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Ma Y, Chen H, Li H, Zhao Z, An Q, Shi C. Targeting monoamine oxidase A: a strategy for inhibiting tumor growth with both immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune modulators. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:48. [PMID: 38349393 PMCID: PMC10864517 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is a membrane-bound mitochondrial enzyme present in almost all vertebrate tissues that catalyzes the degradation of biogenic and dietary-derived monoamines. MAOA is known for regulating neurotransmitter metabolism and has been implicated in antitumor immune responses. In this review, we retrospect that MAOA inhibits the activities of various types of tumor-associated immune cells (such as CD8+ T cells and tumor-associated macrophages) by regulating their intracellular monoamines and metabolites. Developing novel MAOA inhibitor drugs and exploring multidrug combination strategies may enhance the efficacy of immune governance. Thus, MAOA may act as a novel immune checkpoint or immunomodulator by influencing the efficacy and effectiveness of immunotherapy. In conclusion, MAOA is a promising immune target that merits further in-depth exploration in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ma
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanmu Chen
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Yan'an University, 580 Bao-Ta Street, Yanan, 716000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhite Zhao
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingling An
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Li L, Shen S, Bickler P, Jacobson MP, Wu LF, Altschuler SJ. Searching for molecular hypoxia sensors among oxygen-dependent enzymes. eLife 2023; 12:e87705. [PMID: 37494095 PMCID: PMC10371230 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to sense and respond to changes in cellular oxygen levels is critical for aerobic organisms and requires a molecular oxygen sensor. The prototypical sensor is the oxygen-dependent enzyme PHD: hypoxia inhibits its ability to hydroxylate the transcription factor HIF, causing HIF to accumulate and trigger the classic HIF-dependent hypoxia response. A small handful of other oxygen sensors are known, all of which are oxygen-dependent enzymes. However, hundreds of oxygen-dependent enzymes exist among aerobic organisms, raising the possibility that additional sensors remain to be discovered. This review summarizes known and potential hypoxia sensors among human O2-dependent enzymes and highlights their possible roles in hypoxia-related adaptation and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Susan Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Philip Bickler
- Hypoxia Research Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Lani F Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Steven J Altschuler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA) Modulates the Sympathetic Regulation and Homeostasis of Polyamines. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020141. [PMID: 36828455 PMCID: PMC9960692 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria. Non-neuronal toxicity of BMAA is poorly studied with a reported increase in reactive oxygen species and a decrease in the antioxidant capacity of liver, kidney, and colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. The aim of this research is to study the toxicity of BMAA (0.1-1 mM) on mitochondria and submitochondrial particles with ATPase activity, on the semicarbazide-sensitive amino oxidases (SSAOs) activity of rat liver, and on an in vitro model containing functionally active excitable tissues-regularly contracting heart muscle preparation with a preserved autonomic innervation. For the first time the BMAA-dependent inhibition of SSAO activity, the elimination of the positive inotropic effect of adrenergic innervation, and the direct and reversible inhibition of adrenaline signaling in ventricular myocytes with 1 mM BMAA were observed. Additionally, it is confirmed that 1 mM BMAA can activate mitochondrial ATPase indirectly. It is concluded that a higher dose of BMAA may influence multiple physiological and pathological processes as it slows down the degradation of biogenic amines, downregulates the sympathetic neuromediation, and embarrasses the cell signaling of adrenergic receptors.
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Ogunsuyi O, Olasehinde T, Oboh G. Neuroprotective properties of Solanum leaves in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster model of Alzheimer's disease. Biomarkers 2022; 27:587-598. [PMID: 35546534 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2077446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effect of African eggplant (AE) (Solanum macrocarpon L) and Black nightshade (BN) (Solanum nigrum L) leaves; two tropical vegetables consumed by humans on behavioral, biochemical and histological indices in Drosophila melanogaster model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). MATERIALS AND METHOD Transgenic flies expressing human Amyloid Precursor Protein (hAPP) and β-secretase (hBACE 1) were exposed to the pulverized leaf samples (0.1 and 1.0%) in their diets for fourteen days. Thereafter, the flies were assessed for their behavioral indices and routine histology of brain cells. Furthermore, fly head homogenates were assayed for β-amyloid level, activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE-1), as well as oxidative stress markers. RESULTS Result showed that the significantly lower (p < 0.05) behavioral parameters (survival, locomotor performance and memory index), higher AChE and BACE-1 activities, β-amyloid, ROS and lipid peroxidation levels, as well as reduced antioxidant indices observed in the AD flies, were significantly ameliorated (p < 0.05) in AD flies treated with the leaf samples. DISCUSSION This study has showed that leaves of AE and BN ameliorated behavioral and biochemical indices in AD flies via neural enzyme modulatory, and antioxidant mechanisms. CONCLUSION Hence, this study further justifies the neuroprotective properties of both AE and BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Ogunsuyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Biomedical Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Tosin Olasehinde
- Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Food Technology Department, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Lagos, Nigeria.,Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, Kwazulu-Natal Province, South Africa
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria
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Jana A, Baruah M, Samanta A. Activity-based fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging of Reactive Carbonyl species (RCSs). Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200044. [PMID: 35239996 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review explains various strategies for developing fluorescent probes to detect reactive carbonyl species (RCS). There are sevaral number of mono and diacarbonyls among 30 varieties of reactive carbonyl species (RCSs) so far discovered, which play pivotal roles in pathological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, renal failure, and diabetes mellitus. These RCSs play essential roles in maintaining ion channels regulation, cellular signaling pathways, and metabolisms. Among RCSs, Carbon moxide (CO) is also utilized for its cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Fluorescence-based non-invasive optical tools have come out as one of the promising methods for analyzing the concentrations and co-localizations of these small metabolites. There has been a tremendous eruption in developing fluorescent probes for selective detection of specific RCSs within cellular and aqueous environments due to its high sensitivity, high spatial and temporal resolution of fluorescence imaging. Fluorescence-based sensing mechanisms such as intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), photoinduced electron transfer (PeT), excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) are described. In particular, probes for dicarbonyls such as methylglyoxal (MGO), malondialdehyde (MDA), along with monocarbonyls that include formaldehyde (FA), carbon monoxide (CO) and phosgene are discussed. One of the most exciting advances in this review is the summary of fluorescent probes of dicarbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anal Jana
- Shiv Nadar University, Chemistry, INDIA
| | | | - Animesh Samanta
- Shiv Nadar University, CHEMISTRY, NH 91, TEHSIL DADRI, GAUSTAM BUDHA NAGAR, 201314, GREATER NOIDA, INDIA
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Horváth ÁI, Szentes N, Tékus V, Payrits M, Szőke É, Oláh E, Garami A, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Poór M, Sár C, Kálai T, Pál S, Percze K, Scholz ÉN, Mészáros T, Tóth B, Mátyus P, Helyes Z. Proof-of-Concept for the Analgesic Effect and Thermoregulatory Safety of Orally Administered Multi-Target Compound SZV 1287 in Mice: A Novel Drug Candidate for Neuropathic Pain. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070749. [PMID: 34209525 PMCID: PMC8301340 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SZV 1287 (3-(4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)propanal oxime) is a novel multi-target candidate under preclinical development for neuropathic pain. It inhibits amine oxidase copper containing 3, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors. Mainly under acidic conditions, it is transformed to the cyclooxygenase inhibitor oxaprozin, which is ineffective for neuropathy. Therefore, an enterosolvent capsule is suggested for oral formulation, which we investigated for nociception, basic kinetics, and thermoregulatory safety in mice. The antihyperalgesic effect of SZV 1287 (10, 20, 50, and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) was determined in partial sciatic nerve ligation-induced traumatic neuropathy by aesthesiometry, brain and plasma concentrations by HPLC, and deep body temperature by thermometry. Its effect on proton-induced TRPV1 activation involved in thermoregulation was assessed by microfluorimetry in cultured trigeminal neurons. The three higher SZV 1287 doses significantly, but not dose-dependently, reduced neuropathic hyperalgesia by 50% of its maximal effect. It was quickly absorbed; plasma concentration was stable for 2 h, and it entered into the brain. Although SZV 1287 significantly decreased the proton-induced TRPV1-mediated calcium-influx potentially leading to hyperthermia, it did not alter deep body temperature. Oral SZV 1287 inhibited neuropathic hyperalgesia and, despite TRPV1 antagonistic action and brain penetration, it did not influence thermoregulation, which makes it a promising analgesic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám István Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Á.I.H.); (N.S.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (É.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Szentes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Á.I.H.); (N.S.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (É.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Valéria Tékus
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Á.I.H.); (N.S.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (É.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Maja Payrits
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Á.I.H.); (N.S.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (É.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Á.I.H.); (N.S.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (É.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- ALGONIST Biotechnologies GmBH, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emőke Oláh
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.O.); (A.G.)
| | - András Garami
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.O.); (A.G.)
| | - Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.F.-N.); (M.P.)
