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Velderrain-Armenta F, González-Ochoa G, Tamez-Guerra P, Romero-Arguelles R, Romo-Sáenz CI, Gomez-Flores R, Flores-Mendoza L, Icedo-García R, Soñanez-Organis JG. Bifidobacterium longum and Chlorella sorokiniana Combination Modulates IFN-γ, IL-10, and SOCS3 in Rotavirus-Infected Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5514. [PMID: 38791551 PMCID: PMC11122607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the main cause of acute diarrhea in children up to five years of age. In this regard, probiotics are commonly used to treat or prevent gastroenteritis including viral infections. The anti-rotavirus effect of Bifidobacterium longum and Chlorella sorokiniana, by reducing viral infectivity and improving IFN-type I response, has been previously reported. The present study aimed to study the effect of B. longum and/or C. sorokiniana on modulating the antiviral cellular immune response mediated by IFN-γ, IL-10, SOCS3, STAT1, and STAT2 genes in rotavirus-infected cells. To determine the mRNA relative expression of these genes, HT-29 cells were treated with B. longum and C. sorokiniana alone or in combination, followed by rotavirus infection. In addition, infected cells were treated with B. longum and/or C. sorokiniana. Cellular RNA was purified, used for cDNA synthesis, and amplified by qPCR. Our results demonstrated that the combination of B. longum and C. sorokiniana stimulates the antiviral cellular immune response by upregulating IFN-γ and may block pro-inflammatory cytokines by upregulating IL-10 and SOCS3. The results of our study indicated that B. longum, C. sorokiniana, or their combination improve antiviral cellular immune response and might modulate pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felizardo Velderrain-Armenta
- Department of Chemistry-Biology and Agriculture, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Biology Sciences and Health, University of Sonora, Navojoa C.P. 85880, Mexico; (F.V.-A.); (L.F.-M.); (R.I.-G.); (J.G.S.-O.)
| | - Guadalupe González-Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry-Biology and Agriculture, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Biology Sciences and Health, University of Sonora, Navojoa C.P. 85880, Mexico; (F.V.-A.); (L.F.-M.); (R.I.-G.); (J.G.S.-O.)
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Falculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Mexico; (R.R.-A.); (C.I.R.-S.); (R.G.-F.)
| | - Ricardo Romero-Arguelles
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Falculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Mexico; (R.R.-A.); (C.I.R.-S.); (R.G.-F.)
| | - César I. Romo-Sáenz
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Falculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Mexico; (R.R.-A.); (C.I.R.-S.); (R.G.-F.)
| | - Ricardo Gomez-Flores
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Falculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Mexico; (R.R.-A.); (C.I.R.-S.); (R.G.-F.)
| | - Lilian Flores-Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry-Biology and Agriculture, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Biology Sciences and Health, University of Sonora, Navojoa C.P. 85880, Mexico; (F.V.-A.); (L.F.-M.); (R.I.-G.); (J.G.S.-O.)
| | - Ramona Icedo-García
- Department of Chemistry-Biology and Agriculture, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Biology Sciences and Health, University of Sonora, Navojoa C.P. 85880, Mexico; (F.V.-A.); (L.F.-M.); (R.I.-G.); (J.G.S.-O.)
| | - José G. Soñanez-Organis
- Department of Chemistry-Biology and Agriculture, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Biology Sciences and Health, University of Sonora, Navojoa C.P. 85880, Mexico; (F.V.-A.); (L.F.-M.); (R.I.-G.); (J.G.S.-O.)
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Hong GH, Lee SY, Kim IA, Suk J, Baeg C, Kim JY, Lee S, Kim KJ, Kim KT, Kim MG, Park KY. Effect of Heat-Treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 on the Immune System Including Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1339. [PMID: 38732587 PMCID: PMC11085399 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat-treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 (HT-nF1) increases immune cell activation and the production of various immunomodulators (e.g., interleukin (IL)-12) as well as immunoglobulin (Ig) G, which plays an important role in humoral immunity, and IgA, which activates mucosal immunity. To determine the effect of HT-nF1 intake on improving immune function, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 100 subjects with normal white blood cell counts. The HT-nF1 group was administered capsules containing 5 × 1011 cells of HT-nF1 once a day for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of HT-nF1 intake, significant changes in IL-12 were observed in the HT-nF1 group (p = 0.045). In particular, the change in natural killer (NK) cell activity significantly increased in subjects with low secretory (s) IgA (≤49.61 μg/mL) and low NK activity (E:T = 10:1) (≤3.59%). These results suggest that HT-nF1 has no safety issues and improves the innate immune function by regulating T helper (Th)1-related immune factors. Therefore, we confirmed that HT-nF1 not only has a positive effect on regulating the body's immunity, but it is also a safe material for the human body, which confirms its potential as a functional health food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hye Hong
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - So-Young Lee
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - In Ah Kim
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Jangmi Suk
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Chaemin Baeg
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Sehee Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ki Tae Kim
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Min Gee Kim
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Kun-Young Park
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
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Park SY, Kim KJ, Jo SM, Jeon JY, Kim BR, Hwang JE, Kim JY. Euglena gracilis (Euglena) powder supplementation enhanced immune function through natural killer cell activity in apparently healthy participants: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Res 2023; 119:90-97. [PMID: 37769481 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis (Euglena) is a microalgae found in most freshwater environments that produces paramylon, an insoluble β-1,3-glucan linked to human immunity. We hypothesized that Euglena powder has effects on immune function in apparently healthy adults. The study included male or female volunteers between the ages of 20 and 70 years who had white blood cell counts ranging from 4 × 103/µL to 10 × 103/µL, a "severe" rating on the stress questionnaire from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and at least 2 upper respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms in the previous year. Participants received either a placebo or 700 mg of Euglena powder daily for 8 weeks. The study measured natural killer cell activity, cytokine concentrations, and blood lipid profiles to confirm the immune effect of Euglena consumption. In conclusion, Euglena improved immunological function through natural killer cell activity. Safety assessment showed no significant changes in vital signs or clinical chemistry indicators, and there were no adverse events associated with Euglena consumption. Euglena supplementation may help boost the immune systems of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - So Min Jo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jeon
- BIO R&D Center, Daesang Corp., Seoul, 07789, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Kim
- BIO R&D Center, Daesang Corp., Seoul, 07789, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Hwang
- BIO R&D Center, Daesang Corp., Seoul, 07789, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea; Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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Mohamed AAR, Moustafa GG, El Bohy KM, Saber TM, Metwally MMM, El Desoukey Mohammed H, El-Far AH, Alotaibi BS, Alosaimi M, Abuzahrah SS, Alqahtani LS. Exploring cardiac impact of oral nicotine exposure in a transplantable Neoplasm Mice Model: Insights from biochemical analysis, morphometry, and molecular docking: Chlorella vulgaris green algae support. Toxicology 2023; 497-498:153629. [PMID: 37704175 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine-induced cardiac tissue damage is a concern for cancer patients, but the exact pathogenesis from nicotine oral exposure is unclear. This study was designed to investigate the impact of nicotine and Chlorella vulgaris (Ch. V) on cardiac glutathione homeostasis, inflammatory response, cardiac damage markers, apoptotic proteins and histopathological findings in an experimentally transplantable neoplasm mouse model (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma; EAC). In the in-vivo experiment, the female Swiss mice were divided into four groups: control, Ch.V (100 mg/kg), Nicotine (100 µg/ml/kg), and a combination group ( Nocotine+ Ch.V) for 40 days. Furthermore, in this study,the effects of C. vulgaris components on caspase-3, TNF-α, and IL-1β activity were explored using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) docking software to ensure its ability to counteract the toxic effects of nicotine. The results indicated that nicotine has induced significant (P < 0.001) cardiopathic alterations in EAC-bearing mice with changes in cardiac tissue enzymes. C. Vulgaris attenuated the nicotine-induced cardiac glutathione inhibition, suppressed the inflammatory response, exerted antiapoptotic effects, mitigated myocardial injury biomarkers, and repaired cellular and tissue damage. Moreover, the molecular docking results revealed the ability of C. vulgaris to bind with interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1 A (TNFRSF1A) in the mice tissues, ameliorating apoptosis and inflammatory processes associated with nicotine-induced cardiotoxicity. This study provides a model for understanding nicotine-induced myocardial injury during experimentally transplantable neoplasm. It highlights C. vulgaris as a beneficial food supplement for cancer patients exposed to nicotine orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Gihan G Moustafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Khlood M El Bohy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Taghred M Saber
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Metwally
- Department of pathology and clinical pathology, faculty of veterinary medicine, King Salman international University, Ras sudr، Egypt; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Heba El Desoukey Mohammed
- Specialist of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Veterinary Services, El Senbellawein, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ali H El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Badriyah S Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manal Alosaimi
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah S Abuzahrah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena S Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23445, Saudi Arabia
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Velankanni P, Go SH, Jin JB, Park JS, Park S, Lee SB, Kwon HK, Pan CH, Cha KH, Lee CG. Chlorella vulgaris Modulates Gut Microbiota and Induces Regulatory T Cells to Alleviate Colitis in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:3293. [PMID: 37571230 PMCID: PMC10421373 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) is unicellular green algae consumed worldwide as a functional food. The immune stimulatory function of C. vulgaris is known; however, no study has elucidated its immune regulatory potential and associated microbiome modulation. In the current study, we aimed to validate the immune regulatory role of C. vulgaris mediated through two mechanisms. Initially, we assessed its ability to promote the expansion of the regulatory T cell (Treg) population. Subsequently, we investigated its impact on gut microbiota composition and associated metabolites. The supplementation of C. vulgaris altered the gut microbiota composition, accompanied by increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production in mice at homeostasis. We later used C. vulgaris in the treatment of a DSS-induced colitis model. C. vulgaris intervention alleviated the pathological symptom of colitis in mice, with a corresponding increase in Treg levels. As C. vulgaris is a safe and widely used food supplement, it can be a feasible strategy to instigate cross-talk between the host immune system and the intestinal flora for the effective management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Velankanni
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (P.V.); (J.B.J.); (J.-S.P.); (S.P.)
