1
|
Zhang D, Zhou Q, Yang X, Zhang Z, Wang D, Hu D, Huang Y, Sheng J, Wang X. Gallic Acid Can Promote Low-Density Lipoprotein Uptake in HepG2 Cells via Increasing Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Accumulation. Molecules 2024; 29:1999. [PMID: 38731489 PMCID: PMC11085419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is a type of polyphenolic compound that can be found in a range of fruits, vegetables, and tea. Although it has been confirmed it improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), it is still unknown whether GA can improve the occurrence of NAFLD by increasing the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) accumulation and alleviating cholesterol metabolism disorders. Therefore, the present study explored the effect of GA on LDLR and its mechanism of action. The findings indicated that the increase in LDLR accumulation in HepG2 cells induced by GA was associated with the stimulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor-extracellular regulated protein kinase (EGFR-ERK1/2) signaling pathway. When the pathway was inhibited by EGFR mab cetuximab, it was observed that the activation of the EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling pathway induced by GA was also blocked. At the same time, the accumulation of LDLR protein and the uptake of LDL were also suppressed. Additionally, GA can also promote the accumulation of forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) and suppress the accumulation of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF1α), leading to the inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) mRNA expression and protein accumulation. This ultimately results in increased LDLR protein accumulation and enhanced uptake of LDL in cells. In summary, the present study revealed the potential mechanism of GA's role in ameliorating NAFLD, with a view of providing a theoretical basis for the dietary supplementation of GA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Zhang
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (D.Z.); (D.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.); (D.W.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Xiangxuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.); (D.W.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.); (D.W.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.); (D.W.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Dandan Hu
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (D.Z.); (D.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Yewei Huang
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (D.Z.); (D.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Jun Sheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resource, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang P, Ran J, Zhu W, Dai W, Tang Y, Lian P, Huang X, Li R. PCSK9 dysregulates cholesterol homeostasis and triglyceride metabolism in olanzapine-induced hepatic steatosis via both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent pathways. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23464. [PMID: 38358343 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301748r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia, affecting approximately 1% of the global population, is often treated with olanzapine. Despite its efficacy, olanzapine's prolonged use has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and is involved in NAFLD pathogenesis via an unknown mechanism. This study aims to investigate the role of PCSK9 in olanzapine-induced NAFLD. C57BL/6J mice and HepG2 and AML12 cell lines were treated with varying concentrations of olanzapine to examine the effects of olanzapine on PCSK9 and lipid metabolism. PCSK9 levels were manipulated using recombinant proteins, plasmids, and small interfering RNAs in vitro, and the effects on hepatic lipid accumulation and gene expression related to lipid metabolism were assessed. Olanzapine treatment significantly increased PCSK9 levels in both animal and cell line models, correlating with elevated lipid accumulation. PCSK9 manipulation demonstrated its central role in mediating hepatic steatosis through both receptor-dependent pathways (impacting NPC1L1) and receptor-independent pathways (affecting lipid synthesis, uptake, and cholesterol biosynthesis). Interestingly, upregulation of SREBP-1c, rather than SREBP-2, was identified as a key driver of PCSK9 increase in olanzapine-induced NAFLD. Our findings establish PCSK9 as a pivotal factor in olanzapine-induced NAFLD, influencing both receptor-related and metabolic pathways. This highlights PCSK9 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for managing NAFLD in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piaopiao Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juanli Ran
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yaxin Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pingan Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiansheng Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma J, Zheng Y, Sun F, Fan Y, Fan Y, Su X, Wang Z, Weng N, Li R. Research progress in the correlation between SREBP/PCSK9 pathway and lipid metabolism disorders induced by antipsychotics. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:1529-1538. [PMID: 38432882 PMCID: PMC10929898 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.230029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Antipsychotic medications are commonly used to treat schizophrenia, but they can have negative effects on lipid metabolism, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, reduced life expectancy, and difficulties with treatment adherence. The specific mechanisms by which antipsychotics disrupt lipid metabolism are not well understood. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are important transcriptional factors that regulate lipid metabolism. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a gene regulated by SREBPs, plays a critical role in controlling levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and has become a focus of research on lipid-lowering drugs. Recent studies have shown that antipsychotic drugs can affect lipid metabolism through the SREBP/PCSK9 pathway. A deep understanding of the mechanism for this pathway in antipsychotic drug-related metabolic abnormalities will promote the prevention of lipid metabolism disorders in patients with schizophrenia and the development and application of new drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Ma
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong 272067.
| | - Yunshao Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014
| | - Fengxia Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014
| | - Yunli Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014
| | - Yunming Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014
| | - Xianbiao Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014
| | - Zhongbao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Daizhuang Hospital, Jining Shandong 272051, China
| | - Ning Weng
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014
| | - Ranran Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Németh K, Tóth B, Sarnyai F, Koncz A, Lenzinger D, Kereszturi É, Visnovitz T, Kestecher BM, Osteikoetxea X, Csala M, Buzás EI, Tamási V. High fat diet and PCSK9 knockout modulates lipid profile of the liver and changes the expression of lipid homeostasis related genes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:19. [PMID: 37004042 PMCID: PMC10064771 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High fat diet (HFD) increases the likelihood of dyslipidemia, which can be a serious risk factor for atherosclerosis, diabetes or hepatosteatosis. Although changes in different blood lipid levels were broadly investigated, such alterations in the liver tissue have not been studied before. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of HFD on hepatic triglyceride (TG), diglyceride (DG) and ceramide (CER) levels and on the expression of four key genes involved in lipid homeostasis (Pcsk9, Ldlr, Cd36 and Anxa2) in the liver. In addition, the potential role of PCSK9 in the observed changes was further investigated by using PCSK9 deficient mice. METHODS We used two in vivo models: mice kept on HFD for 20 weeks and PCSK9-/- mice. The amount of the major TGs, DGs and CERs was measured by using HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The expression profiles of four lipid related genes, namely Pcsk9, Ldlr, Cd36 and Anxa2 were assessed. Co-localization studies were performed by confocal microscopy. RESULTS In HFD mice, hepatic PCSK9 expression was decreased and ANXA2 expression was increased both on mRNA and protein levels, and the amount of LDLR and CD36 receptor proteins was increased. While LDLR protein level was also elevated in the livers of PCSK9-/- mice, there was no significant change in the expression of ANXA2 and CD36 in these animals. HFD induced a significant elevation in the hepatic levels of all measured TG and DG but not of CER types, and increased the proportion of monounsaturated vs. saturated TGs and DGs. Similar changes were detected in the hepatic lipid profiles of HFD and PCSK9-/- mice. Co-localization of PCSK9 with LDLR, CD36 and ANXA2 was verified in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that obesogenic HFD downregulates PCSK9 expression in the liver and causes alterations in the hepatic lipid accumulation, which resemble those observed in PCSK9 deficiency. These findings suggest that PCSK9-mediated modulation of LDLR and CD36 expression might contribute to the HFD-induced changes in lipid homeostasis.