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.F.-N.); (M.P.)
| | - Cecília Sár
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (C.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tamás Kálai
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (C.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Szilárd Pál
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Krisztina Percze
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.P.); (É.N.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Éva Nagyné Scholz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.P.); (É.N.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Tamás Mészáros
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.P.); (É.N.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Blanka Tóth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Péter Mátyus
- Institute of Digital Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Public Services, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Á.I.H.); (N.S.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (É.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- ALGONIST Biotechnologies GmBH, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- PharmInVivo Ltd., H-7629 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Jana A, Baruah M, Munan S, Samanta A. ICT based water-soluble fluorescent probe for discriminating mono and dicarbonyl species and analysis in foods. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6380-6383. [PMID: 34081065 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02600c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A unique and highly water-soluble ICT-based fluorescent probe is developed for efficient detection and discrimination of reactive monocarbonyl formaldehyde (FA) from dicarbonyl methylglyoxal (MGO)/glyoxal (GO) by modulating the ICT process, which was confirmed by photophysical and TD-DFT analysis. The probe is applied in cellular imaging and quantifying FA in preserved food and MGO in manuka honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anal Jana
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
| | - Mousumi Baruah
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
| | - Subrata Munan
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
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Unzeta M, Hernàndez-Guillamon M, Sun P, Solé M. SSAO/VAP-1 in Cerebrovascular Disorders: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073365. [PMID: 33805974 PMCID: PMC8036996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), also known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) or primary amine oxidase (PrAO), is a deaminating enzyme highly expressed in vessels that generates harmful products as a result of its enzymatic activity. As a multifunctional enzyme, it is also involved in inflammation through its ability to bind and promote the transmigration of circulating leukocytes into inflamed tissues. Inflammation is present in different systemic and cerebral diseases, including stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These pathologies show important affectations on cerebral vessels, together with increased SSAO levels. This review summarizes the main roles of SSAO/VAP-1 in human physiology and pathophysiology and discusses the mechanisms by which it can affect the onset and progression of both stroke and AD. As there is an evident interrelationship between stroke and AD, basically through the vascular system dysfunction, the possibility that SSAO/VAP-1 could be involved in the transition between these two pathologies is suggested. Hence, its inhibition is proposed to be an interesting therapeutical approach to the brain damage induced in these both cerebral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Unzeta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Auònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mar Hernàndez-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-896-766
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Montse Solé
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
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Tékus V, Horváth ÁI, Csekő K, Szabadfi K, Kovács-Valasek A, Dányádi B, Deres L, Halmosi R, Sághy É, Varga ZV, Adeghate E, Kőszegi T, Mátyus P, Gábriel R, Ferdinandy P, Pintér E, Helyes Z. Protective effects of the novel amine-oxidase inhibitor multi-target drug SZV 1287 on streptozotocin-induced beta cell damage and diabetic complications in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111105. [PMID: 33338750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disease leading to hyperglycemia due to insufficient pancreatic insulin production or effect. Amine oxidase copper containing 3 (AOC3) is an enzyme that belongs to the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase family, which may be a novel therapeutic target to treat diabetic complications. We aimed to explore the effects of AOC3 inhibition and to test the actions of our novel AOC3 inhibitor multi-target drug candidate, SZV 1287, compared to a selective reference compound, LJP 1207, in an 8-week long insulin-controlled streptozotocin (STZ)-induced (60 mg/kg i.p.) rat diabetes model. Both AOC3 inhibitors (20 mg/kg, daily s.c. injections) were protective against STZ-induced pancreatic beta cell damage determined by insulin immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay, neuropathic cold hypersensitivity measured by paw withdrawal latency decrease from 0 °C water, and retinal dysfunction detected by electroretinography. SZV 1287 showed greater inhibitory effects on beta cell damage, and reduced retinal apoptosis shown by histochemistry. Mechanical hypersensitivity measured by aesthesiometry, cardiac dysfunction and nitrosative stress determined by echocardiography and immunohistochemistry/Western blot, respectively, serum Na+, K+, fructosamine, and urine microalbumin, creatinine, total protein/creatinine ratio alterations did not develop in response to diabetes. None of these parameters were influenced by the treatments except for SZV 1287 reducing serum fructosamine and LJP 1207 increasing urine creatinine. We provide the first evidence for protective effects of AOC3 inhibition on STZ-induced pancreatic beta cell damage, neuropathic cold hypersensitivity and diabetic retinal dysfunction. Long-term treatment with our novel multi-target analgesic candidate, SZV 1287, is safe and effective also under diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Tékus
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ádám István Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Csekő
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Retinal Neurobiology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kovács-Valasek
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Retinal Neurobiology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bese Dányádi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Retinal Neurobiology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Deres
- Genomics and Experimental Cardiology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; HAS-UP Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions Research Group, H-1245, Budapest, Hungary; 1st Department of Medicine, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Medical School, Ifjúság útja 13, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Halmosi
- Genomics and Experimental Cardiology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; 1st Department of Medicine, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Medical School, Ifjúság útja 13, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Sághy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Ifjúság útja 13, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Mátyus
- Institute of Digital Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Health and Public Services, Ferenc tér 15, H-1094, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Retinal Neurobiology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd., Szondi György u. 10, H-7629, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd., Szondi György u. 10, H-7629, Pécs, Hungary.
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10
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A single benzene fluorescent probe for efficient formaldehyde sensing in living cells using glutathione as an amplifier. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 214:112091. [PMID: 33285487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA), a simple reactive carbonyl molecule, is endogenously produced in the cell at various physiological condition. At elevated level, FA causes severe cell toxicity as well as damage in macromolecules such proteins and DNA. For detecting FA in living cell, we identify a small but effective fluorescent turn on probe comprising single benzene-based orothophenylenediamine compound. Further study reveals that carboxylic group in orothophenylenediamine plays the important role in enhancing fluorescent signal than another electron withdrawing group. It is even interesting to observe the occurrence of fluorescent enhancement in glutathione (GSH) environment which is generally abundant in every cell. Our probe enables to detect FA over other bio-analytes efficiently with limit of detection of 123 nM and 355-fold of enhancement in cellular mimicking conditions. Moreover, this probe could be useful in discriminating cell that has high concentration of FA as well as GSH.
