Oxidative stress and oxidative damage in carcinogenesis

Single-nucleus multiomic analysis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome liver reveals PPARA signaling enrichment and metabolic dysfunction

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is an epigenetic overgrowth syndrome caused by methylation changes in the human 11p15 chromosomal locus. Patients with BWS may exhibit hepatomegaly, as well as an increased risk of hepatoblastoma. To understand the impact of these 11p15 changes in the liver, we performed a multiomic study [single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) + single nucleus assay for transposable-accessible chromatin-sequencing (snATAC-seq)] of both BWS-liver and nonBWS-liver tumor-adjacent tissue. Our approach uncovers hepatocyte-specific enrichment of processes related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA). To confirm our findings, we differentiated a BWS induced pluripotent stem cell model into hepatocytes. Our data demonstrate the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in BWS-liver, which coincides with observed upregulation of PPARA during hepatocyte differentiation. BWS hepatocytes also exhibit decreased neutral lipids and increased fatty acid β-oxidation. We also observe increased reactive oxygen species byproducts in BWS hepatocytes, coinciding with increased oxidative DNA damage. This study proposes a putative mechanism for overgrowth and cancer predisposition in BWS liver due to perturbed metabolism.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in canine serum: establishing reference intervals and influencing factors

BACKGROUND

Mounting evidence suggests that malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) are valuable biomarkers of lipid and nucleic acid oxidation in numerous canine diseases. However, their application in clinical settings is limited due to the absence of reference intervals (RI) and the analytical inconsistencies. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize serum MDA and 8-OHdG concentrations in dogs, to establish assay-specific RI, and to identify biological, haematological and biochemical factors influencing these markers.

METHODS

A total of 190 clinically healthy dogs were recruited, including pet dogs, working dogs and shelter dogs. Serum MDA concentration was measured by the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) assay, while 8-OHdG levels were determined by using a competitive ELISA. RI were established by non-parametric methods. Potential associations between oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers and multiple biological, haematological and biochemical factors were assessed using multivariate regression models.

RESULTS

RI for serum MDA (1.85-14.51 µM) and 8-OHdG (0.06-0.75 ng/mL) were established in the reference population (144 and 143 dogs, respectively). The multivariate regression model for MDA revealed a positive association with total cholesterol concentration, and a negative association with monocyte count. 8-OHdG level was positively associated with urea concentration. Notably, both models also revealed a significant association between MDA and 8-OHdG. Biological factors, including the age and size of the animals, did not exert a significant influence on the results.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study to establish serum RI for MDA and 8-OHdG in a large and diverse canine population. Additionally, the multivariate regression models identified relevant haematological and biochemical, but not biological factors that should be considered when interpreting the results. These findings could significantly enhance the application of MDA and 8-OHdG as biomarkers in clinical settings, and promote further exploration of their value in canine diseases.

Melatonin supplementation and oxidative DNA damage repair capacity among night shift workers: a randomised placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

A decreased ability to repair oxidative DNA damage, due to melatonin suppression, is a compelling mechanism by which night shift workers are at an increased risk of cancer. We sought to determine if melatonin supplementation would improve oxidative DNA damage repair among night shift workers.

METHODS

We conducted a parallel-arm randomised placebo-controlled trial of melatonin supplementation among 40 night shift workers. Supplements were consumed before engaging in day sleep over a 4-week period. All urine excreted during a representative day sleep and night work period before and during the intervention period was collected for measurement of creatinine-adjusted 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) as an indicator of oxidative DNA damage repair capacity, with higher concentrations indicating better repair. Linear regression models were used to analyse the association between ln-transformed 8-OH-dG concentration and intervention status during day sleep and night work.

RESULTS

The melatonin intervention was associated with a borderline statistically significant 1.8-fold increase in urinary 8-OH-dG excretion during day sleep (95% CI 1.0, 3.2, p=0.06). No statistically significant difference in 8-OH-dG excretion was observed during the subsequent night shift (melatonin vs placebo excretion ratio=0.9; 95% CI 0.6, 1.5; p=0.7).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that melatonin supplementation improves oxidative DNA damage repair capacity among night shift workers. Future larger-scale trials are needed to evaluate the impact of varying doses of melatonin supplements and examine the impacts of longer-term use of melatonin supplements by night shift workers.

A MnO2 nanosheets doping double crosslinked hydrogel for cartilage defect repair through alleviating inflammation and guiding chondrogenic differentiation

The inflammatory microenvironment and inferior chondrogenesis are major symptoms after cartilage defect. Although various modifications strategies associated with hydrogels exhibit remarkable capacity of pro-cartilage regeneration, the adverse effect by prolonging inflammation is still formidable to hamper potential biomedical applications of different hydrogel implants. Herein, inspired by the repair microenvironment of articular cartilage defects, an injectable, immunomodulatory, and chondrogenic L-MNS-CMDA hydrogel is prepared through grafting vinyl and catechol groups to chitosan macromolecules using amide reaction, then further loading MnO2 nanosheets (MNS). The double crosslinking of photopolymerization and catechol oxidative polymerization endows L-MNS-CMDA hydrogel with preferable mechanical property, affording a suitable mechanical support for cartilage defect repair. Additionally, the robust tissue adhesion capability stemming from catechol groups guarantees the long-term retention of the hydrogel in the defect site. Meanwhile, L-MNS-CMDA hydrogel decomposes exogenous and intracellular H2O2 into O2 and H2O, to effectively alleviate cellular oxidative stress caused by long-term hypoxia. Under the synergies of catechol groups and MNS, L-MNS-CMDA hydrogel not only inhibits macrophages polarizing into M1 phenotype, but encourages them turn into M2 phenotype, thereby, reconstructing an immunization friendly microenvironment to ultimately enhance cartilage regeneration. Predictably, the hydrogel markedly induces rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiating into chondrocytes by expressing abundant glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen. A cartilage defect model of rat knee joint indicates that L-MNS-CMDA hydrogel visually regulate the early inflammatory response of post-implantation, and facilitate cartilage regeneration and recovery of joint function after 12 weeks of post-implantation. All in all, this multifunctional L-MNS-CMDA hydrogel exhibits superior immunomodulatory and chondrogenic properties, holding immense clinical potential in the treatment of cartilage defects.

A Low-Cost Electrochemical Cell Sensor Based on MWCNT-COOH/α-Fe2O3 for Toxicity Detection of Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts

The disinfection of drinking water is essential for eliminating pathogens and preventing waterborne diseases. However, this process generates various disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which toxicological research indicates can have detrimental effects on living organisms. Moreover, the safety of these DBPs has not been sufficiently assessed, underscoring the need for a comprehensive evaluation of their toxic effects and associated health risks. Compared to traditional methods for studying the toxicity of pollutants, emerging electrochemical sensing technologies offer advantages such as simplicity, speed, and sensitivity, presenting an effective means for toxicity research on pollutants. However, challenges remain in this field, including the need to improve electrode sensitivity and reduce electrode costs. In this study, a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was modified with carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) and nano-iron (III) oxide (α-Fe2O3) to fabricate a low-cost electrode with excellent electrocatalytic performance for cell-active substances. Subsequently, a novel cellular electrochemical sensor was constructed for the sensitive detection of the toxicity of three drinking water DBPs. The half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 2-chlorophenylacetonitrile (2-CPAN), 3-chlorophenylacetonitrile (3-CPAN), and 4-chlorophenylacetonitrile (4-CPAN) for HepG2 cells were 660.69, 831.76, and 812.83 µM, respectively. This study provides technical support and scientific evidence for the toxicity detection and safety assessment of emerging contaminants.