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Go
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jong Beom Jin
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (P.V.); (J.B.J.); (J.-S.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Jin-Soo Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (P.V.); (J.B.J.); (J.-S.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Sunhee Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (P.V.); (J.B.J.); (J.-S.P.); (S.P.)
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Bin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-B.L.); (H.-K.K.)
| | - Ho-Keun Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-B.L.); (H.-K.K.)
| | - Cheol-Ho Pan
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (P.V.); (J.B.J.); (J.-S.P.); (S.P.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Cha
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (P.V.); (J.B.J.); (J.-S.P.); (S.P.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Gu Lee
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (P.V.); (J.B.J.); (J.-S.P.); (S.P.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
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Barghchi H, Dehnavi Z, Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Alwaily ER, Almulla AF, Kareem AK, Barati M, Ranjbar G, Mohammadzadeh A, Rahimi P, Pahlavani N. The effects of Chlorella vulgaris on cardiovascular risk factors: A comprehensive review on putative molecular mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114624. [PMID: 37018990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High incidence rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) make this condition as an important public health concern. The use of natural products in treating this chronic condition has increased in recent years one of which is the single-celled green alga Chlorella. Chlorella vulgaris (CV) has been studied for its potential benefits to human health due to its biological and pharmacological features. CV contains a variety of macro and micronutrients, including proteins, omega-3, polysaccharides, vitamins, and minerals. Some studies have indicated that taking CV as a dietary supplement can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. In some studies, cardiovascular risk factors that are based on hematological indices did not show these benefits, and no molecular mechanisms have been identified. This comprehensive review summarized the research on the cardio-protective benefits of chlorella supplementation and the underlying molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Barghchi
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Dehnavi
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elyas Nattagh-Eshtivani
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Enas R Alwaily
- Microbiology Research Group, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Abbas F Almulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Ali K Kareem
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Hillah, Iraq
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Golnaz Ranjbar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Pegah Rahimi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; School of Medical Sciences, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.
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Sanayei M, Kalejahi P, Mahinkazemi M, Fathifar Z, Barzegar A. The effect of Chlorella vulgaris on obesity related metabolic disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 19:833-842. [PMID: 33951762 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chlorella vulgaris (CV) as a unicellular algae is a dietary supplement with beneficial nutritious content, used for decades in some countries. Positive effects for CV supplementation on metabolic parameters has been established in animal and human studies. However there is a gap for this results summary for a definite conclusion announce. This systematic review aimed to summarize the effects of CV on body weight, lipid profile, and blood glucose. CONTENT PRISMA guidelines were charted in this review. Subject search was performed in MEDLINE, ProQuest, PubMed, ISI web of sciences, Google scholar, Cochrane and Scopus databases for randomized clinical trials published in English languages, until December 2020, which assessed the effects of CV on metabolic syndrome related symptoms in clinical trials. SUMMARY Out of 4,821 records screened, after duplicate and irrelevant exclusion by title and abstract, 20 articles remained for full text screening. Finally a total of 12 articles met the study inclusion criteria and were assessed for study method and results. OUTLOOK The findings showed controversies in anthropometric, glycemic and lipid profile effects. CV may have beneficial effects on obesity-related metabolic disorders; however, collected studies lacked statistical power to reach a definite conclusion. More well-designed studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahzad Sanayei
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parinaz Kalejahi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mahinkazemi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Fathifar
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health Information Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Barzegar
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Kumar R, Hegde AS, Sharma K, Parmar P, Srivatsan V. Microalgae as a sustainable source of edible proteins and bioactive peptides – Current trends and future prospects. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Vaitkevicius-Antão V, Moreira-Silva J, Reino IBDSM, de Melo MGN, da Silva-Júnior JN, de Andrade AF, de Araújo PSR, Bezerra RP, Marques DDAV, Ferreira S, Pessoa-e-Silva R, de Lorena VMB, de Paiva-Cavalcanti M. Therapeutic Potential of Photosynthetic Microorganisms for Visceral Leishmaniasis: An Immunological Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891495. [PMID: 35844611 PMCID: PMC9280147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic strategies for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been studied, and the development of an immunotherapeutic agent that modulates the host’s immune response is necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the bioactive extracts of photosynthetic microorganisms (PMs) for their leishmanicidal/leishmanistatic and immunomodulatory potentials. Bioactive extracts from PMs (Arthrospira platensis and Dunaliella tertiolecta) were obtained by sonication. Reference drugs, miltefosine (MTF) and N-methylglucamine antimoniate (SbV), were also evaluated. The selectivity index (SI) of treatments was determined by assays of inhibitory concentration (IC50) in Leishmania infantum cells and cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by the MTT method. The immune response was evaluated in healthy human cells by the production of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) and the gene expression of Tbx21, GATA3, RORc, and FOXP3, using four concentrations (CC50, ½ CC50, ¼ CC50, and IC50) for in-vitro stimulation. Based on the data obtained, we observed that the extracts of D. tertiolecta (SI = 4.7) and A. platensis (SI = 3.8) presented better results when compared to SbV (SI = 2.1). When analyzing the immune response results, we identified that the extracts of PMs stimulated the production of cytokines of the Th1 profile more than the reference drugs. The extracts also demonstrated the ability to stimulate NO synthesis. Regarding gene expression, in all concentrations of A. platensis extracts, we found a balance between the Th1/Th2 profile, with the average expression of the Tbx21 gene more than the GATA3 in the highest concentration (CC50). Regarding the extract of D. tertiolecta, we can observe that, in the lowest concentrations, a balance between all the genes was present, with the average expression of the GATA3 gene being lower than the others. The best result was found in the ½ CC50 concentration, stimulating a balanced positive expression between the Th1×Th17×Treg profiles, with a negative expression of GATA3. Thus, PM extracts showed promising results, presenting low toxicity, leishmanicidal/leishmanistatic activity, and induction of the immune response, which could be potential therapeutic candidates for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jady Moreira-Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Silvana Ferreira
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milena de Paiva-Cavalcanti
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Milena de Paiva-Cavalcanti,
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Han NR, Kim KC, Kim JS, Ko SG, Park HJ, Moon PD. A mixture of Panax ginseng and Scrophularia buergeriana improves immune function in an immunosuppressed murine model. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153984. [PMID: 35189478 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunomodulatory drugs are currently used for immunosuppressed individuals, but adverse side effects have been reported. Although Panax ginseng and Scrophularia buergeriana are known to have respective pharmacological properties, the potential of a mixture of Panax ginseng and Scrophularia buergeriana (Isam-Tang, IST) as an immunomodulatory drug has not yet been studied. PURPOSE The present study was designed to assess the immunomodulatory activity of IST and p-coumaric acid (pCA), an active compound of IST, in the immune system. METHODS The levels of immunostimulatory cytokines, nitrite, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NF-kB activation, and proliferation were examined in RAW264.7 cells, primary splenocytes and splenic NK cells isolated from normal mouse spleen, and in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice using ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS IST or pCA treatment increased the production of immunostimulatory cytokines and nitrite and the expression of iNOS in RAW264.7 cells and splenocytes. IST or pCA also induced NF-κB signaling activation and promoted the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the splenocyte proliferation and splenic NK activity were enhanced by IST or pCA. IST or pCA increased the levels of immunostimulatory cytokines in immunosuppressed mice and ameliorated splenic tissue damage. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that IST supplementation may be used to enhance immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyeoung-Cheol Kim
- Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Ju-Sung Kim
- Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Oncology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095071. [PMID: 35564468 PMCID: PMC9104744 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, after cardiovascular diseases. Increasing patients’ awareness and providing easier access to public information result in greater interest in alternative anticancer or unproven supportive therapies. Fear of cancer and limited trust in the treating physician are also important reasons leading patients to seek these methods. Trust and good communication are essential to achieving truthful collaboration between physicians and patients. Given the popularity of CAM, better knowledge about these alternative practices may help oncologists discuss this issue with their patients. This article objectively reviews the most common unconventional therapies used by cancer patients.