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11
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Paley EL. Discovery of Gut Bacteria Specific to Alzheimer's Associated Diseases is a Clue to Understanding Disease Etiology: Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Data on Human Gut Metagenomics and Metabolomics. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:319-355. [PMID: 31561379 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated sequence (ADAS) of cultured fecal bacteria was discovered in human gut targeted screening. This study provides important information to expand our current understanding of the structure/activity relationship of ADAS and putative inhibitors/activators that are potentially involved in ADAS appearance/disappearance. The NCBI database analysis revealed that ADAS presents at a large proportion in American Indian Oklahoman (C&A) with a high prevalence of obesity/diabetes and in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients from the US and China. An Oklahoman non-native group (NNI) showed no ADAS. Comparison of two large US populations reveals that ADAS is more frequent in individuals aged ≥66 and in females. Prevalence and levels of fecal metabolites are altered in the C&A and CRC groups versus controls. Biogenic amines (histamine, tryptamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, cadaverine, putrescine, agmatine, spermidine) that present in food and are produced by gut microbiota are significantly higher in C&A (e.g., histamine/histidine 95-fold) versus NNI (histamine/histidine 16-fold). The majority of these bio-amines are cytotoxic at concentrations found in food. Inositol phosphate signaling implicated in AD is altered in C&A and CRC. Tryptamine stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphate. The seizure-eliciting tryptamine induced cytoplasmic vacuolization and vesiculation with cell fragmentation. Present additions of ADAS-carriers at different ages including infants led to an ADAS-comprising human sample size of 2,830 from 27 studies from four continents (North America, Australia, Asia, Europe). Levels of food-derived monoamine oxidase inhibitors and anti-bacterial compounds, the potential modulators of ADAS-bacteria growth and biogenic amine production, were altered in C&A versus NNI. ADAS is attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors of AD associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Paley
- Expert Biomed, Inc., Miami, FL, USA.,Stop Alzheimers Corp, Miami, FL, USA
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12
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Shi R, Wu Q, Xin C, Yu H, Lim KL, Li X, Shi Z, Zhang CW, Qian L, Li L, Huang W. Structure-Based Specific Detection and Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidases and Their Applications in Central Nervous System Diseases. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1487-1497. [PMID: 30664830 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are the enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, which serve as key neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS). MAOs play important roles in maintaining the homeostasis of monoamines, and the aberrant expression or activation of MAOs underlies the pathogenesis of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders, including neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Clearly, detecting and inhibiting the activities of MAOs is of great value for the diagnosis and therapeutics of these diseases. Accordingly, many specific detection probes and inhibitors have been developed and substantially contributed to basic and clinical studies of these diseases. In this review, progress in the detecting and inhibiting of MAOs and their applications in mechanism exploration and treatment of neurotransmitter-related disorders is summarized. Notably, how the detection probes and inhibitors of MAOs were developed has been specifically addressed. It is hoped that this review will benefit the design of more effective and sensitive probes and inhibitors for MAOs, and eventually the treatment of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riri Shi
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Chenqi Xin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Houzhi Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Neuroscience Clinic, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Xin Li
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxiong Shi
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Wu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Linghui Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China.,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P.R. China
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13
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Yang H, Ralle M, Wolfgang MJ, Dhawan N, Burkhead JL, Rodriguez S, Kaplan JH, Wong GW, Haughey N, Lutsenko S. Copper-dependent amino oxidase 3 governs selection of metabolic fuels in adipocytes. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006519. [PMID: 30199530 PMCID: PMC6130853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) has emerged as an important modifier of body lipid metabolism. However, how Cu contributes to the physiology of fat cells remains largely unknown. We found that adipocytes require Cu to establish a balance between main metabolic fuels. Differentiating adipocytes increase their Cu uptake along with the ATP7A-dependent transport of Cu into the secretory pathway to activate a highly up-regulated amino-oxidase copper-containing 3 (AOC3)/semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO); in vivo, the activity of SSAO depends on the organism's Cu status. Activated SSAO oppositely regulates uptake of glucose and long-chain fatty acids and remodels the cellular proteome to coordinate changes in fuel availability and related downstream processes, such as glycolysis, de novo lipogenesis, and sphingomyelin/ceramide synthesis. The loss of SSAO-dependent regulation due to Cu deficiency, limited Cu transport to the secretory pathway, or SSAO inactivation shifts metabolism towards lipid-dependent pathways and results in adipocyte hypertrophy and fat accumulation. The results establish a role for Cu homeostasis in adipocyte metabolism and identify SSAO as a regulator of energy utilization processes in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Wolfgang
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neha Dhawan
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason L. Burkhead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Susana Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack H. Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - G. William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Norman Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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14
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Horváth Á, Tékus V, Bencze N, Szentes N, Scheich B, Bölcskei K, Szőke É, Mócsai A, Tóth-Sarudy É, Mátyus P, Pintér E, Helyes Z. Analgesic effects of the novel semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase inhibitor SZV 1287 in mouse pain models with neuropathic mechanisms: Involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and ankyrin 1 receptors. Pharmacol Res 2018; 131:231-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Ke M, Wu H, Zhu Z, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Deng Y. Differential proteomic analysis of white adipose tissues from T2D KKAy mice by LC-ESI-QTOF. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 27995753 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become a worldwide increasingly social health burden for its high morbidity and heightened prevalence. As one of the main tissues involved in uptake of glucose under the stimulation of insulin, WAT plays very important role in metabolic and homeostasis regulation. We performed a differential proteomics study to investigate alterations in epididymis fat pad of high fat diet fed T2D KKAy mice compared to normal fed C57BL/6J mice, by 18 O-labeling relative quantitative technique. Among 329 confidently identified proteins, 121 proteins showed significant changes with CV ≤ 20% (fold changes of >2 or <0.5 as threshold). According to GO classification, we found that altered proteins contained members of biological processes of metabolic process, oxidative stress, ion homeostasis, apoptosis and cell division. In metabolic, proteins assigned to fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS etc.) were decreased, the key enzyme (ACOX3) in β-oxidation process was increased. Increased glycolysis enzymes (ENOB etc.) and decreased TCA cycle related enzymes (SCOT1 etc.) suggested that glucose metabolism in mitochondria of T2D mice might be impaired. Elevated oxidative stress was observed with alterations of a series of oxidordeuctase (QSOX1 etc.). Besides, alterations of ion homeostasis (AT2C1 etc.) proteins were also observed. The enhancement of cell proliferation associated proteins (ELYS etc.) and inhibition of apoptosis associated proteins (RASF6 etc.) in WAT might contributed to the fat pad and body weight gain. Overall, these changes in WAT may serve as a reference for understanding the functional mechanism of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ke
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of life science, Haidian, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hanyan Wu
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of life science, Haidian, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of life science, Haidian, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of life science, Haidian, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongqian Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of life science, Haidian, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yunlin Deng
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of life science, Haidian, Beijing, P. R. China
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16
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Bruemmer KJ, Brewer TF, Chang CJ. Fluorescent probes for imaging formaldehyde in biological systems. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 39:17-23. [PMID: 28527906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a common environmental toxin but is also endogenously produced through a diverse array of essential biological processes, including mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism, metabolite oxidation, and nuclear epigenetic modifications. Its high electrophilicity enables reactivity with a wide variety of biological nucleophiles, which can be beneficial or detrimental to cellular function depending on the context. New methods that enable detection of FA in living systems can help disentangle the signal/stress dichotomy of this simplest reactive carbonyl species (RCS), and fluorescent probes for FA with high selectivity and sensitivity have emerged as promising chemical tools in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Bruemmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Thomas F Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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17
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Jarnicki AG, Schilter H, Liu G, Wheeldon K, Essilfie AT, Foot JS, Yow TT, Jarolimek W, Hansbro PM. The inhibitor of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, PXS-4728A, ameliorates key features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a mouse model. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3161-3175. [PMID: 27495192 PMCID: PMC5071557 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of illness and death, often induced by cigarette smoking (CS). It is characterized by pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis that impairs lung function. Existing treatments aim to control symptoms but have low efficacy, and there are no broadly effective treatments. A new potential target is the ectoenzyme, semicarbazide-sensitive mono-amine oxidase (SSAO; also known as vascular adhesion protein-1). SSAO is elevated in smokers' serum and is a pro-inflammatory enzyme facilitating adhesion and transmigration of leukocytes from the vasculature to sites of inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PXS-4728A was developed as a low MW inhibitor of SSAO. A model of COPD induced by CS in mice reproduces key aspects of human COPD, including chronic airway inflammation, fibrosis and impaired lung function. This model was used to assess suppression of SSAO activity and amelioration of inflammation and other characteristic features of COPD. KEY RESULTS Treatment with PXS-4728A completely inhibited lung and systemic SSAO activity induced by acute and chronic CS-exposure. Daily oral treatment inhibited airway inflammation (immune cell influx and inflammatory factors) induced by acute CS-exposure. Therapeutic treatment during chronic CS-exposure, when the key features of experimental COPD develop and progress, substantially suppressed inflammatory cell influx and fibrosis in the airways and improved lung function. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Treatment with a low MW inhibitor of SSAO, PXS-4728A, suppressed airway inflammation and fibrosis and improved lung function in experimental COPD, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of PXS-4728A for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Jarnicki
