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Fernandes GM, Rodrigues-Mattos GH, Torres LM, Guedes KS, Fontes CJF, Ntumngia FB, Adams JH, Brito CFA, Kano FS, de Sousa TN, Carvalho LH. Natural genetic diversity of the DBL domain of a novel member of the Plasmodium vivax erythrocyte binding-like proteins (EBP2) in the Amazon rainforest. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 123:105628. [PMID: 38936525 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In malaria parasites, the erythrocyte binding-like proteins (EBL) are a family of invasion proteins that are attractive vaccine targets. In the case of Plasmodium vivax, the widespread malaria parasite, blood-stage vaccines have been largely focused on a single EBL candidate, the Duffy binding-like domain (DBL) of the Duffy binding protein (DBPII), due to its well-characterized role in the reticulocyte invasion. A novel P. vivax EBL family member, the Erythrocyte binding protein (EBP2, also named EBP or DBP2), binds preferentially to reticulocytes and may mediate an alternative P. vivax invasion pathway. To gain insight into the natural genetic diversity of the DBL domain of EBP2 (region II; EBP2-II), we analyzed ebp2-II gene sequences of 71 P. vivax isolates collected in different endemic settings of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest, where P. vivax is the predominant malaria-associated species. Although most of the substitutions in the ebp2-II gene were non-synonymous and suggested positive selection, the results showed that the DBL domain of the EBP2 was much less polymorphic than that of DBPII. The predominant EBP2 haplotype in the Amazon region corresponded to the C127 reference sequence first described in Cambodia (25% C127-like haplotype). An overview of ebp2-II gene sequences available at GenBank (n = 352) from seven countries (Cambodia, Madagascar, Myanmar, PNG, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam) confirmed the C127-like haplotype as highly prevalent worldwide. Two out of 43 haplotypes (5 to 20 inferred per country) showed a global frequency of 60%. The results presented here open new avenues of research pursuit while suggesting that a vaccine based on the DBL domain of EBP2 should target a few haplotypes for broad coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Fernandes
- Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme H Rodrigues-Mattos
- Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia M Torres
- Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karla S Guedes
- Julio Muller School Hospital, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Cor J F Fontes
- Julio Muller School Hospital, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Francis B Ntumngia
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cristiana F A Brito
- Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flora S Kano
- Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Taís N de Sousa
- Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Luzia H Carvalho
- Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Mitchell CL, Janko MM, Verity R, Kashamuka MM, Bailey JA, Tshefu AK, Parr JB, Juliano JJ. Close Proximity to Mining Is Associated with Increased Prevalence of the Drug Resistance-Associated Mutation dhps540E in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 111:361-364. [PMID: 38861981 PMCID: PMC11310628 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has threatened its use for prevention of malaria in one of the most malarious countries in the world. Using geographic information on mining operations in the DRC and genetic data on SP drug resistance markers from the 2013-2014 Demographic and Health Surveys, we evaluated associations between close residence to mining and the presence of mutations conferring resistance to sulfadoxine. Close residential proximity to mining was associated with increased prevalence odds ratio (POR) of the dhps540E mutation (POR: 2.11, 95% uncertainty interval: 1.15-3.96) with adjustments for confounding variables and space. Our findings indicate that exposure to mining is associated with increased presence of an antimalarial drug resistance haplotype that threatens effective use of SP for vulnerable populations. Areas actively engaged in mining could be considered for interventions to reduce the spread of emerging drug resistance in the DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedar L Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark M Janko
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert Verity
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melchior M Kashamuka
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Antoinette K Tshefu
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jonathan B Parr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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3
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de Souza WM, Weaver SC. Effects of climate change and human activities on vector-borne diseases. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:476-491. [PMID: 38486116 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases are transmitted by haematophagous arthropods (for example, mosquitoes, ticks and sandflies) to humans and wild and domestic animals, with the largest burden on global public health disproportionately affecting people in tropical and subtropical areas. Because vectors are ectothermic, climate and weather alterations (for example, temperature, rainfall and humidity) can affect their reproduction, survival, geographic distribution and, consequently, ability to transmit pathogens. However, the effects of climate change on vector-borne diseases can be multifaceted and complex, sometimes with ambiguous consequences. In this Review, we discuss the potential effects of climate change, weather and other anthropogenic factors, including land use, human mobility and behaviour, as possible contributors to the redistribution of vectors and spread of vector-borne diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Barros JDA, Granja F, Silva DDSE, Citó AC, Peterka C, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF. A snapshot of a representative Brazilian state of illegal mining in indigenous areas during the era of malaria elimination. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2024; 40:e00224023. [PMID: 39082563 PMCID: PMC11290832 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xen224023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a public health problem and the cases diagnosed in the capital of Roraima, Brazil, show potential to characterize the burden of the disease in the state. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of malaria cases diagnosed in Boa Vista. For this purpose, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in two health units in the city, with individuals diagnosed and who agreed to respond the questionnaire. Of the total of 206 participants, characterized as men, mixed-race, and young, 96% (198) reported participating in illegal mining activity. Among the group of miners, 66% (131) came from other states of Brazil or other countries. The mines were mainly located in the Yanomami territory in Roraima. Plasmodium vivax infection occurred in 74% (153) of participants. In the miner's group, hospitalizations for severe malaria, previous malaria attacks, and delays in treatment after the onset of symptoms were reported. Although 73% (145) of miners reported knowing how malaria was transmitted, only 54% (107) used mosquito nets or repellents. The use of Artecom and chloroquine by miners is not for the complete treatment but only to relieve symptoms for returning to gold mines, highlighting the importance of molecular surveillance to antimalarial resistance. Indigenous peoples are considered vulnerable to malaria and miners promotes the increase of malaria in Roraima Indigenous Lands. Therefore, access to diagnosis and treatment in Indigenous areas invaded by miners is imperative to confront this disease that ravages Indigenous communities and threatens public health on a large scale to achieve the goal of eliminating malaria in the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline de Aguiar Barros
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Roraima, Boa Vista, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Boa Vista, Brasil
| | - Fabiana Granja
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Boa Vista, Brasil
- Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Brasil
| | | | - Arthur Camurça Citó
- Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Roraima, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Boa Vista, Brasil
| | - Cássio Peterka
- Superintendência de Vigilância em Saúde do Amapá, Macapá, Brasil
| | - Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Cáceres Carrera L, Santamaría AM, Castillo AM, Romero L, Urriola E, Torres-Cosme R, Calzada JE. Detection through the use of RT-MqPCR of asymptomatic reservoirs of malaria in samples of patients from the indigenous Comarca of Guna Yala, Panama: Essential method to achieve the elimination of malaria. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305558. [PMID: 39046959 PMCID: PMC11268588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax is the main causative agent of malaria in Panama. However, the prevalence of asymptomatic infections in the different endemic regions remains unknown. Understanding the epidemiological behavior of asymptomatic infections is essential for the elimination of malaria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malarial infections in one of the main endemic regions of Panama using multiplex real-time reverse transcription RT-MqPCR. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in three communities in the Guna Yala Comarca. A total of 551 thick blood smears and their respective samples on filter paper were collected from volunteers of different ages and sexes from June 20 to 25, 2016. Infections by the Plasmodium spp. were diagnosed using microscopy and RT-MqPCR. All statistical analyses were performed using the R software. RESULTS The average prevalence of asymptomatic infections by P. vivax in the three communities detected by RT-MqPCR was 9.3%, with Ukupa having the highest prevalence (13.4%), followed by Aidirgandi (11.1%) and Irgandi (3.3%). A total of 74 samples were diagnosed as asymptomatic infections using RT-MqPCR. Light microscopy (LM) detected that 17.6% (13/74) of the asymptomatic samples and 82.4% (61/74) were diagnosed as false negatives. A 100% correlation was observed between samples diagnosed using LM and RT-MqPCR. A total of 52.7% (39/74) of the asymptomatic patients were female and 85.1% (63/74) were registered between the ages of 1 and 21 years. Factors associated with asymptomatic infection were community (aOR = 0.38 (95% CI 0.17-0.83), p < 0.001) and age aOR = 0.98 (95% CI 0.97-1.00), p < 0.05); F = 5.38; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel evidence of the considerable prevalence of asymptomatic P. vivax infections in the endemic region of Kuna Yala, representing a new challenge that requires immediate attention from the National Malaria Program. The results of this study provide essential information for the health authorities responsible for developing new policies. Furthermore, it will allow program administrators to reorient and design effective malaria control strategies that consider asymptomatic infections as a fundamental part of malaria control and move towards fulfilling their commitment to eliminate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cáceres Carrera
- Departmento de Entomología Médica del Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Ana María Santamaría
- Departmento de Parasitología del Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Anakena Margarita Castillo
- Departmento de Entomología Médica del Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Luis Romero
- Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Pública del Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Eduardo Urriola
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Latina de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Rolando Torres-Cosme
- Departmento de Entomología Médica del Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - José Eduardo Calzada
- Departmento de Parasitología del Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
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Proaño-Bolaños C, Morán-Marcillo G, Espinosa de Los Monteros-Silva N, Bermúdez-Puga S, Salazar MA, Blasco-Zúñiga A, Cuesta S, Molina C, Espinosa F, Meneses L, Rojas-Silva P, Zapata Mena S, Sáenz FE, Rivera I M, Costales JA. Bioactivity of synthetic peptides from Ecuadorian frog skin secretions against Leishmania mexicana, Plasmodium falciparum, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0333923. [PMID: 39012112 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03339-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and malaria are major parasitic diseases disproportionately affecting the underprivileged population in developing nations. Finding new, alternative anti-parasitic compounds to treat these diseases is crucial because of the limited number of options currently available, the side effects they cause, the need for long treatment courses, and the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) derived from amphibian skin secretions are small bioactive molecules capable of lysing the cell membrane of pathogens while having low toxicity against human cells. Here, we report the anti-parasitic activity of five AMPs derived from skin secretions of three Ecuadorian frogs: cruzioseptin-1, cruzioseptin-4 (CZS-4), and cruzioseptin-16 from Cruziohyla calcarifer; dermaseptin-SP2 from Agalychnis spurrelli; and pictuseptin-1 from Boana picturata. These five AMPs were chemically synthesized. Initially, the hemolytic activity of CZS-4 and its minimal inhibitory concentration against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans were determined. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of the synthetic AMPs against mammalian cells and their anti-parasitic activity against Leishmania mexicana promastigotes, erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum and mammalian stages of Trypanosoma cruzi were evaluated in vitro. The five AMPs displayed activity against the pathogens studied, with different levels of cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. In silico molecular docking analysis suggests this bioactivity may occur via pore formation in the plasma membrane, resulting in microbial lysis. CZS-4 displayed anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic activities with low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Further studies about this promising AMP are required to gain a better understanding of its activity.IMPORTANCEChagas disease, malaria, and leishmaniasis are major tropical diseases that cause extensive morbidity and mortality, for which available treatment options are unsatisfactory because of limited efficacy and side effects. Frog skin secretions contain molecules with anti-microbial properties known as anti-microbial peptides. We synthesized five peptides derived from the skin secretions of different species of tropical frogs and tested them against cultures of the causative agents of these three diseases, parasites known as Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania mexicana. All the different synthetic peptides studied showed activity against one of more of the parasites. Peptide cruzioseptin-4 is of special interest since it displayed intense activity against parasites while being innocuous against cultured mammalian cells, which indicates it does not simply hold general toxic properties; rather, its activity is specific against the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Proaño-Bolaños
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Giovanna Morán-Marcillo
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador
| | | | - Sebastián Bermúdez-Puga
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador
- Department of Biochemical-Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateo A Salazar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ailín Blasco-Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sebastián Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Molina
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Franklin Espinosa
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lorena Meneses
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Zapata Mena
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fabián E Sáenz
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miryan Rivera I
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaime A Costales
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Marzano-Miranda A, Pereira Cardoso-Oliveira G, Carla de Oliveira I, Carvalho Mourão L, Reis Cussat L, Gomes Fraga V, Delfin Chávez Olórtegui C, Jesus Fernandes Fontes C, Castanheira Bartholomeu D, Braga EM. Identification and serological responses to a novel Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 ( PvMSP-1) derived synthetic peptide: a putative biomarker for malaria exposure. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17632. [PMID: 38948214 PMCID: PMC11212635 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The integration of diagnostic methods holds promise for advancing the surveillance of malaria transmission in both endemic and non-endemic regions. Serological assays emerge as valuable tools to identify and delimit malaria transmission, serving as a complementary method to rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and thick smear microscopy. Here, we evaluate the potential of antibodies directed against peptides encompassing the entire amino acid sequence of the PvMSP-1 Sal-I strain as viable serological biomarkers for P. vivax exposure. Methods We screened peptides encompassing the complete amino acid sequence of the Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (PvMSP-1) Sal-I strain as potential biomarkers for P. vivax exposure. Here, immunodominant peptides specifically recognized by antibodies from individuals infected with P. vivax were identified using the SPOT-synthesis technique followed by immunoblotting. Two 15-mer peptides were selected based on their higher and specific reactivity in immunoblotting assays. Subsequently, peptides p70 and p314 were synthesized in soluble form using SPPS (Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis) and tested by ELISA (IgG, and subclasses). Results This study unveils the presence of IgG antibodies against the peptide p314 in most P. vivax-infected individuals from the Brazilian Amazon region. In silico B-cell epitope prediction further supports the utilization of p314 as a potential biomarker for evaluating malaria transmission, strengthened by its amino acid sequence being part of a conserved block of PvMSP-1. Indeed, compared to patients infected with P. falciparum and uninfected individuals never exposed to malaria, P. vivax-infected patients have a notably higher recognition of p314 by IgG1 and IgG3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Marzano-Miranda