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Effect of supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris on lipid profile in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 2022; 66:102822. [PMID: 35331862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize available findings on the effect of Chlorella vulgaris supplementation on lipid profile in adults. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). SETTING This study followed 2020 PRISMA guideline. We performed a systematic search in the online databases to identify relevant articles and then, extracted required data from each paper for the meta-analysis. Random-effects models were used to obtain overall mean difference (MD) comparing Chlorella vulgaris supplementation with a control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Blood lipids including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, and HDL-C. RESULTS In total, 10 RCTs with a total sample size of 539 adults (264 in the Chlorella vulgaris group and 275 in the control group) were included. Of the 10 RCTs, four had a low risk of bias for all aspects of the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Also, only two studies determined the chlorella content, purity, potency, and contamination of the supplements used in the intervention. Combining results from these studies showed a summary MD of -2.11 mg/dL (95% CI: -7.28 to 3.06) for TG, -7.47 mg/dL (95% CI: -12.98 to -1.96) for TC, -7.71 mg/dL (95% CI: -14.05 to -1.37) for LDL-C, and -0.45 mg/dL (95% CI: -0.67 to 1.57) for HDL-C, indicating a beneficial effect of Chlorella vulgaris supplementation on TC and LDL-C levels. Based on the dose-response analysis, the reducing effect of Chlorella vulgaris supplementation on LDL-C levels was seen at the dosages between zero and 1500 mg/d (P for non-linearity= 0.01), whereas in higher amounts, this effect was not significant. CONCLUSION We found that Chlorella vulgaris supplementation had a beneficial effect on TC and LDL-C levels with no significant effect on TG and HDL-C levels.
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Huang TH, Liu PY, Lin YL, Tsai JS. Hypoglycemic peptide-enriched hydrolysates of Corbicula fluminea and Chlorella sorokiniana possess synergistic hypoglycemic activity through inhibiting α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:716-723. [PMID: 34171123 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide has increased in recent decades. Maintaining the level of blood glucose is the most basic and important issue for diabetics. This study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic activity of a combination of hypoglycemic peptide-enriched hydrolysates of Corbicula fluminea (ACH) and Chlorella sorokiniana (PCH). RESULTS Combined supplementation of ACH and PCH synergistically inhibited α-glucosidase and DPP4 activities in vitro. After 4 weeks of treatment with ACH and/or PCH, the plasma glucose concentration and insulin, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels significantly decreased. The hypoglycemic peptides in ACH and PCH were purified and assayed for α-glucosidase and DPP4 activity. The hypoglycemic peptides in ACH and PCH effectively decreased α-glucosidase and DPP4 activities. In silico assays showed that these two peptide types have different docking poses, which determined their inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase and DPP4 activity. CONCLUSION Combined treatment with hypoglycemic peptide-enriched ACH and PCH could modulate blood glucose by synergistically inhibiting α-glucosidase and DPP4 activities. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Yu Liu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Shou Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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Kim JH, Kim DH, Jo S, Cho MJ, Cho YR, Lee YJ, Byun S. Immunomodulatory functional foods and their molecular mechanisms. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1-11. [PMID: 35079119 PMCID: PMC8787967 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system comprises a complex group of processes that provide defense against diverse pathogens. These defenses can be divided into innate and adaptive immunity, in which specific immune components converge to limit infections. In addition to genetic factors, aging, lifestyle, and environmental factors can influence immune function, potentially affecting the susceptibility of the host to disease-causing agents. Chemical compounds in certain foods have been shown to regulate signal transduction and cell phenotypes, ultimately impacting pathophysiology. Research has shown that the consumption of specific functional foods can stimulate the activity of immune cells, providing protection against cancer, viruses, and bacteria. Here, we review a number of functional foods reported to strengthen immunity, including ginseng, mushrooms, chlorella, and probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum). We also discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the activity of various types of immune cells. Identifying immune-enhancing functional foods and understanding their mechanisms of action will support new approaches to maintain proper health and combat immunological diseases. Evidence is building to support the idea that specific ‘functional foods’ can stimulate the activity of cells and signaling systems of the immune system to provide protection against cancer, viruses and bacteria. Sanguine Byun and colleagues at Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea, review research into a range of functional foods, foods thought to have health benefits beyond their nutritional value. These include ginseng, mushrooms, the green algae called Chlorella and the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum. They also consider individual components of foods such as poly-gamma-glutamate, a natural polymer made by bacteria. A wide body of research is revealing diverse molecular mechanisms through which biochemicals in functional foods can modulate different aspects of the immune system. These include effects on both non-specific innate immunity and adaptive immunity, which targets specific invading pathogens and diseased cells.
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Regueiras A, Huguet Á, Conde T, Couto D, Domingues P, Domingues MR, Costa AM, da Silva JL, Vasconcelos V, Urbatzka R. Potential Anti-Obesity, Anti-Steatosis, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Extracts from the Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorococcum amblystomatis under Different Growth Conditions. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010009. [PMID: 35049863 PMCID: PMC8781425 DOI: 10.3390/md20010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are known as a producer of proteins and lipids, but also of valuable compounds for human health benefits (e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); minerals, vitamins, or other compounds). The overall objective of this research was to prospect novel products, such as nutraceuticals from microalgae, for application in human health, particularly for metabolic diseases. Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorococcum amblystomatis were grown autotrophically, and C. vulgaris was additionally grown heterotrophically. Microalgae biomass was extracted using organic solvents (dichloromethane, ethanol, ethanol with ultrasound-assisted extraction). Those extracts were evaluated for their bioactivities, toxicity, and metabolite profile. Some of the extracts reduced the neutral lipid content using the zebrafish larvae fat metabolism assay, reduced lipid accumulation in fatty-acid-overloaded HepG2 liver cells, or decreased the LPS-induced inflammation reaction in RAW264.7 macrophages. Toxicity was not observed in the MTT assay in vitro or by the appearance of lethality or malformations in zebrafish larvae in vivo. Differences in metabolite profiles of microalgae extracts obtained by UPLC-LC-MS/MS and GNPS analyses revealed unique compounds in the active extracts, whose majority did not have a match in mass spectrometry databases and could be potentially novel compounds. In conclusion, microalgae extracts demonstrated anti-obesity, anti-steatosis, and anti-inflammatory activities and could be valuable resources for developing future nutraceuticals. In particular, the ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extract of the heterotrophic C. vulgaris significantly enhanced the anti-obesity activity and demonstrated that the alteration of culture conditions is a valuable approach to increase the production of high-value compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Regueiras
- Blue Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology Group, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (Á.H.); (V.V.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Álvaro Huguet
- Blue Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology Group, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (Á.H.); (V.V.)
| | - Tiago Conde
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.C.); (D.C.); (P.D.); (M.R.D.)
| | - Daniela Couto
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.C.); (D.C.); (P.D.); (M.R.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.C.); (D.C.); (P.D.); (M.R.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.C.); (D.C.); (P.D.); (M.R.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Costa
- Allmicroalgae, R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal; (A.M.C.); (J.L.d.S.)
| | | | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Blue Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology Group, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (Á.H.); (V.V.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ralph Urbatzka
- Blue Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology Group, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (Á.H.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Basak S, Gokhale J. Immunity boosting nutraceuticals: Current trends and challenges. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13902. [PMID: 34467553 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The immune function of the human body is highly influenced by the dietary intake of certain nutrients and bioactive compounds present in foods. The preventive effects of these bioactive ingredients against various diseases have been well investigated. Functional foods are consumed across various diverse cultures, in some form or the other, which provide benefits greater than the basic nutritional needs. Novel functional foods are being developed using novel bioactive ingredients such as probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and various phytoconstituents, which have a range of immunomodulatory properties. Apart from immunomodulation, these ingredients also affect immunity by their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. The global pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 has forced the scientific community to race against time to find a proper and effective drug or a vaccine. In this review, various non-pharmacological interventions using nutraceuticals and functional foods have been discussed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Despite a plethora of research being undertaken to understand the immunity boosting properties of the various bioactive present in food, the findings are not translating to nutraceutical products in the market. Immunity has proved to be one of the most important factors for the health and well-being of an individual, especially when the world has been under the grip of the novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2. The anti-inflammatory properties of various nutraceuticals can come out as potential inhibitors of the various inflammatory processes such as cytokine storms, usually being observed in COVID 19. This review gives an insight into how various nutraceuticals can help in the prevention of various diseases through different mechanisms. The lack of awareness and proper clinical trials pose a challenge to the nutraceutical industry. This review will help and encourage researchers to further design and develop various functional foods, which might help in building immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Basak
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyoti Gokhale
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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Sanayei M, Izadi A, Hajizadeh-Sharafabad F, Amirsasan R, Kaviani M, Barzegar A. Chlorella vulgaris in combination with high intensity interval training in overweight and obese women: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:781-792. [PMID: 34178863 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Chlorella vulgaris (CV) as a multifunctional dietary supplement is known with lots of health benefits. It is possible that CV consumption along with high-intensity interval training (HIIT), a short period exercise is more beneficial. This investigation aimed to evaluate the effects of CV and/or HIIT on anthropometric parameters and cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight or obese women. Methods Present randomized double-blind clinical trial, included 46 women with overweight or obesity and randomly assigned them to four groups including CV, HIIT, CV+HIIT, and placebo. CV supplementation was 900 mg a day and HIIT program 3 sessions a week. Dietary intake, anthropometric assays and blood samples were taken at the commencement and completion of 8-week intervention. Results After 8 weeks, waist circumference (WC) significantly reduced in CV+HIIT group in comparison with placebo group. Significant decreases in triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were found after CV supplementation and/or HIIT exercise in comparison with placebo group. A significant rise in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was observed in HIIT and HIIT + CV groups in comparison with placebo group, however CV consumption failed to affect HDL cholesterol levels. CV and/or HIIT significantly lowered, visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulating product (LAP) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in comparison with placebo. However, concurrent administration of CV and HII resulted in greater reduction in this indexes. Among glycemic indices a significant reduction in insulin resistance in CV+HIIT group compared with placebo group were seen. Conclusions In conclusion, CV and HIIT could improve lipid profile and glycemic status in overweight and obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahzad Sanayei
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azimeh Izadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hajizadeh-Sharafabad
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Amirsasan
- Associate Professor in Exercise Physiology and Sport Nutrition, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, Acadia University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ali Barzegar
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Tanaka S, Yamamoto K, Hamajima C, Takahashi F, Endo K, Uyeno Y. Dietary Supplementation with Fermented Brassica rapa L. Stimulates Defecation Accompanying Change in Colonic Bacterial Community Structure. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061847. [PMID: 34071486 PMCID: PMC8227684 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have elucidated that oral administration of Brassica rapa L. extract, known as Nozawana in Japan, alters immune responses and gut microbiota composition, increasing the numbers of butyrate-producing bacteria. Therefore, further investigation would help elucidate the mechanism attributable for the changes and health-promoting effects observed after B rapa L. extract ingestion. To reveal the modulation effects of fermented B. rapa L. on immune function and intestinal bacterial community structure, we conducted an intervention study with healthy volunteers followed by a mouse feeding study. The pilot intervention study was conducted for healthy volunteers aged 40–64 years under the hypothesis that the number of subjects exhibiting any change in gut microbiota in response to fermented B. rapa L. consumption may be limited. In total, 20 volunteers consumed 30 g of fermented B. rapa L. per day for 4 weeks. The fecal bacterial community composition of the volunteers was characterized using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism patterning followed by clustering analysis. To evaluate the detailed changes in the immune responses and the gut bacterial composition, assessed by high-throughput sequencing, we fed healthy mice with freeze-dried, fermented B. rapa L. for 2 weeks. The fecal bacterial community composition of the volunteers before the intervention was divided into three clades. Regardless of the clade, the defecation frequency significantly increased during the intervention weeks compared with that before the intervention. However, this clustering detected a specific increase of Prevotella in one cluster (low to zero Prevotella and high occupation of Clostridium at clusters IV and XIVa) post-ingestion. The cytokine production of spleen cells significantly increased due to feeding fermented B. rapa L. to the mice. This supplementary in vivo trial provided comparable results to the volunteer study regarding the effects of ingestion of the material given the compositional change complying with that of dietary fiber, particularly in the increase of genera Prevotella, Lachnospira, and genera in the Ruminococcaceae family, and the increase in daily defecation amount during 2 weeks of administration. We conclude that feeding fermented B. rapa L. may be responsible for the observed modulation in gut microbiota to increase fiber-degrading bacteria and butyrate-producing bacteria which may be relevant to the improvement in bowel function such as defecation frequency.
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Bax CE, Chakka S, Concha JSS, Zeidi M, Werth VP. The effects of immunostimulatory herbal supplements on autoimmune skin diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 84:1051-1058. [PMID: 32553683 PMCID: PMC7736300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of herbal supplements that promise to improve immune health has gained popularity among dermatology patients. However, there is little to no evidence that herbal supplements improve dermatologic conditions. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that Spirulina platensis, Aphanizomenon flos-aqua, Chlorella, Echinacea, and alfalfa activate immune cells via certain cytokines and chemokines. Case reports suggest the association of ingesting immunostimulatory herbs and the clinical onset or flares of diseases characterized by an exaggerated immune response such as lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and autoimmune blistering disorders. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the prevalence of herbal supplement use in this patient population. In addition, in vitro studies should examine the underlying mechanisms by which herbs stimulate immune pathways that are already overactive in autoimmune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Bax
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Srita Chakka
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Josef Symon S Concha
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Majid Zeidi
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Victoria P Werth
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania.
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Bustamam MSA, Pantami HA, Azizan A, Shaari K, Min CC, Abas F, Nagao N, Maulidiani M, Banerjee S, Sulaiman F, Ismail IS. Complementary Analytical Platforms of NMR Spectroscopy and LCMS Analysis in the Metabolite Profiling of Isochrysis galbana. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030139. [PMID: 33801258 PMCID: PMC7998644 DOI: 10.3390/md19030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to profile the metabolites of Isochrysis galbana, an indigenous and less explored microalgae species. 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) were used to establish the metabolite profiles of five different extracts of this microalga, which are hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), absolute ethanol (EtOH), EtOH:water 1:1 (AqE), and 100% water (Aq). Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS–DA) of the generated profiles revealed that EtOAc and Aq extracts contain a diverse range of metabolites as compared to the other extracts with a total of twenty-one metabolites, comprising carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and amino acids, that were putatively identified from the NMR spectra. Meanwhile, thirty-two metabolites were successfully annotated from the LCMS/MS data, ten of which (palmitic acid, oleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidic acid, cholesterol, DHA, DPA, fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, and pheophytin) were similar to those present in the NMR profile. Another eleven glycerophospholipids were discovered using MS/MS-based molecular network (MN) platform. The results of this study, besides providing a better understanding of I.galbana’s chemical make-up, will be of importance in exploring this species potential as a feed ingredient in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Safwan Ahamad Bustamam
- Natural Medicine and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (A.A.); (K.S.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Hamza Ahmed Pantami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Awanis Azizan
- Natural Medicine and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (A.A.); (K.S.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Natural Medicine and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (A.A.); (K.S.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (F.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Chong Chou Min
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (C.C.M.); (N.N.)