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Schilter
- Drug Discovery Department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G Liu
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - K Wheeldon
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - A-T Essilfie
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - J S Foot
- Drug Discovery Department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T T Yow
- Drug Discovery Department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - W Jarolimek
- Drug Discovery Department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P M Hansbro
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Roth A, Li H, Anorma C, Chan J. A Reaction-Based Fluorescent Probe for Imaging of Formaldehyde in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10890-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Roth
- Department
of Chemistry,
Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hao Li
- Department
of Chemistry,
Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chelsea Anorma
- Department
of Chemistry,
Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department
of Chemistry,
Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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19
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Abstract
This paper reviews the discovery and history of the use of irreversible monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (MAOIs) such as phenelzine, tranylcypromine and isocarboxazid, as well as the second generation selective and reversible MAOIs such as the MAO-A inhibitor, moclobemide and the MAO-B inhibitor, selegiline. Data for review were identified from a literature search of OvidSP Medline and PsycInfo performed in July 2012, using the subject terms and keywords of 'monoamine oxidase inhibitors', 'major depression', 'depressive disorder' and 'depression (emotion)'. The search was limited to papers published in the English language and from 2007 onward only. Irreversible MAOIs have the potential to treat the most challenging mood disorder patients including those with treatment-resistant depression, atypical depression and bipolar depression. Unfortunately, the use of irreversible MAOIs has been declining sharply due to lack of marketing and the excessive fears of clinicians. Moreover, few clinicians now have any experience, let alone comfort, in prescribing this class of antidepressants. The newer MAOIs are available as another option for the treatment of major depression but have not replaced the irreversible MAOIs for the specific sub-types of depression for which they are now recommended in most consensus guidelines and treatment algorithms. The pharmacology, drug interactions and dietary recommendations associated with the use of MAOIs are reviewed. With the appropriate dietary restrictions and attention to potential drug interactions with serotonin and noradrenaline agents this class of drugs can be used effectively and safely. The MAOIs still represent an important element in our therapeutic armamentarium. Despite recommendations by opinion leaders and consensus guidelines for the use of MAOIs in specific sub-types of depression, the prescription rate of MAOIs is far less than expected and is decreasing. The "bad reputation" and the lack of industry support for this class of agents (especially the irreversible MAOIs) must be overcome in order to continue to provide a potentially useful treatment for a very vulnerable yet substantial sub-population of mood disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth I Shulman
- Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada,
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20
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Foot JS, Yow TT, Schilter H, Buson A, Deodhar M, Findlay AD, Guo L, McDonald IA, Turner CI, Zhou W, Jarolimek W. PXS-4681A, a Potent and Selective Mechanism-Based Inhibitor of SSAO/VAP-1 with Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:365-74. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.207613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Chen J, Xi J, Tian Y, Bova GS, Zhang H. Identification, prioritization, and evaluation of glycoproteins for aggressive prostate cancer using quantitative glycoproteomics and antibody-based assays on tissue specimens. Proteomics 2013; 13:2268-77. [PMID: 23716368 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is highly heterogeneous in nature; while the majority of cases are clinically insignificant, some cases are lethal. Currently, there are no reliable screening methods for aggressive prostate cancer. Since most established serum and urine biomarkers are glycoproteins secreted or leaked from the diseased tissue, the current study seeks to identify glycoprotein markers specific to aggressive prostate cancer using tissue specimens. With LC-MS/MS glycoproteomic analysis, we identified 350 glycopeptides with 17 being altered in aggressive prostate cancer. ELISA assays were developed/purchased to evaluate four candidates, that is, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), periostin, membrane primary amine oxidase (VAP-1), and cathepsin L, in independent tissue sets. In agreement with the proteomic analysis, we found that COMP and periostin expressions were significantly increased in aggressive prostate tumors while VAP-1 expression was significantly decreased in aggressive tumor. In addition, the expression of these proteins in prostate metastases also follows the same pattern observed in the proteomic analysis. This study provides a workflow for biomarker discovery, prioritization, and evaluation of aggressive prostate cancer markers using tissue specimens. Our data suggest that increase in COMP and periostin and decrease in VAP-1 expression in the prostate may be associated with aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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22
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Arterial vascular cell line expressing SSAO: a new tool to study the pathophysiology of vascular amine oxidases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1005-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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The discovery and development of selective 3-fluoro-4-aryloxyallylamine inhibitors of the amine oxidase activity of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3935-40. [PMID: 22595173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new class of 3-fluoroallyl amine-based SSAO/VAP-1 inhibitors is reported. These compounds have excellent selectivity over diamine oxidase, MAO-A and MAO-B. Synthesis and SAR studies leading to compound 28 (PXS-4159A) are reported. The pharmacokinetic profile of 28 in the rat, together with activity in a murine model of lung inflammation are also disclosed.
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24
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Vascular cell lines expressing SSAO/VAP-1: a new experimental tool to study its involvement in vascular diseases. Biol Cell 2012; 103:543-57. [PMID: 21819380 DOI: 10.1042/bc20110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION PrAO (primary amine oxidase), also known as SSAO (semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase)/VAP-1 (vascular adhesion protein-1), is an enzyme (EC 1.4.3.21) that is highly expressed in blood vessels and participates in many cell processes, including glucose handling or inflammatory leucocyte recruitment. High activity levels of this enzyme are associated with diabetes, atherosclerosis, AD (Alzheimer's disease) or stroke, among others, thus meaning that studies concerning SSAO as a therapeutic target are becoming more frequent. However, the study of this enzyme is difficult, owing to its loss of expression in cell cultures. RESULTS We have developed an endothelial cell line that stably expresses the human SSAO/VAP-1 to be used as endothelial cell model for the study of this enzyme. The transfected protein is mainly expressed as a dimer in the membrane of these cells, and we demonstrate its specific localization in the lipid rafts of endothelial cells. The protein shows levels of enzymatic activity and kinetic parameters comparable with those observed in vivo by the same cell type. The transfected SSAO/VAP-1 is also able to mediate the adhesion of leucocytes to the endothelium, a known function of this protein under inflammatory conditions. This distinctive function is not exerted by the SSAO/VAP-1 transfected protein in a smooth muscle cell line that expresses 3-fold higher protein levels. These differences have been widely reported to exist in vivo. Furthermore, using this endothelial cell model, we describe for the first time the involvement of the leucocyte-adhesion activity of SSAO/VAP-1 in the Aβ (amyloid β-peptide)-mediated pro-inflammatory effect. CONCLUSIONS The characterization of this new cell line shows the correct behaviour of the transfected protein and endorses the use of these cellular models for the in-depth study of the currently poorly understood functions of SSAO/VAP-1 and its involvement in the above-mentioned pathologies. This cellular model will be also useful for the evaluation of potential compounds that could modulate its activity for therapeutic purposes.
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25
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Shen SH, Wertz DL, Klinman JP. Implication for functions of the ectopic adipocyte copper amine oxidase (AOC3) from purified enzyme and cell-based kinetic studies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29270. [PMID: 22238597 PMCID: PMC3251558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AOC3 is highly expressed in adipocytes and smooth muscle cells, but its function in these cells is currently unknown. The in vivo substrate(s) of AOC3 is/are also unknown, but could provide an invaluable clue to the enzyme's function. Expression of untagged, soluble human AOC3 in insect cells provides a relatively simple means of obtaining pure enzyme. Characterization of enzyme indicates a 6% titer for the active site 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) cofactor and corrected k(cat) values as high as 7 s(-1). Substrate kinetic profiling shows that the enzyme accepts a variety of primary amines with different chemical features, including nonphysiological branched-chain and aliphatic amines, with measured k(cat)/K(m) values between 10(2) and 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). K(m)(O(2)) approximates the partial pressure of oxygen found in the interstitial space. Comparison of the properties of purified murine to human enzyme indicates k(cat)/K(m) values that are within 3 to 4-fold, with the exception of methylamine and aminoacetone that are ca. 10-fold more active with human AOC3. With drug development efforts investigating AOC3 as an anti-inflammatory target, these studies suggest that caution is called for when screening the efficacy of inhibitors designed against human enzymes in non-transgenic mouse models. Differentiated murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes show a uniform distribution of AOC3 on the cell surface and whole cell K(m) values that are reasonably close to values measured using purified enzymes. The latter studies support a relevance of the kinetic parameters measured with isolated AOC3 variants to adipocyte function. From our studies, a number of possible substrates with relatively high k(cat)/K(m) have been discovered, including dopamine and cysteamine, which may implicate a role for adipocyte AOC3 in insulin-signaling and fatty acid metabolism, respectively. Finally, the demonstrated AOC3 turnover of primary amines that are non-native to human tissue suggests possible roles for the adipocyte enzyme in subcutaneous bacterial infiltration and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam H. Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Diana L. Wertz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Judith P. Klinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Agretti P, De Marco G, Russo L, Saba A, Raffaelli A, Marchini M, Chiellini G, Grasso L, Pinchera A, Vitti P, Scanlan TS, Zucchi R, Tonacchera M. 3-Iodothyronamine metabolism and functional effects in FRTL5 thyroid cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2011; 47:23-32. [PMID: 21511808 DOI: 10.1530/jme-10-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (T(1)AM), produced from thyroid hormones (TH) through decarboxylation and deiodination, is a potent agonist of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a G protein-coupled receptor belonging to the family of TAARs. In vivo T(1)AM induces functional effects opposite to those produced on a longer time scale by TH and might represent a novel branch of TH signaling. In this study, we investigated the action of T(1)AM on thyroid and determined its uptake and catabolism using FRTL5 cells. The expression of TAAR1 was determined by PCR and western blot in FRTL5 cells, and cAMP, iodide uptake, and glucose uptake were measured after incubation with increasing concentrations of T(1)AM for different times. T(1)AM and its catabolites thyronamine (T(0)AM), 3-iodothyroacetic acid (TA(1)), and thyroacetic acid (TA(0)) were analyzed in FRTL5 cells by HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The product of amplification of TAAR1 gene and TAAR1 protein was demonstrated in FRTL5 cells. No persistent and dose-dependent response to T(1)AM was observed after treatment with increasing doses of this substance for different times in terms of cAMP production and iodide uptake. A slight inhibition of glucose uptake was observed in the presence of 100 μM T(1)AM after 60 and 120 min (28 and 32% respectively), but the effect disappeared after 18 h. T(1)AM was taken up by FRTL5 cells and catabolized to T(0)AM, TA(1), and TA(0) confirming the presence of deiodinase and amine oxidase activity in thyroid. In conclusion, T(1)AM determined a slight inhibition of glucose uptake in FRTL5 cells, but it was taken up and catabolized by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Agretti
