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Fedorczak A, Lewiński A, Stawerska R. Involvement of Sirtuin 1 in the Growth Hormone/Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Signal Transduction and Its Impact on Growth Processes in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15406. [PMID: 37895086 PMCID: PMC10607608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of growth processes in children depends on the synthesis of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Insulin-like growth factor 1, which is mainly secreted in the liver in response to GH, is the main peripheral mediator of GH action. Newly discovered factors regulating GH secretion and its effects are being studied recently. One of them is sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). This NAD+-dependent deacetylase, by modulating the JAK2/STAT pathway, is involved in the transduction of the GH signal in hepatocytes, leading to the synthesis of IGF-1. In addition, it participates in the regulation of the synthesis of GHRH in the hypothalamus and GH in the somatotropic cells. SIRT1 is suggested to be involved in growth plate chondrogenesis and longitudinal bone growth as it has a positive effect on the epiphyseal growth plate. SIRT1 is also implicated in various cellular processes, including metabolism, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, oxidative stress response, and DNA repair. Thus, its expression varies depending on the different metabolic states. During malnutrition, SIRT1 blocks GH signal transduction in hepatocytes to reduce the IGF-1 secretion and prevent hypoglycemia (i.e., it causes transient GH resistance). In this review, we focused on the influence of SIRT1 on GH signal transduction and the implications that may arise for growth processes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fedorczak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Stawerska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
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Kang D, Yang HR, Kim DH, Kim KK, Jeong B, Park BS, Park JW, Kim JG, Lee BJ. Sirtuin1-Mediated Deacetylation of Hypothalamic TTF-1 Contributes to the Energy Deficiency Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12530. [PMID: 37569904 PMCID: PMC10419861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
TTF-1 stimulates appetite by regulating the expression of agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) genes in the hypothalamus of starving animals. However, the mechanism underlying TTF-1's response to decreased energy levels remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that the NAD+-dependent deacetylase, sirtuin1 (Sirt1), activates TTF-1 in response to energy deficiency. Energy deficiency leads to a twofold increase in the expression of both Sirt1 and TTF-1, leading to the deacetylation of TTF-1 through the interaction between the two proteins. The activation of Sirt1, induced by energy deficiency or resveratrol treatment, leads to a significant increase in the deacetylation of TTF-1 and promotes its nuclear translocation. Conversely, the inhibition of Sirt1 prevents these Sirt1 effects. Notably, a point mutation in a lysine residue of TTF-1 significantly disrupts its deacetylation and thus nearly completely hinders its ability to regulate AgRP and POMC gene expression. These findings highlight the importance of energy-deficiency-induced deacetylation of TTF-1 in the control of AgRP and POMC gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasol Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (D.H.K.); (K.K.K.); (B.J.); (J.W.P.)
| | - Hye Rim Yang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (H.R.Y.); (B.S.P.)
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (D.H.K.); (K.K.K.); (B.J.); (J.W.P.)
| | - Kwang Kon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (D.H.K.); (K.K.K.); (B.J.); (J.W.P.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bora Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (D.H.K.); (K.K.K.); (B.J.); (J.W.P.)
| | - Byong Seo Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (H.R.Y.); (B.S.P.)
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (D.H.K.); (K.K.K.); (B.J.); (J.W.P.)
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (H.R.Y.); (B.S.P.)
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (D.H.K.); (K.K.K.); (B.J.); (J.W.P.)
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Mehramiz M, Porter T, O’Brien EK, Rainey-Smith SR, Laws SM. A Potential Role for Sirtuin-1 in Alzheimer's Disease: Reviewing the Biological and Environmental Evidence. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:823-843. [PMID: 37662612 PMCID: PMC10473168 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1), encoded by the SIRT1 gene, is a conserved Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) dependent deacetylase enzyme, considered as the master regulator of metabolism in humans. Sirt1 contributes to a wide range of biological pathways via several mechanisms influenced by lifestyle, such as diet and exercise. The importance of a healthy lifestyle is of relevance to highly prevalent modern chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is growing evidence at multiple levels for a role of Sirt1/SIRT1 in AD pathological mechanisms. As such, this review will explore the relevance of Sirt1 to AD pathological mechanisms, by describing the involvement of Sirt1/SIRT1 in the development of AD pathological hallmarks, through its impact on the metabolism of amyloid-β and degradation of phosphorylated tau. We then explore the involvement of Sirt1/SIRT1 across different AD-relevant biological processes, including cholesterol metabolism, inflammation, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiome, before discussing the interplay between Sirt1 and AD-related lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, and smoking, as well as depression, a common comorbidity. Genome-wide association studies have explored potential associations between SIRT1 and AD, as well as AD risk factors and co-morbidities. We summarize this evidence at the genetic level to highlight links between SIRT1 and AD, particularly associations with AD-related risk factors, such as heart disease. Finally, we review the current literature of potential interactions between SIRT1 genetic variants and lifestyle factors and how this evidence supports the need for further research to determine the relevance of these interactions with respect to AD and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrane Mehramiz