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiza Carvalho Mourão
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Letícia Reis Cussat
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Gomes Fraga
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Erika M. Braga
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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8
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Amaral PST, Garcia KKS, Suárez-Mutis MC, Coelho RR, Galardo AK, Murta F, Moresco GG, Siqueira AM, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. Malaria in areas under mining activity in the Amazon: A review. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2024; 57:e002002024. [PMID: 38922216 PMCID: PMC11210384 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0551-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Deforestation and high human mobility due to mining activities have been key to the increase in malaria cases in the Americas. Here, we review the epidemiological and control aspects of malaria in the Amazon mining areas. Epidemiological evidence shows: 1) a positive correlation between illegal mining activity and malaria incidence, mostly in the Amazon region; 2) most Brazilian miners are males aged 15-29 years who move between states and even countries; 3) miners do not fear the disease and rely on medical care, diagnosis, and medication when they become ill; 4) illegal mining has emerged as the most reported anthropogenic activity within indigenous lands and is identified as a major cause of malaria outbreaks among indigenous people in the Amazon; and 5) because mining is largely illegal, most areas are not covered by any healthcare facilities or activities, leading to little assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Our review identified five strategies for reducing the malaria incidence in areas with mining activities: 1) reviewing legislation to control deforestation and mining expansion, particularly in indigenous lands; 2) strengthening malaria surveillance by expanding the network of community health agents to support rapid diagnosis and treatment; 3) reinforcing vector control strategies, such as the use of insecticide-treated nets; 4) integrating deforestation alerts into the national malaria control program; and 5) implementing multi-sectoral activities and providing prompt assistance to indigenous populations. With this roadmap, we can expect a decrease in malaria incidence in the Amazonian mining areas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sebastian Tavares Amaral
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Klauss Kleydmann Sabino Garcia
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Ronan Rocha Coelho
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Allan Kardec Galardo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brasil
| | - Felipe Murta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Gilberto Gilmar Moresco
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - André Machado Siqueira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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9
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Santos A, Brito M, Silva E, Rocha F, Oliveira A, Dávila R, Gama H, Albuquerque J, Paiva M, Baía-Silva D, Sampaio V, Balieiro P, Rufatto R, Grewal Daumerie P, Peterka C, Edilson Lima F, Monteiro W, Arcanjo A, Silva R, Batista Pereira D, Lacerda M, Murta F. Perspectives of healthcare professionals on training for quantitative G6PD testing during implementation of tafenoquine in Brazil (QualiTRuST Study). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012197. [PMID: 38837977 PMCID: PMC11152287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria is essential for malaria elimination in Brazil. P. vivax radical cure requires administration of a schizonticide, such as chloroquine, plus an 8-aminoquinoline. However, 8-aminoquinolines cause hemolysis in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, requiring prior screening to exclude those at risk. Brazil is pioneering the implementation of tafenoquine, a single-dose 8-aminoquinoline indicated for P. vivax patients with >70% of normal G6PD activity. Tafenoquine implementation in Manaus and Porto Velho, two municipalities located in the western Brazilian Amazon, included comprehensive training of healthcare professionals (HCPs) on point-of-care quantitative G6PD testing and a new treatment algorithm for P. vivax radical cure incorporating tafenoquine. Training was initially provided to higher-level facilities (phase one) and later adapted for primary care units (phase two). This study analyzed HCP experiences during training and implementation and identified barriers and facilitators. In-depth interviews and focus discussion groups were conducted 30 days after each training for a purposive random sample of 115 HCPs. Thematic analysis was employed using MAXQDA software, analyzing data through inductive and deductive coding. Analysis showed that following the initial training for higher-level facilities, some HCPs did not feel confident performing quantitative G6PD testing and prescribing the tafenoquine regimen. Modifications to the training in phase two resulted in an improvement in understanding the implementation process of the G6PD test and tafenoquine, as well as in the knowledge acquired by HCPs. Additionally, knowledge gaps were addressed through in situ training, peer communication via a messaging app, and educational materials. Training supported effective deployment of the new tools in Manaus and Porto Velho and increased awareness of the need for pharmacovigilance. A training approach for nationwide implementation of these tools was devised. Implementing quantitative G6PD testing and tafenoquine represents a significant shift in P. vivax malaria case management. Consistent engagement with HCPs is needed to overcome challenges in fully integrating these tools within the Brazilian health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Santos
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brito
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Evellyn Silva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Felipe Rocha
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Oliveira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Dávila
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Hiran Gama
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Mena Paiva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Djane Baía-Silva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Vanderson Sampaio
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Balieiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rosilene Rufatto
- Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia (CEPEM), Porto Velho, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Wuelton Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Arcanjo
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcus Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Felipe Murta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
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10
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de Aguiar-Barros J, Granja F, de Abreu-Fernandes R, de Queiroz LT, da Silva e Silva D, Citó AC, Mocelin NKADO, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF. Molecular Surveillance of Artemisinin-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Parasites in Mining Areas of the Roraima Indigenous Territory in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:679. [PMID: 38928926 PMCID: PMC11203648 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug- and artemisinin-resistant (ART-R) Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasites represent a challenge for malaria elimination worldwide. Molecular monitoring in the Kelch domain region (pfk13) gene allows tracking mutations in parasite resistance to artemisinin. The increase in illegal miners in the Roraima Yanomami indigenous land (YIL) could favor ART-R parasites. Thus, this study aimed to investigate ART-R in patients from illegal gold mining areas in the YIL of Roraima, Brazil. A questionnaire was conducted, and blood was collected from 48 patients diagnosed with P. falciparum or mixed malaria (Pf + P. vivax). The DNA was extracted and the pfk13 gene was amplified by PCR. The amplicons were subjected to DNA-Sanger-sequencing and the entire amplified fragment was analyzed. Among the patients, 96% (46) were from illegal mining areas of the YIL. All parasite samples carried the wild-type genotypes/ART-sensitive phenotypes. These data reinforce the continued use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in Roraima, as well as the maintenance of systematic monitoring for early detection of parasite populations resistant to ART, mainly in regions with an intense flow of individuals from mining areas, such as the YIL. This is especially true when the achievement of falciparum malaria elimination in Brazil is planned and expected by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline de Aguiar-Barros
- Malaria Control Center, Epidemiological Surveillance Department, General Health Surveillance Coordination, SESAU-RR, Roraima 69305-080, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology–BIONORTE Network/Roraima Federal University (UFRR), Roraima 69310-000, Brazil;
| | - Fabiana Granja
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology–BIONORTE Network/Roraima Federal University (UFRR), Roraima 69310-000, Brazil;
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Roraima Federal University (UFRR), Roraima 69304-000, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Natural Resources, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Roraima 69304-000, Brazil
| | - Rebecca de Abreu-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.d.A.-F.); (L.T.d.Q.); (N.K.A.-d.-O.M.); (C.T.D.-R.)
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal)/Reference Center for Malaria in the Extra-Amazon Region of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tavares de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.d.A.-F.); (L.T.d.Q.); (N.K.A.-d.-O.M.); (C.T.D.-R.)
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal)/Reference Center for Malaria in the Extra-Amazon Region of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Arthur Camurça Citó
- Research Support Center in Roraima (NAPRR) of the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Roraima 69301-150, Brazil;
| | - Natália Ketrin Almeida-de-Oliveira Mocelin
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.d.A.-F.); (L.T.d.Q.); (N.K.A.-d.-O.M.); (C.T.D.-R.)
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal)/Reference Center for Malaria in the Extra-Amazon Region of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.d.A.-F.); (L.T.d.Q.); (N.K.A.-d.-O.M.); (C.T.D.-R.)
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal)/Reference Center for Malaria in the Extra-Amazon Region of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.d.A.-F.); (L.T.d.Q.); (N.K.A.-d.-O.M.); (C.T.D.-R.)
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal)/Reference Center for Malaria in the Extra-Amazon Region of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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11
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Sanna A, Suárez-Mutis M, Lambert Y, Carvalho L, Cairo H, Cox H, de Bort C, Gomes do Socorro Mendonça M, Forero-Peña DA, Gabaldón-Figueira JC, Grillet ME, Klein F, Lazarus C, Lazrek Y, Louzada J, Malafaia D, Marchesini P, Musset L, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Peterka C, Rousseau C, Roux E, Villegas L, Vreden S, Wiedner-Papin S, Laporta GZ, Hiwat H, Douine M. Cooperation for malaria control and elimination in the Guiana Shield. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e875-e881. [PMID: 38614635 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The Guiana Shield, a small region of South America, is currently one of the main hotspots of malaria transmission on the continent. This Amazonian area is characterised by remarkable socioeconomic, cultural, health, and political heterogeneity and a high degree of regional and cross-border population mobility, which has contributed to the increase of malaria in the region in the past few years. In this context, regional cooperation to control malaria represents both a challenge and an indispensable initiative. This Viewpoint advocates for the creation of a regional cooperative mechanism for the elimination of malaria in the Guiana Shield. This strategy would help address operational and political obstacles to successful technical cooperation in the region and could contribute to reversing the regional upsurge in malaria incidence through creating a functional international control and elimination partnership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sanna
- French West Indies-French Guiana Center for Clinical Investigation (CIC Inserm 1424), Department of Research, Innovation, and Public Health, Cayenne Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.
| | - Martha Suárez-Mutis
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; International Joint Laboratory Sentinela, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, University of Brasília, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yann Lambert
- French West Indies-French Guiana Center for Clinical Investigation (CIC Inserm 1424), Department of Research, Innovation, and Public Health, Cayenne Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | | | - Hedley Cairo
- National Malaria Program, Ministry of Health, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Horace Cox
- Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Clara de Bort
- Regional Health Agency, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | | | - David A Forero-Peña
- Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela; Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute, Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela
| | | | - Maria Eugenia Grillet
- Laboratory of Biology of Vectors and Parasites, Institute of Zoology and Tropical Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - François Klein
- Directorate General for Health, Ministry of Health and Prevention, Paris, France
| | - Clément Lazarus
- Directorate General for Health, Ministry of Health and Prevention, Paris, France
| | - Yassamine Lazrek
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Jaime Louzada
- Department of Nursing Science, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Dorinaldo Malafaia
- Vigifronteiras Program, Fundação Oswald Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Chamber of Deputies, National Congress, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Paola Marchesini
- Overall Coordination of Surveillance of Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Lise Musset
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cassio Peterka
- Coordination of Malaria Elimination, Ministry of Health of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Cyril Rousseau
- Division of Decentralized Primary Care Centers, Cayenne Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Emmanuel Roux
- ESPACE-DEV, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, University of Montpellier, University of the French West Indies, University of French Guiana, University of Reunion Island, and University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France; International Joint Laboratory Sentinela, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, University of Brasília, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen Vreden
- Foundation for the Advancement of Scientific Research in Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | | | | | - Helene Hiwat
- National Malaria Program, Ministry of Health, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Maylis Douine
- French West Indies-French Guiana Center for Clinical Investigation (CIC Inserm 1424), Department of Research, Innovation, and Public Health, Cayenne Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
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12
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Dias JS, Beltrão-Mendes R, Bezerra TL, La Corte R. Parasites and Viruses in Callithrix in Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:152-163. [PMID: 38184509 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE As a result of environmental imbalances of anthropogenic origin, the potential for transmission of parasites and viruses between different primates, including humans, might increase. Thus, parasitic studies have great relevance to primatology, which motivated us to conduct a literature review to synthesize the information available in American primates of the Callithrix genus. METHODS We carried out the bibliographic search on the main groups of parasites (protozoa, helminths, arthropods, ectoparasites) and viruses found in Callithrix in Brazil in search platforms and consider all manuscript that appeared in search engines, published between the years 1910 and December 2022. In each selected article, the following information was recorded: the host species; parasite taxa; scientific classification of the parasite; host habitat (free-living, captive); diagnostic technique; state; and bibliographic reference. Data were tabulated and arranged in a parasite-host table. RESULTS Some endemic genera, such as Callithrix, are widely distributed geographically across Brazil and have characteristics of adaptation to different habitats due to their flexibility in diet and behavior. These factors can make them subject to a greater diversity of parasites and viruses in the country. Here, we identified 68 parasitic taxa, belonging to the clades protozoa (n = 22), helminths (n = 34), ectoparasites (n = 7), and viruses (n = 5). Out of this total, 19 have zoonotic potential. Of the six existing marmoset species, Callithrix jacchus was the most frequent in studies, and Callithrix flaviceps did not have reports. All regions of the country had occurrences, mainly the Southeast, where 54% of the cases were reported. In 46% of the reported parasites and viruses, it was not possible to identify the corresponding species. CONCLUSION We conclude that in part of the works the identification methods are not being specific, which makes it difficult to identify the species that affects Callithrix spp. Furthermore, the studies present geographic disparities, being concentrated in the southeast of the country, making it impossible to have a more uniform analysis of the findings. Thus, it is observed that information about parasites and viruses is incipient in the genus Callithrix in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Souza Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Tropical Entomology and Parasitology, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenue Marechal Rondon, S/N, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil.