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Centro Eccellenza AmbiSEN, Università di Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Cisanello, Pisa, Italy
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Dunkel P, Balogh B, Meleddu R, Maccioni E, Gyires K, Mátyus P. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1: a patent survey. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1453-71. [PMID: 21675926 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.594040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1)/semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is an adhesion protein involved in leukocyte trafficking and inflammatory processes, with a special amine oxidase activity. Inhibitors have been mainly developed for treating chronic inflammatory disorders. The utility of inhibitors as antiangiogenic agents in ophthalmological and oncological diseases is currently under evaluation. SSAO substrates may mimic several insulin effects, although their utility for the treatment of diabetes is still far from being fully understood. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the patent literature of SSAO/VAP-1 inhibitors and substrates, for the period of 1990 - 2010. The current stage of SSAO/VAP-1-interacting agents published in patents is described, along with their chemical structures and pharmacological uses. EXPERT OPINION SSAO/VAP-1 is a promising anti-inflammatory target. Another important field for therapeutic application of these inhibitors may be ophthalmology, due to their antiangiogenic effects. SSAO substrates might also be of therapeutic value in the treatment of diabetes; however, more extensive research has to be undertaken to validate this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dunkel
- Semmelweis University, Department of Organic Chemistry , Hőgyes Endre utca 7, 1092 Budapest , Hungary
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28
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Urine formaldehyde level is inversely correlated to mini mental state examination scores in senile dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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He R, Lu J, Miao J. Formaldehyde stress. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:1399-404. [PMID: 21181340 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-4112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde, one of the most toxic organic compounds, is produced and processed in human cells. The level of human endogenous formaldehyde is maintained at a low concentration (0.01-0.08 mmol L(-1) in blood) under physiological conditions, but the concentration increases during ageing (over 65 years old). Clinical trials have shown that urine formaldehyde concentrations are significantly different between elderly Alzheimer's patients (n=91) and normal elderly volunteers (n=38) (P<0.001). Abnormally high levels of intrinsic formaldehyde lead to dysfunction in cognition such as learning decline and memory loss. Excess extracellular and intracellular formaldehyde could induce metabolic response and abnormal modifications of cellular proteins such as hydroxymethylation and hyperphosphorylation, protein misfolding, nuclear translocation and even cell death. This cellular response called formaldehyde stress is dependent upon the concentration of formaldehyde. Chronic impairments of the brain resulted from formaldehyde stress could be one of the mechanisms involved in the process of senile dementia during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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30
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Saba A, Chiellini G, Frascarelli S, Marchini M, Ghelardoni S, Raffaelli A, Tonacchera M, Vitti P, Scanlan TS, Zucchi R. Tissue distribution and cardiac metabolism of 3-iodothyronamine. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5063-73. [PMID: 20739399 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) is a novel relative of thyroid hormone, able to interact with specific G protein-coupled receptors, known as trace amine-associated receptors. Significant functional effects are produced by exogenous T1AM, including a negative inotropic and chronotropic effect in cardiac preparations. This work was aimed at estimating endogenous T1AM concentration in different tissues and determining its cardiac metabolism. A novel HPLC tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed, allowing detection of T1AM, thyronamine, 3-iodothyroacetic acid, and thyroacetic acid. T1AM was detected in rat serum, at the concentration of 0.3±0.03 pmol/ml, and in all tested organs (heart, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, stomach, lung, and brain), at concentrations significantly higher than the serum concentration, ranging from 5.6±1.5 pmol/g in lung to 92.9±28.5 pmol/g in liver. T1AM was also identified for the first time in human blood. In H9c2 cardiomyocytes and isolated perfused rat hearts, significant Na+-dependent uptake of exogenous T1AM was observed, and at the steady state total cellular or tissue T1AM concentration exceeded extracellular concentration by more than 20-fold. In both preparations T1AM underwent oxidative deamination to 3-iodothyroacetic acid. T1AM deamination was inhibited by iproniazid but not pargyline or semicarbazide, suggesting the involvement of both monoamine oxidase and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. Thyronamine and thyroacetic acid were not detected in heart. Finally, evidence of T1AM production was observed in cardiomyocytes exposed to exogenous thyroid hormone, although the activity of this pathway was very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Saba
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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31
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Saba A, Chiellini G, Frascarelli S, Marchini M, Ghelardoni S, Raffaelli A, Tonacchera M, Vitti P, Scanlan TS, Zucchi R. Tissue Distribution and Cardiac Metabolism of 3-Iodothyronamine. Endocrinology 2010. [DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0491 pmid: 20739399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is a novel relative of thyroid hormone, able to interact with specific G protein-coupled receptors, known as trace amine-associated receptors. Significant functional effects are produced by exogenous T1AM, including a negative inotropic and chronotropic effect in cardiac preparations. This work was aimed at estimating endogenous T1AM concentration in different tissues and determining its cardiac metabolism. A novel HPLC tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed, allowing detection of T1AM, thyronamine, 3-iodothyroacetic acid, and thyroacetic acid. T1AM was detected in rat serum, at the concentration of 0.3 ± 0.03 pmol/ml, and in all tested organs (heart, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, stomach, lung, and brain), at concentrations significantly higher than the serum concentration, ranging from 5.6 ± 1.5 pmol/g in lung to 92.9 ± 28.5 pmol/g in liver. T1AM was also identified for the first time in human blood. In H9c2 cardiomyocytes and isolated perfused rat hearts, significant Na+-dependent uptake of exogenous T1AM was observed, and at the steady state total cellular or tissue T1AM concentration exceeded extracellular concentration by more than 20-fold. In both preparations T1AM underwent oxidative deamination to 3-iodothyroacetic acid. T1AM deamination was inhibited by iproniazid but not pargyline or semicarbazide, suggesting the involvement of both monoamine oxidase and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. Thyronamine and thyroacetic acid were not detected in heart. Finally, evidence of T1AM production was observed in cardiomyocytes exposed to exogenous thyroid hormone, although the activity of this pathway was very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Saba
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale (A.S.), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Grazia Chiellini
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Uomo e dell’Ambiente (G.C., S.F., M.M., S.G., R.Z.), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabina Frascarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Uomo e dell’Ambiente (G.C., S.F., M.M., S.G., R.Z.), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maja Marchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Uomo e dell’Ambiente (G.C., S.F., M.M., S.G., R.Z.), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Ghelardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Uomo e dell’Ambiente (G.C., S.F., M.M., S.G., R.Z.), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Raffaelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (A.R.), Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Tonacchera
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia (M.T., P.V.), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitti
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia (M.T., P.V.), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Cell and Developmental Biology (T.S.S.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Uomo e dell’Ambiente (G.C., S.F., M.M., S.G., R.Z.), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Nunes SF, Figueiredo IV, Pereira JS, Soares PJ, Caramona MM, Callingham B. Changes in the activities of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in inferior mesenteric artery segments and in serum of patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2010; 47:179-82. [PMID: 20063021 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-009-0174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activity in human arterial tissues and in serum of patients with type 2 diabetes. The SSAO activity, with (14)C-benzylamine as substrate, was measured in homogenates of human inferior mesenteric arteries obtained at surgery, from 10 patients with type 2 diabetes and 16 non-diabetic patients and in the serum of 39 patients with type 2 diabetes and 40 non-diabetic control patients. The SSAO activity in the homogenates of vascular tissue was significantly lower in the diabetics than in the non-diabetics (P = 0.001). The SSAO activity in the serum of patients with type 2 diabetes was higher when compared with control group (P = 0.0001). In conclusion, the SSAO activity increased in the serum and decreased in the arterial tissue. These findings suggest damage in the vascular tissue and support the hypothesis that serum SSAO may be a useful biochemical marker for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fernanda Nunes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra University, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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33
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Boobis A, Watelet JB, Whomsley R, Benedetti MS, Demoly P, Tipton K. Drug interactions. Drug Metab Rev 2009; 41:486-527. [PMID: 19601724 DOI: 10.1080/10837450902891550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drugs for allergy are often taken in combination with other drugs, either to treat allergy or other conditions. In common with many pharmaceuticals, most such drugs are subject to metabolism by P450 enzymes and to transmembrane transport. This gives rise to considerable potential for drug-drug interactions, to which must be added consideration of drug-diet interactions. The potential for metabolism-based drug interactions is increasingly being taken into account during drug development, using a variety of in silico and in vitro approaches. Prediction of transporter-based interactions is not as advanced. The clinical importance of a drug interaction will depend upon a number of factors, and it is important to address concerns quantitatively, taking into account the therapeutic index of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Boobis
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London.