Exploring the Potential Link between Aluminum-Containing Deodorants/Antiperspirants and Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

The potential association between aluminum-containing deodorants/antiperspirants and breast cancer has been investigated and debated. This paper comprehensively analyzes existing literature to examine the evidence and provide insights into this relationship. This comprehensive review discusses aspects related to the absorption and distribution of aluminum compounds, its effects on the induction of oxidative stress, the estrogenic activity of aluminum, and potential disruption of hormonal pathways, and the potential role in breast cancer induction. Currently, available research, consisting of epidemiological studies as well as clinical trials, together with meta-analyses and previously published reviews conducted on identifying the relationship between aluminum-containing deodorants/antiperspirants and the risk of breast cancer were also analyzed and discussed. Societal factors, personal hygiene considerations, and lifestyle changes contribute to the increased usage of antiperspirants, but they do not establish a direct causal connection with breast cancer. Further research employing larger-scale studies and rigorous methodologies must validate the existing findings and explore the underlying mechanisms involved. Continued multidisciplinary research efforts and collaboration between researchers, regulatory bodies, and public health authorities are vital to developing a more definitive understanding of this complex topic.

Upregulation of ACSL, ND75, Vha26 and sesB genes by antiepileptic drugs resulted in genotoxicity in drosophila

Clobazam (CLB) and Vigabatrin (VGB) are commonly used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the treatment of epilepsy. Here, we have examined the genotoxic effect of these AEDs in Drosophila melanogaster. The Drosophila larvae were exposed to different concentrations of CLB and VGB containing food media. The assessment encompassed oxidative stress, DNA damage, protein levels, and gene expression profiles. In the CLB-treated group, a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels was observed, alongside increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and nitric oxide (NO). Conversely, the VGB-treated group displayed contrasting results, with increased ROS and LPO and decreased SOD, CAT, and NO levels. However, both CLB and VGB induced DNA damage in Drosophila. Proteomic analysis (SDS-PAGE and OHRLCMS) in the CLB and VGB groups identified numerous proteins, including Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, V-type proton ATPase subunit E, ADP/ATP carrier protein, malic enzyme, and DNA-binding protein modulo. These proteins were found to be associated with pathways like growth promotion, notch signaling, Wnt signaling, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) signaling, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, and other GABAergic mechanisms. Furthermore, mRNA levels of ACSL, ND75, Vha26, sesB, and Men genes were upregulated in both CLB and VGB-treated groups. These findings suggest that CLB and VGB could have the potential to induce genotoxicity and post-transcriptional modifications in humans, highlighting the importance of monitoring their effects when used as AEDs.

Therapeutic and antioxidant properties of Acridocarpus monodii Arène & Jaeger, an endemic plant of Dogon Country in Mali

Acridocarpus monodii Arène & Jaeger is an endemic plant species to the ''Dogon Country'' in Mali. This species is highly popular in Dogon ethnic groups, but no scientific data on its medicinal and biochemical properties are available in Mali. This work aimed to list its medicinal uses and assess its phytochemical composition and antioxidant power. An ethnobotanical investigation based on semi structured questionnaire was used to identify the traditional uses of A. monodii among the local population in three villages (Ireli, Youdiou and Yon-biré) inside ''Dogon country'' in Mali. The phytochemical composition was determined using qualitative tests, while the antioxidant potency was performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydazyl (DPPH) and phosphomolybdate (TAC) tests. A total of 45 people were interviewed, the majority of whom were male (82.20%) and over 52 years of age. A. monodii is used to treat a dozen pathologies or diseases, dominated by malaria (71.10%), yellow fever (24.40%) and dysuria (20%). Although, all parts of this species are used to treat these pathologies, leaves (88.90%) were the most coveted followed by roots (37.80%). The use of these parts was significantly (p = 0.016 < 0.05) associated with the educational levels of the respondents (77.70%), who coveted primarily roots and barks, and thus constituted a threat to the species. These medicinal recipes derived from these organs were mostly prepared as decoctions, before being administered by oral (100%) or bath (82.20%) routes. Extracts of A. monodii were found to contain various biocompounds, especially a high quantity of flavonoids and polyphenols and demonstrated increased in vitro antioxidant inhibitory effects. The decoction extracts showed the highest content of phenolic compounds (109.82 ± 2.36 mg GAE/g). The strongest activity for the DPPH free radical scavenging were recorded by the decoction with IC50 = 107.41 ± 4.25 µg/mL and the hydroethanolic macerate with 107.31 ± 9.28 µg/mL. But, based on the results from of TAC test, the antioxidant capacity was higher for the hydroethanolic macerate 42.85 ± 2.59 mg EQ/g than those of the decoction 19.27 ± 0.93 mg EQ/g. This is the first scientific report on the therapeutic use of A. monodii within ''Dogon country'' in Mali. This work highlights its medicinal, phytochemical and biochemical properties and therefore contributes to its improved valorization. These results demonstrated that A. monodii is a promising species for the discovery of novel medicines.

Novel insights into antioxidant status, gene expression, and immunohistochemistry in an animal model infected with camel-derived Trypanosoma evansi and Theileria annulata

BACKGROUND

Hemoprotozoan diseases, especially trypanosomosis and theileriosis, adversely affect the productivity, growth, and performance of camels. Regular sampling and investigation of camels are challenging due to several factors. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge on camel parasite genotyping, cytokine production, and oxidative stress parameters during infection.

METHODS

The present study investigated two critical blood protozoa infecting camels in Egypt, Trypanosoma evansi and Theileria annulata, using molecular methods, specifically 18S rRNA gene analysis. Following molecular confirmation, experimental infections were induced in Swiss albino mice to assess the expression of immune response genes and oxidative stress parameters. The study further explored the correlation between histopathological alterations and inflammatory reactions in the kidney, spleen, and liver of infected mice, alongside the immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

RESULTS

Trypanosoma evansi and T. annulata isolated from naturally infected camels were molecularly identified and deposited in GenBank under accession numbers OR116429 and OR103130, respectively. Infection with T. evansi and T. annulata caused significant adverse effects on the immune condition of infected mice, increasing the pathogenicity of the infection. This was evidenced by a significant increase in oxidative stress parameter levels in both naturally infected camels and experimentally infected mice compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the expression of immune response genes was significantly elevated in infected mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed a pronounced upregulation of caspase-3, PCNA, and TNF in the infected groups relative to the control group. These findings are the first to be reported in Egypt.

CONCLUSIONS

This study successfully identified and genotyped two economically important blood protozoa, T. evansi and T. annulata, from camels in Egypt. Additionally, the experimental animal model provided valuable insights into the immune response, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes induced by these parasites, demonstrating comparable results to naturally infected camels. These findings highlight the potential of this model to study parasite-host interactions and immune responses, contributing to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of T. evansi and T. annulata infections. This model may be useful for future studies focused on disease control and therapeutic interventions.

Oxidative Stress in Canine Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Oxidative stress (OS), defined as a disruption in redox balance favoring oxidants, has emerged as a major contributor to numerous diseases in human and veterinary medicine. While several reviews have explored the implication of OS in human pathology, an exhaustive review of the canine species is lacking. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the existing literature on the role of OS in canine diseases, highlighting its potentially detrimental effect on various organs and systems. Some inconsistencies among studies exist, likely due to varying biomarkers and sample types. However, there is substantial evidence supporting the involvement of OS in the development or progression of numerous canine disorders, such as cardiovascular, oncologic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hematologic, renal, neurologic, infectious, and parasitic diseases, among others. Additionally, this review discusses the efficacy of antioxidant and pro-oxidant therapeutic agents for these conditions. Dietary interventions to counteract OS in dogs have gained significant attention in recent years, although further research on the topic is needed. This review aims to serve as a foundational resource for future investigations in this promising field.