| | - Raone Beltrão-Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Taynar Lima Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Roseli La Corte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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13
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de Freitas BS, Fernandes GH, Pereira ACEDS, Peixoto HM. Artesunate-mefloquine therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024; 118:84-94. [PMID: 37772768 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide a continuous update on the safety and efficacy of artesunate-mefloquine (ASMQ) compared with other artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) schemes used in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, this study updated and expanded the results of the systematic literature review published in 2016. Only randomised controlled clinical trials published from 1 January 2001 to 12 June 2023 from five databases were included in this study. The results related to efficacy, expressed through RR, were summarized in meta-analyses, performed according to the compared ACTs and with the intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. The results related to safety were synthesized in a descriptive manner. Thirty-two studies were included, of which 24 had been analysed in the 2016 review and eight new ones were added. Although the methodological quality of most studies was considered moderate, the body of evidence gathered indicates that ASMQ continues to be safe and effective for the treatment of uncomplicated infections caused by P. falciparum compared with other ACTs. However, the inclusion of two new studies, which identified failure rates exceeding 10%, suggests a possible reduction in the efficacy of ASMQ in the analysed locations. The incidence of serious adverse effects, such as seizure, encephalopathy and cardiac arrhythmia, was infrequent in both the ASMQ group and the comparison groups. After including new evidence, ASMQ is still recommended as a first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by P. falciparum, although local aspects need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sales de Freitas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Haiek Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Henry Maia Peixoto
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70904970 Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS/CNPq), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil
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14
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Douine M, Lambert Y, Plessis L, Jimeno I, Galindo M, Bardon T, Le Tourneau FM, Molinié P, Vié A, Adenis A, Nacher M, Figueira da Silva A, Vreden S, Suarez-Mutis MC, Sanna A. Social determinants of health among people working on informal gold mines in French Guiana: a multicentre cross-sectional survey. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012991. [PMID: 38103896 PMCID: PMC10729274 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social determinants of health, such as living and working conditions, economical and environmental context and access to care, combine to impact the health of individuals and communities. In French Guiana (FG), the persons working in informal artisanal and small-scale gold mining in the rainforest are a particularly vulnerable population which lives in precarious conditions and far from the health system. Previous studies have demonstrated their high morbidity due to infectious diseases. This study aims to describe the social determinants of health in this specific population. METHODS This international multicentre cross-sectional survey included people working on the informal FG gold mines at the crossing points located at both borders with Suriname and Brazil. After collecting written informed consent, a structured questionnaire was administered. RESULTS From September to December 2022, 539 gold miners were included. These poorly educated migrants, mainly from Brazil (99.1%) did not have access to drinkable water (95.4%), lived in close contact with wild fauna by hunting, eating bushmeat or being bitten and were exposed to mercury by inhalation (58.8%) or ingestion (80.5%). They report frequent accidents (13.5%) and chronic treatment interruptions (26.6% of the 11.9% reporting chronic treatment). Half of them considered themselves in good health (56.4%). CONCLUSION This study shows a singular combination of adverse exposures of gold miners working in FG such as zoonoses, heavy metal poisoning, aggression of wild fauna. For ethical as well as public health reasons, actions towards health equity must be considered at different levels: individual, community, environmental, systemic and global level. As end users of minerals, we must assume our responsibilities for the well-being of the extractors by including health in political decisions to engage together in global health. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05540470.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylis Douine
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Yann Lambert
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Lorraine Plessis
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Irène Jimeno
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Muriel Galindo
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Teddy Bardon
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Perrine Molinié
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Alexandre Vié
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Stephen Vreden
- Foundation for the Advancement of Scientific Research in Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | | | - Alice Sanna
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
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15
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Silva-Ramos CR, Gil-Mora J, Serna-Rivera CC, Martínez Díaz HC, Restrepo-López N, Agudelo-Flórez P, Arboleda M, Díaz FJ, Faccini-Martínez ÁA, Hidalgo M, Melby PC, Aguilar PV, Cabada MM, Tobón-Castaño A, Rodas JD. Etiological characterization of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in Apartadó and Villeta municipalities, Colombia, during COVID-19 pandemic. LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2023; 31:517-532. [PMID: 38075419 PMCID: PMC10705856 DOI: 10.53854/liim-3104-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) is one of the leading causes of illness in tropical regions. Although malaria is the most important cause, other pathogens such as Dengue (DENV), Leptospira and recently, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have gained importance. In Colombia, few studies aimed to identify the etiology of AUFI. Most of them performed in Apartadó and Villeta municipalities, identifying the active circulation of several pathogens. Thus, we conducted a cross-sectional study in these municipalities to characterize the etiologies of AUFI during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An active surveillance was conducted between September and December 2021 in local hospitals of Apartadó and Villeta municipalities. Febrile patients were enrolled after voluntarily agreeing to participate in the study. Ten different etiologies were evaluated through direct, serological, molecular and rapid diagnostic methods. Results In Apartadó a confirmed etiology was found in 60% of subjects, DENV (25%) being the most frequent, followed by leptospirosis (16.7%), malaria (10%), COVID-19 (8.3%), spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiosis (6.7%) and Chikungunya (1.7%). In Villeta, a specific etiology was confirmed in 55.4% of patients, of which SFG rickettsiosis (39.3%) was the most frequent, followed by leptospirosis (21.4%), DENV (3.6%) and malaria (1.8%). No cases due to Mayaro, Yellow Fever, Oropouche and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis viruses were detected. Conclusion We confirm the relevance of dengue fever, leptospirosis, SFG rickettsiosis, COVID-19 and malaria as causes of AUFI in the municipality of Apartadó, and highlight the great importance of SFG rickettsiosis as the main cause of AUFI in the municipality of Villeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ramiro Silva-Ramos
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juliana Gil-Mora
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cristian C. Serna-Rivera
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias Centauro, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Heidy-C. Martínez Díaz
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicaela Restrepo-López
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias Centauro, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Piedad Agudelo-Flórez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Margarita Arboleda
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco J. Díaz
- Grupo de Inmunovirología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin,Colombia
| | - Álvaro A. Faccini-Martínez
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
- Servicios y Asesorías en Infectología - SAI, Bogotá, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotà, Colombia
| | - Marylin Hidalgo
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Peter C. Melby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Patricia V. Aguilar
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Miguel M. Cabada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Juan David Rodas
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias Centauro, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Martins-Filho PR, Araújo FWC, Lima SVMA, Santiago BM, Damascena NP, Araújo APD, Silva MC, Machado CEP. Imported cases of malaria in Brazil from South American countries: a retrospective ecological study from 2009 to 2022. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad078. [PMID: 37289500 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Legal Amazon region serves as a hotspot for imported malaria from other South American countries, with over 75% of cases concentrated in municipalities that cover extensive Indigenous territories. These areas have witnessed substantial escalations in deforestation and illegal mining activities over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bianca Marques Santiago
- Center for Forensic Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Science Police of Paraiba, Paraiba, Brazil
- Federal University of Paraiba, Paraiba Brazil
| | - Nicole Prata Damascena
- Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
- Technical Police Department, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Analany Pereira Dias Araújo
- National Center for the Dissemination of Forensic Sciences, Brazilian Federal Police, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- National Institute of Criminalistics, Brazilian Federal Police, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Melina Calmon Silva
- National Center for the Dissemination of Forensic Sciences, Brazilian Federal Police, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Palhares Machado
- National Center for the Dissemination of Forensic Sciences, Brazilian Federal Police, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- National Institute of Criminalistics, Brazilian Federal Police, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Gonzalez-Daza W, Vivero-Gómez RJ, Altamiranda-Saavedra M, Muylaert RL, Landeiro VL. Time lag effect on malaria transmission dynamics in an Amazonian Colombian municipality and importance for early warning systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18636. [PMID: 37903862 PMCID: PMC10616112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant public health problem worldwide, particularly in low-income regions with limited access to healthcare. Despite the use of antimalarial drugs, transmission remains an issue in Colombia, especially among indigenous populations in remote areas. In this study, we used an SIR Ross MacDonald model that considered land use change, temperature, and precipitation to analyze eco epidemiological parameters and the impact of time lags on malaria transmission in La Pedrera-Amazonas municipality. We found changes in land use between 2007 and 2020, with increases in forested areas, urban infrastructure and water edges resulting in a constant increase in mosquito carrying capacity. Temperature and precipitation variables exhibited a fluctuating pattern that corresponded to rainy and dry seasons, respectively and a marked influence of the El Niño climatic phenomenon. Our findings suggest that elevated precipitation and temperature increase malaria infection risk in the following 2 months. The risk is influenced by the secondary vegetation and urban infrastructure near primary forest formation or water body edges. These results may help public health officials and policymakers develop effective malaria control strategies by monitoring precipitation, temperature, and land use variables to flag high-risk areas and critical periods, considering the time lag effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gonzalez-Daza
- Programa do Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Jose Vivero-Gómez
- Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospección, Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Street 59A #63-20, 050003, Medellín, Colombia
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales-PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 No. 52-59 Laboratorio 632, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Renata L Muylaert
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Victor Lemes Landeiro
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
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18
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Atarihuana S, Gallardo-Condor J, López-Cortés A, Jimenes-Vargas K, Burgos G, Karina-Zambrano A, Flores-Espinoza R, Coral M, Cabrera-Andrade A. Genetic basis and spatial distribution of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in ecuadorian ethnic groups: a malaria perspective. Malar J 2023; 22:283. [PMID: 37752491 PMCID: PMC10521485 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) is an X-linked disorder affecting over 400 million people worldwide. Individuals with molecular variants associated with reduced enzymatic activity are susceptible to oxidative stress in red blood cells, thereby increasing the risk of pathophysiological conditions and toxicity to anti-malarial treatments. Globally, the prevalence of G6PDd varies among populations. Accordingly, this study aims to characterize G6PDd distribution within the Ecuadorian population and to describe the spatial distribution of reported malaria cases. METHODS Molecular variants associated with G6PDd were genotyped in 581 individuals from Afro-Ecuadorian, Indigenous, Mestizo, and Montubio ethnic groups. Additionally, spatial analysis was conducted to identify significant malaria clusters with high incidence rates across Ecuador, using data collected from 2010 to 2021. RESULTS The A- c.202G > A and A- c.968T > C variants underpin the genetic basis of G6PDd in the studied population. The overall prevalence of G6PDd was 4.6% in the entire population. However, this frequency increased to 19.2% among Afro-Ecuadorian people. Spatial analysis revealed 12 malaria clusters, primarily located in the north of the country and its Amazon region, with relative risks of infection of 2.02 to 87.88. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study hold significant implications for public health interventions, treatment strategies, and targeted efforts to mitigate the burden of malaria in Ecuador. The high prevalence of G6PDd among Afro-Ecuadorian groups in the northern endemic areas necessitates the development of comprehensive malaria eradication strategies tailored to this geographical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Atarihuana
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Andrés López-Cortés
- Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Latin American Network for the Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Jimenes-Vargas
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Computer Science Faculty, CITIC, RNASA Group, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Germán Burgos
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ana Karina-Zambrano
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rodrigo Flores-Espinoza
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico por DNA (LDD), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Coral
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alejandro Cabrera-Andrade
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.
- Escuela de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.