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Zorzano A, Palacín M, Marti L, García-Vicente S. Arylalkylamine vanadium salts as new anti-diabetic compounds. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:559-66. [PMID: 19246098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium compounds show insulin-like effects in vivo and in vitro. Several clinical studies have shown the efficacy of vanadium compounds in type 2 diabetic subjects. However, a major concern is safety, which calls for the development of more potent vanadium compounds. For that reason different laboratories develop strategies to decrease the therapeutic dose of vanadate. One of these strategies use substrates of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO)/vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), a bifunctional protein with amine oxidase activity and adhesive properties implicated in lymphocyte homing at inflammation sites. Substrates of SSAO combined with low concentrations of vanadate strongly stimulate glucose transport and GLUT4 glucose transporter recruitment to the plasma membrane in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in rat adipocytes. This combination also shows anti-diabetic effects in various animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Benzylamine/vanadate administration generates peroxovanadium locally in pancreatic islets, which stimulates insulin secretion, and also produces peroxovanadium in adipose tissue, thereby activating glucose metabolism in adipocytes and in neighboring muscle. This opens up the possibility of using the SSAO/VAP-1 activity as a local generator of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors in anti-diabetic therapy. More recently a novel class of arylalkylaminevanadium salts have shown potent insulin-mimetic effects downstream of the insulin receptor. Administration of these compounds lowers glycemia and normalizes the plasma lipid profile in type 1 and type 2 models of diabetes. The combination of different approaches to decrease vanadium doses, among them chelating agents and SSAO substrates, should permit to develop safe and efficient vanadium based agents safe for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), C/Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, Spain.
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35
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Sartori A, Garay-Malpartida HM, Forni MF, Schumacher RI, Dutra F, Sogayar MC, Bechara EJH. Aminoacetone, a putative endogenous source of methylglyoxal, causes oxidative stress and death to insulin-producing RINm5f cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1841-50. [PMID: 18729331 DOI: 10.1021/tx8001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacetone (AA), triose phosphates, and acetone are putative endogenous sources of potentially cytotoxic and genotoxic methylglyoxal (MG), which has been reported to be augmented in the plasma of diabetic patients. In these patients, accumulation of MG derived from aminoacetone, a threonine and glycine catabolite, is inferred from the observed concomitant endothelial overexpression of circulating semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases. These copper-dependent enzymes catalyze the oxidation of primary amines, such as AA and methylamine, by molecular oxygen, to the corresponding aldehydes, NH4(+) ion and H2O2. We recently reported that AA aerobic oxidation to MG also takes place immediately upon addition of catalytic amounts of copper and iron ions. Taking into account that (i) MG and H2O2 are reportedly cytotoxic to insulin-producing cell lineages such as RINm5f and that (ii) the metal-catalyzed oxidation of AA is propagated by O2(*-) radical anion, we decided to investigate the possible pro-oxidant action of AA on these cells taken here as a reliable model system for pancreatic beta-cells. Indeed, we show that AA (0.10-5.0 mM) administration to RINm5f cultures induces cell death. Ferrous (50-300 microM) and Fe(3+) ion (100 microM) addition to the cell cultures had no effect, whereas Cu(2+) (5.0-100 microM) significantly increased cell death. Supplementation of the AA- and Cu(2+)-containing culture medium with antioxidants, such as catalase (5.0 microM), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 50 U/mL), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 5.0 mM) led to partial protection. mRNA expression of MnSOD, CuZnSOD, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, but not of catalase, is higher in cells treated with AA (0.50-1.0 mM) plus Cu(2+) ions (10-50 microM) relative to control cultures. This may imply higher activity of antioxidant enzymes in RINm5f AA-treated cells. In addition, we have found that AA (0.50-1.0 mM) plus Cu(2+) (100 microM) (i) increase RINm5f cytosolic calcium; (ii) promote DNA fragmentation; and (iii) increase the pro-apoptotic (Bax)/antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) ratio at the level of mRNA expression. In conclusion, although both normal and pathological concentrations of AA are probably much lower than those used here, it is tempting to propose that excess AA in diabetic patients may drive oxidative damage and eventually the death of pancreatic beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Sartori
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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36
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Solé M, Hernandez-Guillamon M, Boada M, Unzeta M. p53 phosphorylation is involved in vascular cell death induced by the catalytic activity of membrane-bound SSAO/VAP-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1085-94. [PMID: 18348872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is a multifunctional enzyme present mainly in adipocytes, endothelial and smooth muscle cells. It metabolizes primary aliphatic and aromatic amines generating products able to contribute to cellular oxidative stress. SSAO is expressed in a membrane-bound form and is also present as a soluble enzyme in plasma. Both isoforms are increased in several pathologies, and the catalytic products generated by the soluble enzymatic activity can induce cytotoxicity of vascular cells in culture. We have analyzed whether the transmembrane form of the enzyme is able to produce a cytotoxic effect through methylamine oxidation. Since cells in culture lose the expression of this enzyme, we used an SSAO stably transfected smooth muscle cell line. Herein we report that cell treatment with the substrate methylamine induced a dose and time dependent cytotoxic effect. The tumor suppressor protein p53 played an important role in the molecular pathway involved in this cell death. Moreover, we also observed the induction of PUMA-alpha expression with mitochondrial Bcl-2 family proteins being affected, and final effector caspases being activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Solé
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, (08193) Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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O'Rourke AM, Wang EY, Miller A, Podar EM, Scheyhing K, Huang L, Kessler C, Gao H, Ton-Nu HT, Macdonald MT, Jones DS, Linnik MD. Anti-inflammatory effects of LJP 1586 [Z-3-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)allylamine hydrochloride], an amine-based inhibitor of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:867-75. [PMID: 17993604 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.131672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO, amine oxidase, copper-containing 3, and vascular adhesion protein-1) is a copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary amines to an aldehyde, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. SSAO is also involved in leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation, and the enzymatic activity of SSAO is essential to this role. Thus, inhibition of SSAO enzyme activity represents a target for the development of small molecule anti-inflammatory compounds. Here, we have characterized the novel SSAO inhibitor, Z-3-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)allylamine hydrochloride (LJP 1586), and assessed its anti-inflammatory activity. LJP 1586 is a potent inhibitor of rodent and human SSAO activity, with IC(50) values between 4 and 43 nM. The selectivity of LJP 1586 was confirmed with a broad panel of receptors and enzymes that included the monoamine oxidases A and B. Oral administration of LJP 1586 resulted in complete inhibition of rat lung SSAO, with an ED(50) between 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, and a pharmacodynamic half-life of greater than 24 h. In a mouse model of inflammatory leukocyte trafficking oral dosing with LJP 1586 resulted in significant dose-dependent inhibition of neutrophil accumulation, with an effect comparable to that of anti-leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 antibody. In a rat model of LPS-induced lung inflammation, administration of 10 mg/kg LJP 1586 resulted in a 55% significant reduction in transmigrated cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. The results demonstrate that a selective, orally active small molecule inhibitor of SSAO is an effective anti-inflammatory compound in vivo and provide further support for SSAO as a therapeutic anti-inflammatory target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M O'Rourke
- La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company, 6455 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Strolin Benedetti M, Tipton KF, Whomsley R. Amine oxidases and monooxygenases in the in vivo metabolism of xenobiotic amines in humans: has the involvement of amine oxidases been neglected? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2007; 21:467-80. [PMID: 17868200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2007.00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the major enzyme systems involved in vivo in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotic amines in humans are discussed, i.e. the monooxygenases [cytochrome P450 system (CYPs) and flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs)] and the amine oxidases (AOs). Concerning the metabolism of xenobiotic amines (drugs in particular) by monoamine oxidases (MAOs), this aspect has been largely neglected in the past. An exception is the extensive investigation carried out on the inhibition of the metabolism of tyramine, when tyramine-containing food is ingested by subjects taking inhibitors of MAO A or of both MAO A and B. Moreover, investigations in humans on the metabolism of drug amines on the market by AOs, such as semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases (SSAOs) and polyamine oxidases (PAOs), are practically nonexistent, with the exception of amlodipine. In contrast to MAOs, monooxygenases (CYP isoenzymes more than FMOs) have been extensively investigated concerning their involvement in the metabolism of xenobiotics. It is possible that the contribution of AOs to the overall metabolism of xenobiotic amines in humans is underestimated or erroneously estimated, as most investigations of drug metabolism are performed using in vitro test systems optimized for CYP activity, such as liver microsomes, and most investigations of drug metabolism in vivo in humans carry out only the identification of the final, stable metabolites. However, for some drugs on the market, the involvement of MAOs in their in vivo metabolism in humans has been demonstrated recently, among these drugs citalopram, sertraline and the triptans are examples that can be mentioned.