| | - Faridah Abas
- Natural Medicine and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (A.A.); (K.S.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Norio Nagao
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (C.C.M.); (N.N.)
| | - Maulidiani Maulidiani
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia;
| | - Sanjoy Banerjee
- Natural Medicine and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (A.A.); (K.S.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Fadzil Sulaiman
- Natural Medicine and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (A.A.); (K.S.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Natural Medicine and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (A.A.); (K.S.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (F.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9769-7492
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Yarmohammadi S, Hosseini-Ghatar R, Foshati S, Moradi M, Hemati N, Moradi S, Kermani MAH, Farzaei MH, Khan H. Effect of Chlorella vulgaris on Liver Function Biomarkers: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Nutr Res 2021; 10:83-94. [PMID: 33564655 PMCID: PMC7850816 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2021.10.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) supplementation and liver function biomarkers. Pertinent studies were identified using Scopus, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane library databases up to August 2020. Mean differences were pooled using a random-effects model. Pooling 7 RCTs together showed that C. vulgaris supplementation led to a significant reduction of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (weighted mean difference [WMD], −9.15 U/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], −16.09, −2.21), but not alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels compared to the placebo consumption. Subgroup-analysis indicated that C. vulgaris supplementation had more effect on AST decreasing among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients (WMD, −16.42 U/L; 95% CI, −29.75, −3.09) than others. Furthermore, subgroup analysis based on kind of compression showed that C. vulgaris supplementation significantly decreased ALT levels (WMD, −4.65 U/L; 95% CI, −8.88, −0.42) compared with the placebo, but not metformin consumption. It seems that C. vulgaris supplementation mainly affects AST levels rather than ALT and ALP levels, however, as mentioned the effect of C. vulgaris on those enzymes might be context-dependent. Therefore, further investigations with a large number of patients as well as on different disorders are necessary and can provide more definitive evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Yarmohammadi
- Internal Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran
| | - Reza Hosseini-Ghatar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Sahar Foshati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Mojgan Moradi
- Internal Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran
| | - Niloofar Hemati
- Internal Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran
| | - Sajjad Moradi
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Hojjati Kermani
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19899-34148, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
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Bito T, Okumura E, Fujishima M, Watanabe F. Potential of Chlorella as a Dietary Supplement to Promote Human Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2524. [PMID: 32825362 PMCID: PMC7551956 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorella is a green unicellular alga that is commercially produced and distributed worldwide as a dietary supplement. Chlorella products contain numerous nutrients and vitamins, including D and B12, that are absent in plant-derived food sources. Chlorella contains larger amounts of folate and iron than other plant-derived foods. Chlorella supplementation to mammals, including humans, has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic activities. Meta-analysis on the effects of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors have suggested that it improves total cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels but not triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These beneficial effects of Chlorella might be due to synergism between multiple nutrient and antioxidant compounds. However, information regarding the bioactive compounds in Chlorella is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Bito
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Eri Okumura
- Sun Chlorella Corporation, Kyoto 600-8177, Japan; (E.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Masaki Fujishima
- Sun Chlorella Corporation, Kyoto 600-8177, Japan; (E.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Fumio Watanabe
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
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Comprehensive GCMS and LC-MS/MS Metabolite Profiling of Chlorella vulgaris. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070367. [PMID: 32709006 PMCID: PMC7404257 DOI: 10.3390/md18070367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The commercial cultivation of microalgae began in the 1960s and Chlorella was one of the first target organisms. The species has long been considered a potential source of renewable energy, an alternative for phytoremediation, and more recently, as a growth and immune stimulant. However, Chlorella vulgaris, which is one of the most studied microalga, has never been comprehensively profiled chemically. In the present study, comprehensive profiling of the Chlorella vulgaris metabolome grown under normal culture conditions was carried out, employing tandem LC-MS/MS to profile the ethanolic extract and GC-MS for fatty acid analysis. The fatty acid profile of C. vulgaris was shown to be rich in omega-6, -7, -9, and -13 fatty acids, with omega-6 being the highest, representing more than sixty percent (>60%) of the total fatty acids. This is a clear indication that this species of Chlorella could serve as a good source of nutrition when incorporated in diets. The profile also showed that the main fatty acid composition was that of C16-C18 (>92%), suggesting that it might be a potential candidate for biodiesel production. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed carotenoid constituents comprising violaxanthin, neoxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, vulgaxanthin I, astaxanthin, and antheraxanthin, along with other pigments such as the chlorophylls. In addition to these, amino acids, vitamins, and simple sugars were also profiled, and through mass spectrometry-based molecular networking, 48 phospholipids were putatively identified.
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Ding KX, Gao TL, Xu R, Cai J, Zhang HQ, Sun YY, Zhong F, Ma AG. Quantifying the Effect of Supplementation with Algae and Its Extracts on Glycolipid Metabolism: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1712. [PMID: 32521609 PMCID: PMC7352414 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The effect of algae and its extract supplementation on glycolipid metabolism has not been finalized. Therefore, the purpose of the meta-analyses was to assess the effects of its supplementation on glycolipid metabolism concentration. METHODS We have systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and Embase to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the impact of algae and its extracts supplementation on glycolipid metabolism. Effect size analysis was performed using weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% CI between the methods of the experiment group and the control group. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the possible influences of study characteristics. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis were also performed. RESULTS A total of 27 RCTs (31 trials) with 1221 participants were finally selected for the meta-analysis. The algae and its extract intervention significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c, WMD = -0.18%; 95% CI: -0.27 to -0.10; p < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, WMD = -0.22 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.38 to -0.06; p = 0.008), and triglycerides (TC, WMD = -0.31 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.25; p < 0.001) levels and increased insulin (WMD = 6.05 pmol/mL; 95% CI: 4.01 to 8.09; p < 0.001) levels. It did not significantly change the blood glucose, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), 2-h post-meal blood glucose (2hPBG) and other lipid profiles. Subgroup analyses based on the duration of intervention and subjects demonstrated that the intervention of algae and its extracts for 10 weeks or fewer and more than 40 subjects decreased TC levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, the intervention reduced TC and 2hPBG concentrations for East Asians (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided evidence that algae and its extract interventions were beneficial for the regulation of human glycolipid metabolism. More precise RCTs on subjects are recommended to further clarify the effect of algae, seaweed polysaccharide, seaweed polypeptide, algae polyphenol and its products intervention on glycolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-xiang Ding
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Tian-lin Gao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Hua-qi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yong-ye Sun
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Feng Zhong
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Ai-guo Ma
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
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Effects of Porphyra tenera Supplementation on the Immune System: A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061642. [PMID: 32498269 PMCID: PMC7352330 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if Porphyra tenera extract (PTE) has immune-enhancing effects and is safe in healthy adults. Methods: Subjects who met the inclusion criteria (3 × 103 ≤ peripheral blood leukocyte level ≥ 8 × 103 cells/µL) were recruited for this study. Enrolled subjects (n = 120) were randomly assigned to either the PTE group (n = 60) and were given 2.5 g/day of PTE (as PTE) in capsule form or the placebo group (n = 60) and were given crystal cellulose capsules with the identical appearance, weight, and flavor as the PTE capsules for 8 weeks. Outcomes were assessed based on measuring natural killer (NK) cell activity, cytokines level, and upper respiratory infection (URI), and safety parameters were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks. Results: Compared with baseline, NK cell activity (%) increased for all effector cell-to-target cell ratios in the PTE group after 8 weeks; however, changes were not observed in the placebo group (p < 0.10). Subgroup analysis of 101 subjects without URI showed that NK cell activity in the PTE group tended to increase for all effector cell/target cell (E:T) ratios (E:T = 12.5:1 p = 0.068; E:T = 25:1 p = 0.036; E:T = 50:1 p = 0.081) compared with the placebo group. A significant difference between the two groups was observed for the E:T = 25:1 ratio, which increased from 20.3 ± 12.0% at baseline to 23.2 ± 12.4% after 8 weeks in the PTE group (p = 0.036). A significant difference was not observed in cytokine between the two groups. Conclusion: PTE supplementation appears to enhance immune function by improving NK cell activity without adverse effects in healthy adults.