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eleanor K. O’Brien
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon M. Laws
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
The silent information regulator sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein, a highly conserved NAD+-dependent deacetylase belonging to the sirtuin family, is a post-translational regulator that plays a role in modulating inflammation. SIRT1 affects multiple biological processes by deacetylating a variety of proteins including histones and non-histone proteins. Recent studies have revealed intimate links between SIRT1 and inflammation, while alterations to SIRT1 expression and activity have been linked to inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms that regulate SIRT1 expression, including upstream activators and suppressors that operate on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. We also summarize factors that influence SIRT1 activity including the NAD+/NADH ratio, SIRT1 binding partners, and post-translational modifications. Furthermore, we underscore the role of SIRT1 in the development of inflammation by commenting on the proteins that are targeted for deacetylation by SIRT1. Finally, we highlight the potential for SIRT1-based therapeutics for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshu Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunwei Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yongyi Chao
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinxin Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanhui Jia
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun Tie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Dahai Hu, ; Jun Tie,
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Dahai Hu, ; Jun Tie,
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Vohra MS, Benchoula K, Serpell CJ, Hwa WE. AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and their potential role in treatment of obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 915:174611. [PMID: 34798121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose alteration results in excessive body weight. Certain central neuronal populations in the brain are recognised as crucial nodes in energy homeostasis; in particular, the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) region contains two peptide microcircuits that control energy balance with antagonistic functions: agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide-Y (AgRP/NPY) signals hunger and stimulates food intake; and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) signals satiety and reduces food intake. These neuronal peptides levels react to energy status and integrate signals from peripheral ghrelin, leptin, and insulin to regulate feeding and energy expenditure. To manage obesity comprehensively, it is crucial to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of information processing in ARC neurons, since these regulate energy homeostasis. Importantly, a specific strategy focusing on ARC circuits needs to be devised to assist in treating obese patients and maintaining weight loss with minimal or no side effects. The aim of this review is to elucidate the recent developments in the study of AgRP-, NPY- and POMC-producing neurons, specific to their role in controlling metabolism. The impact of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin signalling via action of these neurons is also surveyed, since they also impact energy balance through this route. Lastly, we present key proteins, targeted genes, compounds, drugs, and therapies that actively work via these neurons and could potentially be used as therapeutic targets for treating obesity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khaled Benchoula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Wong Eng Hwa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Har-Even M, Rubovitch V, Ratliff WA, Richmond-Hacham B, Citron BA, Pick CG. Ketogenic Diet as a potential treatment for traumatic brain injury in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23559. [PMID: 34876621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a brain dysfunction without present treatment. Previous studies have shown that animals fed ketogenic diet (KD) perform better in learning tasks than those fed standard diet (SD) following brain injury. The goal of this study was to examine whether KD is a neuroprotective in TBI mouse model. We utilized a closed head injury model to induce TBI in mice, followed by up to 30 days of KD/SD. Elevated levels of ketone bodies were confirmed in the blood following KD. Cognitive and behavioral performance was assessed post injury and molecular and cellular changes were assessed within the temporal cortex and hippocampus. Y-maze and Novel Object Recognition tasks indicated that mTBI mice maintained on KD displayed better cognitive abilities than mTBI mice maintained on SD. Mice maintained on SD post-injury demonstrated SIRT1 reduction when compared with uninjured and KD groups. In addition, KD management attenuated mTBI-induced astrocyte reactivity in the dentate gyrus and decreased degeneration of neurons in the dentate gyrus and in the cortex. These results support accumulating evidence that KD may be an effective approach to increase the brain’s resistance to damage and suggest a potential new therapeutic strategy for treating TBI.