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Strolin Benedetti M, Tipton KF, Whomsley R, Baltes E. Factors affecting the relative importance of amine oxidases and monooxygenases in the in vivo metabolism of xenobiotic amines in humans. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:787-91. [PMID: 17401530 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The monooxygenases and the amine oxidases (AOs) are the major enzyme systems involved in vivo in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotic amines in humans. With the exception of the inhibition of the metabolism of tyramine ingested by subjects taking inhibitors of MAO-A or of both MAO-A and -B, which has been extensively investigated, the involvement of the monoamine oxidases in xenobiotic amine metabolism (drugs in particular) has been largely neglected. Furthermore, with the exception of amlodipine, there have been essentially no studies on the metabolism of drug amines by amine oxidases such as SSAOs and PAOs in humans. In contrast, monooxygenases (CYP isoenzymes, and to a lesser extent, FMOs) have been extensively investigated in terms of their involvement in xenobiotic metabolism. It is possible that the contribution of AOs to the overall metabolism of xenobiotic amines in humans has been underestimated, or erroneously estimated, as most investigations of drug metabolism have been performed using in vitro test systems optimized for CYP activity, such as liver microsomes, and most investigations of drug metabolism in vivo in humans have identified only the final, stable metabolites.
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40
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Solé M, Hernandez M, Boada M, Unzeta M. Characterization of A7r5 cell line transfected in a stable form by hSSAO/VAP-1 gene (A7r5 hSSAO/VAP-1 cell line). J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:763-7. [PMID: 17393062 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A smooth muscle cell line (A7r5) was stably transfected with the human SSAO/VAP-1 (hSSAO/VAP-1) gene. The expressed protein was located solely in the membrane fraction of the cell. However it was also shown to be released into the cell-culture medium. Both the membrane-bound and released, soluble, forms had SSAO enzyme activity. Although MAO-A is present in wild-type A7r5 cells, it was undetectable in the transfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solé
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Hernandez M, Solé M, Boada M, Unzeta M. Soluble Semicarbazide Sensitive Amine Oxidase (SSAO) catalysis induces apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:164-73. [PMID: 16448709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) metabolizes oxidative deamination of primary aromatic and aliphatic amines. It is selectively expressed in vascular cells of blood vessels, but it is also circulating in blood plasma. SSAO activity in plasma is increased in some diseases associated with vascular complications and its catalytic products may cause tissue damage. We examined the effect of the oxidation of the SSAO substrate, methylamine, on cultured smooth muscle cells. Cell incubation with methylamine plus soluble SSAO, contained in bovine serum, resulted toxic to rat aorta A7r5 and human aortic smooth muscle cells, as measured by MTT reduction. This effect was completely reverted by specific SSAO inhibitors, indicating that the toxicity was mediated by the end products generated. Moreover, SSAO-mediated deamination of methylamine induced apoptosis in A7r5 cells, detected by chromatin condensation, Caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage and cytochrome c release to cytosol. Formaldehyde, rather than H2O2, resulted to be a strong apoptotic inducer to A7r5 cells. Taken together, the results suggest that increased plasma SSAO activity in pathological conditions, could contribute to apoptosis in smooth muscle cells, leading to vascular tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Hernandez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, (08193) Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Ochiai Y, Itoh K, Sakurai E, Tanaka Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of rat semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:413-8. [PMID: 15744061 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) (EC 1.4.3.6) is widely distributed in nature and catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary amines. Although SSAO full-length cDNA sequences have been reported for some mammalian species, only a partial 5'-terminal sequence has been confirmed in the rat. In this study we isolated full-length SSAO cDNA from rat aorta and examined its mRNA expression in various rat tissues by real-time PCR, as well as the subcellular and tissue distributions of SSAO activity. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 91% and 80% identity with mouse and human SSAO, respectively. The mRNA was expressed in many rat tissues. Those findings were supported by the broad distribution of SSAO in the body. Thus, a high level of SSAO was shown in adipocytes by both mRNA expression and enzyme activity measurement. The results suggest that SSAO may play an important role in the degradation of biologically active amines in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ochiai
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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43
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Vidrio H, Medina M. 2-bromoethylamine, a suicide inhibitor of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, increases hydralazine hypotension in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 46:316-24. [PMID: 16116337 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000175433.64412.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that inhibitors of the predominantly vascular enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) potentiate the hypotensive response to hydralazine, itself a SSAO inhibitor, in anesthetized rats. The present study was carried out to determine whether the recently described suicide SSAO inhibitor 2-bromoethylamine shares this effect. Hypotensive responses to hydralazine, 0.1 mg/kg IV, were obtained in chloralose-urethane-anesthetized rats, either unpretreated or receiving bromoethylamine at different doses and pretreatment intervals. Parallel experiments were run with semicarbazide, the prototypical hydrazine SSAO inhibitor. Both inhibitors potentiated hydralazine hypotension, bromoethylamine having a longer latency and a shorter duration of action than semicarbazide. High doses of bromoethylamine did not produce potentiation, a phenomenon attributed to SSAO inactivation by excess substrate and decreased formation by the enzyme of the inhibitor product. Experiments with combined administration of both inhibitors were also carried out. When semicarbazide was administered before bromoethylamine, potentiaton was prevented, apparently by a mechanism similar to the above; when it was given after the amine, potentiation was increased. This was attributed to enzyme inhibition by interaction with 2 different active sites. The charactertistics of hydralazine potentiation by bromoethylamine were considered compatible with the mechanism of SSAO inhibition by the amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Vidrio
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México City, México.