Dietary Mycotoxins: An Overview on Toxicokinetics, Toxicodynamics, Toxicity, Epidemiology, Detection, and Their Mitigation with Special Emphasis on Aflatoxicosis in Humans and Animals

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi and ubiquitous dietary contaminants. Aflatoxins, a group of mycotoxins with high prevalence and toxicity, have raised a high level of public health concern, the most prevalent and toxic being aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Many aspects appertaining to AFB1 poisoning are not well understood. Yet this information is necessary to devise appropriate surveillance and mitigation strategies against human and animal aflatoxicosis. This review provides an in-depth update of work carried out on mycotoxin poisoning, particularly aflatoxicosis in humans and animals, to identify gaps in knowledge. Hypotheses explaining the functional significance of mycotoxins in fungal biology and their dietary epidemiological data are presented and briefly discussed. The toxicology of aflatoxins and the challenges of their mitigation are discussed in depth. It was concluded that the identification of potential mycotoxin-hazard-prone food items and quantification of the associated risk of cancer ailments in humans is a prime priority. There is a dearth of reliable sampling methodologies for estimating AFB1 in animal feed. Data update on AFB1 in animal feed and its implication in animal production, mitigation strategies, and elucidation of risk factors to this hazard is required. To reduce the burden of aflatoxins, surveillance employing predictive technology, and biocontrol strategies seem promising approaches.

Cell death and DNA damage via ROS mechanisms after applied antibiotics and antioxidants doses in prostate hyperplasia primary cell cultures

Tumor heterogeneity results in aggressive cancer phenotypes with acquired resistance. However, combining chemical treatment with adjuvant therapies that cause cellular structure and function perturbations may diminish the ability of cancer cells to resist at chemical treatment and lead to a less aggressive cancer phenotype. Applied treatments on prostate hyperplasia primary cell cultures exerted their antitumor activities through mechanisms including cell cycle blockage, oxidative stress, and cell death induction by flow cytometry methods. A 5.37 mM Chloramphenicol dose acts on prostate hyperplasia cells by increasing the pro-oxidant status, inducing apoptosis, autophagy, and DNA damage, but without ROS changes. Adding 6.30 mM vitamin C or 622 µM vitamin E as a supplement to 859.33 µM Chloramphenicol dose in prostate hyperplasia cells determines a significant increase of ROS level for a part of cells. However, other cells remain refractory to initial ROS, with significant changes in apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 or G2/M. When the dose of Chloramphenicol was increased to 5.37 mM for 6.30 mM of vitamin C, prostate hyperplasia cells reacted by ROS level drastically decreased, cell cycle arrest in G2/M, active apoptosis, and autophagy. The pro-oxidant action of 1.51 mM Erythromycin dose in prostate hyperplasia cell cultures induces changes in the apoptosis mechanisms and cell cycle arrest in G0/G1. Addition of 6.30 mM vitamin C to 1.51 mM Erythromycin dose in hyperplasia cell cultures, the pro-oxidant status determines diminished caspase 3/7 mechanism activation, but ROS level presents similar changes as Chloramphenicol dose and cell cycle arrest in G2/M. Flow cytometric analysis of cell death, oxidative stress, and cell cycle are recommended as laboratory techniques in therapeutic and diagnostic fields.

Real-time monitoring of cellular superoxide anion release in THP-1 cells using a catalytically amplified superoxide dismutase-based microbiosensor

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including the superoxide anion (O2•-) are typically studied in cell cultures using fluorescent dyes, which provide only discrete single-point measurements. These methods lack the capabilities for assessing O2•- kinetics and release in a quantitative manner over long monitoring times. Herein, we present the fabrication and application of an electrochemical biosensor that enables real-time continuous monitoring of O2•- release in cell cultures for extended periods (> 8 h) using an O2•- specific microelectrode. To achieve the sensitivity and selectivity requirements for cellular sensing, we developed a biohybrid system consisting of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Ti3C2Tx MXenes, deposited on a gold microwire electrode (AuME) as O2•- specific materials with catalytic amplification through the synergistic action of the enzyme and the biomimetic MXenes-based structure. The biosensor demonstrated a sensitivity of 18.35 nA/μM with a linear range from 147 to 930 nM in a cell culture medium. To demonstrate its robustness and practicality, we applied the biosensor to monitor O2•- levels in human leukemia monocytic THP-1 cells upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Using this strategy, we successfully monitored LPS-induced O2•- in THP-1 cells, as well as the quenching effect induced by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The biosensor is generally useful for exploring the role of oxidative stress and longitudinally monitoring O2•- release in cell cultures, enabling studies of biochemical processes and associated oxidative stress mechanisms in cellular and other biological environments.

The Antitumour Mechanisms of Carotenoids: A Comprehensive Review

Carotenoids, known for their antioxidant properties, have garnered significant attention for their potential antitumour activities. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the diverse mechanisms by which carotenoids exert antitumour effects, focusing on both well-established and novel findings. We explore their role in inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell cycle progression and preventing metastasis by affecting oncogenic and tumour suppressor proteins. The review also explores the pro-oxidant function of carotenoids within cancer cells. In fact, although their overall contribution to cellular antioxidant defences is well known and significant, some carotenoids can exhibit pro-oxidant effects under certain conditions and are able to elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in tumoural cells, triggering mitochondrial pathways that would lead to cell death. The final balance between their antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities depends on several factors, including the specific carotenoid, its concentration and the redox environment of the cell. Clinical trials are discussed, highlighting the conflicting results of carotenoids in cancer treatment and the importance of personalized approaches. Emerging research on rare carotenoids like bacterioruberin showcases their superior antioxidant capacity and selective cytotoxicity against aggressive cancer subtypes, such as triple-negative breast cancer. Future directions include innovative delivery systems, novel combinations and personalized treatments, aiming to enhance the therapeutic potential of carotenoids. This review highlights the promising yet complex landscape of carotenoid-based cancer therapies, calling for continued research and clinical exploration.

Apoptosis-Cell Cycle-Autophagy Molecular Mechanisms Network in Heterogeneous Aggressive Phenotype Prostate Hyperplasia Primary Cell Cultures Have a Prognostic Role

Our study highlights the apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA ploidy, and autophagy molecular mechanisms network to identify prostate pathogenesis and its prognostic role. Caspase 3/7 expressions, cell cycle, adhesion glycoproteins, autophagy, nuclear shrinkage, and oxidative stress by flow-cytometry analysis are used to study the BPH microenvironment's heterogeneity. A high late apoptosis expression by caspases 3/7 activity represents an unfavorable prognostic biomarker, a dependent predictor factor for cell adhesion, growth inhibition by arrest in the G2/M phase, and oxidative stress processes network. The heterogeneous aggressive phenotype prostate adenoma primary cell cultures present a high S-phase category (>12%), with an increased risk of death or recurrence due to aneuploid status presence, representing an unfavorable prognostic biomarker, a dependent predictor factor for caspase 3/7 activity (late apoptosis and necrosis), and cell growth inhibition (G2/M arrest)-linked mechanisms. Increased integrin levels in heterogenous BPH cultures suggest epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that maintains an aggressive phenotype by escaping cell apoptosis, leading to the cell proliferation necessary in prostate cancer (PCa) development. As predictor biomarkers, the biological mechanisms network involved in apoptosis, the cell cycle, and autophagy help to establish patient prognostic survival or target cancer therapy development.

Molecular and immunological studies on Theileria equi and its vector in Egypt

Equine piroplasmosis is not fully understood regarding pathogenicity, prophylaxis, host immune response expression, and specific vectors. Accurately identifying the parasite vector is crucial for developing an effective control plan for a particular infection. This study focused on morphologically identifying two Hyalomma species (H. anatolicum and H. marginatum) and one Rhipicephalus annulatus (R. annulatus) at the species level. The identification process was followed by phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COXI) gene as a specific vector for Theileria equi (T. equi) in horses. T. equi was diagnosed morphologically and molecularly from infected blood samples and crushed tick species using conventional PCR. Subsequently, phylogenetic analysis based on the amplification of the 18 S rRNA gene was conducted. The obtained sequence data were evaluated and registered in GenBank under accession numbers OR064161, OR067911, OR187727, and OR068139, representing the three tick species and the isolated T. equi, respectively. The study demonstrated that T. equi infection leads to immune system suppression by significantly increasing the levels of oxidative stress markers (CAT, GPx, MDA, and SOD) (P ≤ 0.0001), with this elevation being directly proportional to parasitemia levels in infected blood cells. Furthermore, a correlation was observed between parasitemia levels and the expression of immune response infection genes (IFN-gamma, TGF-β1, and IL-1β cytokines) in infected horses compared to non-infected equine. Common macroscopic symptoms indicating T. equi infection in horses include intermittent fever, enlarged lymph nodes (LN), and tick infestation.