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Abstract
Background Hypothalamic leptin-mediated signaling contributes to the exaggerated sympatho-excitation and increased blood pressure in obesity-associated hypertension. The aim of the study was to investigate the roles of energy-sensing enzyme sirtuin1 (Sirt1) and forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) on the hypothalamic leptin-mediated high sympathetic nerve activity and inflammation in obesity. Methods and Results Sprague Dawley rats were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. In vivo, the potential of Srit1 and FoxO1 in the sympathetic effects of leptin was investigated via siRNA injection to knockdown Sirt1 or FoxO1 gene in the arcuate nucleus (ARCN) of hypothalamus in rats. In vitro, the effects of Sirt1 or FoxO1 on leptin-mediated inflammation were observed in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and microglial cells. Knockdown Sirt1 by siRNA significantly reduced the renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and blood pressure responses to leptin injection in the ARCN in the HFD rats. Conversely, knockdown FoxO1 significantly enhanced the RSNA and blood pressure responses to leptin injection in the HFD rats. Knockdown Sirt1 reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), C1q/TNF-related protein-1 (CTRP1), and immune cell infiltration in the ARCN in the HFD rats. Knockdown FoxO1 significantly increased the level of IL-6 in the ARCN of HFD rats. In cultured hypothalamic POMC and microglial cells, knockdown Sirt1 significantly reduced leptin-induced IL-6 expression, affected the levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (Akt). Knockdown FoxO1 significantly increased leptin-induced IL-6 in both POMC cells and microglial cells. Conclusions These data suggest that both Sirt1 and FoxO1 are the key modulators of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus contributed to the over sympathetic activation and inflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Liu
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota Vermillion SD
| | - Hong Zheng
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota Vermillion SD
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sirtuins, NAD-dependent protein deacetylases, require NAD+ for enzymatic activity. Recent research has indicated that sirtuins have a key role in the regulation of gene expression, the cell cycle, apoptosis, neurodegeneration and several age-related diseases. In mammals, there are seven sirtuin isoforms (SIRT-1-7) that catalyze specific lysine substrate deacetylation. AREAS COVERED This review explains the current information on the structure, function and importance of sirtuin modulators. It also explores the possible therapeutic applications of sirtuin modulators and related small molecules in the context of various diseases. EXPERT OPINION Sirtuin's modulators open a new area of research for targeting pathological conditions. Sirtuin modulators, through their targeted function, may provide a possible tool for the amelioration of various diseases. However, the search of activators/inhibitors for sirtuins needs further research. The structural elucidation of sirtuins will create an understanding for the development of isoform-specific selective modulators. This could be a useful tool to determine the functions of individual sirtuins as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India.,Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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de Lima JBM, Ubah C, Debarba LK, Ayyar I, Didyuk O, Sadagurski M. Hypothalamic GHR-SIRT1 Axis in Fasting. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040891. [PMID: 33919674 PMCID: PMC8069818 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of physiological functions are controlled by the hypothalamus, a brain region that connects the neuroendocrine system to whole-body metabolism. Growth hormone (GH) and the GH receptor (GHR) are expressed in hypothalamic regions known to participate in the regulation of feeding and whole-body energy homeostasis. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is the most conserved mamma-lian nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent protein deacetylase that plays a key role in controlling life span and sensing nutrient availability in the hypothalamus in response to caloric restriction. However, the interaction between GHR signaling and SIRT1 in the hypothal-amus is not established. In the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons and the orexigenic agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons are the major regulators of feeding and energy expenditure. We show that in the ARC, the majority of GHR-expressing neurons also express SIRT1 and respond to fasting by upregulating SIRT1 expression. Accordingly, hypothalamic upregulation of SIRT1 in response to fasting is blunted in animals with GHR deletion in the AgRP neurons (AgRPEYFPΔGHR). Our data thus reveal a novel interaction between GH and SIRT1 in responses to fasting.
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Rasha F, Mims BM, Castro-Piedras I, Barnes BJ, Grisham MB, Rahman RL, Pruitt K. The Versatility of Sirtuin-1 in Endocrinology and Immunology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:589016. [PMID: 33330467 PMCID: PMC7717970 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.589016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins belong to the class III family of NAD-dependent histone deacetylases (HDAC) and are involved in diverse physiological processes that range from regulation of metabolism and endocrine function to coordination of immunity and cellular responses to stress. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is the most well-studied family member and has been shown to be critically involved in epigenetics, immunology, and endocrinology. The versatile roles of SIRT1 include regulation of energy sensing metabolic homeostasis, deacetylation of histone and non-histone proteins in numerous tissues, neuro-endocrine regulation via stimulation of hypothalamus-pituitary axes, synthesis and maintenance of reproductive hormones via steroidogenesis, maintenance of innate and adaptive immune system via regulation of T- and B-cell maturation, chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, SIRT1 is an appealing target in various disease contexts due to the promise of pharmacological and/or natural modulators of SIRT1 activity within the context of endocrine and immune-related disease models. In this review we aim to provide a broad overview on the role of SIRT1 particularly within the context of endocrinology and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Rasha
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Brianyell McDaniel Mims
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Isabel Castro-Piedras
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Betsy J. Barnes
- Laboratory of Autoimmune and Cancer Research, Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Matthew B. Grisham