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Anjani QK, Volpe-Zanutto F, Hamid KA, Sabri AHB, Moreno-Castellano N, Gaitán XA, Calit J, Bargieri DY, Donnelly RF. Primaquine and chloroquine nano-sized solid dispersion-loaded dissolving microarray patches for the improved treatment of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. J Control Release 2023; 361:385-401. [PMID: 37562555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a global parasitic infection that leads to substantial illness and death. The most commonly-used drugs for treatment of malaria vivax are primaquine and chloroquine, but they have limitations, such as poor adherence due to frequent oral administration and gastrointestinal side effects. To overcome these limitations, we have developed nano-sized solid dispersion-based dissolving microarray patches (MAPs) for the intradermal delivery of these drugs. In vitro testing showed that these systems can deliver to skin and receiver compartment up to ≈60% of the payload for CQ-based dissolving MAPs and a total of ≈42% of drug loading for PQ-based dissolving MAPs. MAPs also displayed acceptable biocompatibility in cell tests. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed that dissolving MAPs could deliver sustained plasma levels of both PQ and CQ for over 7 days. Efficacy studies in a murine model for malaria showed that mice treated with PQ-MAPs and CQ-MAPs had reduced parasitaemia by up to 99.2%. This pharmaceutical approach may revolutionise malaria vivax treatment, especially in developing countries where the disease is endemic. The development of these dissolving MAPs may overcome issues associated with current pharmacotherapy and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qonita Kurnia Anjani
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Megarezky, Jl. Antang Raya No. 43, Makassar 90234, Indonesia
| | - Fabiana Volpe-Zanutto
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Khuriah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, 42300, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Akmal Hidayat Bin Sabri
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Natalia Moreno-Castellano
- Basic Science Department, Faculty of Health, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680001, Colombia
| | - Xiomara A Gaitán
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Calit
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Y Bargieri
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Conn JE, Bickersmith SA, Saavedra MP, Morales JA, Alava F, Diaz Rodriguez GA, del Aguila Morante CR, Tong CG, Alvarez-Antonio C, Daza Huanahui JM, Vinetz JM, Gamboa D. Natural Infection of Nyssorhynchus darlingi and Nyssorhynchus benarrochi B with Plasmodium during the Dry Season in the Understudied Low-Transmission Setting of Datem del Marañon Province, Amazonian Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:288-295. [PMID: 37364858 PMCID: PMC10397451 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of malaria hotspots in Datem del Marañon Province, Peru, prompted vector control units at the Ministry of Health, Loreto Department, to collaborate with the Amazonian International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research to identify the main vectors in several riverine villages that had annual parasite indices > 15 in 2018-2019. Anophelinae were collected indoors and outdoors for two 12-hour nights/community during the dry season in 2019 using human landing catch. We identified four species: Nyssorhynchus benarrochi B, Nyssorhynchus darlingi, Nyssorhynchus triannulatus, and Anopheles mattogrossensis. The most abundant, Ny. benarrochi B, accounted for 96.3% of the total (7,550/7,844), of which 61.5% were captured outdoors (4,641/7,550). Six mosquitoes, one Ny. benarrochi B and five Ny. darlingi, were infected by Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax. Human biting rates ranged from 0.5 to 592.8 bites per person per hour for Ny. benarrochi B and from 0.5 to 32.0 for Ny. darlingi, with entomological inoculation rates as high as 0.50 infective bites per night for Ny. darlingi and 0.25 for Ny. benarrochi B. These data demonstrate the risk of malaria transmission by both species even during the dry season in villages in multiple watersheds in Datem del Marañon province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, New York
| | | | - Marlon P. Saavedra
- Amazonian International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Juliana A. Morales
- Amazonian International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Carlos G. Tong
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública-Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto, GERESA, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Jesus M. Daza Huanahui
- Red de Salud Datem del Marañon – Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto, GERESA, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Amazonian International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Malaria: Parásitos y Vectores, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Amazonian International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Malaria: Parásitos y Vectores, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Chaparro Narváez PE, Jimenez-Serna MM, Gunturiz Albarracin ML, Carrasquilla Gutierrez G. Malaria prevalence in Commune 5 in Tumaco (Nariño, Colombia). F1000Res 2023; 11:448. [PMID: 38444515 PMCID: PMC10913070 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.110361.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Urban malaria is a public health problem in Colombia and there is still lack of knowledge about its epidemiological characteristics, which are key to the implementation of control measures. The presence of urban malaria cases and disease diagnosis are some of the challenges faced by malaria elimination programs. The objective of this research was to estimate malaria prevalence, explore associated factors and detect pfhrp 2/3 genes, in the urban area of Tumaco between July and December 2019. Methods A prevalence study was conducted by using a stratified random probability sample. Structured surveys were administered and blood samples were taken and examined through optical microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A logistic regression model was used to explore associated factors. Results 1,504 people living in 526 households were surveyed. The overall prevalence was 2.97% (95% CI: 2.1 - 4.3%). It was higher in males, in the 10-19 age group and in asymptomatic cases. The prevalence of pfhrp2 amplification was 2.16% (95% CI: 1.6 - 2.9%). Households with three or more people had a higher risk of malaria infection (adjusted odds ratio (ORa) 4.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.57-10.43). All cases were due to P. falciparum. Conclusions The prevalence of urban malaria was low. Strategies to eliminate malaria in urban areas should be adjusted considering access to early diagnosis, asymptomatic infection, and the RDTs used to detect the presence of the pfhrp2 gene.
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Caldas RJC, Nogueira LMV, Rodrigues ILA, Andrade EGRD, Costa CML, Trindade LDNM. Incidence of malaria among indigenous people associated with the presence of artisanal mining. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2023; 44:e20220098. [PMID: 37436219 DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2023.20220098.en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the incidence of malaria among indigenous people associated with the presence of artisanal miningin the state of Pará. METHOD Analytical, cross-sectional study conducted with 20,774 cases of malaria in indigenous people in the state of Pará (2011 to 2020). The data came from the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System, obtained from the Pará State Department of Public Health. In the analysis, Spearman's correlation coefficient was used, with a significance of 5% (p < 0.05). RESULTS Incidence rates were high, especially in the Tapajós River Indigenous Special Health District (372.2/1,000 inhabitants). There was association between the incidence of malaria and the presence of indigenous people in artisanalmining activities on the Tapajós River (p=0.0008). CONCLUSION The occurrence of malaria is unequal among the Special Indigenous Health Districts, being more frequent in those with greater mining activity, configuring exposure to the disease. It is necessary to adopt intersectoral measures, especially in areas of vulnerability to illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosinelle Janayna Coêlho Caldas
- Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Escola de Enfermagem Magalhães Barata, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Laura Maria Vidal Nogueira
- Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Escola de Enfermagem Magalhães Barata, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Ivaneide Leal Ataíde Rodrigues
- Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Escola de Enfermagem Magalhães Barata, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Erlon Gabriel Rego de Andrade
- Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Escola de Enfermagem Magalhães Barata, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Carla Monique Lavareda Costa
- Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Escola de Enfermagem Magalhães Barata, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Lidiane de Nazaré Mota Trindade
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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23
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Agudelo Higuita NI, Franco-Paredes C, Henao-Martínez AF, Mendez Rojas B, Suarez JA, Naranjo L, Alger J. Migrants in transit across Central America and the potential spread of chloroquine resistant malaria-a call for action. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2023; 22:100505. [PMID: 37214770 PMCID: PMC10193226 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Human migration has shaped the distribution and patterns of infectious diseases transmission throughout history. Migration is one of the contributing factors that has played an important role in the dissemination of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Central America and Mexico are important transit points of an increasing migrant flow originating from countries where chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum and vivax are prevalent. Surveillance systems, as well as detection and diagnostic capacities in the Central American region, are limited. The additional challenges imposed by the increasingly mobile population in the region are creating the perfect scenario for the emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases, such as the introduction of chloroquine-resistant malaria. The development and implementation of transborder, collaborative, and ethical migrant health initiatives in the region are urgently needed. The health of migrant people in transit during their migratory route is of our collective interest and responsibility; their exclusion from health programs based on their legal status contradicts international human rights treaties and is inconsistent with ethical global public health practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Iván Agudelo Higuita
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitología Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - Andrés F. Henao-Martínez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - José Antonio Suarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Salud. Universidad Internacional SEK. Quito, Ecuador
- Investigador II SNI Senacyt, Panamá City, Panama
| | - Laura Naranjo
- GlaxoSmithKline CARICAM Vaccines, Panama
- Investigador I SNI Senacyt, Panamá City, Panama
| | - Jackeline Alger
- Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitología Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
- Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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Kattenberg JH, Fernandez-Miñope C, van Dijk NJ, Llacsahuanga Allcca L, Guetens P, Valdivia HO, Van geertruyden JP, Rovira-Vallbona E, Monsieurs P, Delgado-Ratto C, Gamboa D, Rosanas-Urgell A. Malaria Molecular Surveillance in the Peruvian Amazon with a Novel Highly Multiplexed Plasmodium falciparum AmpliSeq Assay. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0096022. [PMID: 36840586 PMCID: PMC10101074 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00960-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular surveillance for malaria has great potential to support national malaria control programs (NMCPs). To bridge the gap between research and implementation, several applications (use cases) have been identified to align research, technology development, and public health efforts. For implementation at NMCPs, there is an urgent need for feasible and cost-effective tools. We designed a new highly multiplexed deep sequencing assay (Pf AmpliSeq), which is compatible with benchtop sequencers, that allows high-accuracy sequencing with higher coverage and lower cost than whole-genome sequencing (WGS), targeting genomic regions of interest. The novelty of the assay is its high number of targets multiplexed into one easy workflow, combining population genetic markers with 13 nearly full-length resistance genes, which is applicable for many different use cases. We provide the first proof of principle for hrp2 and hrp3 deletion detection using amplicon sequencing. Initial sequence data processing can be performed automatically, and subsequent variant analysis requires minimal bioinformatic skills using any tabulated data analysis program. The assay was validated using a retrospective sample collection (n = 254) from the Peruvian Amazon between 2003 and 2018. By combining phenotypic markers and a within-country 28-single-nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP) barcode, we were able to distinguish different lineages with multiple resistance haplotypes (in dhfr, dhps, crt and mdr1) and hrp2 and hrp3 deletions, which have been increasing in recent years. We found no evidence to suggest the emergence of artemisinin (ART) resistance in Peru. These findings indicate a parasite population that is under drug pressure but is susceptible to current antimalarials and demonstrate the added value of a highly multiplexed molecular tool to inform malaria strategies and surveillance systems. IMPORTANCE While the power of next-generation sequencing technologies to inform and guide malaria control programs has become broadly recognized, the integration of genomic data for operational incorporation into malaria surveillance remains a challenge in most countries where malaria is endemic. The main obstacles include limited infrastructure, limited access to high-throughput sequencing facilities, and the need for local capacity to run an in-country analysis of genomes at a large-enough scale to be informative for surveillance. In addition, there is a lack of standardized laboratory protocols and automated analysis pipelines to generate reproducible and timely results useful for relevant stakeholders. With our standardized laboratory and bioinformatic workflow, malaria genetic surveillance data can be readily generated by surveillance researchers and malaria control programs in countries of endemicity, increasing ownership and ensuring timely results for informed decision- and policy-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Miñope
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Norbert J. van Dijk
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Biomedical Sciences Department, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lidia Llacsahuanga Allcca
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Pieter Guetens
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Biomedical Sciences Department, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugo O. Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | | | - Eduard Rovira-Vallbona
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Biomedical Sciences Department, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Monsieurs
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Biomedical Sciences Department, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christopher Delgado-Ratto
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Anna Rosanas-Urgell
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Biomedical Sciences Department, Antwerp, Belgium
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Ayala MJC, Valiati NCM, Bastos LS, Villela DAM. Notification of malaria cases in the Brazilian Amazon Basin from 2010 to 2020: an analysis of the reporting times. Malar J 2023; 22:49. [PMID: 36765345 PMCID: PMC9913006 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As controlling malaria transmission remains a public-health challenge in the Brazilian Amazon basin, the National Surveillance System for Malaria (SIVEP-MALARIA) has registered malaria notifications for over fifteen years helping in the decision-making on control and elimination. As a surveillance database, the system is prone to reporting delays, and knowledge about reporting patterns is essential in decisions. METHODS This study contains an analysis of temporal and state trends of reporting times in a total of 1,580,617 individual malaria reports from January 2010 to December 2020, applying procedures for statistical distribution fitting. A nowcasting technique was applied to show an estimation of number of cases using a statistical model of reporting delays. RESULTS Reporting delays increased over time for the states of Amazonas, Rondônia, Roraima, and Pará. Amapá has maintained a similar reporting delay pattern, while Acre decreased reporting delay between 2010 and 2020. Predictions were more accurate in states with lower reporting delays. The temporal evolution of reporting delays only showed a decrease in malaria reports in Acre from 2010 to 2020. CONCLUSION Malaria notifications may take days or weeks to enter the national surveillance database. The reporting times are likely to impact incidence estimation over periods when data is incomplete, whilst the impact of delays becomes smaller for retrospective analysis. Short-term assessments for the estimation of malaria incidence from the malaria control programme must deal with reporting delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J C Ayala