Investigation of the association between the CASP8rs1045485 and SOD2 rs4880 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with breast cancer

INTRODUCTION

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified as prognostic markers that can influence the response to chemotherapy and, ultimately, the outcome of the disease. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between the rs1045485 and rs4880 variants and breast cancer.

METHODS

Ninety-nine cases and 81 healthy individuals (over 60 years old) were recruited from Iranian population. Genotyping of the rs1045485 and rs4880 polymorphisms was determined using the PCR-RFLP molecular method. The obtained results were then evaluated using the SPSS 23.0, odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 %CIs).

RESULTS

The average age of the subjects was 50.17± 1.8 years, with age ranging from 40 to 76 years. Additionally, more patients were in stage and grade 2 of the disease. Furthermore, 51.73 %, 53.24 % and 41.48 % of patients tested positive for ER, PR and HER2 status, respectively. The odds ratios of the genotypes studied for each of the two variants were not statistically significant. Additionally, all models (dominant, codominant, recessive and over dominant) also indicated that this difference was not significant (p > 0.05). Investigation of the association between the CASP8rs1045485 and SOD2 rs4880 variants with clinicopathological status were not revealed a significant relationship. The Hardy-Weinberg test showed that the evaluated population was balanced (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In the studied models of both polymorphisms, no significant correlation was found between the genotypes and the conditions of estrogen, progesterone and Her2 receptors, as well as the stage and grade of the disease.

The role of ayahuasca in cell viability and oxidative stress in gastric adenocarcinoma cell line

Ayahuasca, a psychoactive beverage native to the Amazon, originally derived from Banisteriopsis caapi stem scrapings and Psychotria viridis leaves, exhibits hallucinogenic properties due to N,N-dimethyltryptamine. When combined with β-carbolines, it enters the bloodstream and central nervous system, inhibiting monoamine oxidase-A. Over time, therapeutic effects have been associated to ayahuasca consumption. This study assessed the impact of extracts from three plant decoctions used in ayahuasca preparation on the gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS). MTT reduction assays selected B. caapi, Mimosa hostilis, and Peganum harmala samples as most effective. Lactate dehydrogenase activity evaluated membrane integrity loss, while oxidative stress induction was measured using dihydroethidium and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate probes. Results revealed apoptosis induction in AGS cells, with all three samples significantly reducing oxidative stress.

Is there a link between talcum powder, oxidative stress, and ovarian cancer risk?

INTRODUCTION

The link between talcum powder use and cancer, particularly ovarian cancer, has been a topic of scientific research and legal debate for several years. Studies have suggested a potential association between long-term talcum powder use in the genital area and an increased risk of ovarian cancer.

AREAS COVERED

The following report includes up-to-date evidence to support the potential link between talcum powder use and the risk of developing ovarian cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, classified talc-based body powder as possibly carcinogenic to humans when used in the female genital area. However, other studies have not consistently supported this association, and thus more research is needed to establish a clear and definitive link between talcum powder use and cancer. Despite this, recent molecular-level data have linked talc to alterations in redox balance, gene mutations, and inflammatory responses. Specifically, we have identified a role for talc to induce the pro-oxidant state, inhibit apoptosis, and more importantly induced cellular transformation in normal ovarian cells.

EXPERT OPINION

We presented unequivocal evidence to support our opinion that talc is not biologically inert and induces molecular changes that mimic the hallmarks of cancer.

The Role of Ayahuasca in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cell Survival, Proliferation and Oxidative Stress

The psychedelic beverage ayahuasca is originally obtained by Banisteriopsis caapi (B. caapi) (BC) and Psychotria viridis (P. viridis) (PV). However, sometimes these plant species are replaced by others that mimic the original effects, such as Mimosa hostilis (M. hostilis) (MH) and Peganum harmala (P. harmala) (PH). Its worldwide consumption and the number of studies on its potential therapeutic effects has increased. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer properties of ayahuasca in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Thus, the maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of decoctions of MH, PH, and a mixture of these (MHPH) was determined. The activities of caspases 3 and 9 were evaluated, and the cell proliferation index was determined through immunocytochemical analysis (Ki-67). Two fluorescent probes were used to evaluate the production of oxidative stress and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was also evaluated. It was demonstrated that exposure to the extracts significantly induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cells, while decreasing cell proliferation. MH and MHPH samples significantly reduced oxidative stress and significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity. No significant differences were found in SOD activity. Overall, it was demonstrated that the decoctions have a potential anticancer activity in Caco-2 cells.

A novel electrochemical strategy to detect hydrogen peroxide by utilizing peroxidase-mimicking activity of cerium oxide/graphene oxide nanocomposites

We herein describe a novel electrochemical strategy to detect hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by utilizing the peroxidase-mimicking activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NP) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Particularly, CeO2 NP/rGO nanocomposites were deposited on the commercial electrode by a very convenient and direct electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide. Due to the peroxidase-mimicking activity of CeO2 NP and the outstanding electrochemical properties of reduced graphene oxide, the reduction current of H2O2 was greatly enhanced. Based on this strategy, we reliably determined H2O2 down to 1.67 μM with excellent specificity and further validated its practical capabilities by robustly detecting H2O2 present in heterogeneous human serum samples. We believe that this work could serve as a new facile platform for H2O2 detection.

Zinc improves the developmental ability of bovine in vitro fertilization embryos through its antioxidative action

Zinc, an essential trace mineral, exerts a pivotal influence in various biological processes. Through zinc concentration analysis, we found that the zinc concentration in the bovine embryo in vitro culture (IVC) medium was significantly lower than that in bovine follicular fluid. Therefore, this study explored the impact of zinc sulfate on IVC bovine embryo development and investigated the underlying mechanism. The results revealed a significant decline in zygote cleavage and blastocyst development rates when zinc deficiency was induced using zinc chelator N, N, N', N'-Tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) in culture medium during embryo in vitro culture. The influence of zinc-deficiency was time-dependent. Conversely, supplementing 0.8 μg/mL zinc sulfate to culture medium (CM) increased the cleavage and blastocyst formation rate significantly. Moreover, this supplementation reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, elevated the glutathione (GSH) levels in blastocysts, upregulated the mRNA expression of antioxidase-related genes, and activated the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling pathways. Furthermore, 0.8 μg/mL zinc sulfate enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential, maintained DNA stability, and enhanced the quality of bovine (in vitro fertilization) IVF blastocysts. In conclusion, the addition of 0.8 μg/mL zinc sulfate to CM could enhance the antioxidant capacity, activates the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling pathways, augment mitochondrial membrane potential, and stabilizes DNA, ultimately improving blastocyst quality and in vitro bovine embryo development.

Ozone Therapy in the Integrated Treatment of Female Dogs with Mammary Cancer: Oxidative Profile and Quality of Life

Considering the high frequency of malignant breast tumors, there is a growing search for new therapeutic strategies that control neoplastic growth and dissemination, combined with fewer adverse reactions. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of ozone therapy in female dogs with mammary cancer undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Twenty-five canines diagnosed with malignant mammary neoplasia were divided into two groups: one treated with carboplatin alone (n = 11) and the other with carboplatin associated with ozone therapy (n = 14). Clinical and laboratory evaluations, mastectomy, analysis of the oxidative profile based on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), survival rate, and quality of life were performed. Animals in the ozone therapy group had higher concentrations of red blood cells and platelets, significantly improving the survival rate and quality of life. Furthermore, adverse reactions were less intense and frequent in this group, which was associated with an increase in TAC and a reduction in MDA. These results indicate that the combination of carboplatin and ozone therapy represents a promising complementary treatment for female dogs with mammary cancer, as it was associated with fewer adverse reactions and a better oxidative profile.