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Mariani S, Di Giorgio MR, Rossi E, Tozzi R, Contini S, Bauleo L, Cipriani F, Toscano R, Basciani S, Barbaro G, Watanabe M, Valenti A, Cotugno A, Ancona C, Lubrano C, Gnessi L. Blood SIRT1 Shows a Coherent Association with Leptin and Adiponectin in Relation to the Degree and Distribution of Adiposity: A Study in Obesity, Normal Weight and Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113506. [PMID: 33202604 PMCID: PMC7696683 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a sensor of cell energy availability, and with leptin and adiponectin, it regulates metabolic homeostasis. Widely studied in tissues, SIRT1 is under evaluation as a plasmatic marker. We aimed at assessing whether circulating SIRT1 behaves consistently with leptin and adiponectin in conditions of deficiency, excess or normal fat content. Eighty subjects were evaluated: 27 with anorexia nervosa (AN), 26 normal-weight and 27 with obesity. Bloodstream SIRT1, leptin and adiponectin (ELISA), total and trunk fat mass (FM) %, abdominal visceral adipose tissue, liver steatosis and epicardial fat thickness (EFT) were assessed. For each fat store, the coefficient of determination (R2) was used to evaluate the prediction capability of SIRT1, leptin and adiponectin. Plasma SIRT1 and adiponectin coherently decreased with the increase of FM, while the opposite occurred with leptin. Mean levels of each analyte were different between groups (p < 0.005). A significant association between plasma variables and FM depots was observed. SIRT1 showed a good predictive strength for FM, particularly in the obesity group, where the best R2 was recorded for EFT (R2 = 0.7). Blood SIRT1, adiponectin and leptin behave coherently with FM and there is synchrony between them. The association of SIRT1 with FM is substantially superimposable to that of adiponectin and leptin. Given its homeostatic roles, SIRT1 may deserve to be considered as a plasma clinical/biochemical parameter of adiposity and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mariani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; (M.R.D.G.); (E.R.); (S.C.); (F.C.); (R.T.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-499-70509
| | - Maria Rosaria Di Giorgio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; (M.R.D.G.); (E.R.); (S.C.); (F.C.); (R.T.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Erica Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; (M.R.D.G.); (E.R.); (S.C.); (F.C.); (R.T.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Rossella Tozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Savina Contini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; (M.R.D.G.); (E.R.); (S.C.); (F.C.); (R.T.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Lisa Bauleo
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, 00147 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Fiammetta Cipriani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; (M.R.D.G.); (E.R.); (S.C.); (F.C.); (R.T.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Raffaella Toscano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; (M.R.D.G.); (E.R.); (S.C.); (F.C.); (R.T.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Sabrina Basciani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; (M.R.D.G.); (E.R.); (S.C.); (F.C.); (R.T.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Barbaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; (M.R.D.G.); (E.R.); (S.C.); (F.C.); (R.T.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Mikiko Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; (M.R.D.G.); (E.R.); (S.C.); (F.C.); (R.T.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Agostino Valenti
- Internal Medicine, Santo Spirito in Sassia Hospital, 00193 Rome, Italy;
| | - Armando Cotugno
- Department of Mental Health, UOSD eating behavior disorders, Padiglione I, Comprensorio S. Maria della Pietà, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carla Ancona
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, 00147 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Carla Lubrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; (M.R.D.G.); (E.R.); (S.C.); (F.C.); (R.T.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; (M.R.D.G.); (E.R.); (S.C.); (F.C.); (R.T.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (M.W.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
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12
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Nguyen LT, Saad S, Chen H, Pollock CA. Parental SIRT1 Overexpression Attenuate Metabolic Disorders Due to Maternal High-Fat Feeding. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197342. [PMID: 33027895 PMCID: PMC7582993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity can contribute to the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders in progeny. Sirtuin (SIRT)1, an essential regulator of metabolism and stress responses, has recently emerged as an important modifying factor of developmental programming. In this study, to elucidate the effects of parental SIRT1 overexpression on offspring mechanism, four experimental groups were included: (1) Chow-fed wild-type (WT)-dam × Chow-fed WT-sire; (2) High-fat diet (HFD)-fed WT-dam × Chow-fed WT-sire; (3) HFD-fed hemizygous SIRT1-transgenic (Tg)-dam × Chow-fed WT-sire; and (4) HFD-fed WT dam × Chow-fed Tg-sire. Our results indicate that Tg breeders had lower body weight and fat mass compared to WT counterparts and gave birth to WT offspring with reductions in body weight, adiposity and hyperlipidaemia compared to those born of WT parents. Maternal SIRT1 overexpression also reversed glucose intolerance, and normalised abnormal fat morphology and the expression of dysregulated lipid metabolism markers, including SIRT1. Despite having persistent hepatic steatosis, offspring born to Tg parents showed an improved balance of hepatic glucose/lipid metabolic markers, as well as reduced levels of inflammatory markers and TGF-β/Smad3 fibrotic signalling. Collectively, the data suggest that parental SIRT1 overexpression can ameliorate adverse metabolic programming effects by maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long T. Nguyen
- Renal medicine, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sonia Saad
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Carol A. Pollock
- Renal medicine, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia;
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13
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Roh E, Kim MS. Hypothalamic NAD +-Sirtuin Axis: Function and Regulation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E396. [PMID: 32143417 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly expanding elderly population and obesity endemic have become part of continuing global health care problems. The hypothalamus is a critical center for the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism, circadian rhythm, and aging-related physiology. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase sirtuins are referred to as master metabolic regulators that link the cellular energy status to adaptive transcriptional responses. Mounting evidence now indicates that hypothalamic sirtuins are essential for adequate hypothalamic neuronal functions. Owing to the NAD+-dependence of sirtuin activity, adequate hypothalamic NAD+ contents are pivotal for maintaining energy homeostasis and circadian physiology. Here, we comprehensively review the regulatory roles of the hypothalamic neuronal NAD+-sirtuin axis in a normal physiological context and their changes in obesity and the aging process. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of NAD+ biology-targeting drugs in aging/obesity-related metabolic and circadian disorders.