Collapse
Grants
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK138115 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK138115 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK138115 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK138115 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK138115 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Németh
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Translational Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Blanka Tóth
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Rkp. 3, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Farkas Sarnyai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Anna Koncz
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Dorina Lenzinger
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Éva Kereszturi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Tamás Visnovitz
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Brachyahu Meir Kestecher
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Miklós Csala
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Translational Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Viola Tamási
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen RB, Wang QY, Wang YY, Wang YD, Liu JH, Liao ZZ, Xiao XH. Feeding-induced hepatokines and crosstalk with multi-organ: A novel therapeutic target for Type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1094458. [PMID: 36936164 PMCID: PMC10020511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1094458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, which can be caused by either an insulin deficit and/or insulin resistance, is the main symptom of Type 2 diabetes, a significant endocrine metabolic illness. Conventional medications, including insulin and oral antidiabetic medicines, can alleviate the signs of diabetes but cannot restore insulin release in a physiologically normal amount. The liver detects and reacts to shifts in the nutritional condition that occur under a wide variety of metabolic situations, making it an essential organ for maintaining energy homeostasis. It also performs a crucial function in glucolipid metabolism through the secretion of hepatokines. Emerging research shows that feeding induces hepatokines release, which regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Notably, these feeding-induced hepatokines act on multiple organs to regulate glucolipotoxicity and thus influence the development of T2DM. In this review, we focus on describing how feeding-induced cross-talk between hepatokines, including Adropin, Manf, Leap2 and Pcsk9, and metabolic organs (e.g.brain, heart, pancreas, and adipose tissue) affects metabolic disorders, thus revealing a novel approach for both controlling and managing of Type 2 diabetes as a promising medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Bin Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qi-Yu Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe-Zhen Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
| | - Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Banach M, Ruscica M, Sahebkar A. The role of PCSK9 in NAFLD/NASH and therapeutic implications of PCSK9 inhibition. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1199-1208. [PMID: 36193738 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2132229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are inconsistent findings regarding the effect of lipid-lowering agents on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is an important player in cholesterol homeostasis and intracellular lipogenesis, and PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9-i) have been found to be efficient for pharmacological management of hyperlipidemia. AREAS COVERED Whether PCSK9 (itself) or PCSK9-i affects NAFLD is still disputed. To address this question, we review published preclinical and clinical studies providing evidence for the role of PCSK9 in and the effect of PCSK9-I on the development and pathogenesis of NAFLD. EXPERT OPINION The current evidence from a landscape of preclinical and clinical studies examining the role of PCSK9 in NAFLD shows controversial results. Preclinical studies indicate that PCSK9 associates with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression in opposite directions. In humans, it has been concluded that the severity of hepatic steatosis affects the correlation between circulating PCSK9 and liver fat content in humans, with a possible impact of circulating PCSK9 in the early stages of NAFLD, but not in the late stages. However, data from clinical trials with PCSK9-i reassure to the safety of these agents, although real-life long-term evidence is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tchéoubi SER, Akpovi CD, Coppée F, Declèves AE, Laurent S, Agbangla C, Burtea C. Molecular and cellular biology of PCSK9: impact on glucose homeostasis. J Drug Target 2022; 30:948-960. [PMID: 35723066 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2092622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase substilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors (PCSK9i) revolutionised the lipid-lowering therapy. However, a risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is evoked under PCSK9i therapy. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the link of PCSK9 with T2DM. A significant correlation was found between PCSK9 and insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance and glycated haemoglobin. PCSK9 is also involved in inflammation. PCSK9 loss-of-function variants increased T2DM risk by altering insulin secretion. Local pancreatic low PCSK9 regulates β-cell LDLR expression which in turn promotes intracellular cholesterol accumulation and hampers insulin secretion. Nevertheless, the association of PCSK9 loss-of-function variants and T2DM is inconsistent. InsLeu and R46L polymorphisms were associated with T2DM, low HOMA for β-cell function and impaired fasting glucose, while the C679X polymorphism was associated with low fasting glucose in Black South African people. Hence, we assume that the impact of these variants on glucose homeostasis may vary depending on the genetic background of the studied populations and the type of effect caused by those genetic variants on the PCSK9 protein. Accordingly, these factors should be considered when choosing a genetic variant of PCSK9 to assess the impact of long-term use of PCSK9i on glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sègbédé E R Tchéoubi
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium.,Non-Communicable Diseases and Cancer Research Unit, Laboratory of Applied Biology Research, University of Abomey-Calavi - UAC, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Casimir D Akpovi
- Non-Communicable Diseases and Cancer Research Unit, Laboratory of Applied Biology Research, University of Abomey-Calavi - UAC, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Frédérique Coppée
- Laboratory of Metabolic and Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Anne-Emilie Declèves
- Laboratory of Metabolic and Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sophie Laurent
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Clément Agbangla
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Genome Analyzes, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, University of Abomey-Calavi - UAC, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Carmen Burtea
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Circulating PCSK9 Linked to Dyslipidemia in Lebanese Schoolchildren. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060504. [PMID: 35736437 PMCID: PMC9230653 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In adults, elevated levels of circulating Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) have been associated with increased Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and worse cardiovascular outcomes. However, few studies analyzed the relation between PCSK9 and lipid parameters in pediatric populations. The aim of our study is to evaluate the distribution and the correlation of serum PCSK9 levels with lipid parameters in a sample of Lebanese school children. Using an immunofluorescence assay, we measured serum PCSK9 levels in 681 school children recruited from ten public and private Lebanese schools. We analyzed the association between PCSK9 and age, sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), and lipid parameters (total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, TG, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)). Serum PCSK9 levels were significantly correlated with TC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C (p value < 0.0001) but not with TG, HDL-C, and Lp(a). PCSK9 levels were also significantly higher in children with high TC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C (p values = 0.0012, 0.0002, 0.001, respectively). No significant gender differences in PCSK9 were found. In addition, no significant associations between PCSK9 and both age and BMI percentiles were observed. In girls, no difference in PCSK9 values was observed according to menarche while in boys, testosterone levels were not significantly associated with PCSK9. Serum PCSK9 levels were significantly correlated with TC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C levels. Further studies are needed to find if PCSK9 measurements have an additional value to predict future cardiovascular outcomes in pediatric populations.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ramadan Intermittent Fasting Is Associated with Changes in Circulating Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) in Metabolically Healthy Obese Subjects. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58040503. [PMID: 35454343 PMCID: PMC9029631 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Dietary modification is the principal approach to the management of hyperlipidemia in adults. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key regulator of plasma cholesterol and a target for novel lipid-lowering pharmacotherapies. This study aimed to explore how circulating levels of PCSK9 changed during Ramadan intermittent fasting in metabolically healthy obese subjects. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study used convenience sampling to recruit 55 overweight and obese participants (22 females and 33 males) who observed Ramadan fasting. Body weight and composition, glucoregulatory factors, serum PCSK9 concentration, dietary intake, and physical activity were assessed 1 week before and at the end of Ramadan fasting. Results: The median (interquartile range) age was 35 (22) years, and body mass index was 30.2 (5.4). We found significant (p < 0.05) increases in serum levels of PCSK9, serum insulin, insulin resistance, and leptin at the end of Ramadan compared with pre-fasting levels. Significant (p < 0.05) reductions in body weight, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and adiponectin were also observed at the end of Ramadan. Conclusions: Observing Ramadan fasting was associated with increased PCSK9 levels in metabolically healthy obese subjects. The complex relationships between PCSK9 and insulin resistance and dysregulation of adipokine secretion in relation to dietary and lifestyle modifications during Ramadan warrant further research.
Collapse
|
10
|
Effect of Parathyroidectomy on Metabolic Homeostasis in Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051373. [PMID: 35268464 PMCID: PMC8911089 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The benefits of parathyroidectomy on cardiovascular risk in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are controversial. This monocentric, observational, prospective study aimed to assess the effects of parathyroidectomy on glucose and lipid metabolism in classic or mild PHPT. Methods: Patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for classic (calcemia >2.85 mmol/L) or mild PHPT (calcemia ≤2.85 mmol/L) between 2016 and 2019 were included. A metabolic assessment was performed before and 1 year after parathyroidectomy. Patients with a history of diabetes were excluded. Results: Nineteen patients had classic and 120 had mild PHPT. Ninety-five percent were normocalcemic 6 months after surgery. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels decreased after parathyroidectomy in patients with mild PHPT (p < 0.001). HOMA-IR decreased after surgery in the overall population (p < 0.001), while plasma adiponectin concentrations increased in patients with both classic (p = 0.005) and mild PHPT (p < 0.001). Plasma triglyceride levels decreased significantly only in patients with classic PHPT (p = 0.021). Plasma PCSK9 levels decreased in patients with mild PHPT (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Parathyroidectomy for PHPT improves insulin resistance and decreases plasma triglyceride levels in classic PHPT and plasma PCSK9 levels in mild PHPT. Further studies are needed to better characterize the consequences of such metabolic risk factors’ improvements on cardiovascular events.
Collapse
|
11
|
PCSK9 mediates dyslipidemia induced by olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:83-91. [PMID: 35029705 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is controversial whether dyslipidemia induced by antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients is due to weight gain or direct effects of drug treatment. However, recent evidence showed that olanzapine can cause acute dyslipidemia independent of weight change, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To study the role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in olanzapine-induced dyslipidemia, we analyzed in schizophrenic patients and in experimental models involving mice and cells to understand the mechanism. METHODS Disturbances in lipid homeostasis caused by 8-week olanzapine treatment were prospectively evaluated in first-episode schizophrenic patients. Additionally, mice were administered olanzapine for 5 or 8 weeks to delineate liver actions for PCSK9 contributing to olanzapine-induced dyslipidemia. RESULTS Olanzapine directly affected lipid metabolism, suggesting dyslipidemia is independent of weight gain in schizophrenia patients. Olanzapine administration significantly increased plasma PCSK9, which was positively correlated with the increment in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (r=0.77, p<0.001). Increased expression of PCSK9 in liver tissue of olanzapine-treated mice occurred prior to olanzapine-induced LDL-C abnormality. Hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) protein levels increased in mice treated with olanzapine but largely declined in olanzapine (10μM) treated HepG2 cells, which suggested high concentration of olanzapine-induced PCSK9 increase was not SREBP-2-dependent. However, expressions of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) significantly increased in the higher dose treated groups, which was consistent with PCSK9 increases. Activation of SREBP-1c after high-dose olanzapine treatment promotes PSCK9 expression, and consequently the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors results in LDL-C increase. CONCLUSIONS Lipid disturbances caused by olanzapine are independent of weight gain. The study explored the relationship between SREBP-1c and PCSK9 in regulating lipoprotein metabolism after olanzapine treatment in vitro and in vivo. Further exploration of olanzapine-induced PCSK9 regulatory mechanisms may help identify control points for inhibition of olanzapine-mediated dyslipidemia.
Collapse
|
12
|
Eshraghian A, Moasser E, Azarpira N, Fattahi MR, Nikeghbalian S, Malek-Hosseini SA, Geramizadeh B. Variations in TM6SF2, PCSK9 and PCSK7 genes and risk of hepatic steatosis after liver transplantation: a cross-sectional study. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:458. [PMID: 34876018 PMCID: PMC8650293 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-02041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic abnormalities might have important role in pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis after liver transplantation. We aimed to investigate association between genetic variations in transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) rs58542926, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) rs505151 and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 7 (PCSK7) rs2277287 with hepatic steatosis in liver transplant recipients.