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Asghar A, Rasool MS, Younas T, Basit M, Amjad O, Lillah. Precision Nutraceutical Approaches for the Prevention and Management of Cancer. 'ESSENTIALS OF CANCER GENOMIC, COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2020:431-449. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1067-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Riccio G, Lauritano C. Microalgae with Immunomodulatory Activities. Mar Drugs 2019; 18:E2. [PMID: 31861368 PMCID: PMC7024220 DOI: 10.3390/md18010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms adapted to live in very different environments and showing an enormous biochemical and genetic diversity, thus representing an excellent source of new natural products with possible applications in several biotechnological sectors. Microalgae-derived compounds have shown several properties, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory. In the last decade, compounds stimulating the immune system, both innate immune response and adaptive immune response, have been used to prevent and fight various pathologies, including cancer (cancer immunotherapy). In this review we report the microalgae that have been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties, the cells and the cellular mediators involved in the mechanisms of action and the experimental models used to test immunostimulatory activities. We also report information on fractions or pure compounds from microalgae identified as having immunostimulatory activity. Given the increasing interest in microalgae as new eco-friendly source of bioactive compounds, we also discuss their possible role as source of new classes of promising drugs to treat human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP80121 Naples, Italy
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Galarza VO. Carbohidratos y proteínas en microalgas: potenciales alimentos funcionales. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.04319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Resumen Las microalgas son organismos distribuidos en todo el planeta, con cientos de miles de especies desde que se tienen registros. Sus componentes con potenciales propiedades benéficas en la nutrición y la salud han despertado el interés científico, industrial y comercial. En las últimas décadas se han logrado desarrollar varios productos, entre ellos alimentos funcionales, usando compuestos extraídos de ellas o con la totalidad de su biomasa. Su alta tasa de crecimiento, bajo consumo de nutrientes, relativamente pequeño espacio de producción, plantean un horizonte prometedor como recurso renovable y con grandes beneficios. Las tecnologías para su aprovechamiento se han incrementado y adaptado para mejorar el rendimiento y la calidad, sin embargo, los científicos reconocen que aún existen una serie de desafíos por superar.
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Fallah AA, Sarmast E, Habibian Dehkordi S, Engardeh J, Mahmoodnia L, Khaledifar A, Jafari T. Effect of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:1892-1901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Muszyńska B, Krakowska A, Lazur J, Jękot B, Zimmer Ł, Szewczyk A, Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Poleszak E, Opoka W. Bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds, lutein, and bioelements of preparations containing Chlorella vulgaris in artificial digestive juices. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2017; 30:1629-1640. [PMID: 29899597 PMCID: PMC5982441 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-017-1357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck is a spherical, green alga belonging to the genus Chlorella and family Chlorellaceae. It has high nutritional value and shows multiple biological effects. Dietary supplements that contain extracts of C. vulgaris are sold in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, and aqueous solutions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the content of bioelements (zinc, iron, and magnesium), phenolic compounds, and lutein before and after incubation with artificial digestive juices from preparations containing C. vulgaris. In this study, we used commercial preparations in the form of powder and tablets. The samples were incubated in artificial gastric juice and then in artificial intestinal juice for 30 and 90 min. The contents of bioelements were determined by using the flame atomic absorption spectrometric method. Lutein and phenolic compounds were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. We also aimed to evaluate the quality of chlorella-containing formulations by using the methods described in the European Pharmacopoeia 8th edition. According to the results, the preparations containing C. vulgaris demonstrated the presence of phenolic compounds and lutein. Therefore, daily supplementation of preparations containing C. vulgaris substantiates its usefulness for humans. The qualitative composition of the examined organic substances and bioelements was found to be in accordance with the manufacturer's declarations on the packaging containing C. vulgaris compared with the control samples; however, the contents of bioelements were found to be negligible after incubation with artificial digestive juices. This shows that the examined preparations containing C. vulgaris are not good sources of bioelements such as zinc, iron, or magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Krakowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Lazur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Jękot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zimmer
- Chair and Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Chair and Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Opoka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Fadl SE, ElGohary M, Elsadany AY, Gad DM, Hanaa FF, El-Habashi NM. Contribution of microalgae-enriched fodder for the Nile tilapia to growth and resistance to infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Freitas HR. Chlorella vulgaris as a Source of Essential Fatty Acids and Micronutrients: A Brief Commentary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1874294701710010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) comprise about 35-40% of the total lipid content from green algaeChlorella, reaching up to 24% linoleic acid and 27% α-linolenic acid inC. vulgaris. Also, microalgae nutrient composition may be modulated by changes in the culture medium, increasing fatty acid and microelement concentrations in the algae biomass. PUFAs, such as α-linolenic (n-3) and linoleic (n-6) acids, as well as its derivatives, are considered essential for dietary consumption, and their ability to regulate body chemistry has been recently explored in depth. A balanced fatty acid consumption is shown to counteract the negative effects of western diets, such as chronic inflammation and glucose intolerance. In this brief commentary, technological and practical uses ofC. vulgarisare explored as means to improve dietary quality and, ultimately, human health.
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Chidley C, Davison G. The effect of Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation on immune responses to 2 days of intensified training. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2529-2536. [PMID: 28825174 PMCID: PMC6182698 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Periods of intensified training are associated with immune disturbances, The aim was to investigate the effects of supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Chlorella) on secretory IgA (sIgA) responses to 2 days intensified training. Methods Twenty-six subjects (age 29.1 ± 8.7 years; VO2max 53.7 ± 11.7 ml kg min−1) provided resting saliva samples for determination of sIgA, at baseline (week-0) and following 4, 5, and 6 weeks (weeks-4, -5, -6) of daily supplementation with 6 g/day Chlorella (n = 13) or placebo (PLA, n = 13). During week-4 a 2-day intensified training period was undertaken [morning and afternoon sessions each day, respectively: VO2max test; high-intensity interval training (HIIT, 3 × 30 s Wingate sprints); 90 min at ~60% VO2max; 3 × 30 s HIIT]. Results Chlorella increased resting sIgA secretion rate (trial × time, P = 0.016: no change with PLA but increases with Chlorella at week-4, week-5 and week-6, P = 0.020, <0.001, and 0.016). PLA vs Chlorella: week-0 = 54 ± 33 vs 57 ± 37 µg/min; week-4 = 54 ± 35 vs 83 ± 57 µg/min; week-5 = 63 ± 46 vs 98 ± 47 µg/min; week-6 = 58 ± 35 vs 85 ± 59 µg/min. Minimal acute changes in sIgA were seen in response to individual exercise bouts, but it was higher at some times in the Chlorella group (for bouts 2 and 3). Conclusion Supplementation with Chlorella has beneficial effects on resting sIgA, which might be beneficial during periods of intensified training. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1525-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Chidley
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The Medway Campus, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4AG, UK.