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Politécnico Grancolombiano, Escuela de Optimización, Diseño y Automatización, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Naiara C M Valiati
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S Bastos
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel A M Villela
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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26
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Ibrahim A, Manko E, Dombrowski JG, Campos M, Benavente ED, Nolder D, Sutherland CJ, Nosten F, Fernandez D, Vélez-Tobón G, Castaño AT, Aguiar ACC, Pereira DB, da Silva Santos S, Suarez-Mutis M, Di Santi SM, Regina de Souza Baptista A, Dantas Machado RL, Marinho CR, Clark TG, Campino S. Population-based genomic study of Plasmodium vivax malaria in seven Brazilian states and across South America. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2023; 18:100420. [PMID: 36844008 PMCID: PMC9950661 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Brazil is a unique and understudied setting for malaria, with complex foci of transmission associated with human and environmental conditions. An understanding of the population genomic diversity of P. vivax parasites across Brazil can support malaria control strategies. Methods Through whole genome sequencing of P. vivax isolates across 7 Brazilian states, we use population genomic approaches to compare genetic diversity within country (n = 123), continent (6 countries, n = 315) and globally (26 countries, n = 885). Findings We confirm that South American isolates are distinct, have more ancestral populations than the other global regions, with differentiating mutations in genes under selective pressure linked to antimalarial drugs (pvmdr1, pvdhfr-ts) and mosquito vectors (pvcrmp3, pvP45/48, pvP47). We demonstrate Brazil as a distinct parasite population, with signals of selection including ABC transporter (PvABCI3) and PHIST exported proteins. Interpretation Brazil has a complex population structure, with evidence of P. simium infections and Amazonian parasites separating into multiple clusters. Overall, our work provides the first Brazil-wide analysis of P. vivax population structure and identifies important mutations, which can inform future research and control measures. Funding AI is funded by an MRC LiD PhD studentship. TGC is funded by the Medical Research Council (Grant no. MR/M01360X/1, MR/N010469/1, MR/R025576/1, MR/R020973/1 and MR/X005895/1). SC is funded by Medical Research Council UK grants (MR/M01360X/1, MR/R025576/1, MR/R020973/1 and MR/X005895/1) and Bloomsbury SET (ref. CCF17-7779). FN is funded by The Shloklo Malaria Research Unit - part of the Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, supported by the Wellcome Trust (Grant no. 220211). ARSB is funded by São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (Grant no. 2002/09546-1). RLDM is funded by Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq (Grant no. 302353/2003-8 and 471605/2011-5); CRFM is funded by FAPESP (Grant no. 2020/06747-4) and CNPq (Grant no. 302917/2019-5 and 408636/2018-1); JGD is funded by FAPESP fellowships (2016/13465-0 and 2019/12068-5) and CNPq (Grant no. 409216/2018-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ibrahim
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emilia Manko
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jamille G. Dombrowski
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University
of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mónica Campos
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Debbie Nolder
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Public Health England Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of
Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Colin J. Sutherland
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Public Health England Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of
Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research
Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak,
Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of
Clinical Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford Old Road Campus,
Oxford, UK
| | - Diana Fernandez
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia,
Colombia
| | - Gabriel Vélez-Tobón
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia,
Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Simone da Silva Santos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Institute Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz-
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martha Suarez-Mutis
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Institute Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz-
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista
- Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos – CIM, Departamento de
Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos – CIM, Departamento de
Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Brazil
| | - Claudio R.F. Marinho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University
of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Drysdale M, Tan L, Martin A, Fuhrer IB, Duparc S, Sharma H. Plasmodium vivax in Children: Hidden Burden and Conspicuous Challenges, a Narrative Review. Infect Dis Ther 2023; 12:33-51. [PMID: 36378465 PMCID: PMC9868225 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-022-00713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been progress towards decreasing malaria prevalence globally; however, Plasmodium vivax has been less responsive to elimination efforts compared with Plasmodium falciparum. P. vivax malaria remains a serious public health concern in regions where it is the dominant species (South and South-East Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean region, and South America) and is increasingly recognized for its contribution to overall morbidity and mortality worldwide. The incidence of P. vivax decreases with increasing age owing to rapidly acquired clinical immunity and there is a disproportionate burden of P. vivax in infants and children, who remain highly vulnerable to severe disease, recurrence, and anemia with associated developmental impacts. Diagnosis is sometimes difficult owing to the sensitivity of diagnostic tests to detect low levels of parasitemia. Additionally, the propensity of P. vivax to relapse following reactivation of dormant hypnozoites in the liver contributes to disease recurrence in infants and children, and potentiates morbidity and transmission. The 8-aminoquinolines, primaquine and tafenoquine, provide radical cure (relapse prevention). However, the risk of hemolysis in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency necessitates testing prior to administration of 8-aminoquinolines, which has limited their uptake. Additional challenges include lack of availability of pediatric dose formulations and problems with adherence to primaquine owing to the length of treatment recommended. A paucity of data and studies specific to pediatric P. vivax malaria impacts the ability to deliver targeted interventions. It is imperative that P. vivax in infants and children be the focus of future research, control initiatives, and anti-malarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lionel Tan
- GSK, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, TW8 9GS Middlesex UK
| | - Ana Martin
- GSK, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, TW8 9GS Middlesex UK
| | | | | | - Hema Sharma
- GSK, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, TW8 9GS Middlesex UK
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Nankabirwa JI, Bousema T, Blanken SL, Rek J, Arinaitwe E, Greenhouse B, Rosenthal PJ, Kamya MR, Staedke SG, Dorsey G. Measures of malaria transmission, infection, and disease in an area bordering two districts with and without sustained indoor residual spraying of insecticide in Uganda. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279464. [PMID: 36584122 PMCID: PMC9803187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tororo District, in Eastern Uganda, experienced a dramatic decline in malaria burden starting in 2014 following the implementation of indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) in the setting of repeated long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) distribution campaigns. However, in 2020 malaria began to resurge in Tororo following a change in the active ingredient used for IRS. In this study, epidemiological measures of malaria were compared shortly after the resurgence between two parishes in Tororo District (Kayoro and Osukuru) and one contiguous parish in Busia District (Buteba), where IRS has never been implemented. A cohort of 483 residents from 80 randomly selected households were followed from August 2020 to January 2021. Mosquitoes were collected every 2 weeks using CDC light traps in rooms where participants slept; parasitemia and gametoctyemia measured every 4 weeks by microscopy and PCR; and symptomatic malaria measured by passive surveillance. The annual entomological inoculation rate was significantly higher in Buteba (108.2 infective bites/person/year), compared to Osukuru (59.0, p = 0.001) and Kayoro (27.4, p<0.001). Overall, parasite prevalence was 19.5% by microscopy and 50.7% by PCR, with no significant differences between the three parishes. Among infected individuals, gametocyte prevalence by PCR was 45.5% and similar between sites. The incidence of malaria was significantly higher in Osukuru (2.46 episodes PPY) compared to Buteba (1.47, p = 0.005) and Kayoro (1.09, p<0.001). For participants over 15 years of age, the risk of symptomatic malaria if microscopic parasitemia was present was higher in Osukuru (relative risk [RR] = 2.99, p = 0.03) compared to Buteba. These findings highlight the complex relationships between measures of malaria transmission, infection, and disease, and the potential for excess disease burden, possibly due to waning immunity, in areas where vector control interventions begin to fail after a sustained period of highly effective control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaniter I. Nankabirwa
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Lynn Blanken
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John Rek
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah G. Staedke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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Failoc-Rojas VE, Becerra-Silva F, Chero-Salvador J, Iglesias-Osores S, Valladares-Garrido MJ, Zeña-Ñañez S. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about malaria in travelers to risk areas in Peru. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 52:102522. [PMID: 36513317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Travelers from international airports who travel to endemic countries know the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) about malaria; however, it is still unknown to interprovincial travelers who go to the endemic regions of Peru. The objective is to determine the level of KAP about malaria among Peruvian travelers to risk areas. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This are an analytical cross-sectional study of 277 passengers from a bus station in a low-risk area of malaria in Peru, whose destination was an intermediate/high-risk area during February-March 2018. Absolute and relative frequencies of personal variables associated with the trip and KAP were estimated. RESULTS Less than 50% know the main symptoms of malaria and at what time of day there is a greater risk of becoming infected. Five out of ten people knew which practices were preventive against contagion, and four out of ten answered that the treatment can be given in a health establishment, pharmacy, or by some healer. CONCLUSIONS Travelers to malaria endemic areas have a low level of knowledge and practice (39.7%) as well as an inadequate preventive attitude (35.4%) against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Becerra-Silva
- Facultad Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lambayeque, Peru
| | - Juan Chero-Salvador
- Facultad Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lambayeque, Peru
| | | | - Mario J Valladares-Garrido
- Universidad Continental, Lima, Peru; Oficina de Epidemiología, Hospital Regional Lambayeque, Chiclayo, Peru
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30
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Carrasquilla M, Early AM, Taylor AR, Knudson Ospina A, Echeverry DF, Anderson TJC, Mancilla E, Aponte S, Cárdenas P, Buckee CO, Rayner JC, Sáenz FE, Neafsey DE, Corredor V. Resolving drug selection and migration in an inbred South American Plasmodium falciparum population with identity-by-descent analysis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010993. [PMID: 36542676 PMCID: PMC9815574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is globally widespread, but its prevalence varies significantly between and even within countries. Most population genetic studies in P. falciparum focus on regions of high transmission where parasite populations are large and genetically diverse, such as sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding population dynamics in low transmission settings, however, is of particular importance as these are often where drug resistance first evolves. Here, we use the Pacific Coast of Colombia and Ecuador as a model for understanding the population structure and evolution of Plasmodium parasites in small populations harboring less genetic diversity. The combination of low transmission and a high proportion of monoclonal infections means there are few outcrossing events and clonal lineages persist for long periods of time. Yet despite this, the population is evolutionarily labile and has successfully adapted to changes in drug regime. Using newly sequenced whole genomes, we measure relatedness between 166 parasites, calculated as identity by descent (IBD), and find 17 distinct but highly related clonal lineages, six of which have persisted in the region for at least a decade. This inbred population structure is captured in more detail with IBD than with other common population structure analyses like PCA, ADMIXTURE, and distance-based trees. We additionally use patterns of intra-chromosomal IBD and an analysis of haplotypic variation to explore past selection events in the region. Two genes associated with chloroquine resistance, crt and aat1, show evidence of hard selective sweeps, while selection appears soft and/or incomplete at three other key resistance loci (dhps, mdr1, and dhfr). Overall, this work highlights the strength of IBD analyses for studying parasite population structure and resistance evolution in regions of low transmission, and emphasizes that drug resistance can evolve and spread in small populations, as will occur in any region nearing malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Carrasquilla
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Early
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aimee R. Taylor
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angélica Knudson Ospina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego F. Echeverry
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Timothy J. C. Anderson
- Program in Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institution, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elvira Mancilla
- Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Samanda Aponte
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pablo Cárdenas
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caroline O. Buckee
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fabián E. Sáenz
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniel E. Neafsey
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Corredor
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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31
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de Aguiar Barros J, Granja F, Pequeno P, Marchesini P, Ferreira da Cruz MDF. Gold miners augment malaria transmission in indigenous territories of Roraima state, Brazil. Malar J 2022; 21:358. [PMID: 36447220 PMCID: PMC9706895 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endemic malaria is present in all 15 municipalities of Roraima state, Brazilian Amazonia. Knowledge of epidemiological data of specific populations can guide health policies to formulate effective strategies for integrated control of health-disease care. This study aims to ascertain when, where and who fell ill with malaria in Roraima state from 2010 to 2020. METHODS This descriptive study was based on statistical secondary surveillance data through the analysis of relationships underlying numbers of cases, hospitalizations and deaths using the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System, Mortality Information System and Hospitalization Information System. RESULTS From 2010 to 2020, there were 138,504 autochthonous cases, 26,158 Venezuelan imported cases, 3765 hospitalizations, and 77 deaths from malaria reported in Roraima. Annual parasitic incidence and the number of hospitalizations showed impressive changes over the period, but without significantly correlating with number of deaths. The proportion of Plasmodium falciparum infections had significant shifts throughout this study. Malaria prevalence in indigenous and mining areas has been increasing since 2014. CONCLUSION The presence of miners in indigenous areas is a reality that has been contributing to the increase of malaria cases in Roraima. The need to implement health policies that also meet this contingent is reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline de Aguiar Barros