Layered Double Hydroxides: Recent Progress and Promising Perspectives Toward Biomedical Applications

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been widely studied for biomedical applications due to their excellent properties, such as good biocompatibility, degradability, interlayer ion exchangeability, high loading capacity, pH-responsive release, and large specific surface area. Furthermore, the flexibility in the structural composition and ease of surface modification of LDHs makes it possible to develop specifically functionalized LDHs to meet the needs of different applications. In this review, the recent advances of LDHs for biomedical applications, which include LDH-based drug delivery systems, LDHs for cancer diagnosis and therapy, tissue engineering, coatings, functional membranes, and biosensors, are comprehensively discussed. From these various biomedical research fields, it can be seen that there is great potential and possibility for the use of LDHs in biomedical applications. However, at the same time, it must be recognized that the actual clinical translation of LDHs is still very limited. Therefore, the current limitations of related research on LDHs are discussed by combining limited examples of actual clinical translation with requirements for clinical translation of biomaterials. Finally, an outlook on future research related to LDHs is provided.

Can Compounds of Natural Origin Be Important in Chemoprevention? Anticancer Properties of Quercetin, Resveratrol, and Curcumin-A Comprehensive Review

Malignant tumors are the second most common cause of death worldwide. More attention is being paid to the link between the body's impaired oxidoreductive balance and cancer incidence. Much attention is being paid to polyphenols derived from plants, as one of their properties is an antioxidant character: the ability to eliminate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, chelate specific metal ions, modulate signaling pathways affecting inflammation, and raise the level and activity of antioxidant enzymes while lowering those with oxidative effects. The following three compounds, resveratrol, quercetin, and curcumin, are polyphenols modulating multiple molecular targets, or increasing pro-apoptotic protein expression levels and decreasing anti-apoptotic protein expression levels. Experiments conducted in vitro and in vivo on animals and humans suggest using them as chemopreventive agents based on antioxidant properties. The advantage of these natural polyphenols is low toxicity and weak adverse effects at higher doses. However, the compounds discussed are characterized by low bioavailability and solubility, which may make achieving the blood concentrations needed for the desired effect challenging. The solution may lie in derivatives of naturally occurring polyphenols subjected to structural modifications that enhance their beneficial effects or work on implementing new ways of delivering antioxidants that improve their solubility and bioavailability.

Esophageal cancer: current status and new insights from inflammatory markers - a brief review

Esophageal cancer (EC) poses a significant challenge to the healthcare system due to its profound impact on cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. This malignancy ranks among the most arduous conditions confronting the surgeon. EC arises from a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental factors. While the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is on the rise in the West, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains prevalent in the East. Chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of EC. Accordingly, serum inflammatory markers, growth factors, and cytokines have been shown to be clinically useful. Thus, evaluating serum cytokine levels for EC prediction is a safe and feasible screening method. Given the aggressive nature and poor prognosis of the disease, innovative approaches to diagnosis, prognosis, and management of EC are indispensable. This review discusses the major risk factors and the current landscape of EC, with a specific focus on the potential contributions of new inflammatory markers to enhance disease management and improve patient outcomes.

Evaluating the mode of action of perfluorooctanoic acid-induced liver tumors in male Sprague-Dawley rats using a toxicogenomic approach

The mode of action (MOA) underlying perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-induced liver tumors in rats is proposed to involve peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonism. Despite clear PPARα activation evidence in rodent livers, the mechanisms driving cell growth remain elusive. Herein, we used dose-responsive apical endpoints and transcriptomic data to examine the proposed MOA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0, 1, 5, and 15 mg/kg PFOA for 7, 14, and 28 days via oral gavage. We showed PFOA induced hepatomegaly along with hepatocellular hypertrophy in rats. PPARα was activated in a dose-dependent manner. Toxicogenomic analysis revealed six early biomarkers (Cyp4a1, Nr1d1, Acot1, Acot2, Ehhadh, and Vnn1) in response to PPARα activation. A transient rise in hepatocellular DNA synthesis was demonstrated while Ki-67 labeling index showed no change. Transcriptomic analysis indicated no significant enrichment in pathways related to DNA synthesis, apoptosis, or the cell cycle. Key cyclins including Ccnd1, Ccnb1, Ccna2, and Ccne2 were dose-dependently suppressed by PFOA. Oxidative stress and the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway were unaffected. Overall, evidence for PFOA-induced hepatocellular proliferation was transient within the studied timeframe. Our findings underscore the importance of considering inter-species differences and chemical-specific effects when evaluating the carcinogenic risk of PFOA in humans.

Toxicity of persistent organic pollutants: a theoretical study

CONTEXT

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are two families of persistent organic pollutants that are dangerous as they remain in the atmosphere for long periods and are toxic for humans and animals. They are found all over the world, including the penguins of Antarctica. One of the mechanisms that explains the toxicity of these compounds is related to oxidative stress. The main idea of this theoretical research is to use conceptual density functional theory as a theory of chemical reactivity to analyze the oxidative stress that PCBs and PBDEs can produce. The electron transfer properties as well as the interaction with DNA nitrogenous bases of nine PCBs and ten PBDEs found in Antarctic penguins are investigated. From this study, it can be concluded that compounds with more chlorine or bromine atoms are more oxidizing and produce more oxidative stress. These molecules also interact directly with the nitrogenous bases of DNA, forming hydrogen bonds, and this may be an explanation for the toxicity. Since quinone-type metabolites of PCBs and PBDEs can cause neurotoxicity, examples of quinones are also investigated. Condensed Fukui functions are included to analyze local reactivity. These results are important as the reactivity of these compounds helps to explain the toxicity of PCBs and PBDEs.

METHODS

All DFT computations were performed using Gaussian16 at M06-2x/6-311 + g(2d,p) level of theory without symmetry constraints. Electro-donating (ω-) and electro-accepting (ω +) powers were used as global response functions and condensed Fukui functions as local parameters of reactivity.

Mechanisms of Nitrosamine Mutagenicity and Their Relationship to Rodent Carcinogenic Potency

A thorough literature review was undertaken to understand how the pathways of N-nitrosamine transformation relate to mutagenic potential and carcinogenic potency in rodents. Empirical and computational evidence indicates that a common radical intermediate is created by CYP-mediated hydrogen abstraction at the α-carbon; it is responsible for both activation, leading to the formation of DNA-reactive diazonium species, and deactivation by denitrosation. There are competing sites of CYP metabolism (e.g., β-carbon), and other reactive species can form following initial bioactivation, although these alternative pathways tend to decrease rather than enhance carcinogenic potency. The activation pathway, oxidative dealkylation, is a common reaction in drug metabolism and evidence indicates that the carbonyl byproduct, e.g., formaldehyde, does not contribute to the toxic properties of N-nitrosamines. Nitric oxide (NO), a side product of denitrosation, can similarly be discounted as an enhancer of N-nitrosamine toxicity based on carcinogenicity data for substances that act as NO-donors. However, not all N-nitrosamines are potent rodent carcinogens. In a significant number of cases, there is a potency overlap with non-N-nitrosamine carcinogens that are not in the Cohort of Concern (CoC; high-potency rodent carcinogens comprising aflatoxin-like-, N-nitroso-, and alkyl-azoxy compounds), while other N-nitrosamines are devoid of carcinogenic potential. In this context, mutagenicity is a useful surrogate for carcinogenicity, as proposed in the ICH M7 (R2) (2023) guidance. Thus, in the safety assessment and control of N-nitrosamines in medicines, it is important to understand those complementary attributes of mechanisms of mutagenicity and structure-activity relationships that translate to elevated potency versus those which are associated with a reduction in, or absence of, carcinogenic potency.

NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.