| | - Glen Davison
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The Medway Campus, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4AG, UK
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Hidalgo-Lucas S, Rozan P, Guérin-Deremaux L, Baert B, Violle N, Saniez-Degrave MH, Bisson JF. Benefits of Preventive Administration of Chlorella sp. on Visceral Pain and Cystitis Induced by a Single Administration of Cyclophosphamide in Female Wistar Rat. J Med Food 2017; 19:450-6. [PMID: 27152976 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorella sp. is a green microalgae containing nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and chlorophyll. In some communities, Chlorella sp. is a traditional medicinal plant used for the management of inflammation-related diseases. In a rat model, ROQUETTE Chlorella sp. (RCs) benefits were investigated on visceral pain and associated inflammatory parameters related to cystitis both induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP). RCs was orally administered every day from day 1-16 (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight). Six hours after an intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg body weight of CYP, body temperature, general behavior, food intake, and body weight were recorded. Twenty-four hours after CYP injection, rats were tested in two behavioral tests, an open field and the aversive light stimulus avoidance conditioning test, to evaluate the influence of pain on general activity and learning ability of rats. After euthanasia, bladders were weighed, their thickness was scored, and the urinary hemoglobin was measured. RCs orally administered at the two dosages significantly reduced visceral pain and associated inflammatory parameters related to cystitis both induced by CYP injection, and improved rat behavior. To conclude, RCs demonstrated beneficial effects against visceral pain and cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascale Rozan
- 1 ETAP-Lab, Parc Technologique de Nancy-Brabois , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Violle
- 1 ETAP-Lab, Parc Technologique de Nancy-Brabois , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Effects of Chlorella vulgaris on tumor growth in mammary tumor-bearing Balb/c mice: discussing association of an immune-suppressed protumor microenvironment with serum IFNγ and IgG decrease and spleen IgG potentiation. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1025-1044. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rzymski P, Jaśkiewicz M. Microalgal food supplements from the perspective of Polish consumers: patterns of use, adverse events, and beneficial effects. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2017; 29:1841-1850. [PMID: 28775657 PMCID: PMC5514198 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-017-1079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal food supplements are becoming increasingly popular due to their promising biological effects and high nutritional value, evidenced in in vitro, in vivo, and human studies. Some products of this kind have, however, raised controversies concerning their safety. At the same time, not much is known about the frequency of adverse events following the use of microalgal supplements, potential factors that may influence them, and general characteristics and behaviours of the consumer group. The present study aimed to fill this gap and surveyed a group of Polish consumers of microalgal products (n = 150) using an online questionnaire. As found, microalgal supplements (Spirulina, Chlorella, and Aphanizomenon) were popular in groups representing lacto-ovo-vegetarianism and veganism and were consumed predominantly for nutritional, immune-boosting, and detoxifying purposes. Their use was rarely discussed with specialists; the Internet constituted the most important source of information regarding these supplements. The most frequently self-reported health-beneficial effects of supplementation included the following: increased immunity, higher vitality, improved hair and skin quality, and better general well-being. Diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal pain, and skin rash were among the most often reported adverse events. Pre-existing medical conditions, namely renal failure and hypothyroidism, but not Hashimoto's thyroiditis, were associated with increased occurrence of side effects. Those individuals who had consulted specialists as to the use of supplements reported adverse events significantly less often. A strikingly high frequency of side effects and very low consumer satisfaction were reported by a group of consumers supplementing Aphanizomenon-based products. In summary, the present study highlights that microalgal consumers may benefit from additional warnings of potential side effects and from consulting a qualified health specialist prior to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Jaśkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
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Cho JS, Lee MH, Kim SI, Park S, Park HS, Oh E, Lee JH, Koo BN. The Effects of Perioperative Anesthesia and Analgesia on Immune Function in Patients Undergoing Breast Cancer Resection: A Prospective Randomized Study. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:970-976. [PMID: 28924368 PMCID: PMC5599920 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.20064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Perioperative anesthesia and analgesia exacerbate immunosuppression in immunocompromised cancer patients. The natural killer (NK) cell is a critical part of anti-tumor immunity. We compared the effects of two different anesthesia and analgesia methods on the NK cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. Methods: Fifty patients undergoing breast cancer resection were randomly assigned to receive propofol-remifentanil anesthesia with postoperative ketorolac analgesia (Propofol-ketorolac groups) or sevoflurane-remifentanil anesthesia with postoperative fentanyl analgesia (Sevoflurane-fentanyl group). The primary outcome was NKCC, which was measured before and 24 h after surgery. Post-surgical pain scores and inflammatory responses measured by white blood cell, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts were assessed. Cancer recurrence or metastasis was evaluated with ultrasound and whole body bone scan every 6 months for 2 years after surgery. Results: The baseline NKCC (%) was comparable between the two groups (P = 0.082). Compared with the baseline value, NKCC (%) increased in the Propofol-ketorolac group [15.2 (3.2) to 20.1 (3.5), P = 0.048], whereas it decreased in the Sevoflurane-fentanyl group [19.5 (2.8) to 16.4 (1.9), P = 0.032]. The change of NKCC over time was significantly different between the groups (P = 0.048). Pain scores during 48 h after surgery and post-surgical inflammatory responses were comparable between the groups. One patient in the Sevoflurane-fentanyl group had recurrence in the contralateral breast and no metastasis was found in either group. Conclusions: Propofol anesthesia with postoperative ketorolac analgesia demonstrated a favorable impact on immune function by preserving NKCC compared with sevoflurane anesthesia and postoperative fentanyl analgesia in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seho Park
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Park
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ein Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Nyeo Koo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wells ML, Potin P, Craigie JS, Raven JA, Merchant SS, Helliwell KE, Smith AG, Camire ME, Brawley SH. Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2016; 29:949-982. [PMID: 28458464 PMCID: PMC5387034 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-016-0974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global demand for macroalgal and microalgal foods is growing, and algae are increasingly being consumed for functional benefits beyond the traditional considerations of nutrition and health. There is substantial evidence for the health benefits of algal-derived food products, but there remain considerable challenges in quantifying these benefits, as well as possible adverse effects. First, there is a limited understanding of nutritional composition across algal species, geographical regions, and seasons, all of which can substantially affect their dietary value. The second issue is quantifying which fractions of algal foods are bioavailable to humans, and which factors influence how food constituents are released, ranging from food preparation through genetic differentiation in the gut microbiome. Third is understanding how algal nutritional and functional constituents interact in human metabolism. Superimposed considerations are the effects of harvesting, storage, and food processing techniques that can dramatically influence the potential nutritive value of algal-derived foods. We highlight this rapidly advancing area of algal science with a particular focus on the key research required to assess better the health benefits of an alga or algal product. There are rich opportunities for phycologists in this emerging field, requiring exciting new experimental and collaborative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Wells
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Philippe Potin
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique Roscoff, CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - James S. Craigie
- National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1 Canada
| | - John A. Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee (James Hutton Inst), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA Scotland UK
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Sabeeha S. Merchant
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr., East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Katherine E. Helliwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB UK
| | - Alison G. Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
| | - Mary Ellen Camire
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Susan H. Brawley
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
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Kim HY, Nam SY, Yang SY, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Cucurbita moschata Duch. and its active component, β-carotene effectively promote the immune responses through the activation of splenocytes and macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:319-26. [PMID: 27315229 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1202960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbita moschata Duch. has long been used for traditional health food in many countries. However, to enhance the immune system of Cucurbita moschata Duch. and its major component, β-carotene is not clear. Here, we determined the immune enhancement effect of Cucurbita moschata Duch. and β-carotene in mouse splenocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. We prepared baked Cucurbita moschata Duch. (Sweetme Sweet Pumpkin(TM), SSP) and steamed Cucurbita moschata Duch. (SC). Splenocytes isolated from the spleen of BALB/c mice were treated with SSP, SC, and β-carotene for 24 h. RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with recombinant interferon-γ (rIFN-γ) for 6 h before treatment with SSP, SC, or β-carotene. SSP, SC and β-carotene significantly up-regulated the proliferation of splenocyte and mRNA expression of KI-67. The levels of interleukin-2 and IFN-γ were up-regulated by SSP, SC, or β-carotene in the splenocytes. SC and β-carotene also increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the splenocytes. In addition, SSP, SC, or β-carotene significantly increased the levels of TNF-α through the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-κB and phosphorylation of IκBα in the rIFN-γ-primed RAW 264.7 cells. These data indicate that Cucurbita moschata Duch. and β-carotene may have an immune-enhancing effect through the production of Th1 cytokines by activation of splenocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yun Kim
- a Department of Pharmacology , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Nam
- a Department of Pharmacology , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Young Yang
- b Professional Graduate School of Flexible and Printable Electronics Center for R&D Strategy , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- a Department of Pharmacology , Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- c Department of Food Technology and Inflammatory Disease Research Center , Hoseo University , Asan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