Methods In a cross-sectional study, adult (> 18 years) liver transplant recipients who were referred for their routine post-transplant follow-up between June 2018 and September 2018 were included in the study. Hepatic steatosis in transplant recipients was assessed by controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) was used to study TM6SF2 rs58542926, PCSK7 rs2277287 and PCSK9 rs505151 genotypes. Results 107 liver transplant recipients were included. There was no association between different genotypes of PCSK9 rs505151 and PCSK7 rs2277287 with hepatic steatosis in liver transplant recipients (P value > 0.05). The presence of TT genotype of TM6SF2 rs58542926 was higher in patients with hepatic steatosis measured by CAP after liver transplantation. In patients with moderate and severe hepatic steatosis (grade 2 and 3 steatosis), AG + GG genotypes of PCSK9 rs505151 were more prevalent than AA genotype (OR 8.667; 95% CI 1.841–40.879; P value = 0.004) compared to patients with mild steatosis (grade 1). In multivariate regression model, AG + GG genotypes of PCSK9 rs505151 were associated with moderate and severe steatosis in liver transplant recipients (OR 5.747; 95% CI 1.086–30.303; P value = 0.040). Conclusions Genetic variations in TM6SF2 rs58542926 and PCSK9 rs505151 might be associated with hepatic steatosis in liver transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Eshraghian
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Moasser
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Research Tower, PO Box 71994-67985, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Research Tower, PO Box 71994-67985, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Fattahi
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saman Nikeghbalian
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Research Tower, PO Box 71994-67985, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Malek-Hosseini
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Research Tower, PO Box 71994-67985, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Research Tower, PO Box 71994-67985, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xia XD, Peng ZS, Gu HM, Wang M, Wang GQ, Zhang DW. Regulation of PCSK9 Expression and Function: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:764038. [PMID: 34782856 PMCID: PMC8589637 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.764038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) promotes degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and plays a central role in regulating plasma levels of LDL cholesterol levels, lipoprotein(a) and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Additionally, PCSK9 promotes degradation of major histocompatibility protein class I and reduces intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T cells. Inhibition of PCSK9 increases expression of LDLR, thereby reducing plasma levels of lipoproteins and the risk of cardiovascular disease. PCSK9 inhibition also increases cell surface levels of major histocompatibility protein class I in cancer cells and suppresses tumor growth. Therefore, PCSK9 plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cancer, the top two causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Monoclonal anti-PCSK9 antibody-based therapy is currently the only available treatment that can effectively reduce plasma LDL-C levels and suppress tumor growth. However, high expenses limit their widespread use. PCSK9 promotes lysosomal degradation of its substrates, but the detailed molecular mechanism by which PCSK9 promotes degradation of its substrates is not completely understood, impeding the development of more cost-effective alternative strategies to inhibit PCSK9. Here, we review our current understanding of PCSK9 and focus on the regulation of its expression and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Zhong-Sheng Peng
- School of Economics, Management and Law, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Mei Gu
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Maggie Wang
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gui-Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Burnap SA, Sattler K, Pechlaner R, Duregotti E, Lu R, Theofilatos K, Takov K, Heusch G, Tsimikas S, Fernández-Hernando C, Berry SE, Hall WL, Notdurfter M, Rungger G, Paulweber B, Willeit J, Kiechl S, Levkau B, Mayr M. PCSK9 Activity Is Potentiated Through HDL Binding. Circ Res 2021; 129:1039-1053. [PMID: 34601896 PMCID: PMC8579991 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Burnap
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, United Kingdom (S.A.B., E.D., R.L., K. Theofilatos, K. Takov, M.M.)
| | - Katherine Sattler
- Institute for Pathophysiology, University Hospital Essen, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Germany (K.S., G.H.)
| | - Raimund Pechlaner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (R.P., J.W., S.K.)
| | - Elisa Duregotti
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, United Kingdom (S.A.B., E.D., R.L., K. Theofilatos, K. Takov, M.M.)
| | - Ruifang Lu
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, United Kingdom (S.A.B., E.D., R.L., K. Theofilatos, K. Takov, M.M.)
| | - Konstantinos Theofilatos
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, United Kingdom (S.A.B., E.D., R.L., K. Theofilatos, K. Takov, M.M.)
| | - Kaloyan Takov
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, United Kingdom (S.A.B., E.D., R.L., K. Theofilatos, K. Takov, M.M.)
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, University Hospital Essen, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Germany (K.S., G.H.)
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T.)
| | | | - Sarah E Berry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (S.E.B., W.L.H.)
| | - Wendy L Hall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (S.E.B., W.L.H.)
| | | | | | - Bernhard Paulweber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria (B.P.)
| | - Johann Willeit
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (R.P., J.W., S.K.)
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (R.P., J.W., S.K.).,VASCage - Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria (S.K.)
| | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute for Molecular Medicine III, Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany (B.L.)
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, United Kingdom (S.A.B., E.D., R.L., K. Theofilatos, K. Takov, M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Su X, Cheng Y, Zhang G, Wang B. Novel insights into the pathological mechanisms of metabolic related dyslipidemia. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5675-5687. [PMID: 34218408 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the technological advances, it has been well-established that obesity is strongly correlated with various health problems. Among these problems, dyslipidemia is one of the most important concomitant symptoms under obese status which is the main driving force behind the pathological progression of cardio-metabolic disorder diseases. Importantly, the type of dyslipidemia, arising from concerted action of obesity, has been identified as "metabolic related dyslipidemia", which is characterized by increased circulating levels of Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Triglycerides (TG) accompanied by lower circulating levels of High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). On the other hand, the metabolic related dyslipidemia is being verified as a vital link between obesity and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and Cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we summarized the current understanding of metabolic related dyslipidemia and the potential mechanisms which lead to the pathogenesis of obesity. Meanwhile, we also summarized the emerging results which focused on several novel lipid bio-markers in metabolic related dyslipidemia, such as pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and their potential use as biomarkers of metabolic related dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Guoming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Su X, Chen X, Wang B. Pathology of metabolically-related dyslipidemia. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 521:107-115. [PMID: 34192528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that overweight/obesity is closely associated with multiple health problems. Among these, dyslipidemia is the most important and main driving force behind pathologic development of cardio-metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic-related cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Notably, a subtype of dyslipidemia, metabolic related dyslipidemia, is now recognized as a vital link between obesity and multiple different cardiovascular diseases. This condition is characterized by increased low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) as well as decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of metabolic related dyslipidemia and the potential mechanisms which lead to the pathogenesis of obesity/overweight. We focus on several novel lipid biomarkers such as pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and their potential use as biomarkers of metabolic related dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schwartz GG, Szarek M, Bittner VA, Bhatt DL, Diaz R, Goodman SG, Jukema JW, Loy M, Manvelian G, Pordy R, White HD, Steg PG. Relation of Lipoprotein(a) Levels to Incident Type 2 Diabetes and Modification by Alirocumab Treatment. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:1219-1227. [PMID: 33722880 PMCID: PMC8132323 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In observational data, lower levels of lipoprotein(a) have been associated with greater prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Whether pharmacologic lowering of lipoprotein(a) influences incident type 2 diabetes is unknown. We determined the relationship of lipoprotein(a) concentration with incident type 2 diabetes and effects of treatment with alirocumab, a PCSK9 inhibitor. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial alirocumab was compared with placebo in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Incident diabetes was determined from laboratory, medication, and adverse event data. RESULTS Among 13,480 patients without diabetes at baseline, 1,324 developed type 2 diabetes over a median 2.7 years. Median baseline lipoprotein(a) was 21.9 mg/dL. With placebo, 10 mg/dL lower baseline lipoprotein(a) was associated with hazard ratio 1.04 (95% CI 1.02-1.06, P < 0.001) for incident type 2 diabetes. Alirocumab reduced lipoprotein(a) by a median 23.2% with greater absolute reductions from higher baseline levels and no overall effect on incident type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.85-1.05). At low baseline lipoprotein(a) levels, alirocumab tended to reduce incident type 2 diabetes, while at high baseline lipoprotein(a) alirocumab tended to increase incident type 2 diabetes compared with placebo (treatment-baseline lipoprotein(a) interaction P = 0.006). In the alirocumab group, a 10 mg/dL decrease in lipoprotein(a) from baseline was associated with hazard ratio 1.07 (95% CI 1.03-1.12; P = 0.0002) for incident type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In patients with acute coronary syndrome, baseline lipoprotein(a) concentration associated inversely with incident type 2 diabetes. Alirocumab had neutral overall effect on incident type 2 diabetes. However, treatment-related reductions in lipoprotein(a), more pronounced from high baseline levels, were associated with increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Whether these findings pertain to other therapies that reduce lipoprotein(a) is undetermined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Schwartz
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael Szarek
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.,CPC Clinical Research, Aurora, CO.,Downstate School of Public Health, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | | | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rafael Diaz
- Estudios Cardiológicos Latinoamérica, Instituto Cardiovascular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Shaun G Goodman
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Harvey D White
- Green Lane Cardiovascular Services, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ramin-Mangata S, Thedrez A, Nativel B, Diotel N, Blanchard V, Wargny M, Aguesse A, Billon-Crossouard S, Vindis C, Le May C, Hulin P, Armanet M, Gmyr V, Pattou F, Croyal M, Meilhac O, Nobécourt E, Cariou B, Lambert G. Effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 modulation in human pancreatic beta cells function. Atherosclerosis 2021; 326:47-55. [PMID: 33933263 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) is an endogenous inhibitor of the LDL receptor (LDLR). Mendelian randomization studies suggest that PCSK9 deficiency increases diabetes risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate whether PCSK9 or its inhibition may modulate beta cell function. METHODS We assessed PCSK9 and insulin colocalization in human pancreatic sections by epifluorescent and confocal microscopy. We also investigated the expression and the function of PCSK9 in the human EndoC-βH1 beta cell line, by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. PCSK9 was inhibited with Alirocumab or siRNA. LDLR expression and LDL uptake were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS PCSK9 was expressed and secreted from beta cells isolated from human pancreas as well as from EndoC-βH1 cells. PCSK9 secretion was enhanced by statin treatment. Recombinant PCSK9 decreased LDLR abundance at the surface of these cells, an effect abrogated by Alirocumab. Alirocumab as well as PCSK9 silencing increased LDLR expression at the surface of EndoC-βH1 cells. Neither exogenous PCSK9, nor Alirocumab, nor PCSK9 silencing significantly altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from these cells. High-low density lipoproteins (LDL) concentrations decreased GSIS, but the addition of PCSK9 or its inhibition did not modulate this phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS While PCSK9 regulates LDLR abundance in beta cells, inhibition of exogenous or endogenous PCSK9 does not appear to significantly impact insulin secretion. This is reassuring for the safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in terms of beta cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélie Thedrez
- Université de Nantes, CRNH Ouest, Inra UMR 1280 PhAN, Nantes, France; L'institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Brice Nativel
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Valentin Blanchard
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Matthieu Wargny
- L'institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, INSERM, CIC 1413, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire 11: Santé Publique, Clinique des Données, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Audrey Aguesse
- Université de Nantes, CRNH Ouest, Inra UMR 1280 PhAN, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Cédric Le May
- L'institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Inserm UMS 016, Cnrs UMS 3556, Structure Fédérative de Recherche François Bonamy, Micropicell Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Mathieu Armanet
- Cell Therapy Unit, Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Valery Gmyr
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Inserm UMR 1190 Translational Research for Diabetes, University of Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - François Pattou
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Inserm UMR 1190 Translational Research for Diabetes, University of Lille 2, Lille, France; Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Mikaël Croyal
- Université de Nantes, CRNH Ouest, Inra UMR 1280 PhAN, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Estelle Nobécourt
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France; CHU de La Réunion, Service d'Endocrinologie Nutrition, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hu D, Guo Y, Wu R, Shao T, Long J, Yu B, Wang H, Luo Y, Lu H, Zhang J, Chen YE, Peng D. New Insight Into Metformin-Induced Cholesterol-Lowering Effect Crosstalk Between Glucose and Cholesterol Homeostasis via ChREBP (Carbohydrate-Responsive Element-Binding Protein)-Mediated PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9) Regulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e208-e223. [PMID: 33535788 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Die Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (D.H., J.L., B.Y., Y.L., D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.H., Y.G., H.W., Y.L., H.L., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.H., Y.G., H.W., Y.L., H.L., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Renrong Wu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (R.W., T.S.)