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44
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The etiology and much about the pathogenesis of the inflammatory myopathies remain a mystery. In this review, we investigate recent research efforts to understand the pathogenesis of the diverse entities of polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM), diseases that result from interactions between environmental risk factors and genetic susceptibility. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past year, there has been considerable progress toward better understanding of IBM, with relatively few developments toward understanding PM and DM. Although these diseases may share some common clinical phenotypic and serologic components, they differ on a molecular and cellular level. SUMMARY The need for definitive, safer therapies in these diseases makes vital the search for defining detailed pathogenesis of inflammation and muscle fiber damage at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Christopher-Stine
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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45
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Sibon I, Larrieu D, el Hadri K, Mercier N, Fève B, Lacolley P, Labat C, Daret D, Bonnet J, Lamazière JMD. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in annulo-aortic ectasia disease: relation to elastic lamellae-associated proteins. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:1459-66. [PMID: 15505340 PMCID: PMC3957813 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6252.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (Lox), which are members of the amine oxidase family, are involved in the maturation of elastic lamellae and collagen fibers. Modifications of amine oxidases in idiopathic annulo-aortic ectasia disease (IAAED) have never been investigated. Our aim was to examine the expression of several proteins that might interfere with elastic fiber organization in control (n=10) and IAAED (n=18) aortic tissues obtained at surgery. Expression of amine oxidases and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), and cellular phenotypic markers were examined by immunohistopathology and confocal microscopy. The expression of these proteins was assessed in relation to clinical and histomorphological features of the arterial wall. In control aorta, SSAO staining was expressed along elastic lamellae, whereas in aneurysmal areas of IAAED, SSAO was markedly decreased, in association with severe disorganization of elastic lamellae. Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain was also decreased in IAAED compared with controls, indicating smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation. Multiple regression analysis showed that elastic lamellar thickness (ELT) was correlated positively with the SSAO:elastin ratio and negatively with the Lox:elastin ratio, and that the clinical features of IAAED (aneurysm, thoracic aorta diameter, and aortic insufficiency) were positively correlated with ELT but not with SSAO. The relationship between SSAO expression and ELT suggests that this amine oxidase may be involved in elastic fiber organization. However, in advanced IAAED, the deficit in SSAO expression could be secondary to the decrease and fragmentation of elastic fibers and/or to vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/biosynthesis
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/ultrastructure
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/complications
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aortic Valve Insufficiency/complications
- Aortic Valve Insufficiency/enzymology
- Aortic Valve Insufficiency/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Elastin/biosynthesis
- Extracellular Matrix/enzymology
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/ultrastructure
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Myosin Heavy Chains/biosynthesis
- Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/biosynthesis
- Regression Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Fève
- Pessac, France, and CNRS UMR 7079, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Marie Daniel Lamazière
- Inserm U441, Paris, France
- Correspondence to: Jean-Marie Daniel Lamazière, Inserm U441, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, avenue du Haut Lévěque, 33600 Pessac, France. E-mail:
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46
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Ramonet D, Rodríguez M, Saura J, Lizcano JM, Romera M, Unzeta M, Finch C, Billett E, Mahy N. Localization of monoamine oxidase A and B and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in human peripheral tissues. Inflammopharmacology 2004; 11:111-7. [PMID: 15035812 DOI: 10.1163/156856003765764272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) localizations in peripheral human tissues were compared by immunohistochemistry. The primary antibodies used were mouse monoclonal anti-human MAO-A (6G11/E1) and anti-human MAO-B (3F12/G10/2E3) and a rabbit polyclonal anti-bovine SSAO antibody. Immunoreactivities of the samples, obtained from 6 routine autopsy cases, showed different distributions in the tissues studied (heart, lung, duodenum, liver, pancreas, spleen, thyroid gland, adrenal gland and kidney). The relative MAO-A, MAO-B and SSAO distributions indicated a widespread distribution of these enzymes in the human body that is characterized by a matching cellular pattern in only few tissues. These differences suggest that each amine oxidase may play a specific function in, at least some, peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ramonet
- Unitat de Bioquímica, IDIBAPS, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
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47
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O'Sullivan J, Unzeta M, Healy J, O'Sullivan MI, Davey G, Tipton KF. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases: enzymes with quite a lot to do. Neurotoxicology 2004; 25:303-15. [PMID: 14697905 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-813x(03)00117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases (SSAO) (EC 1.4.3.6) were believed to be detoxifying enzymes, primarily involved in the oxidative deamination of endogenous amines, such as methylamine and aminoacetone, together with some xenobiotic amines. However, it appears that the reaction products may have important signalling functions in the regulation of cell development and glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, enzyme, from some sources, behaves as a cellular adhesion protein under inflammatory and it may also be involved in lipid transport. This review considers what is known about the activities and potential functions of this hardworking protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff O'Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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48
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Olivé M, Unzeta M, Moreno D, Ferrer I. Overexpression of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in human myopathies. Muscle Nerve 2004; 29:261-6. [PMID: 14755492 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several muscle diseases. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) metabolizes oxidative deamination of primary aromatic and aliphatic amines. In the oxidative reactions, amine substrates are converted into the aldehyde, followed by the production of ammonia and H(2)O(2). Although normal levels in muscle are very low, SSAO is expressed in almost all mammalian tissues. In this study, we examined the possible implication of SSAO as an additional source of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of muscle disorders. The expression of SSAO was examined immunohistochemically in muscle biopsy specimens from patients with inclusion-body myositis (IBM; n = 5), desmin-related myopathy (DRM; n = 3), dermatomyositis (n = 3), granulomatous (sarcoid) myopathy (n = 2), muscle denervation-reinnervation (n = 3), and rhabdomyolysis (n = 2), as well as from control subjects (n = 3). Strong SSAO immunoreactivity was present in vacuolated and nonvacuolated fibers in IBM, in abnormal fibers in DRM, and in degenerating and regenerating fibers in dermatomyositis and rhabdomyolysis. In addition, SSAO overexpression was observed in muscle fibers adjacent to granulomas in sarcoid myopathy. These results suggest that SSAO is a source of oxidative stress in diseased human skeletal muscle and that it contributes to oxidative stress-induced damage in various inflammatory and other myopathies. Alternatively, the expression of SSAO in muscle fibers may be a consequence of muscle fiber injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Olivé
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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49
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Abella A, García-Vicente S, Viguerie N, Ros-Baró A, Camps M, Palacín M, Zorzano A, Marti L. Adipocytes release a soluble form of VAP-1/SSAO by a metalloprotease-dependent process and in a regulated manner. Diabetologia 2004; 47:429-438. [PMID: 14968297 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Revised: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), which is identical to semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), is a dual-function membrane protein with adhesion properties and amine oxidase activity. A soluble form of VAP-1 is found in serum, where concentrations are enhanced in diabetes and obesity. In vitro, soluble VAP-1 enhances lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, thus possibly participating in the enhanced lymphocyte adhesion capacity that is implicated in the cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes or obesity. In both, the tissue origin of the soluble VAP-1/SSAO is unknown. We examined whether adipose tissue, which has abundant expression of VAP-1/SSAO, is a source of soluble VAP-1. METHODS We detected VAP-1/SSAO in plasma of diabetic animals, with or without VAP-1 immunoprecipitation, and in culture medium from 3T3-L1 adipocytes and human adipose tissue explants. VAP-1 protein glycosylation was measured. RESULTS Diabetic and obese animals have increased plasma SSAO activity associated with VAP-1 protein. We also found that 3T3-L1 adipocytes and human adipose tissue explants release a soluble form of VAP-1/SSAO, which derives from the membrane. The release of soluble VAP-1 was enhanced by exposure of murine and human adipocytes to TNF-alpha and blocked by batimastat, a metalloprotease inhibitor. Partial ablation of adipose tissue reduced plasma SSAO activity in normal and diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Adipose cells are a source of soluble VAP-1/SSAO released by shedding of the membrane form. The release of SSAO is regulated by TNF-alpha and insulin. By releasing VAP-1/SSAO, adipose cells could contribute to the atherogenesis and vascular dysfunction associated with diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abella
- Barcelona Science Parc and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, 1-5, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S García-Vicente
- Barcelona Science Parc and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, 1-5, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Viguerie
- Research Unit on Obesity, French Institute of Health and Medical Research Unit 586, Louis Bugnard Institut, Rangueil Hospital, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - A Ros-Baró
- Barcelona Science Parc and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, 1-5, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Camps
- Barcelona Science Parc and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, 1-5, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Palacín
- Barcelona Science Parc and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, 1-5, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Zorzano
- Barcelona Science Parc and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, 1-5, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Marti
- Barcelona Science Parc and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, 1-5, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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50
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Gallardo-Godoy A, Hernandez M, Sanz E, Unzeta M. Synthesis of 4-methyl-thio-phenyl-propylamine and the evaluation of its interaction with different amine oxidases. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:273-9. [PMID: 14697793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new molecule, the 4-methyl-thio-phenyl-propylamine (PrNH(2)) was synthesized and its biological interaction with different amine oxidases such as semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) [E.C.1.4.3.6], and monoamine oxidase [E.C.1.4.3.4] under its two isoforms, MAO A and MAO B, has been assessed. The substrate specifities of MAO and SSAO overlap to some extent. In this context, the search of new molecules, able to discriminate between these different amine oxidases is very important as it will allow greater elucidation of the SSAO's role in physiological and pathological conditions. We report for the first time, the synthesis and evaluation of a new molecule which has a high affinity towards the SSAO family of enzymes, more so than previously described and furthermore an ability to discriminate between the different amine oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gallardo-Godoy
- Institut de Neurociències-Departament de Bioqui;mica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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