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14
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Shu Q, Chen L, Wu S, Li J, Liu J, Xiao L, Chen R, Liang F. Acupuncture Targeting SIRT1 in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Can Improve Obesity in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Rats with Insulin Resistance via an Anorectic Effect. Obes Facts 2020; 13:40-57. [PMID: 31935731 PMCID: PMC7105640 DOI: 10.1159/000503752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the anorexigenic and anti-obesity effectiveness of electroacupuncture (EA) on high-fat-diet-induced (HFDI) obese rats with insulin resistance (IR) and to reveal the possible mechanisms of EA affecting SIRT1 (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1) in the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS We divided 60 rats into 6 groups. All interventions, including EA and intracerebroventricular administration, were performed after 8 weeks of model establishment. We tested obesity phenotypes like body weight (BW) gain; food intake; and IR levels including glucose infusion rate, intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT), and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) during treatment. We detected protein expression and microscopic locations in hypothalamic SIRT1, the transcription factor FOXO1 (forkhead box protein O1), acetylated FOXO1 (Ac-FOXO1), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) via Western blotting and immunofluorescence, and monitored gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Like the SIRT1 agonist, EA suppressed BW gain and IR levels in obese rats, but this was only partially blocked by the SIRT1 antagonist. EA could upregulate protein expression of hypothalamic SIRT1 and downregulate the acetylation level of FOXO1 in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), which decreased gene expression of NPY and increased that of POMC. The agonist targeted the hypothalamic SIRT1 gene, unlike EA, which targeted posttranscriptional regulation. CONCLUSION EA could improve obesity in HFDI rats with IR via its anorectic effect. This effect targeted posttranscriptional regulation of the SIRT1 gene, which induced upregulation of ARC FOXO1 deacetylation and mediated the gene expression of POMC and NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Wu
- College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengxia Liang
- College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan, China
- *Fengxia Liang, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Tanhualin, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430061 (China), E-Mail , Rui Chen, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430022 (China), E-Mail
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15
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Naderi F, Míguez JM, Soengas JL, López-Patiño MA. SIRT1 mediates the effect of stress on hypothalamic clock genes and food intake regulators in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 235:102-111. [PMID: 31152913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stress negatively affects a wide range of physiological and behavioural functions (circadian physiology and food intake, among others), thus compromising animal welfare. Cortisol mediates the effect of stress on food intake, but other mediators (such as sirtuins) may participate in that related to circadian physiology. We evaluated 1) the effect of stress on the day-night variation of hypothalamic clock genes and food intake regulators, 2) changes of mRNA abundance in cortisol biosynthesis at the head kidney, and 3) changes of glucocorticoid receptors in both tissues of rainbow trout, together with the involvement of SIRT1 in such effect. Trout receiving or not SIRT1 inhibitor (EX527) and subjected or not to stress by high stocking density (72 h), were sampled at day- (ZT10) and night-time (ZT18). Our results indicate that SIRT1 mediates the effect of stress on mRNA abundance of clock genes in trout hypothalamus, but it also influences those changes occurring on food intake-related peptides. High stocking density inhibits clock genes expression, but enhances that of food intake-related peptides. EX527 treatment prevents stress-related changes observed in clock genes, thus evidencing a key role played by SIRT1 in mediating this effect on trout circadian oscillators. On the other hand, EX527 treatment partially prevents changes of food intake-related peptides, indicating that an interaction between SIRT1 and other mediators (such as cortisol) exists during response to stress. In support of that, our results reveal that SIRT1 influences cortisol biosynthesis during stress. Whatever the case is, further research will help understanding the underlying mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Naderi
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Marcos A López-Patiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Spain.