| | - Tiannan Shao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (R.W., T.S.)
| | - Junke Long
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (D.H., J.L., B.Y., Y.L., D.P.)
| | - Bilian Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (D.H., J.L., B.Y., Y.L., D.P.)
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (D.H., J.L., B.Y., Y.L., D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.H., Y.G., H.W., Y.L., H.L., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Yonghong Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (D.H., J.L., B.Y., Y.L., D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.H., Y.G., H.W., Y.L., H.L., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (D.H., J.L., B.Y., Y.L., D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.H., Y.G., H.W., Y.L., H.L., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (D.H., J.L., B.Y., Y.L., D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.H., Y.G., H.W., Y.L., H.L., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (D.H., J.L., B.Y., Y.L., D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.H., Y.G., H.W., Y.L., H.L., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (D.H., J.L., B.Y., Y.L., D.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Heart-gut axis: Targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) to prevent cardiovascular disease through gut microbiota. MEDICINE IN MICROECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2021.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
21
|
Rohrbach S, Li L, Novoyatleva T, Niemann B, Knapp F, Molenda N, Schulz R. Impact of PCSK9 on CTRP9-Induced Metabolic Effects in Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:593862. [PMID: 33643060 PMCID: PMC7904879 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.593862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipocytokine adiponectin and its structural homologs, the C1q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPs), increase insulin sensitivity, fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Adiponectin- and CTRP-induced signal transduction has been described to involve the adiponectin receptors and a number of co-receptors including the Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). LRP1 is another target of the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9 (PCSK9) in addition to the LDL-receptor (LDL-R). Here, we investigated the influence of PCSK9 on the metabolic effects of CTRP9, the CTRP with the highest homology to adiponectin. Knockdown of LRP1 in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts blunts the effects of CTRP9 on signal transduction and mitochondrial biogenesis, suggesting its involvement in CTRP9-induced cellular effects. Treatment of adult rat cardiomyocytes with recombinant PCSK9 but not knockdown of endogenous PCSK9 by siRNA results in a strong reduction in LRP1 protein expression and subsequently reduces the mitochondrial biogenic effect of CTRP9. PCSK9 treatment (24 h) blunts the effects of CTRP9-induced signaling cascade activation (AMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase B). In addition, the stimulating effects of CTRP9 on cardiomyocyte mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose metabolism (GLUT-4 translocation, glucose uptake) are largely blunted. Basal fatty acid (FA) uptake is strongly reduced by exogenous PCSK9, although protein expression of the PCSK9 target CD36, the key regulator of FA transport in cardiomyocytes, is not altered. In addition, only minor effects of PCSK9 were observed on CTRP9-induced FA uptake or the expression of genes involved in FA metabolism or uptake. Finally, this CTRP9-induced increase in CD36 expression occurs independent from LRP1 and LDL-R. In conclusion, PCSK9 treatment influences LRP1-mediated signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes. Thus, therapeutic PCSK9 inhibition may provide an additional benefit through stimulation of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in addition to the known lipid-lowering effects. This could be an important beneficial side effect in situations with impaired mitochondrial function and reduced metabolic flexibility thereby influencing cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tatyana Novoyatleva
- Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Niemann
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabienne Knapp
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicole Molenda
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schlüter KD, Wolf A, Schreckenberg R. Coming Back to Physiology: Extra Hepatic Functions of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598649. [PMID: 33364976 PMCID: PMC7750466 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.598649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis regulated convertase-1 (NARC-1), now mostly known as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), has received a lot of attention due to the fact that it is a key regulator of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDL-R) and is therefore involved in hepatic LDL clearance. Within a few years, therapies targeting PCSK9 have reached clinical practice and they offer an additional tool to reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. However, PCSK9 is almost ubiquitously expressed in the body but has less well-understood functions and target proteins in extra hepatic tissues. As such, PCSK9 is involved in the regulation of neuronal survival and protein degradation, it affects the expression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the kidney, it interacts with white blood cells and with cells of the vascular wall, and it modifies contractile activity of cardiomyocytes, and contributes to the regulation of cholesterol uptake in the intestine. Moreover, under stress conditions, signals from the kidney and heart can affect hepatic expression and thereby the plasma concentration of PCSK9 which then in turn can affect other target organs. Therefore, there is an intense relationship between the local (autocrine) and systemic (endocrine) effects of PCSK9. Although, PCSK9 has been recognized as a ubiquitously expressed modifier of cellular function and signaling molecules, its physiological role in different organs is not well-understood. The current review summarizes these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annemarie Wolf
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nergiz-Unal R, Ulug E, Kisioglu B, Tamer F, Bodur M, Yalcimin H, Yuruk AA. Hepatic cholesterol synthesis and lipoprotein levels impaired by dietary fructose and saturated fatty acids in mice: Insight on PCSK9 and CD36. Nutrition 2020; 79-80:110954. [PMID: 32862122 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the uncertain effects of high saturated fatty acids (SFAs) or fructose intake on cholesterol and lipoproteins with an insight of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)- and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)-induced mechanisms. METHODS Forty male C57 BL/6 mice (8 wks of age) were divided into four groups and fed ad libitum with standard chow or three isocaloric diets containing high SFAs (SFA group), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA group, vehicle), or fructose for 15 wks. Subsequently, mice were sacrificed and blood, liver, and heart were collected for further analysis. RESULTS Consequently, fructose or SFA intake resulted in higher plasma and liver total cholesterol (TC) levels, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein (Apo)-B levels, TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios, and lower plasma levels of HDL-C and Apo-A1 (P < 0.05). Levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 enzymes in liver and CD36 levels in plasma were elevated by high SFAs and fructose intake (P < 0.05), whereas plasma PCSK9 levels were not significantly changed. Fructose and SFA intake increased PCSK9 and CD36 levels in the heart, along with increased CD36 levels in the liver (P < 0.05). Furthermore, plasma LDL-C was found to be positively correlated with liver PCSK9 (r = 0.85, P = 0.02), and CD36 (r = 0.70, P = 0.02) in the SFA and fructose groups. CONCLUSION High intakes of dietary SFAs and fructose might induce dysregulations in the cholesterol synthesis and blood lipoprotein levels via proposed nutrient-sensitive biomarkers PCSK9 and CD36 in liver and extrahepatic tissues involved in cholesterol homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Nergiz-Unal
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Elif Ulug
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betul Kisioglu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Funda Tamer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Bodur
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hacer Yalcimin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Armagan Aytug Yuruk
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim MB, Lee Y, Bae M, Kang H, Pham TX, Hu S, Lee JY, Park YK. Comprehensive characterization of metabolic, inflammatory and fibrotic changes in a mouse model of diet-derived nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 85:108463. [PMID: 32891893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a well-characterized mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with a strong manifestation of liver fibrosis. The progression of metabolic, inflammatory and fibrotic features of this mouse model was monitored by performing in vivo time-course study. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose/high-cholesterol diet (34% fat, 34% sucrose and 2.0% cholesterol, by weight) for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16 weeks to induce obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions, inflammation and fibrosis in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT). Body and liver weights were gradually increased with significant hepatic triglyceride accumulation, i.e., liver steatosis, and marked elevation of serum alanine transaminase levels at week 10. While hepatic inflammation was displayed with the highest expression of macrophage markers and M1 markers at week 6, liver fibrosis determined by collagen accumulation was continuously increased to week 16. In epididymal WAT, weights and adipocyte size peaked at week 6-8. The increased expression of fibrogenic genes preceded inflammatory features (week 2 to 6 vs. week 6 to 16), suggesting that early fibrosis may trigger inflammatory events in the WAT. This study established a mouse model of diet-induced NASH with a strong manifestation of liver fibrosis. This mouse model will be a valuable in vivo tool in studying the pathophysiology of NASH and also in testing preventive and therapeutic potentials of dietary components and drugs against NASH with liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Bo Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Minkyung Bae
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Hyunju Kang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Tho X Pham
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Siqi Hu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Relationship of Zonulin with Serum PCSK9 Levels after a High Fat Load in a Population of Obese Subjects. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050748. [PMID: 32403394 PMCID: PMC7277403 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that circulating levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) remain unchanged after fat load in healthy lean individuals, PCSK9 has been suggested to have a role in postprandial lipemia regulation in obese individuals. On the other hand, intestinal permeability and endotoxemia have been observed to increase more in obese individuals than in non-obese individuals after a lipid load. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between PCSK9, intestinal permeability, and endotoxemia after a high fat load in obese individuals. We included 39 individuals with morbid obesity. Serum PCSK9 levels, intestinal permeability marker (zonulin), endotoxemia markers (LPS and LBP), and lipid parameters were measured before and after 3 h of fat load. A significant rise in triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1, zonulin, LPS, and LBP, and a significant decline in PCSK9, were observed after a lipid load. Linear regression analysis showed that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was independently related to PCSK9 at baseline, whereas both zonulin and LDL-C were independently related to PCSK9 levels after fat load. A relationship between zonulin and PCSK9 levels after fat load in individuals with morbid obesity may exist.