- Núcleo de Controle da Malária/Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica/Coordenação Geral de Vigilância em Saúde/SESAU-RR, Roraima, Brazil ,grid.440579.b0000 0000 9908 9447Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), Roraima, Brazil ,grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária/Malaria Research Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE (PPG-BIONORTE), Roraima, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Granja
- grid.440579.b0000 0000 9908 9447Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), Roraima, Brazil ,grid.440579.b0000 0000 9908 9447Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), Roraima, Brazil ,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE (PPG-BIONORTE), Roraima, Brazil
| | - Pedro Pequeno
- grid.440579.b0000 0000 9908 9447Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), Roraima, Brazil
| | - Paola Marchesini
- grid.501318.eCoordenação-Geral de Vigilância de Zoonoses e Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, MS, Brasília/DF, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Ferreira da Cruz
- grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária/Malaria Research Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ,grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal)/Reference Center for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Valdivia HO, Anderson K, Smith D, Pasay C, Salas CJ, Braga G, Lucas CM, Lizewski SE, Joya CA, Kooken JM, Sanchez JF, Cheng Q. Spatiotemporal dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 deletions in Peru. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19845. [PMID: 36400806 PMCID: PMC9674673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peru was the first country where pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions were detected despite the fact that rapid diagnostics tests are not commonly used for confirmatory malaria diagnosis. This context provides a unique scenario to study the dynamics of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions without apparent RDTs selection pressure. In this study we characterized the presence of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes on 325 P. falciparum samples collected in Iquitos and surrounding communities between 2011 and 2018 in order to understand the dynamics of gene deletion prevalence, potential associations with clinical symptomatology and parasite genetic background. P. falciparum presence was confirmed by microscopy and PCR of 18 s rRNA, pfmsp1 and pfmsp2. Gene deletions were assessed by amplification of exon1 and exon2 of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 using gene specific PCRs. Confirmation of absence of HRP2 expression was assessed by ELISA of HRP2 and pLDH. Genotyping of 254 samples were performed using a panel of seven neutral microsatellite markers. Overall, pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 dual gene deletions were detected in 67% (217/324) parasite samples. Concordance between pfhrp2 deletion and negligible HRP2 protein levels was observed (Cohen's Kappa = 0.842). Prevalence of gene deletions was heterogeneous across study sites (adjusted p < 0.005) but there is an overall tendency towards increase through time in the prevalence of dual pfhrp2/3-deleted parasites between 2011 (14.3%) and 2016 (88.39%) stabilizing around 65% in 2018. Dual deletions increase was associated with dominance of a single new parasite haplotype (H8) which rapidly spread to all study sites during the 8 study years. Interestingly, participants infected with dual pfhrp2/3-deleted parasites had a significantly lower parasitemias than those without gene deletions in this cohort. Our study showed the increase of pfhrp2/3 deletions in the absence of RDTs pressure and a clonal replacement of circulating lines in the Peruvian Amazon basin. These results suggest that other factors linked to the pfhrp2/3 deletion provide a selective advantage over non-deleted strains and highlight the need for additional studies and continuing surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo O. Valdivia
- grid.415929.20000 0004 0486 6610U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Karen Anderson
- Australia Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia ,grid.1049.c0000 0001 2294 1395QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Smith
- Australia Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia ,grid.1049.c0000 0001 2294 1395QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cielo Pasay
- Australia Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia ,grid.1049.c0000 0001 2294 1395QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carola J. Salas
- grid.415929.20000 0004 0486 6610U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Greys Braga
- grid.415929.20000 0004 0486 6610U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Carmen M. Lucas
- grid.415929.20000 0004 0486 6610U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Stephen E. Lizewski
- grid.415929.20000 0004 0486 6610U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Christie A. Joya
- grid.415929.20000 0004 0486 6610U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Jennifer M. Kooken
- Australia Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia ,grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Juan F. Sanchez
- grid.415929.20000 0004 0486 6610U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Qin Cheng
- Australia Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia ,grid.1049.c0000 0001 2294 1395QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Biodefensive Based on Piper nigrum Essential Oil for Controlling of Anopheles aquasalis Larvae: Influence of Temperature (35 °C) and Preservatives. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111711. [DOI: 10.3390/biom12111711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been spent on the development of biodefensives based on the encapsulation of essential oils for controlling of urban pests from their larval stage, especially as anopheline controlling agents. The larval source management of Anopheles aquasalis is important for malaria prevention. For this reason, this research proposes larvicidal biodefensives based on polymeric particles loaded with Piper nigrum essential oil, considering the influence of temperature (35 °C) and preservatives on the formulation stability. The biodefensive containing the preservative phenoxyethanol/methylisothiazolinone (PNE) resulted in 5 months of shelf-life storage with an Encapsulation Efficiency (EE%) of essential oil of 70%. The biodefensive PNE (containing 500 µg.mL−1 of encapsulated essential oil) presented a polydisperse particle size distribution, ranging from D10 = (127 ± 10) nm to D90 = (472 ± 78) nm and a particle mean size of (236 ± 34) nm. The AFM images revealed a spherical morphology with an external surface almost regular and smooth. The controlled release of the essential oil was evaluated up to 72 h according to the Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model, confirming the anomalous transport (n = 0.64 in pH = 3 and pH = 10, and n = 0.65 in pH = 7). The total larvae mortality on the in loco bioassays was almost reached (92%) after 24 h. However, according to the in vitro bioassays applying the in natura essential oil alone, the concentration of 454 μg.mL−1 resulted on the mortality of 70% of the larvae after 24 h. For this reason, the highest efficiency of the biodefensive PNE may be related to the encapsulation of essential oil, delivering the loaded particles more efficiently inside the larvae. From this perspective, the present study shows that a formulation based on P. nigrum essential oil may be taken into account in the integrated management of disease vector mosquitoes.
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Arisco NJ, Peterka C, Castro MC. Imported malaria definition and minimum data for surveillance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17982. [PMID: 36289250 PMCID: PMC9605982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mobility of malaria-infected individuals poses challenges to elimination campaigns by way of spreading parasite drug resistance, straining country-to-country collaboration, and making routine data collection difficult, especially in resource-poor settings. Nevertheless, no concerted effort has been made to develop a common framework to define the spatial and temporal components of an imported malaria case and recommend the minimum data needed to identify it. We conducted a scoping review of imported malaria literature from 2010 to 2020 which showed that definitions vary widely, and local capabilities of detecting importation are often restricted in low-income countries. Following this, we propose a common definition for imported malaria and the minimum data required to identify a case, depending on the country's capability of conducting an epidemiological investigation. Lastly, we utilize the proposed definition using data from Brazil to demonstrate both the feasibility and the importance of tracking imported cases. The case of Brazil highlights the capabilities of regular surveillance systems to monitor importation, but also the need to regularly use these data for informing local responses. Supporting countries to use regularly collected data and adopt a common definition is paramount to tackling the importation of malaria cases and achieving elimination goals set forth by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Arisco
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cassio Peterka
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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de Aguiar MF, Meireles BM, Monteiro WM, Gonçalves MJF. Malaria in indigenous and non-indigenous patients aged under 15 years between 2007-2018, Amazonas state, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e06172021. [PMID: 36287509 PMCID: PMC9592102 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0617-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a serious problem in children because the immune system is less developed, thus, causing more severe symptoms. This study aimed to identify factors associated with malaria in indigenous and non-indigenous patients aged under 15 years in Amazonas, Brazil, from 2007 to 2018. METHODS An epidemiological, quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted. Cases included patients aged under 15 years, using data from health system notifications between 2007 and 2018 in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The variables included clinical-epidemiological, laboratory findings, and monitoring of cases. The outcome was ethnicity: indigenous, non-indigenous, and entries for which no ethnicity data were provided. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to compare the indigenous and non-indigenous populations. RESULTS Among malaria cases in patients aged under 15 years, there was a greater chance of being indigenous and having the following associated factors: female sex, children aged 0-4 years, passive case surveillance, a high load of parasitemia and the lack of data regarding the level of parasitemia, Plasmodium falciparum infections were more frequent, and timeliness of treatment, i.e., the interval between the onset of symptoms and time of treatment was within 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS The factors associated with malaria are more frequent in indigenous populations and highlight differences according to ethnicity, suggesting that the severity of the disease is attributable to the increased number of malarial infections within this population. As a result, malaria has a greater impact on the health of indigenous people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus,
AM, Brasil., Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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36
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Torres K, Ferreira MU, Castro MC, Escalante AA, Conn JE, Villasis E, da Silva Araujo M, Almeida G, Rodrigues PT, Corder RM, Fernandes ARJ, Calil PR, Ladeia WA, Garcia-Castillo SS, Gomez J, do Valle Antonelli LR, Gazzinelli RT, Golenbock DT, Llanos-Cuentas A, Gamboa D, Vinetz JM. Malaria Resilience in South America: Epidemiology, Vector Biology, and Immunology Insights from the Amazonian International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research Network in Peru and Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:168-181. [PMID: 36228921 PMCID: PMC9662219 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1990s saw the rapid reemergence of malaria in Amazonia, where it remains an important public health priority in South America. The Amazonian International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) was designed to take a multidisciplinary approach toward identifying novel malaria control and elimination strategies. Based on geographically and epidemiologically distinct sites in the Northeastern Peruvian and Western Brazilian Amazon regions, synergistic projects integrate malaria epidemiology, vector biology, and immunology. The Amazonian ICEMR's overarching goal is to understand how human behavior and other sociodemographic features of human reservoirs of transmission-predominantly asymptomatically parasitemic people-interact with the major Amazonian malaria vector, Nyssorhynchus (formerly Anopheles) darlingi, and with human immune responses to maintain malaria resilience and continued endemicity in a hypoendemic setting. Here, we will review Amazonian ICEMR's achievements on the synergies among malaria epidemiology, Plasmodium-vector interactions, and immune response, and how those provide a roadmap for further research, and, most importantly, point toward how to achieve malaria control and elimination in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Torres
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcelo U. Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia C. Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ananias A. Escalante
- Department of Biology and Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Elizabeth Villasis
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Gregorio Almeida
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Priscila T. Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Corder
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson R. J. Fernandes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila R. Calil
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Winni A. Ladeia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefano S. Garcia-Castillo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joaquin Gomez
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Address correspondence to Joseph M. Vinetz, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 25 York St., Winchester 403D, PO Box 802022, New Haven, CT 06520. E-mail:
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Villena FE, Sanchez JF, Nolasco O, Braga G, Ricopa L, Barazorda K, Salas CJ, Lucas C, Lizewski SE, Joya CA, Gamboa D, Delgado-Ratto C, Valdivia HO. Drug resistance and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16474. [PMID: 36182962 PMCID: PMC9526214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major health problem in Peru despite substantial progress achieved by the ongoing malaria elimination program. This study explored the population genetics of 63 Plasmodium falciparum and 170 P. vivax cases collected in the Peruvian Amazon Basin between 2015 and 2019. Microscopy and PCR were used for malaria detection and positive samples were genotyped at neutral and drug resistance-associated regions. The P. falciparum population exhibited a low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.02) whereas the P. vivax population presented a higher genetic diversity (π = 0.34). All P. falciparum samples (n = 63) carried chloroquine (CQ) resistant mutations on Pfcrt. Most P. falciparum samples (53 out of 54) carried sulfadoxine (SD) resistant mutations on Pfdhfr and Pfdhps. No evidence was found of artemisinin resistance mutations on kelch13. Population structure showed that a single cluster accounted for 93.4% of the P. falciparum samples whereas three clusters were found for P. vivax. Our study shows a low genetic diversity for both species with significant differences in genetic sub-structuring. The high prevalence of CQ-resistance mutations could be a result of indirect selection pressures driven by the P. vivax treatment scheme. These results could be useful for public health authorities to safeguard the progress that Peru has achieved towards malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan F Sanchez
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Oscar Nolasco
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Peru
| | - Greys Braga
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Carola J Salas
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Carmen Lucas
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Stephen E Lizewski
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Christie A Joya
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Peru.,Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Peru
| | - Christopher Delgado-Ratto
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Peru.,Malaria Research Group (MaRCH), Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugo O Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru.