Off-gassing from firefighter suits (nomex) as an indoor source of BTEXS

The clothes and special equipment of firefighters can be a source of indoor air pollution. Nevertheless, it has not been investigated so far what the scale of the release of various compounds from such materials into the indoor air can be. The following study analysed the results of an experiment involving the passive measurement of concentrations of selected compounds, i.a. benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene, styrene, isopropylbenzene and n-propylbenzene (BTEXS) in the air of a room where firefighters' special clothing, which had been previously exposed to emissions from simulated fires, was stored. The study included simulations of fires involving three materials: wood, processed wood (OSB/fibreboard) and a mixture of plastics. After being exposed to the simulated fire environment, special clothing (so-called nomex) was placed in a sealed chamber, where passive collection of BTEXS was carried out using tube-type axial passive samplers and a gas chromatograph. Irrespective of which burned material special clothing was exposed to, the compound emitted into the air most intensively was toluene. Its rate of release from a single nomex ranges from 4.4 to 28.6 μg h-1, while the corresponding rates for the sum of BTEXS are between 9.97 and 44.29 μg h-1.

Possible contribution of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine to gene mutations in the kidney DNA of gpt delta rats following potassium bromate treatment

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is well known not only as an effective biomarker of oxidative stress but also as a mutagenic DNA modification. Incorporation of dAMP at the opposite site of 8-OHdG induces G>T or A>C transversions. However, in vivo analyses of gene mutations caused by potassium bromate (KBrO3), which can induce 8-OHdG at carcinogenic target sites, showed that G>T was prominent in the small intestines of mice, but not in the kidneys of rats. Because KBrO3 was a much clearer carcinogen in the kidneys of rats, detailed analyses of gene mutations in the kidney DNA of rats treated with KBrO3 could improve our understanding of oxidative stress-mediated carcinogenesis. In the current study, site-specific reporter gene mutation assays were performed in the kidneys of gpt delta rats treated with KBrO3. Groups of 5 gpt delta rats were treated with KBrO3 at concentrations of 0, 125, 250, or 500 ppm in the drinking water for 9 weeks. At necropsy, the kidneys were macroscopically divided into the cortex and medulla. 8-OHdG levels in DNA extracted from the cortex were dramatically elevated at concentrations of 250 ppm and higher compared with those from the medulla. Cortex-specific increases in mutant frequencies in gpt and red/gam genes were found at 500 ppm. Mutation spectrum and sequence analyses of their mutants demonstrated significant elevations in A>T transversions in the gpt gene and single base deletions at guanine or adenine in the gpt or red/gam genes. While A>T transversions and single base deletions of adenine may result from the oxidized modification of adenine, the contribution of 8-OHdG to gene mutations was limited despite possible participation of the 8-OHdG repair process in guanine deletion.

Advances in Antitumor Effects Using Liposomal Citrinin in Induced Breast Cancer Model

The study aimed to evaluate the antitumor and toxicogenetic effects of liposomal nanoformulations containing citrinin in animal breast carcinoma induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). Mus musculus virgin females were divided into six groups treated with (1) olive oil (10 mL/kg); (2) 7,12-DMBA (6 mg/kg); (3) citrinin, CIT (2 mg/kg), (4) cyclophosphamide, CPA (25 mg/kg), (5) liposomal citrinin, LP-CIT (2 μg/kg), and (6) LP-CIT (6 µg/kg). Metabolic, behavioral, hematological, biochemical, histopathological, and toxicogenetic tests were performed. DMBA and cyclophosphamide induced behavioral changes, not observed for free and liposomal citrinin. No hematological or biochemical changes were observed for LP-CIT. However, free citrinin reduced monocytes and caused hepatotoxicity. During treatment, significant differences were observed regarding the weight of the right and left breasts treated with DMBA compared to negative controls. Treatment with CPA, CIT, and LP-CIT reduced the weight of both breasts, with better results for liposomal citrinin. Furthermore, CPA, CIT, and LP-CIT presented genotoxic effects for tumor, blood, bone marrow, and liver cells, although less DNA damage was observed for LP-CIT compared to CIT and CPA. Healthy cell damage induced by LP-CIT was repaired during treatment, unlike CPA, which caused clastogenic effects. Thus, LP-CIT showed advantages for its use as a model of nanosystems for antitumor studies.

Relevance of Carcinogen-Induced Preclinical Cancer Models

Chemical agents can cause cancer in animals by damaging their DNA, mutating their genes, and modifying their epigenetic signatures. Carcinogen-induced preclinical cancer models are useful for understanding carcinogen-induced human cancers, as they can reproduce the diversity and complexity of tumor types, as well as the interactions with the host environment. However, these models also have some drawbacks that limit their applicability and validity. For instance, some chemicals may be more effective or toxic in animals than in humans, and the tumors may differ in their genetics and phenotypes. Some chemicals may also affect normal cells and tissues, such as by causing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, which may alter the tumor behavior and response to therapy. Furthermore, some chemicals may have variable effects depending on the exposure conditions, such as dose, route, and duration, as well as the animal characteristics, such as genetics and hormones. Therefore, these models should be carefully chosen, validated, and standardized, and the results should be cautiously interpreted and compared with other models. This review covers the main features of chemically induced cancer models, such as genetic and epigenetic changes, tumor environment, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and immune response. We also address the pros and cons of these models and the current and future challenges for their improvement. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of carcinogen-induced cancer models and provides new perspectives for cancer research.

Diet-Modifiable Redox Alterations in Ageing and Cancer

With ageing comes some of life's best and worst moments. Those lucky enough to live out into the seventh, eighth, and nineth decades and perhaps beyond have more opportunities to experience the wonders and joys of the world. As the world's population shifts towards more and more of these individuals, this is something to be celebrated. However, it is not without negative consequences. Advanced age also ushers in health decline and the burden of non-communicable diseases such as cancer, heart disease, stroke, and organ function decay. Thus, alleviating or at least dampening the severity of ageing as a whole, as well as these individual age-related disorders will enable the improvement in lifespan and healthspan. In the following chapter, we delve into hypothesised causes of ageing and experimental interventions that can be taken to slow their progression. We also highlight cellular and subcellular mechanisms of ageing with a focus on protein thiol oxidation and posttranslational modifications that impact cellular homeostasis and the advent and progression of ageing-related cancers. By having a better understanding of the mechanisms of ageing, we can hopefully develop effective, safe, and efficient therapeutic modalities that can be used prophylactically and/or concurrent to the onset of ageing.

Oxidative Stress Enzyme as Markers in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients

Oxidative stress is a recognized factor that poses a significant risk for the development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF), as it leads to the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. In recent years, there has been significant research on the enzymes MDA (malondialdehyde) and SOD (superoxide dismutase), investigating their potential role in the development of OPMD and OSCC. These enzymes have emerged as promising biomarkers due to their ability to provide a less invasive, cost-effective, and objective diagnostic method. Furthermore, they can be used to monitor disease progression and assess the effectiveness of therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of MDA and SOD in the serum of patients diagnosed with OSCC and OSMF. Study group comprised of 60 patients, out of which 20 cases of clinically diagnosed OSCC patients and 20 cases of OSMF and 20 cases pf control comprising of healthy patients were recruited. Estimation MDA and SOD was done by ELISA. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS analysis. When comparing the levels of MDA and SOD between the OSCC and OSMF groups and the control group, statistically significant findings indicated elevated levels of malondialdehyde and reduced levels of superoxide dismutase in both the OSCC and OSMF groups. In this study, the assessment of lipid peroxidation through MDA levels revealed elevated concentrations in both the OSCC and OSMF groups when compared to the control group. Specifically, the order of MDA levels was observed as OSCC > OSMF > Control. Conversely, antioxidant enzyme levels, such as SOD, exhibited decreased concentrations in the OSCC and OSMF groups compared to the control group, with the order of SOD levels being Control > OSMF > OSCC. Consequently, the findings suggest that MDA and SOD can be considered potential biomarkers for identifying and monitoring OSCC and OSMF diseases.

Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Study of Geniposide Regulating Oxidative Stress in Colorectal Cancer

This study aims to identify the mechanism of geniposide regulating oxidative stress in colorectal cancer (CRC) through network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis. Targets of geniposide, oxidative stress-related targets and targets related to CRC were applied from databases. The hub genes for geniposide regulating oxidative stress in CRC were identified with the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Furthermore, we applied Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment to analyze the hub genes from a macro perspective. We verified the hub genes by molecular docking, GEPIA, HPA and starBase database. We identified five hub genes: IL1B, GSK3B, NOS3, RELA and CDK4. GO analysis results suggested that the anti-colorectal cancer effect of geniposide by regulating oxidative stress is possibly related to the influence of multiple biological processes, including response to temperature stimulus, response to alkaloid, nitric oxide biosynthetic process, nitric oxide metabolic process, reactive nitrogen species metabolic process, cellular response to peptide, etc. KEGG enrichment analysis results indicated that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway are likely to be the significant pathways. Molecular docking results showed that the geniposide had a good binding activity with the hub genes. This study demonstrates that geniposide can regulate oxidative stress in CRC, and induction of oxidative stress is one of the possible mechanisms of anti-recurrence and metastasis effects of geniposide against CRC.

Urinary biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: current knowledge for clinicians

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most predominant primary liver cancer, causing many illnesses and deaths worldwide. The insidious clinical presentation, difficulty in early diagnosis, and the highly malignant nature make the prognosis of HCC extremely poor. The complex and heterogeneous pathogenesis of HCC poses significant challenges to developing therapies. Urine-based biomarkers for HCC, including diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring markers, may be valuable supplements to current tools such as serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) and seem promising for progress in precision medicine. Herein, we reviewed the major urinary biomarkers for HCC and assessed their potential for clinical application. Molecular types, testing platforms, and methods for building multimolecule models in the included studies have shown great diversity, thus providing abundant novel tools for future clinical transformation and applications.

The dangerous link between coal dust exposure and DNA damage: unraveling the role of some of the chemical agents and oxidative stress

Exposure to coal mining dust poses a substantial health hazard to individuals due to the complex mixture of components released during the extraction process. This study aimed to assess the oxidative potential of residual coal mining dust on human lymphocyte DNA and telomeres and to perform a chemical characterization of coal dust and urine samples. The study included 150 individuals exposed to coal dust for over ten years, along with 120 control individuals. The results revealed significantly higher levels of DNA damage in the exposed group, as indicated by the standard comet assay, and oxidative damage, as determined by the FPG-modified comet assay. Moreover, the exposed individuals exhibited significantly shorter telomeres compared to the control group, and a significant correlation was found between telomere length and oxidative DNA damage. Using the PIXE method on urine samples, significantly higher concentrations of sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and bromine (Br) were observed in the exposed group compared to the control group. Furthermore, men showed shorter telomeres, greater DNA damage, and higher concentrations of nickel (Ni), calcium (Ca), and chromium (Cr) compared to exposed women. Additionally, the study characterized the particles released into the environment through GC-MS analysis, identifying several compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as fluoranthene, naphthalene, anthracene, 7H-benzo[c]fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and some alkyl derivatives. These findings underscore the significant health risks associated with exposure to coal mining dust, emphasizing the importance of further research and the implementation of regulatory measures to safeguard the health of individuals in affected populations.

Significance of 8-OHdG Expression as a Predictor of Survival in Colorectal Cancer

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing worldwide. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), one of the most prevalent DNA alterations, is known to be upregulated in several carcinomas; however, 8-OHdG has not been used to predict the prognosis of patients with CRC. We aimed to determine 8-OHdG levels in patients with CRC using immunohistochemistry and conducted a survival analysis according to the pathological stage. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) hazard ratios (HRs) of the low 8-OHdG subgroup were 1.41 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.98, p = 0.04) and 1.60 (95% CI: 1.12-2.28, p = 0.01), respectively. When tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging and 8-OHdG expression were combined, the 5-year EFS and DSS HRs of patients with CRC with low 8-OHdG expression cancer at the same TNM stage (stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ) were 1.51 (95% CI: 1.02-2.22, p = 0.04) and 1.64 (95% CI: 1.09-2.48, p = 0.02), respectively, compared to those with high 8-OHdG expression cancer, indicating a poor prognosis. Therefore, low 8-OHdG expression is a significant predictive factor for 5-year EFS and DSS in patients with CRC, and it can serve as an essential biomarker of CRC.

Serum inflammation and oxidative DNA damage amelioration in cocks-fed supplemental Vernonia amygdalina and zinc in aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets

The objective of the study was to assess the comparative effects of Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal (VALM) and zinc (Zn) on the serum proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as DNA damage of cocks-fed aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated diets. A total of 250 sexually mature Isa White cocks of 24 weeks old were randomly distributed into five groups (treatments) with each containing 50 birds, which was replicated five times with 10 birds per replicate. Cocks in group A were fed basal diet only, group B was fed basal diet contaminated with 1 mg AFB1/kg diet, group C received diet B (basal + 1 mg/kg AFB1) with 50 mg/kg Zn, group D was fed diet B with 2.5 g/kg VALM, and group E received diet B with 5.0 g/kg VALM, respectively. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum with fresh feed added to the feed troughs at 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m., respectively. While serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated among the cocks on diet B, significant (P < 0.05) reductions were recorded among cocks on diets C, D, and E. Conversely, birds in group B had significant (P < 0.05) depression in serum interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) while improvements (P < 0.05) were recorded among cocks in groups C, D, and E, respectively. Therefore, the inclusion of VALM offset the adverse physiological effects of AFB1 observed among group B birds. The effects were comparable with the results presented by the cocksfed diet containing Zn.

SARS-CoV-2 infection as a potential risk factor for the development of cancer

The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on public health and the estimated number of excess deaths may be more than three times higher than documented in official statistics. Numerous studies have shown an increased risk of severe COVID-19 and death in patients with cancer. In addition, the role of SARS-CoV-2 as a potential risk factor for the development of cancer has been considered. Therefore, in this review, we summarise the available data on the potential effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on oncogenesis, including but not limited to effects on host signal transduction pathways, immune surveillance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, cell cycle dysregulation, potential viral genome integration, epigenetic alterations and genetic mutations, oncolytic effects and reactivation of dormant cancer cells. We also investigated the potential long-term effects and impact of the antiviral therapy used in COVID-19 on cancer development and its progression.

The role of SOD2 and NOS2 genes in the molecular aspect of bladder cancer pathophysiology

Bladder cancer (BC) is a severe health problem of the genitourinary system and is characterised by a high risk of recurrence. According to the recent GLOBOCAN report, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of diagnosed cancers in the world, taking 10th place on the list of the most common cancers. Despite numerous studies, the full mechanism of BC development remains unknown. Nevertheless, precious results suggest a crucial role of oxidative stress in the development of BC. Therefore, this study explores whether the c. 47 C > T (rs4880)-SOD2, (c. 1823 C > T (rs2297518) and g.-1026 C > A (rs2779249)-NOS2(iNOS) polymorphisms are associated with BC occurrence and whether the bladder carcinogenesis induces changes in SOD2 and NOS2 expression and methylation status in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In this aim, the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay, TaqMan Gene Expression Assay, and methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting techniques were used to genotype profiling and evaluate the expression of the genes and the methylation status of their promoters, respectively. Our findings confirm that heterozygote of the g.-1026 C > A SNP was associated with a decreased risk of BC. Moreover, we detected that BC development influenced the expression level and methylation status of the promoter region of investigated genes in PBMCs. Concluding, our results confirmed that oxidative stress, especially NOS2 polymorphisms and changes in the expression and methylation of the promoters of SOD2 and NOS2 are involved in the cancer transformation initiation of the cell urinary bladder.