Collapse
|
26
|
Paquette M, Gauthier D, Chamberland A, Prat A, De Lucia Rolfe E, Rasmussen JJ, Kaduka L, Seidah NG, Bernard S, Christensen DL, Baass A. Circulating PCSK9 is associated with liver biomarkers and hepatic steatosis. Clin Biochem 2020; 77:20-25. [PMID: 31972148 PMCID: PMC7614815 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In parallel to the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of hepatic steatosis has also increased dramatically worldwide. Hepatic steatosis is a major risk factor of hepatic cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Circulating levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) have been positively associated with the metabolic syndrome. However, the association between PCSK9 and the liver function is still controversial. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the association between circulating PCSK9 levels and the presence of hepatic steatosis, as well as with liver biomarkers in a cohort of healthy individuals. METHODS Total PCSK9 levels were measured by an in-house ELISA using a polyclonal antibody. Plasma albumin, alkaline phosphatase, ALT, AST, total bilirubin and GGT were measured in 698 individuals using the COBAS system. The presence of hepatic steatosis was assessed using ultrasound liver scans. RESULTS In a multiple regression model adjusted for age, sex, insulin resistance, body mass index and alcohol use, circulating PCSK9 level was positively associated with albumin (β = 0.102, P = 0.008), alkaline phosphatase (β = 0.201, P < 0.0001), ALT (β = 0.238, P < 0.0001), AST (β = 0.120, P = 0.003) and GGT (β = 0.103, P = 0.007) and negatively associated with total bilirubin (β = -0.150, P < 0.0001). Tertile of circulating PCSK9 was also associated with hepatic steatosis (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.05-2.08, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our data suggest a strong association between PCSK9 and liver biomarkers as well as hepatic steatosis. Further studies are needed to explore the role of PCSK9 on hepatic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Paquette
- Lipids, Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Clinic of the Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dany Gauthier
- Lipids, Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Clinic of the Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ann Chamberland
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology of the Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology of the Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emanuella De Lucia Rolfe
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jon J Rasmussen
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lydia Kaduka
- Centre for Public Health Research, KEMRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology of the Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Lipids, Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Clinic of the Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dirk L Christensen
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexis Baass
- Lipids, Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Clinic of the Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Divisions of Experimental Medicine and Medical Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Blanchard C, Ledoux S, Verhaegen A, Wargny M, Letessier E, Stepanian A, Huten N, Jacobi D, Krempf M, Le Bras M, Perrocheau Guillouche M, Arnaud L, Pichelin M, Van Gaal L, Cariou B, Le May C. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, but not sleeve gastrectomy, decreases plasma PCSK9 levels in morbidly obese patients. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2020; 46:480-487. [PMID: 32032671 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a master regulator of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) metabolism, acting as an endogenous inhibitor of the LDL receptor. While it has been shown that bariatric surgery differentially affects plasma LDL-C levels, little is known of its effects on plasma PCSK9 concentrations. Therefore, the present study aimed to: (i) investigate the effect of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on plasma PCSK9 concentrations; and (ii) correlate baseline or postoperative plasma PCSK9 concentration variations with anthropometric and metabolic parameters. METHODS Fasting plasma PCSK9 levels were measured by ELISA in morbidly obese patients before and 6 months after bariatric surgery. Patients were recruited from three prospective cohorts (in Nantes and Colombes in France, and Antwerp in Belgium). RESULTS A total of 156 patients (34SG, 122RYGB) were included. Plasma PCSK9, LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels were significantly reduced after RYGB (-19.6%, -16.6% and -19.5%, respectively; P<0.0001), but not after SG. In all patients, postoperative PCSK9 change was positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG; r=0.22, P=0.007), HOMA-IR (r=0.24, P=0.005), total cholesterol (r=0.17, P=0.037) and non-HDL-C (r=0.17, P=0.038) variations, but not LDL-C. In contrast to what was observed for glucose parameters (FPG, HOMA-IR), correlation between PCSK9 and non-HDL-C changes after RYGB was independent of total weight loss. CONCLUSION RYGB, but not SG, promotes a significant reduction in plasma PCSK9 levels, and such changes in circulating PCSK9 levels after RYGB appear to be more associated with glucose improvement than with lipid homoeostasis parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Blanchard
- University of Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, Thorax Institute, 44000 Nantes, France; Clinical Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S Ledoux
- Department of Functional Explorations, North Francilien Integrated Obesity Centre (CINFO), Hôpital Louis Mourier (AP-HP.7), University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - A Verhaegen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Wargny
- University of Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, Thorax Institute, 44000 Nantes, France; Thorax Institute, Department of Endocrinology, CIC 1413 Inserm, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - E Letessier
- Clinical Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - A Stepanian
- AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Department of Biological Haematology, Paris, France
| | - N Huten
- Digestive, Endocrine, Oncology and Liver Transplantation Department, CHU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - D Jacobi
- University of Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, Thorax Institute, 44000 Nantes, France; Digestive, Endocrine, Oncology and Liver Transplantation Department, CHU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - M Krempf
- Thorax Institute, Department of Endocrinology, CIC 1413 Inserm, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; INRA, UMR 1280, Physiology of Nutritional Adaptations, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - M Le Bras
- Thorax Institute, Department of Endocrinology, CIC 1413 Inserm, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - L Arnaud
- University of Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, Thorax Institute, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - M Pichelin
- University of Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, Thorax Institute, 44000 Nantes, France; Thorax Institute, Department of Endocrinology, CIC 1413 Inserm, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - L Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - B Cariou
- University of Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, Thorax Institute, 44000 Nantes, France; Thorax Institute, Department of Endocrinology, CIC 1413 Inserm, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C Le May
- University of Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, Thorax Institute, 44000 Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ramin-Mangata S, Wargny M, Pichelin M, Le May C, Thédrez A, Blanchard V, Nativel B, Santos RD, Benseñor IM, Lotufo PA, Lambert G, Cariou B. Circulating PCSK9 levels are not associated with the conversion to type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2020; 293:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
29
|
Lee JS, Mukhopadhyay P, Matyas C, Trojnar E, Paloczi J, Yang YR, Blank BA, Savage C, Sorokin AV, Mehta NN, Vendruscolo JCM, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF, Pacher P, Lohoff FW. PCSK9 inhibition as a novel therapeutic target for alcoholic liver disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17167. [PMID: 31748600 PMCID: PMC6868240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) causes significant morbidity and mortality, and pharmacological treatment options are limited. In this study, we evaluated the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody that robustly reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), for the treatment of ALD using a rat model of chronic alcohol exposure. Alirocumab (50 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered weekly for 6 weeks to rats receiving a 12% alcohol liquid diet or an isocaloric control diet. At the end of the alcohol exposure protocol, serum and liver samples were obtained for molecular characterization and histopathological analysis. PCSK9 inhibition with alirocumab attenuated alcohol-induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation through regulation of lipid metabolism (mRNA expression of modulators of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and catabolism (PPARα and CPT1)), hepatocellular injury (ALT), hepatic inflammation (mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (TNFa, IL-1β, IL-22, IL-33, IL-17α, IL-2, MIP-2, and MCP-1), and neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase staining)). Alirocumab treatment also attenuated alcohol-induced PCSK9 mRNA elevation and upregulated LDL-receptor (LDL-R) via modulation of the transcription factors (SREBP-1, SREBP-2, and E2F1) in liver. We demonstrated that chronic anti-PCSK9 treatment using the monoclonal antibody alirocumab attenuated alcohol-induced steatohepatitis in the rat model. Given the large unmet clinical need for effective and novel treatments for ALD, anti-PCSK9 treatment with the monoclonal antibody that spares liver metabolism is a viable new therapeutic possibility. Future studies are needed to elucidate the exact role of PCSK9 in ALD and alcohol use disorder (AUD) and to evaluate efficacy and safety of anti-PCSK9 treatment in clinical populations with ALD/AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Soo Lee
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Csaba Matyas
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eszter Trojnar
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janos Paloczi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuan Ru Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon A Blank
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cody Savage
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander V Sorokin