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Meireles ACA, da Silva LR, Simplício MF, de Lima AA, Rios FGF, de Menezes CA, Feitoza LHM, Julião GR. Anopheline diversity in urban and peri-urban malaria foci: comparison between alternative traps and seasonal effects in a city in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Malar J 2022; 21:258. [PMID: 36068530 PMCID: PMC9450372 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous vector surveillance and sustainable interventions are mandatory in order to prevent anopheline proliferation (or spread to new areas) and interrupt malaria transmission. Anopheline abundance and richness were evaluated in urban and peri-urban malaria foci at a medium-sized city in the Brazilian Amazon, comparing the protected human landing catch technique (PHLC) and alternative sampling methods over different seasonal periods. Additional information was assessed for female feeding behaviour and faunal composition. METHODS Anophelines were sampled bimonthly in four urban and peri-urban sites in the city of Porto Velho, state of Rondônia, Brazil. The average number of captured mosquitoes was compared between an PHLC (gold standard), a tent trap (Gazetrap), and a barrier screen by means of generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), which also included season and environment (peri-urban/urban) as predictors. RESULTS Overall, 2962 Anopheles individuals belonging to 12 species and one complex were caught; Anopheles darlingi represented 86% of the individuals. More mosquitoes were captured in the peri-urban setting, and the urban setting was more diverse. The model estimates that significantly more anophelines were collected by PHLC than by the Screen method, and Gazetrap captured fewer individuals. However, the Screen technique yielded more blood-engorged females. The peak hours of biting activity were from 6 to 7 p.m. in urban areas and from 7 to 8 p.m. in peri-urban areas. CONCLUSIONS Although peri-urban settings presented a greater abundance of anophelines, Shannon and Simpson diversities were higher in urban sites. Each technique proved to be useful, depending on the purpose: PHLC was more effective in capturing the highest anopheline densities, Gazetrap caught the greatest number of species, and the barrier screen technique captured more engorged individuals. There was no seasonal effect on Anopheles assemblage structure; however, a more diverse fauna was caught in the transitional season. Biting activity was more intense from 6 to 8 p.m., with a predominance of An. darlingi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Caroline Alves Meireles
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology (PGBIOEXP), Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), BR-364, Km 9.5, Porto Velho, RO, 78900-550, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Rosendo da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology (PGBIOEXP), Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), BR-364, Km 9.5, Porto Velho, RO, 78900-550, Brazil.,Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.,INCT-EpiAmO - National Institute of Epidemiology of Western Amazônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Marlon Ferreira Simplício
- Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Alzemar Alves de Lima
- Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, CEPEM-RO, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-329, Brazil.,Centro Universitário São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, 76805-846, Brazil
| | - Flávia Geovana Fontineles Rios
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology (PGBIOEXP), Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), BR-364, Km 9.5, Porto Velho, RO, 78900-550, Brazil.,Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Carla Augusta de Menezes
- Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Maciel Feitoza
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology (PGBIOEXP), Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), BR-364, Km 9.5, Porto Velho, RO, 78900-550, Brazil.,Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Genimar Rebouças Julião
- Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.,INCT-EpiAmO - National Institute of Epidemiology of Western Amazônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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Fletcher IK, Grillet ME, Moreno JE, Drakeley C, Hernández-Villena J, Jones KE, Lowe R. Synergies between environmental degradation and climate variation on malaria re-emergence in southern Venezuela: a spatiotemporal modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e739-e748. [PMID: 36087604 PMCID: PMC10265648 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental degradation facilitates the emergence of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, through changes in the ecological landscape that increase human-vector contacts and that expand vector habitats. However, the modifying effects of environmental degradation on climate-disease relationships have not been well explored. Here, we investigate the rapid re-emergence of malaria in a transmission hotspot in southern Venezuela and explore the synergistic effects of environmental degradation, specifically gold-mining activity, and climate variation. METHODS In this spatiotemporal modelling study of the 46 parishes of the state of Bolívar, southeast Venezuela, we used data from the Venezuelan Ministry of Health including population data and monthly cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and Plasmodium vivax malaria between 1996 and 2016. We estimated mean precipitation and temperature using the ERA5-Land dataset and used monthly anomalies in sea-surface temperature as an indicator of El Niño events between 1996 and 2016. The location of suspected mining sites in Bolívar in 2009, 2017, and 2018 were sourced from the Amazon Geo-Referenced Socio-Environmental Information Network. We estimated measures of cumulative forest loss and urban development by km2 using annual land cover maps from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative between 1996 and 2016. We modelled monthly cases of P falciparum and P vivax malaria using a Bayesian hierarchical mixed model framework. We quantified the variation explained by mining activity before exploring the modifying effects of environmental degradation on climate-malaria relationships. FINDINGS We observed a 27% reduction in the additional unexplained spatial variation in incidence of P falciparum malaria and a 23% reduction in P vivax malaria when mining was included in our models. The effect of temperature on malaria was greater in high mining areas than low mining areas, and the P falciparum malaria effect size at temperatures of 26·5°C (2·4 cases per 1000 people [95% CI 1·78-3·06]) was twice as high as the effect in low mining areas (1 case per 1000 people [0·68-1·49]). INTERPRETATION We show that mining activity in southern Venezuela is associated with hotspots of malaria transmission. Increased temperatures exacerbated malaria transmission in mining areas, highlighting the need to consider how environmental degradation modulates climate effect on disease risk, which is especially important in areas subjected to rapidly rising temperatures and land-use change globally. Our findings have implications for the progress towards malaria elimination in the Latin American region. Our findings are also important for effectively targeting timely treatment programmes and vector-control activities in mining areas with high rates of malaria transmission. FUNDING Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Royal Society, US National Institutes of Health, and Global Challenges Research Fund. TRANSLATION For the Spanish translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel K Fletcher
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Maria Eugenia Grillet
- Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jorge E Moreno
- Centro de Investigaciones Francesco Vitanza, Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Altos Estudios Dr Arnoldo Gabaldon, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, Bolívar, Venezuela
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Juan Hernández-Villena
- Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Kate E Jones
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
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Zimmerman RH, Galardo AKR, Lounibos LP, Galardo C, Bahar AK, van Santen E. Vectorial capacities for malaria in eastern Amazonian Brazil depend on village, vector species, season, and parasite species. Malar J 2022; 21:237. [PMID: 35974410 PMCID: PMC9382821 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vector species in the Amazon River Basin are regionally and locally diverse, which makes it imperative to understand and compare their roles in malaria transmission to help select appropriate methods of intervention and evaluation. The major aim of this study was to measure the vectorial capacity of five Anopheles species in three neighbouring villages, for two Plasmodium parasite species affecting humans. METHODS From 32 consecutive months of sampling in three villages, 1.5-7.0 km apart, on the Matapi River, Amapá State, Brazil, vectorial capacities (C) were estimated as time series for An. darlingi, An. marajoara, An. nuneztovari, An. triannulatus, and An. intermedius. Monthly parity measurements for each vector species were used to estimate daily survivorship and compared to estimates of survivorship from mark-release-recapture experiments. Gonotrophic cycle lengths were estimated through a time-series analysis of parity data, and durations of sporogony at study site temperatures for the two malaria parasite species were estimated from previous literature. RESULTS The absolute abundances of five vector species were strongly tracked by the spatial variation in C among villages. Temporally, C varied between wet and dry seasons, with An. darlingi, An. marajoara and An. triannulatus exhibiting higher C in the dry season from August to December, and An. nuneztovari its highest C early in the rainy season in January and February. Anopheles intermedius exhibited higher C in the rainy season from April to June than in the dry season. Significant differences in overall survival for each independent variable, and a significant difference in C between wet and dry seasons, among villages, and among vector species for both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) analysis by village showed significant effects of vector species on C in only one village, but significant effects of parasite species in all three. Although the GLMM analysis detected no significant parasite x vector species interaction effects on C, effects on C of spline regressions of C dynamics x vector species interactions were significant in all villages. CONCLUSIONS These detailed analyses of entomological and parasitological variables revealed hidden complexities of malaria epidemiology at local scales in neighbouring riverine villages of the Amazon Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Zimmerman
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida/IFAS, 200 9th Street SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962 USA
| | - Allan K. R. Galardo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas E Tecnológicas Do Estado de Amapá-IEPA, Campus do IEPA da Fazendinha-CEP, Macapá, 68912-250 Brazil
| | - L Philip Lounibos
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida/IFAS, 200 9th Street SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962 USA
| | - Clicia Galardo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas E Tecnológicas Do Estado de Amapá-IEPA, Campus do IEPA da Fazendinha-CEP, Macapá, 68912-250 Brazil
| | | | - Edzard van Santen
- Agronomy Department and Statistical Consulting Unit, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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Garcia HM, de Garcia Alves Feitosa G, de Menezes HL, Figueiredo TMR, Alves RNP, Lima NNR, Reis AOA, Araújo JEB, de Carvalho SMF, Machado SSF, Lima DGS, Neto MLR, Júnior JG, Feitosa PWG. Pandemic of hunger: The severe nutritional deficiency that kills Yanomami ethnic children. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 65:e1-e2. [PMID: 35034827 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic malnutrition is the painful reality that Yanomami children face in Brazil's largest Indigenous Land and is pointed out by specialists as one of the results of the federal government's "anti-indigenous policy". The lack, or scarcity, of medical care, together with the lack of environmental inspection, pushes the Yanomami into a desperate scenario. It is estimated that 20,000 illegal miners operate in the territory. Mining activity contaminates rivers with mercury and has caused deformities and illnesses in women and children. They live on the largest indigenous reserve in Brazil. There are nine million hectares within the Amazon Forest. Malaria has persistently advanced in Yanomami land: there are more than 16,000 cases this year alone. Several children are dying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hévilla Maria Garcia
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Cariri - UFCA, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Modesto Leite Rolim Neto
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Cariri - UFCA, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil; School of Medicine from Juazeiro do Norte - FMJ/Estacio, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Jucier Gonçalves Júnior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
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Spatial patterns and climate drivers of malaria in three border areas of Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana, 2016-2018. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10995. [PMID: 35768450 PMCID: PMC9243034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, 77% of malaria cases in the Americas were concentrated in Venezuela, Brazil, and Colombia. These countries are characterized by a heterogeneous malaria landscape and malaria hotspots. Furthermore, the political unrest in Venezuela has led to significant cross-border population movement. Hence, the aim of this study was to describe spatial patterns and identify significant climatic drivers of malaria transmission along the Venezuela-Brazil-Guyana border, focusing on Bolivar state, Venezuela and Roraima state, Brazil. Malaria case data, stratified by species from 2016 to 2018, were obtained from the Brazilian Malaria Epidemiology Surveillance Information System, the Guyana Vector Borne Diseases Program, the Venezuelan Ministry of Health, and civil society organizations. Spatial autocorrelation in malaria incidence was explored using Getis-Ord (Gi*) statistics. A Poisson regression model was developed with a conditional autoregressive prior structure and posterior parameters were estimated using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation with Gibbs sampling. There were 685,498 malaria cases during the study period. Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (71.7%, 490,861). Malaria hotspots were located in eight municipalities along the Venezuela and Guyana international borders with Brazil. Plasmodium falciparum increased by 2.6% (95% credible interval [CrI] 2.1%, 2.8%) for one meter increase in altitude, decreased by 1.6% (95% CrI 1.5%, 2.3%) and 0.9% (95% CrI 0.7%, 2.4%) per 1 cm increase in 6-month lagged precipitation and each 1 °C increase of minimum temperature without lag. Each 1 °C increase of 1-month lagged maximum temperature increased P. falciparum by 0.6% (95% CrI 0.4%, 1.9%). P. vivax cases increased by 1.5% (95% CrI 1.3%, 1.6%) for one meter increase in altitude and decreased by 1.1% (95% CrI 1.0%, 1.2%) and 7.3% (95% CrI 6.7%, 9.7%) for each 1 cm increase of precipitation lagged at 6-months and 1 °C increase in minimum temperature lagged at 6-months. Each 1°C increase of two-month lagged maximum temperature increased P. vivax by 1.5% (95% CrI 0.6%, 7.1%). There was no significant residual spatial clustering after accounting for climatic covariates. Malaria hotspots were located along the Venezuela and Guyana international border with Roraima state, Brazil. In addition to population movement, climatic variables were important drivers of malaria transmission in these areas.
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Agyekum TP, Arko-Mensah J, Botwe PK, Hogarh JN, Issah I, Dadzie SK, Dwomoh D, Billah MK, Robins T, Fobil JN. Relationship between temperature and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes' susceptibility to pyrethroids and expression of metabolic enzymes. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:163. [PMID: 35527275 PMCID: PMC9080126 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases globally, and the control of mosquitoes as the vector is mainly dependent on chemical insecticides. Elevated temperatures associated with future warmer climates could affect mosquitoes' metabolic enzyme expression and increase insecticide resistance, making vector control difficult. Understanding how mosquito rearing temperatures influence their susceptibility to insecticide and expression of metabolic enzymes could aid in the development of novel tools and strategies to control mosquitoes in a future warmer climate. This study evaluated the effects of temperature on the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) mosquitoes to pyrethroids and their expression of metabolic enzymes. Methods Anopheles gambiae s.l. eggs obtained from laboratory-established colonies were reared under eight temperature regimes (25, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 40 °C). Upon adult emergence, 3- to 5-day-old female non-blood-fed mosquitoes were used for susceptibility tests following the World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay protocol. Batches of 20–25 mosquitoes from each temperature regime (25–34 °C) were exposed to two pyrethroid insecticides (0.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin). In addition, the levels of four metabolic enzymes (α-esterase, β-esterase, glutathione S-transferase [GST], and mixed-function oxidase [MFO]) were examined in mosquitoes that were not exposed and those that were exposed to pyrethroids. Results Mortality in An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin and permethrin decreased at temperatures above 28 °C. In addition, mosquitoes reared at higher temperatures were more resistant and had more elevated enzyme levels than those raised at low temperatures. Overall, mosquitoes that survived after being exposed to pyrethroids had higher levels of metabolic enzymes than those that were not exposed to pyrethroids. Conclusions This study provides evidence that elevated temperatures decreased An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes' susceptibility to pyrethroids and increased the expression of metabolic enzymes. This evidence suggests that elevated temperatures projected in a future warmer climate could increase mosquitoes' resistance to insecticides and complicate malaria vector control measures. This study therefore provides vital information, and suggests useful areas of future research, on the effects of temperature variability on mosquitoes that could guide vector control measures in a future warmer climate. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05273-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Peprah Agyekum
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box L.G. 13, Accra, Ghana.