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16
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Ha E, Kang JY, Park KS, Seo YK, Ha TK. Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Surgery Stimulates the Expressions of Hepatic Sirtuin1 and 3 and Hypothalamic Sirtuin1. J Obes Metab Syndr 2019; 27:248-253. [PMID: 31089570 PMCID: PMC6513307 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2018.27.4.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sirtuins mediate metabolic responses to nutrient availability and slow aging and accompanying decline in health. This study was designed to assess the expressions of sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and sirtuin3 (SIRT3) in the liver and hypothalamus after duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery in rats. Methods A total of 38 rats were randomly assigned to either sham group (n=8) or DJB group (n=30). DJB group was again divided into three groups according to the elapsed time after surgery (10 weeks, DJB10; 16 week, DJB16; 28 week, DJB28). The mRNA and protein expressions of SIRT1 and SIRT3 in the liver and hypothalamus were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analyses. NAD+/NADH ratio was also measured. Results We found increased mRNA and protein expression levels of SIRT1 in the liver of DJB16 and DJB28 groups compared with those of sham group. The mRNA and protein expressions of SIRT3 in the liver of DJB group increased proportionally to the elapsed time after DJB surgery. The mRNA expression levels of SIRT1 in the hypothalamus increased in DJB16 and DJB28 groups and protein expression levels of SIRT1 in the hypothalamus increased in DJB10, DBJ16, and DJB28 groups compared with sham group. We observed that mRNA and protein levels of SIRT3 in the hypothalamus of DJB group were not changed. Conclusion This study proves that DJB increases SIRT1 and SIRT3 expressions in the liver and SIRT1 expression in the hypothalamus. These results suggest the possibility of sirtuins being involved in bypass surgery-induced metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jong Yeon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youn Kyoung Seo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Ha
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Rubovitch V, Pharayra A, Har-Even M, Dvir O, Mattson MP, Pick CG. Dietary Energy Restriction Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:613-621. [PMID: 30734244 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of neurological damage in young people. It was previously reported that dietary restriction, by either intermittent fasting (IF) or daily caloric restriction (CR), could protect neurons against dysfunction and degeneration in animal models of stroke and Parkinson's disease. Recently, several studies have shown that the protein Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) plays a significant role in the induced neuroprotection following dietary restriction. In the present study, we found a significant reduction of SIRT1 levels in the cortex and hippocampus in a mouse model of mild weight-drop closed head TBI. This reduction was prevented in mice maintained on IF (alternate day fasting) and CR initiated after the head trauma. Hippocampus-dependent learning and memory (measured using a novel object recognition test) was impaired 30 days post-injury in mice fed ad libitum, but not in mice in the IF and CR groups. These results suggest a clinical potential for IF and/or CR as an intervention to reduce brain damage and improve functional outcome in TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rubovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - A Pharayra
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - M Har-Even
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - O Dvir
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - M P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Chair and Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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18
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Chen Y, Cheng M, Su T, Gao T, Yu W. Constant light exposure aggravates POMC-mediated muscle wasting associated with hypothalamic alteration of circadian clock and SIRT1 in endotoxemia rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:811-817. [PMID: 30528733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Constant light exposure is widespread in the intensive care unit (ICU) and could increase the rate of brain dysfunction as delirium and sleep disorders in critical patients. And the activation of hypothalamic neuropeptides is proved to play a crucial role in regulating hypercatabolism, especially skeletal muscle wasting in critical patients, which could lead to serious complications and poor prognosis. Here we investigated the hypothesis that constant light exposure could aggravate skeletal muscle wasting in endotoxemia rats and whether it was associated with alterations of circadian clock and hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin(POMC) expression. Fifty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) or saline, subjected to constant light or a 12:12 h light-dark cycle for 7 days. On day 8, rats were sacrificed across six time points in 24 h and hypothalamus tissues and skeletal muscle were obtained. Rates of muscle wasting were measured by 3-methylhistidine(3-MH) and tyrosine release as well as expression of two muscle atrophic genes, muscle ring finger 1(MuRF-1) and muscle atrophy F-box(MAFbx). The expression of circadian clock genes, silent information regulator 1(SIRT1), POMC and hypothalamic inflammatory cytokines were also detected. Results showed that LPS administration significantly increased hypothalamic POMC expression, inflammatory cytokine levels and muscle wasting rates. Meanwhile constant light exposure disrupted the circadian rhythm, declined the expression of SIRT1 as well as aggravated hypothalamic POMC overexpression and skeletal muscle wasting in rats with endotoxemia. Taken together, the results demonstrated that constant light exposure could aggravate POMC-mediated skeletal muscle wasting in endotoxemia rats, which is associated with alteration of circadian clocks and SIRT1 in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Minhua Cheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Tao Gao
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
| | - Wenkui Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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19
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Xu J, Jackson CW, Khoury N, Escobar I, Perez-Pinzon MA. Brain SIRT1 Mediates Metabolic Homeostasis and Neuroprotection. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:702. [PMID: 30532738 PMCID: PMC6265504 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are evolutionarily conserved proteins that use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a co-substrate in their enzymatic reactions. There are seven proteins (SIRT1-7) in the human sirtuin family, among which SIRT1 is the most conserved and characterized. SIRT1 in the brain, in particular, within the hypothalamus, plays crucial roles in regulating systemic energy homeostasis and circadian rhythm. Apart from this, SIRT1 has also been found to mediate beneficial effects in neurological diseases. In this review, we will first summarize how SIRT1 in the brain relates to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and circadian synchronization, and then we discuss the neuroprotective roles of brain SIRT1 in the context of cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Charlie W. Jackson