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janaina C M Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lupo MG, Macchi C, Marchianò S, Cristofani R, Greco MF, Dall'Acqua S, Chen H, Sirtori CR, Corsini A, Ruscica M, Ferri N. Differential effects of red yeast rice, Berberis aristata and Morus alba extracts on PCSK9 and LDL uptake. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:1245-1253. [PMID: 31439394 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The novel nutraceutical combination containing red yeast rice (monacolin K 3.3 mg), Berberis aristata cortex extract (Berberine 531.25 mg) and Morus alba leaves extract (1-deoxynojirimycin 4 mg) is effective in the management of elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the three components on proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a key regulator of LDL receptor (LDLR) expression, in hepatocyte cell lines and to compare their effects on LDL cellular uptake. METHODS AND RESULTS HepG2 and Huh7 cells were incubated with B. aristata cortex extract (BCE), red yeast rice (RYR) and M. alba leaves extract (MLE) alone or in combination for 24 h. RYR (50 μg/mL) increased PCSK9 protein expression (Western blot analysis and ELISA), PCSK9 mRNA (qPCR) and its promoter activity (luciferase reporter assay). BCE (40 μg/mL) reduced instead PCSK9 expression, mRNA levels and promoter activity. MLE determined a concentration-dependent reduction of PCSK9 at the mRNA and protein levels, with a maximal reduction at 1 mg/mL, without significant changes of PCSK9 promoter activity. MLE also downregulated the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and fatty acid synthase mRNA levels. The combination of RYR, BCE and MLE reduced the PCSK9 mRNA and protein levels, as well as the promoter activity. Finally, the single components and their combination induced LDL receptor and LDL uptake by the hepatocytes. CONCLUSION The positive effect of MLE on PCSK9 supports the rationale of using the nutraceutical combination of RYR, BCE and MLE to control hyperlipidemic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Lupo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria F Greco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Haixia Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Dyslipidemia Center, A.S.S.T. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rajan MR, Sotak M, Barrenäs F, Shen T, Borkowski K, Ashton NJ, Biörserud C, Lindahl TL, Ramström S, Schöll M, Lindahl P, Fiehn O, Newman JW, Perkins R, Wallenius V, Lange S, Börgeson E. Comparative analysis of obesity-related cardiometabolic and renal biomarkers in human plasma and serum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15385. [PMID: 31659186 PMCID: PMC6817872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for biomarkers associated with obesity-related diseases is ongoing, but it is not clear whether plasma and serum can be used interchangeably in this process. Here we used high-throughput screening to analyze 358 proteins and 76 lipids, selected because of their relevance to obesity-associated diseases, in plasma and serum from age- and sex-matched lean and obese humans. Most of the proteins/lipids had similar concentrations in plasma and serum, but a subset showed significant differences. Notably, a key marker of cardiovascular disease PAI-1 showed a difference in concentration between the obese and lean groups only in plasma. Furthermore, some biomarkers showed poor correlations between plasma and serum, including PCSK9, an important regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. Collectively, our results show that the choice of biofluid may impact study outcome when screening for obesity-related biomarkers and we identify several markers where this will be the case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Rohini Rajan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matus Sotak
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Barrenäs
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tong Shen
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Christina Biörserud
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas L Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Ramström
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michael Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Per Lindahl
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - John W Newman
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
- USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, USA
| | - Rosie Perkins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ville Wallenius
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephan Lange
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Emma Börgeson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sundfør TM, Svendsen M, Heggen E, Dushanov S, Klemsdal TO, Tonstad S. BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:832-841. [PMID: 31216575 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SFA intake increases LDL cholesterol whereas PUFA intake lowers it. Whether the lipid response to dietary fat differs between normal-weight and obese persons is of relevance to dietary recommendations for obese populations. OBJECTIVES We compared the effect of substituting unsaturated fat for saturated fat on LDL cholesterol and apoB concentrations in normal-weight (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2) and obese (BMI: 30-45) subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol. METHODS We randomly assigned 83 men and women (aged 21-70 y) stratified by BMI (normal: n = 44; obese: n = 39) and elevated LDL cholesterol (mean ± SD, normal weight 4.6 ± 0.9 mmol/L; obese 4.4 ± 0.8 mmol/L) to either a PUFA diet enriched with oil-based margarine ( n = 42) or an SFA diet enriched with butter (n = 41) for 6 wk. RESULTS Seven-day dietary records showed differences of ∼9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ∼4 E% in PUFA between the SFA and PUFA groups. In the total study population, the PUFA diet compared with the SFA diet lowered LDL cholesterol (-0.31 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.47, -0.15 mmol/L, compared with 0.32 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.47 mmol/L; P < 0.001) and apoB (-0.08 g/L; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.05 g/L, compared with 0.07 g/L; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.10 g/L; P < 0.001). Tests of the BMI × diet interaction were significant for total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apoB ( P values ≤ 0.009). In normal-weight compared with obese participants post-hoc comparisons found that the respective changes in LDL cholesterol were 9.7% (95% CI: 5.3%, 14.2%) compared with 5.3% (95% CI: -0.7%, 11.2%), P = 0.206, in the SFA group, and -10.4% (95% CI: -15.2%, -5.7%) compared with -2.3% (95% CI: -7.4%, 2.8%), P = 0.020, in the PUFA group. ApoB changes were 7.5% (95% CI: 3.5%, 11.4%) compared with 3.0% (95% CI: -1.7%, 7.7%), P = 0.140, in the SFA group, and -8.9% (95% CI: -12.6%, -5.2%) compared with -3.8% (95% CI: -6.3%, -1.2%), P = 0.021, in the PUFA group. Responses to dietary fat were not associated with changes in polyprotein convertase subtisilin/kexin type 9 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS BMI modifies the effect of PUFAs compared with SFAs, with smaller improvements in atherogenic lipid concentrations in obese than in normal-weight individuals, possibly supporting adjustment of dietary recommendations according to BMI. This trial was registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02589769.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Mejlbo Sundfør
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Svendsen
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eli Heggen
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sasha Dushanov
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Ole Klemsdal
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Serena Tonstad
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kolovou GD, Watts GF, Mikhailidis DP, Pérez-Martínez P, Mora S, Bilianou H, Panotopoulos G, Katsiki N, Ooi TC, Lopez-Miranda J, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Tentolouris N, Nordestgaard BG. Postprandial Hypertriglyceridaemia Revisited in the Era of Non-Fasting Lipid Profile Testing: A 2019 Expert Panel Statement, Narrative Review. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2019; 17:515-537. [DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190503123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia, defined as an increase in plasma triglyceride-containing
lipoproteins following a fat meal, is a potential risk predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
and other chronic diseases. Several non-modifiable factors (genetics, age, sex and menopausal status)
and lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, smoking status, obesity, alcohol and medication use) may
influence postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. This narrative review considers the studies published over
the last decade that evaluated postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. Additionally, the genetic determinants
of postprandial plasma triglyceride levels, the types of meals for studying postprandial triglyceride response,
and underlying conditions (e.g. familial dyslipidaemias, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome,
non-alcoholic fatty liver and chronic kidney disease) that are associated with postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia
are reviewed; therapeutic aspects are also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa D. Kolovou
- Cardiology Department and LDL-Apheresis Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerald F. Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Pérez-Martínez
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samia Mora
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen Bilianou
- Department of Cardiology, Tzanio Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | | | - Niki Katsiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology-Metabolism, Diabetes Center, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Teik C. Ooi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - José Lopez-Miranda
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Tentolouris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jeenduang N. Circulating PCSK9 concentrations are increased in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 494:151-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
35
|
Strålberg T, Nordenskjöld A, Cao Y, Kublickiene K, Nilsson E. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and mortality in patients starting hemodialysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13113. [PMID: 30921469 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular events are the leading cause of death in end stage renal disease (ESRD), but traditional markers of dyslipidemia are not clearly associated with cardiovascular risk in this population. Proprotein Convertase Subtilsin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK-9) could be of interest as a novel cardiovascular risk marker in ESRD due to the emergence of lipid lowering therapy based on PCSK-9 inhibition. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the convertase PCSK-9 is a potential risk marker for mortality among patients starting haemodialysis treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cohort study of 265 patients starting haemodialysis between 1991-2009, with 3 years follow-up. The association between baseline PCSK-9 levels and mortality was assessed using Cox proportional hazards- and quantile regression models, with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS PCSK-9 levels at initiation of haemodialysis were associated to mortality in multivariable adjusted analysis. PCSK-9 levels exhibited an U-shaped association to mortality. Inclusion of the quadratic term of PCSK-9 in regression modelling optimized model performance. At baseline, PCSK-9 levels had positive correlations to Davies comorbidity score, haemoglobin and C-reactive protein while negative correlations were found for high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol. PCSK-9 levels were higher in statin users and patients with a history of cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS This study shows, for the first time, that the level of PCSK-9 is associated with all-cause mortality in haemodialysis patients, independently of a number of potential confounders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Towe Strålberg
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenskjöld
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Nilsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Courtemanche H, Bigot E, Pichelin M, Guyomarch B, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Le May C, Derkinderen P, Cariou B. PCSK9 Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid Are Not Specifically Increased in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1519-1525. [PMID: 29562508 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of PCSK9 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is controversial. We compared cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PCSK9 concentrations in 36 AD and 31 non-AD patients. CSF PCSK9 levels did not differ between AD and non-AD groups (2.80 versus 2.62 ng/mL). However, PCSK9 CSF levels were increased in AD and non-AD patients with other neurodegenerative process (non-AD ND, n = 20) compared to patients without neurodegenerative disorders (non-ND, n = 11): 2.80 versus 2.30 (p < 0.005) and 2.83 versus 2.30 ng/mL (p = NS), respectively. CSF PCSK9 were positively correlated with AD biomarkers (Aβ1-42, T-tau, and P-tau). PCSK9 concentrations in CSF are increased in neurodegenerative disorders rather than specifically in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edith Bigot