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Kim SY, Kim NK, Baik SH, Min BS, Hur H, Lee J, Noh HY, Lee JH, Koo BN. Effects of Postoperative Pain Management on Immune Function After Laparoscopic Resection of Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3602. [PMID: 27175664 PMCID: PMC4902506 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a rising interest in the possible association between perioperative opioid use and postoperative outcomes in cancer patients. Continuous surgical wound infiltration with local anesthetics is a nonopioid analgesic technique that can be used as a postoperative pain management alternative to opioid-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of an opioid-based analgesic regimen versus a local anesthetic wound infiltration-based analgesic regimen on immune modulation and short-term cancer recurrence or metastasis in patients undergoing laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer.Sixty patients undergoing laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to either the opioid group or the ON-Q group. For postoperative analgesia during the first 48 hours, the opioid group (n = 30) received fentanyl via IV PCA, whereas the ON-Q group (n = 30) received continuous wound infiltration of 0.5% ropivacaine with an ON-Q pump and tramadol via IV PCA. Pethidine for the opioid group and ketorolac or propacetamol for the ON-Q group were used as rescue analgesics. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol and remifentanil. The primary outcome was postoperative immune function assessed by natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) and interleukin-2. Secondary outcomes were postoperative complications, cancer recurrence, or metastasis within 1 year after surgery, and postoperative inflammatory responses measured by white blood cell count, neutrophil percentage, and C-reactive protein. Immune function and inflammatory responses were measured before surgery and 24 and 48 hours after surgery.Fifty-nine patients completed the study. In the circumstance of similar pain control efficacy between the opioid group and the ON-Q group, postoperative NKCC and interleukin-2 levels did not differ between the 2 groups. The incidence of postoperative complications and recurrence or metastasis within 1 year after surgery was comparable between the groups. Postoperative inflammatory responses were also similar between the groups.When compared with ropivacaine wound infiltration-based analgesia, fentanyl-based analgesia did not further decrease NKCC or affect short-term cancer recurrence or metastasis. Thus, a fentanyl-based analgesic regimen and a ropivacaine wound infiltration-based analgesic regimen can both be used for postoperative pain management in laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Kim
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine (SYK, H-YN, B-NK); Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine (NKK, SHB, BSM, HH); Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine (JL); and Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University (JHL), Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Souza Queiroz J, Marín Blasco I, Gagliano H, Daviu N, Gómez Román A, Belda X, Carrasco J, Rocha MC, Palermo Neto J, Armario A. Chlorella vulgaris reduces the impact of stress on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and brain c-fos expression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 65:1-8. [PMID: 26685709 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Predominantly emotional stressors activate a wide range of brain areas, as revealed by the expression of immediate early genes, such as c-fos. Chlorella vulgaris (CV) is considered a biological response modifier, as demonstrated by its protective activities against infections, tumors and stress. We evaluated the effect of acute pretreatment with CV on the peripheral and central responses to forced swimming stress in adult male rats. Pretreatment with CV produced a significant reduction of stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation, demonstrated by decreased corticotrophin releasing factor gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and lower ACTH response. Hyperglycemia induced by the stressor was similarly reduced. This attenuated neuroendocrine response to stress occurred in parallel with a diminished c-fos expression in most evaluated areas, including the PVN. The data presented in this study reinforce the usefulness of CV to diminish the impact of stressors, by reducing the HPA response. Although our results suggest a central effect of CV, further studies are necessary to understand the precise mechanisms underpinning this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Souza Queiroz
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Neuroimmunomodulation research group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ignacio Marín Blasco
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Humberto Gagliano
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Nuria Daviu
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Almudena Gómez Román
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Belda
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Javier Carrasco
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Michelle C Rocha
- Laboratory of Farmacogenomics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG-Campus Jatai, Jataí-GO, Brazil
| | - João Palermo Neto
- Neuroimmunomodulation research group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Armario
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Zhang Q, Qiu M, Xu W, Gao Z, Shao R, Qi Z. Effects of Dietary Administration of Chlorella on the Immune Status of Gibel Carp, Carassius Auratus Gibelio. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gangl D, Zedler JAZ, Rajakumar PD, Martinez EMR, Riseley A, Włodarczyk A, Purton S, Sakuragi Y, Howe CJ, Jensen PE, Robinson C. Biotechnological exploitation of microalgae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6975-90. [PMID: 26400987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a diverse group of single-cell photosynthetic organisms that include cyanobacteria and a wide range of eukaryotic algae. A number of microalgae contain high-value compounds such as oils, colorants, and polysaccharides, which are used by the food additive, oil, and cosmetic industries, among others. They offer the potential for rapid growth under photoautotrophic conditions, and they can grow in a wide range of habitats. More recently, the development of genetic tools means that a number of species can be transformed and hence used as cell factories for the production of high-value chemicals or recombinant proteins. In this article, we review exploitation use of microalgae with a special emphasis on genetic engineering approaches to develop cell factories, and the use of synthetic ecology approaches to maximize productivity. We discuss the success stories in these areas, the hurdles that need to be overcome, and the potential for expanding the industry in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Gangl
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Julie A Z Zedler
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Priscilla D Rajakumar
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Erick M Ramos Martinez
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anthony Riseley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Artur Włodarczyk
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saul Purton
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yumiko Sakuragi
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher J Howe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Colin Robinson
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
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Chlorella vulgaris Attenuates Dermatophagoides Farinae-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Symptoms in NC/Nga Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21021-34. [PMID: 26404252 PMCID: PMC4613239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and inflammatory skin disease that can place a significant burden on quality of life for patients. AD most frequently appears under the age of six and although its prevalence is increasing worldwide, therapeutic treatment options are limited. Chlorella vulgaris (CV) is a species of the freshwater green algae genus chlorella, and has been reported to modulate allergy-inducible factors when ingested. Here, we examined the effect of CV supplementation on AD-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice. CV was orally administrated for six weeks while AD-like symptoms were induced via topical application of Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE). CV treatment reduced dermatitis scores, epidermal thickness, and skin hydration. Histological analysis also revealed that CV treatment reduced DFE-induced eosinophil and mast cell infiltration into the skin, while analysis of serum chemokine levels indicated that CV treatment downregulated thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) levels. In addition, CV treatment downregulated mRNA expression levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Taken together, these results suggest that CV extract may have potential as a nutraceutical ingredient for the prevention of AD.
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Yu HS, Liu ZM, Yu XY, Song AQ, Liu N, Wang H. Low-dose radiation induces antitumor effects and erythrocyte system hormesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:4121-6. [PMID: 23991963 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.7.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low dose radiation may stimulate the growth and development of animals, increase life span, enhance fertility, and downgrade the incidence of tumor occurrence.The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumor effect and hormesis in an erythrocyte system induced by low-dose radiation. METHODS Kunming strain male mice were subcutaneously implanted with S180 sarcoma cells in the right inguen as an experimental in situ animal model. Six hours before implantation, the mice were given 75mGy whole body X-ray radiation. Tumor growth was observed 5 days later, and the tumor volume was calculated every other day. Fifteen days later, all mice were killed to measure the tumor weight, and to observe necrotic areas and tumor-infiltration-lymphoreticular cells (TILs). At the same time, erythrocyte immune function and the level of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3- DPG) were determined. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of EPO and VEGFR of tumor tissues. RESULTS The mice pre-exposed to low dose radiation had a lower tumor formation rate than those without low dose radiation (P < 0.05). The tumor growth slowed down significantly in mice pre-exposed to low dose radiation; the average tumor weight in mice pre-exposed to low dose radiation was lighter too (P < 0.05). The tumor necrosis areas were larger and TILs were more in the radiation group than those of the group without radiation. The erythrocyte immune function, the level of 2,3-DPG in the low dose radiation group were higher than those of the group without radiation (P < 0.05). After irradiation the expression of EPO of tumor tissues in LDR group decreased with time. LDR-24h, LDR-48h and LDR-72h groups were all statistically significantly different from sham-irradiation group. The expression of VEGFR also decreased, and LDR-24h group was the lowest (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Low dose radiation could markedly increase the anti-tumor ability of the organism and improve the erythrocyte immune function and the ability of carrying O2. Low-dose total body irradiation, within a certain period of time, can decrease the expression of hypoxia factor EPO and VEGFR, which may improve the situation of tumor hypoxia and radiosensitivity of tumor itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Azocar J, Diaz A. Efficacy and safety of Chlorella supplementation in adults with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1085-1090. [PMID: 23467073 PMCID: PMC3581996 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Chlorella in 18 patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1.
METHODS: Eighteen adults with chronic infection by HCV genotype 1 received daily oral supplementation of Chlorella for 12 wk. Changes in the RNA levels of HCV, as well as those of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were evaluated following this treatment period. Paired t tests were conducted to compare the means of the different variables at the beginning and end of the study. Side effects and quality of life aspects were also compared between weeks 0 and 12 of the study period.
RESULTS: A majority 84.61% of the patients had a significant decrease in their ALT levels from week 0 to week 12. Evaluation of side effects showed that Chlorella was well tolerated. Quality of life assessment showed that 76.9 of the participants reported an improvement in their energy levels and 46.1% reported an improvement in their perception of general health. Although 69.23% also showed a decrease in their AST levels, this was not statistically significant. Most patients that exhibited an improvement in their ALT and AST levels also showed a tendency toward a decreased HCV viral load. The HCV RNA levels showed a decrease in 69.23% of the patients, which along with changes in AST/ALT ratios from week 0 to week 12, these results were not statistically significant.
CONCLUSION: Chlorella supplementation was well tolerated in patients with chronic HCV and associated with a significant decrease in ALT liver enzyme levels.
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