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nathalie Khoury
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Iris Escobar
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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20
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Matsui S, Sasaki T, Kohno D, Yaku K, Inutsuka A, Yokota-Hashimoto H, Kikuchi O, Suga T, Kobayashi M, Yamanaka A, Harada A, Nakagawa T, Onaka T, Kitamura T. Neuronal SIRT1 regulates macronutrient-based diet selection through FGF21 and oxytocin signalling in mice. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4604. [PMID: 30389922 PMCID: PMC6214990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet affects health through ingested calories and macronutrients, and macronutrient balance affects health span. The mechanisms regulating macronutrient-based diet choices are poorly understood. Previous studies had shown that NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in part influences the health-promoting effects of caloric restriction by boosting fat use in peripheral tissues. Here, we show that neuronal SIRT1 shifts diet choice from sucrose to fat in mice, matching the peripheral metabolic shift. SIRT1-mediated suppression of simple sugar preference requires oxytocin signalling, and SIRT1 in oxytocin neurons drives this effect. The hepatokine FGF21 acts as an endocrine signal to oxytocin neurons, promoting neuronal activation and Oxt transcription and suppressing the simple sugar preference. SIRT1 promotes FGF21 signalling in oxytocin neurons and stimulates Oxt transcription through NRF2. Thus, neuronal SIRT1 contributes to the homeostatic regulation of macronutrient-based diet selection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Matsui
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kohno
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
- Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yaku
- Frontier Research Core for Life Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ayumu Inutsuka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furocho, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yokota-Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Osamu Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suga
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furocho, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Frontier Research Core for Life Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Onaka
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
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Nguyen LT, Chen H, Zaky A, Pollock C, Saad S. SIRT1 overexpression attenuates offspring metabolic and liver disorders as a result of maternal high-fat feeding. J Physiol 2018; 597:467-480. [PMID: 30381838 DOI: 10.1113/jp276957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Maternal high-fat diet (MHF) consumption led to metabolic and liver disorders in male offspring, which are associated with reduced sirtuin (SIRT)1 expression and activity in the offspring liver SIRT1 overexpression in MHF offspring reduced their body weight and adiposity and normalized lipid metabolic markers in epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissues SIRT1 overexpression in MHF offspring improved glucose tolerance, as well as systemic and hepatic insulin sensitivity SIRT1 overexpression ameliorated MHF-induced lipogenesis, oxidative stress and fibrogenesis in the liver of offspring. ABSTRACT Maternal obesity can increase the risk of metabolic disorders in the offspring. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for this is not clearly understood. Previous evidence implied that sirtuin (SIRT)1, a potent regulator of energy metabolism and stress responses, may play an important role. In the present study, we have shown, in C57BL/6 mice, that maternal high-fat diet (HFD) consumption can induce a pre-diabetic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease phenotype in the offspring, associated with reduced SIRT1 expression in the hypothalamus, white adipose tissues (WAT) and liver. Importantly, the overexpression of SIRT1 in these offspring significantly attenuated the excessive accumulation of epididymal (Epi) white adipose tissue (WAT) and retroperitoneal (Rp)WAT (P < 0.001), glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (both P < 0.05) at weaning age. These changes were associated with the suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR)γ (P < 0.01), PPARγ-coactivator 1-alpha (P < 0.05) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c in EpiWAT (P < 0.01), whereas there was increased expression of PPARγ in RpWAT (P < 0.05). In the liver, PPARγ mRNA expression, as well as Akt protein expression and activity, were increased (P < 0.05), whereas fatty acid synthase and carbohydrate response element binding protein were downregulated (P < 0.05), supporting increased insulin sensitivity and reduced lipogenesis in the liver. In addition, hepatic expression of endogenous anti-oxidants, including glutathione peroxidase 1 and catalase, was increased (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively), whereas collagen and fibronectin deposition was suppressed (P < 0.01). Collectively, the present study provides direct evidence of the mechanistic significance of SIRT1 in maternal HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction in offspring and suggests that SIRT1 is a promising target for fetal reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long T Nguyen
- Renal medicine, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amgad Zaky
- Renal medicine, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol Pollock
- Renal medicine, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal medicine, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Abstract
Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is a mammalian homolog of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase sirtuin family. Sirtuin was originally studied as the lifespan-extending gene, silent information regulator 2 (SIRT2) in budding yeast. There are seven mammalian homologs of sirtuin (SIRT1–7), and SIRT1 is the closest homolog to SIRT2. SIRT1 modulates various key targets via deacetylation. In addition to histones, these targets include transcription factors, such as forkhead box O (FOXO), Ku70, p53, NF-κB, PPAR-gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). SIRT1 has many biological functions, including aging, cell survival, differentiation, and metabolism. Genetic and physiological analyses in animal models have shown beneficial roles for SIRT1 in the brain during both development and adulthood. Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that SIRT1 regulates the cellular fate of neural progenitors, axon elongation, dendritic branching, synaptic plasticity, and endocrine function. In addition to its importance in physiological processes, SIRT1 has also been implicated in protection of neurons from degeneration in models of neurological diseases, such as traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, we focus on the role of SIRT1 in the neuroendocrine system and neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the potential therapeutic implications of targeting the sirtuin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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23