- Department of Biochemistry, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Matthieu Pichelin
- L'institut du thorax, Department of Endocrinology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,L'institut du thorax, CIC Endocrino-Nutrtition, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, Nantes, France
| | - Béatrice Guyomarch
- L'institut du thorax, CIC Endocrino-Nutrtition, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Cédric Le May
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, Nantes, France
| | | | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du thorax, Department of Endocrinology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,L'institut du thorax, CIC Endocrino-Nutrtition, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dijk W, Cariou B. Efficacy and safety of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 inhibitors in people with diabetes and dyslipidaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21 Suppl 1:39-51. [PMID: 31002456 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic dyslipidaemia, characterized by quantitative, qualitative and kinetic changes in all major circulating lipids, contributes to the increased cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A promising therapeutic avenue is the inhibition of the proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) with human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that potently reduce plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels on top of statin treatment. The aim of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors to lower the residual cardiovascular risk of T2DM patients and to discuss the safety of PCSK9 inhibition in these patients. PCSK9 inhibitors potently lower plasma LDL-C levels in T2DM patients and reduce risk for the development of cardiovascular disease. Anti-PCSK9 mAbs are generally not more or less effective in T2DM patients compared to a general high-risk population. Nevertheless, due to their higher cardiovascular risk, the absolute risk reduction of major cardiovascular events is more significant in T2DM patients. This suggests that treatment of T2DM patients with anti-PCSK9 mAbs could be attractive from a cost-effectiveness perspective. Treatment with anti-PCSK9 mAbs did not result in significant treatment-emergent adverse effects. While genetic studies suggest a potential link between PCSK9 inhibition and glucose homeostasis, anti-PCSK9 mAbs did not worsen glycaemic control in T2DM patients, but their safety should be verified after a longer-term follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- CIC INSERM 1413, CHU Nantes, Department of Endocrinology, L'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vekic J, Zeljkovic A, Stefanovic A, Jelic-Ivanovic Z, Spasojevic-Kalimanovska V. Obesity and dyslipidemia. Metabolism 2019; 92:71-81. [PMID: 30447223 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a pandemic of the modern world, is intimately associated with dyslipidemia, which is mainly driven by the effects of insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory adipokines. However, recent evidence suggests that obesity-induced dyslipidemia is not a unique pathophysiological entity, but rather has distinct characteristics depending on many individual factors. In line with that, in a subgroup of metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals, dyslipidemia is less prominent or even absent. In this review, we will address the main characteristics of dyslipidemia and mechanisms that induce its development in obesity. The fields, which should be further investigated to expand our knowledge on obesity-related dyslipidemia and potentially yield new strategies for prevention and management of cardiometabolic risk, will be highlighted. Also, we will discuss recent findings on novel lipid biomarkers in obesity, in particular proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), as the key molecule that regulates metabolism of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), as one of the most important mediators of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles function. Special attention will be given to microRNAs and their potential use as biomarkers of obesity-associated dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vekic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Zeljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorana Jelic-Ivanovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Briet C, Ilie MD, Kuhn E, Maione L, Brailly-Tabard S, Salenave S, Cariou B, Chanson P. Changes in metabolic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors after therapeutic control of acromegaly vary with the treatment modality. Data from the Bicêtre cohort, and review of the literature. Endocrine 2019; 63:348-360. [PMID: 30397873 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Untreated acromegaly is associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to malignant, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular disorders. Effective treatment of acromegaly reduces excess mortality, but its impact on cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic parameters are poorly documented. AIM We analyzed changes in cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic parameters in patients receiving various treatment modalities. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively studied 96 patients with acromegaly, both at diagnosis and after IGF-I normalization following surgery alone (n = 51) or medical therapy with first generation somatostatin analogues (SSA, n = 23), or pegvisomant (n = 22). Duration of follow-up was 77 (42-161) months, 75 (42-112) months, and 62 (31-93) months, in patients treated with surgery alone, SSA, and pegvisomant, respectively. In all the cases except four, patients treated medically had underwent previous unsuccessful surgery. RESULTS IGF-I normalization was associated with increased body weight, decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) in hypertensive patients, decreased fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HOMA-IR and HOMA-B levels, increased HDL cholesterol (HDLc); whereas, LDL cholesterol (LDLc) was not significantly different. Plasma PCSK9 levels were unchanged in patients with available values. Cardiovascular and metabolic changes varied with the treatment modality: surgery, but not pegvisomant, had a beneficial effect on SBP; FPG decreased after surgery but increased after SSA; the decline in HOMA-IR was only significant after surgery; pegvisomant significantly increased LDLc and total cholesterol; whereas SA increased HDLc and had no effect on LDLc levels. CONCLUSION Treatments used to normalize IGF-I levels in patients with acromegaly could have differential effects on cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Briet
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, F-94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Institut MITOVASC, INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, F-49933, Angers, France
| | - Mirela Diana Ilie
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, F-94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Emmanuelle Kuhn
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, F-94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1185, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1185, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Luigi Maione
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, F-94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1185, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1185, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Sylvie Brailly-Tabard
- Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1185, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1185, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Sylvie Salenave
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, F-94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- l'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Univ Nantes, CHU Nantes, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, F-94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
- Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1185, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1185, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
PCSK9 inhibition 2018: riding a new wave of coronary prevention. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:205-224. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20171300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractProprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic enzyme that regulates the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) receptor and thus circulating LDL-c levels. With overwhelming evidence now supporting the reduction in LDL-c to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, PCSK9 inhibitors represent an important therapeutic target, particularly in high-risk populations. Here, we summarise and update the science of PCSK9, including its discovery and the development of various inhibitors, including the now approved monoclonal antibodies. In addition, we summarise the clinical applications of PCSK9 inhibitors in a range of patient populations, as well as the major randomised controlled trials investigating their use in coronary prevention.
Collapse
|
41
|
Bordicchia M, Spannella F, Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Vignini A, Di Pentima C, Mazzanti L, Sarzani R. PCSK9 is Expressed in Human Visceral Adipose Tissue and Regulated by Insulin and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020245. [PMID: 30634533 PMCID: PMC6358804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) binds to and degrades the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), contributing to hypercholesterolemia. Adipose tissue plays a role in lipoprotein metabolism, but there are almost no data about PCSK9 and LDLR regulation in human adipocytes. We studied PCSK9 and LDLR regulation by insulin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, a potent lipolytic agonist that antagonizes insulin), and LDL in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and in human cultured adipocytes. PCSK9 was expressed in VAT and its expression was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI). Both intracellular mature and secreted PCSK9 were abundant in cultured human adipocytes. Insulin induced PCSK9, LDLR, and sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and -2 expression (SREBP-2). ANP reduced insulin-induced PCSK9, especially in the context of a medium simulating hyperglycemia. Human LDL induced both mature and secreted PCSK9 and reduced LDLR. ANP indirectly blocked the LDLR degradation, reducing the positive effect of LDL on PCSK9. In conclusion, PCSK9 is expressed in human adipocytes. When the expression of PCSK9 is induced, LDLR is reduced through the PCSK9-mediated degradation. On the contrary, when the induction of PCSK9 by insulin and LDL is partially blocked by ANP, the LDLR degradation is reduced. This suggests that NPs could be able to control LDLR levels, preventing PCSK9 overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marica Bordicchia
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University "Politecnica delle Marche", 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Francesco Spannella
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University "Politecnica delle Marche", 60126 Ancona, Italy.
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, IRCCS-INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, School of Nutrition, University "Politecnica delle Marche", 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, School of Nutrition, University "Politecnica delle Marche", 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Arianna Vignini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, School of Nutrition, University "Politecnica delle Marche", 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Chiara Di Pentima
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University "Politecnica delle Marche", 60126 Ancona, Italy.
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, IRCCS-INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Laura Mazzanti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, School of Nutrition, University "Politecnica delle Marche", 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Sarzani
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University "Politecnica delle Marche", 60126 Ancona, Italy.