Electrochemical detection of genetic damage caused by the interaction of novel bifunctional anthraquinone-temozolomide antitumor hybrids with DNA modified electrode

In this work, novel potential anthraquinone-temozolomide (TMZ) antitumor hybrids N-(2-((9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl)amino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroimidazo [5, 1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine-8-carboxamide (C-1) and 2-(9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl)amino) ethyl-3-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine-8-carboxylate (C-9) were designed and synthesized successfully. The electrochemical behaviors of C-1 (C-9) involved the reversible processes of 9,10-anthraquinone ring, the irreversible reduction and oxidation processes of TMZ ring. Electrochemical biosensors were constructed with ctDNA, poly (dG) and poly (dA) modifying the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to evaluate the DNA oxidative damage caused by the interaction of C-1 (C-9) with DNA. Anthracycline skeleton and TMZ ring in C-1 (C-9) could exhibit bifunctional effects with both intercalating and alkylation modes toward DNA strands. The DNA biosensor had good practicability in mouse serum. The results of gel electrophoresis further demonstrated that C-1 (C-9) could effectively intercalated into ctDNA and disrupt plasmid conformation. Finally, anthraquinone-TMZ hybrid C-1 possessed high cytotoxicity toward A549 and GL261 cells, which could be a novel and optimal candidate for the clinic antitumor treatment.

Antioxidant Activity of Natural Phenols and Derived Hydroxylated Biphenyls

A comparative in vitro study of the antioxidant potential of natural phenols (zingerone, curcumin, raspberry ketone, magnolol) and their synthesized derivatives was performed. The antioxidant efficiency was evaluated in blood serum obtained from healthy individuals, by means of spectrophotometry, before and after the addition of pro-oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH). Moreover, the antioxidant effect of an equimolar mixture of curcumin and zingerone was investigated. Interpretation of our results reveals that in the blood serum of healthy individuals curcumin (C1), raspberry ketone (RK1), magnolol (M1) and synthesized derivative of zingerone (Z2) demonstrate remarkable antioxidant effects (p < 0.05). However, in the state of TBH-induced excessive oxidative stress natural magnolol and synthesized derivatives C1, Z1 and RK1 show powerful antioxidant activity and thus can be further investigated to obtain information about their metabolic transformations and their potential influence at the cellular level. Results obtained from measurements in an equimolar mixture of zingerone and curcumin indicate synergism (p < 0.05) between the two compounds. This combination is especially successful due to the fast and efficient neutralization of added pro-oxidant TBH. The commercial availability of turmeric and ginger and their frequent combined use in diet suggest ideas for further broader utilization of the beneficial synergistic effect of their phenolic components.

Involvement of redox signalling in tumour cell dormancy and metastasis

Decades of research on oncogene-driven carcinogenesis and gene-expression regulatory networks only started to unveil the complexity of tumour cellular and molecular biology. This knowledge has been successfully implemented in the clinical practice to treat primary tumours. In contrast, much less progress has been made in the development of new therapies against metastasis, which are the main cause of cancer-related deaths. More recently, the role of epigenetic and microenviromental factors has been shown to play a key role in tumour progression. Free radicals are known to communicate the intracellular and extracellular compartments, acting as second messengers and exerting a decisive modulatory effect on tumour cell signalling. Depending on the cellular and molecular context, as well as the intracellular concentration of free radicals and the activation status of the antioxidant system of the cell, the signalling equilibrium can be tilted either towards tumour cell survival and progression or cell death. In this regard, recent advances in tumour cell biology and metastasis indicate that redox signalling is at the base of many cell-intrinsic and microenvironmental mechanisms that control disseminated tumour cell fate and metastasis. In this manuscript, we will review the current knowledge about redox signalling along the different phases of the metastatic cascade, including tumour cell dormancy, making emphasis on metabolism and the establishment of supportive microenvironmental connections, from a redox perspective.

Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Role and Therapeutic Opportunities

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While CRC is thought to be an interplay between genetic and environmental factors, several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of gut microbiota in promoting inflammation and tumor progression. Gut microbiota refer to the ~40 trillion microorganisms that inhabit the human gut. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and metagenomics have provided new insights into the gut microbial ecology and have helped in linking gut microbiota to CRC. Many studies carried out in humans and animal models have emphasized the role of certain gut bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and colibactin-producing Escherichia coli, in the onset and progression of CRC. Metagenomic studies have opened up new avenues for the application of gut microbiota in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC. This review article summarizes the role of gut microbiota in CRC development and its use as a biomarker to predict the disease and its potential therapeutic applications.

Polymorphisms of Antioxidant Enzymes SOD2 (rs4880) and GPX1 (rs1050450) Are Associated with Bladder Cancer Risk or Its Aggressiveness

Background and Objectives: Oxidative stress induced by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production plays an important role in carcinogenesis. The entire urinary tract is continuously exposed to numerous potentially mutagenic environmental agents which generate ROS during their biotransformation. In first line defense against free radicals, antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) both have essential roles. Altered enzyme activity and decreased ability of neutralizing free oxygen radicals as a consequence of genetic polymorphisms in genes encoding these two enzymes are well described so far. This study aimed to investigate the association of GPX1 (rs1050450) and SOD2 (rs4880) genetic variants with the urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) risk independently and in combination with smoking. Furthermore, we aimed to determine whether the UBC stage and pathological grade were influenced by GPX1 and SOD2 polymorphisms. Material and Methods: The study population included 330 patients with UBC (mean age 65 ± 10.3 years) and 227 respective controls (mean age 63.4 ± 7.9 years). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of GPX1 (rs1050450) was analyzed using the PCR-RFLP, while SOD2 (rs4880) SNP was analyzed using the q-PCR method. Results: Our results showed that UBC risk was significantly increased among carriers of at least one variant SOD2 Val allele compared to the SOD2 Ala16Ala homozygotes (OR = 1.55, p = 0.03). Moreover, this risk was even more pronounced in smokers with at least one variant SOD2 Val allele, since they have even 7.5 fold higher UBC risk (OR = 7.5, p < 0.001). Considering GPX1 polymorphism, we have not found an association with UBC risk. However, GPX1 genotypes distribution differed significantly according to the tumor stage (p ˂ 0.049) and pathohistological grade (p ˂ 0.018). Conclusion: We found that SOD2 genetic polymorphism is associated with the risk of UBC development independently and in combination with cigarette smoking. Furthermore, we showed that GPX1 genetic polymorphism is associated with the aggressiveness of the disease.

Fluoroplast Doped by Ag2O Nanoparticles as New Repairing Non-Cytotoxic Antibacterial Coating for Meat Industry

Foodborne infections are an important global health problem due to their high prevalence and potential for severe complications. Bacterial contamination of meat during processing at the enterprise can be a source of foodborne infections. Polymeric coatings with antibacterial properties can be applied to prevent bacterial contamination. A composite coating based on fluoroplast and Ag₂O NPs can serve as such a coating. In present study, we, for the first time, created a composite coating based on fluoroplast and Ag₂O NPs. Using laser ablation in water, we obtained spherical Ag₂O NPs with an average size of 45 nm and a ζ-potential of -32 mV. The resulting Ag₂O NPs at concentrations of 0.001-0.1% were transferred into acetone and mixed with a fluoroplast-based varnish. The developed coating made it possible to completely eliminate damage to a Teflon cutting board. The fluoroplast/Ag₂O NP coating was free of defects and inhomogeneities at the nano level. The fluoroplast/Ag₂O NP composite increased the production of ROS (H₂O₂, OH radical), 8-oxogualnine in DNA in vitro, and long-lived active forms of proteins. The effect depended on the mass fraction of the added Ag₂O NPs. The 0.01-0.1% fluoroplast/NP Ag₂O coating exhibited excellent bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but did not affect the viability of eukaryotic cells. The developed PTFE/NP Ag₂O 0.01-0.1% coating can be used to protect cutting boards from bacterial contamination in the meat processing industry.