based analyses, coupled with previously reported in vivo data, suggest that Tyr325 plus the LRR1 surface centered on a second exposed aromatic residue, Phe97, are essential for inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These results provide a structural basis for the development of 5T4/WAIF1-targeted therapies that preserve or block 5T4/WAIF1-mediated inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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50
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Shah DK, King LE, Han X, Wentland JA, Zhang Y, Lucas J, Haddish-Berhane N, Betts A, Leal M. A priori prediction of tumor payload concentrations: preclinical case study with an auristatin-based anti-5T4 antibody-drug conjugate. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:452-63. [PMID: 24578215 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this investigation were as follows: (a) to validate a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic (PK) model of ADC for its ability to a priori predict tumor concentrations of ADC and released payload, using anti-5T4 ADC A1mcMMAF, and (b) to analyze the PK model to find out main pathways and parameters model outputs are most sensitive to. Experiential data containing biomeasures, and plasma and tumor concentrations of ADC and payload, following A1mcMMAF administration in two different xenografts, were used to build and validate the model. The model performed reasonably well in terms of a priori predicting tumor exposure of total antibody, ADC, and released payload, and the exposure of released payload in plasma. Model predictions were within two fold of the observed exposures. Pathway analysis and local sensitivity analysis were conducted to investigate main pathways and set of parameters the model outputs are most sensitive to. It was discovered that payload dissociation from ADC and tumor size were important determinants of plasma and tumor payload exposure. It was also found that the sensitivity of the model output to certain parameters is dose-dependent, suggesting caution before generalizing the results from the sensitivity analysis. Model analysis also revealed the importance of understanding and quantifying the processes responsible for ADC and payload disposition within tumor cell, as tumor concentrations were sensitive to these parameters. Proposed ADC PK model provides a useful tool for a priori predicting tumor payload concentrations of novel ADCs preclinically, and possibly translating them to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA,
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