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box L.G. 13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Paul Kingsley Botwe
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box L.G. 13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Nartey Hogarh
- Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ibrahim Issah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box L.G. 13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kweku Dadzie
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Accra, Ghana
| | - Duah Dwomoh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Maxwell Kelvin Billah
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box L.G. 67, Accra, Ghana
| | - Thomas Robins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Julius Najah Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box L.G. 13, Accra, Ghana
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Endemic Thoracic Infections in Latin America and the Caribbean. Radiol Clin North Am 2022; 60:429-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Oyegoke OO, Maharaj L, Akoniyon OP, Kwoji I, Roux AT, Adewumi TS, Maharaj R, Oyebola BT, Adeleke MA, Okpeku M. Malaria diagnostic methods with the elimination goal in view. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1867-1885. [PMID: 35460369 PMCID: PMC9033523 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Malaria control measures have been in use for years but have not completely curbed the spread of infection. Ultimately, global elimination is the goal. A major playmaker in the various approaches to reaching the goal is the issue of proper diagnosis. Various diagnostic techniques were adopted in different regions and geographical locations over the decades, and these have invariably produced diverse outcomes. In this review, we looked at the various approaches used in malaria diagnostics with a focus on methods favorably used during pre-elimination and elimination phases as well as in endemic regions. Microscopy, rapid diagnostic testing (RDT), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are common methods applied depending on prevailing factors, each with its strengths and limitations. As the drive toward the elimination goal intensifies, the search for ideal, simple, fast, and reliable point-of-care diagnostic tools is needed more than ever before to be used in conjunction with a functional surveillance system supported by the ideal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukunle O Oyegoke
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leah Maharaj
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oluwasegun P Akoniyon
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Illiya Kwoji
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alexandra T Roux
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Taiye S Adewumi
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- Office of Malaria Research, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Matthew A Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa.
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Carlson CJ, Colwell R, Hossain MS, Rahman MM, Robock A, Ryan SJ, Alam MS, Trisos CH. Solar geoengineering could redistribute malaria risk in developing countries. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2150. [PMID: 35444178 PMCID: PMC9021229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar geoengineering is often framed as a stopgap measure to decrease the magnitude, impacts, and injustice of climate change. However, the benefits or costs of geoengineering for human health are largely unknown. We project how geoengineering could impact malaria risk by comparing current transmission suitability and populations-at-risk under moderate and high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5) with and without geoengineering. We show that if geoengineering deployment cools the tropics, it could help protect high elevation populations in eastern Africa from malaria encroachment, but could increase transmission in lowland sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia. Compared to extreme warming, we find that by 2070, geoengineering would nullify a projected reduction of nearly one billion people at risk of malaria. Our results indicate that geoengineering strategies designed to offset warming are not guaranteed to unilaterally improve health outcomes, and could produce regional trade-offs among Global South countries that are often excluded from geoengineering conversations. Solar geoengineering, an emergency climate intervention, could shift one billion people back into areas of malaria risk. Regional tradeoffs and potential adverse outcomes point to the need for health sector planning with Global South leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Carlson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA. .,Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Rita Colwell
- University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad Sharif Hossain
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Mofizur Rahman
- Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alan Robock
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sadie J Ryan
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab Group, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Christopher H Trisos
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Centre for Statistics in Ecology, the Environment and Conservation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Wetzler EA, Marchesini P, Villegas L, Canavati S. Changing transmission dynamics among migrant, indigenous and mining populations in a malaria hotspot in Northern Brazil: 2016 to 2020. Malar J 2022; 21:127. [PMID: 35439994 PMCID: PMC9018056 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Roraima state is the northernmost state in Brazil and the primary border-crossing point between Brazil and Venezuela. The uncontrolled surge of malaria in Venezuela, coupled with mass migration of Venezuelans to neighbouring countries and the upward trend in informal mining in the state, pose a serious threat to the broader region, especially to migrant, indigenous and mining populations, jeopardizing malaria elimination efforts. This study describes changes in the epidemiological profile of malaria in Roraima state related to time, place and populations at risk from 2016 to 2020. Methods De-identified malaria surveillance data were obtained from the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance System from 2016 to 2020. Pearson’s chi-square tested differences between imported and autochthonous cases. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for imported versus autochthonous cases by demographic characteristics. Results Odds of being an imported case were higher for Plasmodium falciparum cases (AOR = 2.08). However, as the number of cases from Venezuela decreased in 2020 following closure of the border, the proportion of P. falciparum cases increased markedly, from 6.24% in 2019 to 18.50% in 2020. Over the 5-year period, the odds of being an imported case among miners were about nine times higher than the general population (AOR = 8.99). The proportion of total malaria cases that were among indigenous people increased from 33.09% in 2016 to 54.83% in 2020. Indigenous children had a higher burden of malaria with over 40% of cases in children 0 to 9 years old, compared to 8% in non-indigenous children 0 to 9 years old. In some municipalities, place of infection differed from place of notification, with a large proportion of cases in these municipalities reporting in Boa Vista. Conclusions Malaria remains a serious threat in Roraima state, especially among high-risk populations, such as miners, migrants, and indigenous people. As malaria cases have increased among indigenous people and miners, and the proportion of P. falciparum cases has increased, elimination efforts require understanding of these risk factors to tailor interventions appropriately. Furthermore, cross-border surveillance systems need to be urgently strengthened at formal and unofficial border points, especially since the border with Venezuela reopened in July 2021. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04141-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Anne Wetzler
- World Vision US, 34834 Weyerhaeuser Way South Federal Way, Washington, USA.
| | - Paola Marchesini
- Department of Surveillance for Zoonotic and Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Leopoldo Villegas
- Association for Social and Civil Impact (ASOCIS), Tumeremo, Venezuela.,Global Development One, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sara Canavati
- World Vision US, 34834 Weyerhaeuser Way South Federal Way, Washington, USA
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Wangdi K, Wetzler E, Marchesini P, Villegas L, Canavati S. Cross-border malaria drivers and risk factors on the Brazil–Venezuela border between 2016 and 2018. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6058. [PMID: 35411064 PMCID: PMC9001644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, cross-border importation of malaria has become a challenge to malaria elimination. The border areas between Brazil and Venezuela have experienced high numbers of imported cases due to increased population movement and migration out of Venezuela. This study aimed to identify risk factors for imported malaria and delineate imported malaria hotspots in Roraima, Brazil and Bolivar, Venezuela between 2016 and 2018. Data on malaria surveillance cases from Roraima, Brazil and Bolivar, Venezuela from 2016 to 2018 were obtained from national surveillance systems: the Brazilian Malaria Epidemiology Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Malaria), the Venezuelan Ministry of Health and other non-government organizations. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors for imported malaria. Spatial autocorrelation in malaria incidence was explored using Getis-Ord (Gi*) statistics. During the study period, there were 11,270 (24.3%) and 4072 (0.7%) imported malaria cases in Roraima, Brazil and Bolivar, Venezuela, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression for Roraima, men were 28% less likely to be an imported case compared to women (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.665, 0.781). Ages 20–29 and 30–39 were 90% (AOR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.649, 2.181) and 54% (AOR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.331, 1.782) more likely to be an imported case compared to the 0–9 year age group, respectively. Imported cases were 197 times (AOR = 197.03; 95% CI 175.094, 221.712) more likely to occur in miners than those working in agriculture and domestic work. In Bolivar, cases aged 10–19 (AOR = 1.75; 95% CI 1.389, 2.192), 20–29 (AOR = 2.48; 95% CI 1.957, 3.144), and 30–39 (AOR = 2.29; 95% CI 1.803, 2.913) were at higher risk of being an imported case than those in the 0–9 year old group, with older age groups having a slightly higher risk compared to Roraima. Compared to agriculture and domestic workers, tourism, timber and fishing workers (AOR = 6.38; 95% CI 4.393, 9.254) and miners (AOR = 7.03; 95% CI 4.903, 10.092) were between six and seven times more likely to be an imported case. Spatial analysis showed the risk was higher along the international border in the municipalities of Roraima, Brazil. To achieve malaria elimination, cross-border populations in the hotspot municipalities will need targeted intervention strategies tailored to occupation, age and mobility status. Furthermore, all stakeholders, including implementers, policymakers, and donors, should support and explore the introduction of novel approaches to address these hard-to-reach populations with the most cost-effective interventions.
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Rahi M, Sharma R, Saroha P, Chaturvedi R, Bharti PK, Sharma A. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Malaria Diagnosis Can Be Increasingly Adopted during Current Phase of Malaria Elimination in India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:1005-1012. [PMID: 35130488 PMCID: PMC8991334 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite commendable progress in control of malaria in India and other countries, there are hidden reservoirs of parasites in human hosts that continually feed malaria transmission. Submicroscopic infections are a significant proportion in low-endemic settings like India, and these infections possess transmission potential. Hence, these reservoirs of infection add to the existing roadblocks for malaria elimination. It is crucial that this submerged burden of malaria is detected and treated to curtail further transmission. The currently used diagnostic tools, including the so-called "gold standard" microscopy, are incapable of detecting these submicroscopic infections and thus are suboptimal. It is an opportune time to usher in more sensitive molecular tools like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for routine diagnosis at all levels of healthcare as an additional diagnostic tool in routine settings. PCR assays have been developed into user-friendly formats for field diagnostics and are near-point-of-collection. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic in India, these are being used rampantly across the country. The facilities created for COVID-19 diagnosis can easily be co-opted and harnessed for malaria diagnosis to augment surveillance by the inclusion of molecular techniques like PCR in the routine national malaria control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- AcSIR, New Delhi, India
| | - Rishu Sharma
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- AcSIR, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Saroha
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rini Chaturvedi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen K. Bharti
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Laporta GZ, Grillet ME, Rodovalho SR, Massad E, Sallum MAM. Reaching the malaria elimination goal in Brazil: a spatial analysis and time-series study. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:39. [PMID: 35382896 PMCID: PMC8981179 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2015, the Global Technical Strategy (GTS) for Malaria 2016–2030 has been adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a comprehensive framework to accelerate progress for malaria elimination in endemic countries. This strategy sets the target of reducing global malaria incidence and mortality rates by 90% in 2030. Here it is sought to evaluate Brazil’s achievements towards reaching the WHO GTS milestone in 2030. Considering the total number of new malaria cases in 2015, the main research question is: will Brazil reach the malaria elimination goal in 2030? Methods Analytical strategies were undertaken using the SIVEP-malaria official databases of the Brazilian Malaria Control Programme for the Brazilian Amazon region from 2009 to 2020. Spatial and time-series analyses were applied for identifying municipalities that support the highest numbers of malaria cases over the years. Forecast analysis was used for predicting the estimated number of new cases in Brazil in 2025–2050. Results Brazil has significantly reduced the number of new malaria cases in 2020 in comparison with 2015 in the states of Acre (− 56%), Amapá (− 75%), and Amazonas (− 21%); however, they increased in the states of Pará (156%), Rondônia (74%), and Roraima (362%). Forecast of the predicted number of new malaria cases in 2030 is 74,764 (95% CI: 41,116–141,160) in the Brazilian Amazon. Conclusions It is likely that Brazil will reduce the number of new malaria cases in the Brazilian Amazon in 2030 in relation to that in 2015. Herein forecast shows a reduction by 46% (74,754 in 2030 forecast/137,982 in 2015), but this reduction is yet far from the proposed reduction under the WHO GTS 2030 milestone (90%). Stable and unbeatable transmission in the Juruá River Valley, Manaus, and Lábrea still support endemic malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Today’s cross-border malaria is impacting the state of Roraima unprecedently. If this situation is maintained, the malaria elimination goal (zero cases) may not be reached before 2050. An enhanced political commitment is vital to ensure optimal public health intervention designs in the post-2030 milestones for malaria elimination. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00945-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Graduate Research and Innovation Program, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Eugenia Grillet
- Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Institute of Zoology and Tropical Ecology, School of Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Sheila Rodrigues Rodovalho
- Technical Unit of Transmissible Diseases and Current Health Assessment, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Massad
- School of Applied Mathematics, Getulio Vargas Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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