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, IRCCS-INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Clinical trials have unequivocally shown that inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) efficaciously and safely prevents cardiovascular events by lowering levels of LDL cholesterol. PCSK9 in the circulation is derived mainly from the liver, but the protein is also expressed in the pancreas, the kidney, the intestine and the central nervous system. Although PCSK9 modulates cholesterol metabolism by regulating LDL receptor expression in the liver, in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that PCSK9 is involved in various other physiological processes. Although therapeutic PCSK9 inhibition could theoretically have undesired effects by interfering with these non-cholesterol-related processes, studies of individuals with genetically determined reduced PCSK9 function and clinical trials of PCSK9 inhibitors have not revealed clinically meaningful adverse consequences of almost completely eradicating PCSK9 from the circulation. The clinical implications of PCSK9 functions beyond lipid metabolism in terms of wanted or unwanted effects of therapeutic PCSK9 inhibition therefore appear to be limited. The objective of this Review is to describe the physiological role of PCSK9 beyond the LDL receptor to provide a rational basis for monitoring the effects of PCSK9 inhibition as these drugs gain traction in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wargny M, Ducluzeau PH, Petit JM, Le May C, Smati S, Arnaud L, Pichelin M, Bouillet B, Lannes A, Blanchet O, Lefebvre P, Francque S, Van Gaal L, Staels B, Vergès B, Boursier J, Cariou B. Circulating PCSK9 levels are not associated with the severity of hepatic steatosis and NASH in a high-risk population. Atherosclerosis 2018; 278:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
44
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma-associated hypercholesterolemia: involvement of proprotein-convertase-subtilisin-kexin type-9 (PCSK9). Cancer Metab 2018; 6:16. [PMID: 30386595 PMCID: PMC6201570 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-018-0187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PCSK9 regulates low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) level and has been implicated in hypercholesterolemia. Aberrant plasma lipid profile is often associated with various cancers. Clinically, the relationship between altered serum lipid level and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been documented; however, the underlying cause and implications of such dyslipidemia remain unclear. Methods The present study includes the use of HepG2 tumor xenograft model to study the potential role of glucose (by providing 15% glucose via drinking water) in regulating PCSK9 expression and associated hypercholesterolemia. To support in vivo findings, in vitro approaches were used by incubating HCC cells in culture medium with different glucose concentrations or treating the cells with glucose uptake inhibitors. Impact of hypercholesterolemia on chemotherapy was demonstrated by exogenously providing LDLc followed by appropriate in vitro assays. Results We observed that serum and hepatic PCSK9 level is decreased in mice which were provided with glucose containing water. Interestingly, serum and tumor PCSK9 level was upregulated in HepG2-tumor-bearing mice having access to water containing glucose. Additionally, elevated LDLc is detected in sera of these mice. In vitro studies indicated that PCSK9 expression was increased by high glucose availability with potential involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that pre-treatment of cells with LDLc diminishes cytotoxicity of sorafenib in HCC cells. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest a regulation of PCSK9 by high glucose which could contribute, at least partly, towards understanding the cause of hypercholesterolemia in HCC and its accompanied upshots in terms of altered response of HCC cells towards cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40170-018-0187-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
45
|
Dijk W, Le May C, Cariou B. Beyond LDL: What Role for PCSK9 in Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:420-434. [PMID: 29665987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) levels are an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin 9 (PCSK9) - a protein therapeutically targeted to lower plasma cholesterol levels - might regulate plasma TG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) levels. We provide a timely and critical review of the current evidence for a role of PCSK9 in TRL metabolism by assessing the impact of PCSK9 gene variants, by reviewing recent clinical data with PCSK9 inhibitors, and by describing the potential mechanisms by which PCSK9 might regulate TRL metabolism. We conclude that the impact of PCSK9 on TRL metabolism is relatively modest, especially compared to its impact on cholesterol metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Le May
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; L'institut du thorax, Department of Endocrinology, CHU NANTES, Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lin XL, Xiao LL, Tang ZH, Jiang ZS, Liu MH. Role of PCSK9 in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:36-44. [PMID: 29758414 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Statins are the most widely used therapy for patients with hyperlipidemia. However, a significant residual cardiovascular risk remains in some patients even after maximally tolerated statin therapy. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a new pharmacologically therapeutic target for decreasing LDL-C. PCSK9 reduces LDL intake from circulation by enhancing LDLR degradation and preventing LDLR recirculation to the cell surface. Moreover, PCSK9 inhibitors have been approved for patients with either familial hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, who require additional reduction of LDL-C. In addition, PCSK9 inhibition combined with statins has been used as a new approach to help reduce LDL-C levels in patients with either statin intolerance or unattainable LDL goal. This review will discuss the emerging anti-PCSK9 therapies in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Lin
- Department of Pathology, Hui Zhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, 516002, China
| | - Le-Le Xiao
- Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Mi-Hua Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Baragetti A, Grejtakova D, Casula M, Olmastroni E, Jotti GS, Norata GD, Catapano AL, Bellosta S. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin type-9 (PCSK9) and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism: Facts and gaps. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:1-11. [PMID: 29428206 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
After more than a decade of intense investigation, Pro-protein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) remains a hot topic of research both at experimental and clinical level. Interestingly PCSK9 is expressed in different tissues suggesting the existence of additional function(s) beyond the modulation of the Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in the liver. Emerging data suggest that PCSK9 might play a role in the modulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRL) metabolism, mainly Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) and their remnants. In vitro, PCSK9 affects TGRLs production by intestinal cells as well as the catabolism of LDL receptor homologous and non-homologous targets such as VLDL receptor, CD36 and ApoE2R. However, the in vivo relevance of these findings is still debated. This review aims at critically discussing the role of PCSK9 on TGRLs metabolism with a major focus on the impact of its genetic and pharmacological modulation on circulating lipids and lipoproteins beyond LDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baragetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; S.I.S.A. Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis - Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Casula
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Olmastroni
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gloria Saccani Jotti
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Kent St., Bentley Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, via Fantoli 16, 20138, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bellosta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, via Fantoli 16, 20138, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chorba JS, Galvan AM, Shokat KM. Stepwise processing analyses of the single-turnover PCSK9 protease reveal its substrate sequence specificity and link clinical genotype to lipid phenotype. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1875-1886. [PMID: 29259136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) down-regulates the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, elevating LDL cholesterol and accelerating atherosclerotic heart disease, making it a promising cardiovascular drug target. To achieve its maximal effect on the LDL receptor, PCSK9 requires autoproteolysis. After cleavage, PCSK9 retains its prodomain in the active site as a self-inhibitor. Unlike other proprotein convertases, however, this retention is permanent, inhibiting any further protease activity for the remainder of its life cycle. Such inhibition has proven a major challenge toward a complete biochemical characterization of PCSK9's proteolytic function, which could inform therapeutic approaches against its hypercholesterolemic effects. To address this challenge, we employed a cell-based, high-throughput method using a luciferase readout to evaluate the single-turnover PCSK9 proteolytic event. We combined this method with saturation mutagenesis libraries to interrogate the sequence specificities of PCSK9 cleavage and proteolysis-independent secretion. Our results highlight several key differences in sequence identity between these two steps, complement known structural data, and suggest that PCSK9 self-proteolysis is the rate-limiting step of secretion. Additionally, we found that for missense SNPs within PCSK9, alterations in both proteolysis and secretion are common. Last, we show that some SNPs allosterically modulate PCSK9's substrate sequence specificity. Our findings indicate that PCSK9 proteolysis acts as a commonly perturbed but critical switch in controlling lipid homeostasis and provide a new hope for the development of small-molecule PCSK9 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Chorba
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General and University of California, San Francisco, California 94110 and .,the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Adri M Galvan
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Impact of protease inhibitors on circulating PCSK9 levels in HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive patients from an ongoing prospective cohort. AIDS 2017; 31:2367-2376. [PMID: 28857822 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to assess the association between proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a major regulator of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) homeostasis, and HIV-related dyslipidaemia in a cohort of HIV-positive (HIV+) patients under protease inhibitors. METHODS Plasma PCSK9 levels were measured in 103 HIV+ patients before and after initiating protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy (ART), and in 90 HIV-negative controls matched for age and sex. PCSK9 was measured by ELISA. HIV+ patients who were not virologically suppressed at follow-up or were on lipid-lowering therapy were excluded. RESULTS In HIV+ (median age 36 years; 77.7% men), PCSK9 levels did not increase after protease inhibitor exposure (median 14 months) (279.5 ng/ml before, 289.6 ng/ml after; P = 0.49) and were significantly elevated versus controls at all timepoints (adjusted P value before and after: <0.05). After protease inhibitor initiation, total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL cholesterol levels increased, but LDL-C remained lower versus controls. At baseline, PCSK9 levels were positively associated with immunodeficiency and the severity of HIV disease [HIV-1 viral load (P = 0.01), CD4 T-cell count <200/μl, P = 0.002], stage C HIV disease (P = 0.0002). In protease inhibitor-treated patients, PCSK9 levels were no longer associated with HIV-related factors but with total cholesterol (P = 0.0006), LDL-C (P = 0.01), HDL cholesterol (P = 0.01), triglycerides (P = 0.05) and glycaemia (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION PSCK9 levels are elevated in HIV+ patients. In ART-naive patients, the relationship between PCSK9 levels and infection severity suggests an effect of HIV disease. After initiating protease inhibitor-containing ART in virologically suppressed patients, PCSK9 levels were associated with dyslipidaemia similar to controls.
Collapse
|
50
|
Boyer M, Piché ME, Auclair A, Grenier-Larouche T, Biertho L, Marceau S, Hould FS, Biron S, Lebel S, Lescelleur O, Julien F, Martin J, Tchernof A, Carpentier AC, Poirier P, Arsenault BJ. Acute and Chronic Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Plasma LDL Cholesterol and PCSK9 Levels in Patients With Severe Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4023-4030. [PMID: 28938493 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key regulator of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. In patients with severe obesity, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) surgery induces substantial weight loss and influences lipoprotein metabolism. The effect of BPD-DS on PCSK9 levels is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the acute and chronic impact of BPD-DS on PCSK9 levels and whether the acute impact of BPD-DS could be explained by BPD-DS-associated caloric restriction (CR). DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS PCSK9 levels were measured in 20 men and 49 women (age, 41.5 ± 11.1 years) with severe obesity before, 24 hours, 5 days, and 6 and 12 months after BPD-DS and in a comparable control group (n = 31) at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. PCSK9 levels were also measured during 3-day CR in patients (n = 7) with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes. RESULTS PCSK9 levels increased 13.4% after 24 hours (248.7 ± 64.8 to 269.7 ± 63.8 ng/mL; P = 0,02) and decreased 9.5% at 12 months compared with baseline (217.6 ± 43.0 ng/mL; P < 0,0001). LDL-C levels decreased 36.2% after 24 hours (2.6 ± 0.7 to 1.7 ± 0.6 mmol/L; P < 0.0001) and 30% at 12 months compared with baseline (1.7 ± 0.5 mmol/L; P < 0.0001). Compared with baseline levels, PCSK9 levels were lower at day 2 but not at day 1 or 3 after CR. CONCLUSION BPD-DS is associated with acute increases in PCSK9 levels that do not appear to be explained by CR but may be due to an acute response following surgery. BPD-DS induces chronic reductions in both PCSK9 and LDL-C levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Boyer
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Piché
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Audrey Auclair
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Thomas Grenier-Larouche
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Simon Marceau
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Frédéric-Simon Hould
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Simon Biron
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Stéfane Lebel
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Odette Lescelleur
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - François Julien
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Julie Martin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|