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Welcome MO, Mastorakis NE. Emerging Concepts in Brain Glucose Metabolic Functions: From Glucose Sensing to How the Sweet Taste of Glucose Regulates Its Own Metabolism in Astrocytes and Neurons. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:281-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Sasaki T, Numano R, Yokota-Hashimoto H, Matsui S, Kimura N, Takeuchi H, Kitamura T. A central-acting connexin inhibitor, INI-0602, prevents high-fat diet-induced feeding pattern disturbances and obesity in mice. Mol Brain 2018; 11:28. [PMID: 29793524 PMCID: PMC5968494 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) causes obesity by promoting excessive energy intake, and simultaneously, by disturbing the timing of energy intake. Restoring the feeding pattern is sufficient to prevent HFD-induced obesity in mice. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying HFD-induced feeding pattern disturbances remain elusive. Saturated fatty acids activate microglia and cause hypothalamic inflammation. Activated microglia cause neuroinflammation, which spreads via inflammatory cytokines and gap-junction hemichannels. However, the role of gap-junction hemichannels in HFD-induced obesity remains unaddressed. We used a novel, central-acting connexin inhibitor, INI-0602, which has high affinity for gap junction hemichannels and does not affect the induction of inflammatory cytokines. We analyzed ad libitum feeding behavior and locomotor activity in mice that were fed normal chow (NC), a HFD with elevated saturated fatty acids (SFAs), or a HFD with very high SFAs. We found that HFD feeding induced acute hyperphagia, mainly during the light cycle. Feeding pattern disturbances were more pronounced in mice that consumed the HFD with very high SFAs than in mice that consumed the HFD with elevated SFAs. When INI-0602 was administered before the HFD was introduced, it blocked the feeding pattern disturbance, but not locomotor activity disturbances; moreover, it prevented subsequent diet-induced obesity. However, when INI-0602 was administered after the HFD had disturbed the feeding pattern, it failed to restore the normal feeding pattern. Therefore, we propose that SFAs in HFDs played a major role in disrupting feeding patterns in mice. Moreover, the feeding pattern disturbance required the function of central, gap junction hemichannels at the initiation of a HFD. However, altering hemichannel function after the feeding pattern disturbance was established had no effect. Thus, preventing the occurrence of a feeding pattern disturbance by blocking the hemichannel pathway was associated with the prevention of the HFD-induced obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
| | - Rika Numano
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan.,Electronics-Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yokota-Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Sho Matsui
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Naobumi Kimura
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
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25
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Song J, Yang B, Jia X, Li M, Tan W, Ma S, Shi X, Feng L. Distinctive Roles of Sirtuins on Diabetes, Protective or Detrimental? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:724. [PMID: 30559718 PMCID: PMC6284472 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of metabolic pathways leads to type 2 diabetes, characteristic of high glucose concentration caused by insulin resistance. The histone deacetylases sirtuins exhibit remarkable enzymatic activities. Accumulating evidence indicates that sirtuins can be pharmacologically activated to ameliorate diabetes. Here, we evaluated different roles of sirtuins (SIRT1-SIRT7) in diabetes progression and described their involvement in metabolic pathways of skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver. The nuclear sirtuins, SIRT1, SIRT6, and SIRT7, regulate the activity of key transcription factors and cofactors in almost all tissues with the cellular responses to energy demands. The mitochondrial sirtuins, SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5, regulate the activity of mitochondrial enzymes in response to fasting and calorie restriction. Moreover, genetic polymorphisms of SIRT1 and SIRT2 have been reported to associate with diabetes development. It's worth noting that SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, and SIRT6 are positive regulators of insulin resistance in most cases. In the opposite, SIRT4 and SIRT7 inhibit insulin secretion and fatty acid oxidation. Identification of SIRT1 activators for diabetes has gained wide attention, such as metformin, resveratrol, and resveratrol derivatives. Randomized, prospective, and large-scale clinical trials are warrant to uncover the responsibilities of SIRTs modulators on diabetes progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shitang Ma
- Life and Health college, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Xinhong Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Feng
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26
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Sasaki T. Neural and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Controlling the Quality of Feeding Behavior: Diet Selection and Feeding Patterns. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101151. [PMID: 29053636 PMCID: PMC5691767 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We are what we eat. There are three aspects of feeding: what, when, and how much. These aspects represent the quantity (how much) and quality (what and when) of feeding. The quantitative aspect of feeding has been studied extensively, because weight is primarily determined by the balance between caloric intake and expenditure. In contrast, less is known about the mechanisms that regulate the qualitative aspects of feeding, although they also significantly impact the control of weight and health. However, two aspects of feeding quality relevant to weight loss and weight regain are discussed in this review: macronutrient-based diet selection (what) and feeding pattern (when). This review covers the importance of these two factors in controlling weight and health, and the central mechanisms that regulate them. The relatively limited and fragmented knowledge on these topics indicates that we lack an integrated understanding of the qualitative aspects of feeding behavior. To promote better understanding of weight control, research efforts must focus more on the mechanisms that control the quality and quantity of feeding behavior. This understanding will contribute to improving dietary interventions for achieving weight control and for preventing weight regain following weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory for Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.
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27
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Dodd GT, Andrews ZB, Simonds SE, Michael NJ, DeVeer M, Brüning JC, Spanswick D, Cowley MA, Tiganis T. A Hypothalamic Phosphatase Switch Coordinates Energy Expenditure with Feeding. Cell Metab 2017; 26:375-393.e7. [PMID: 28768176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Beige adipocytes can interconvert between white and brown-like states and switch between energy storage versus expenditure. Here we report that beige adipocyte plasticity is important for feeding-associated changes in energy expenditure and is coordinated by the hypothalamus and the phosphatase TCPTP. A fasting-induced and glucocorticoid-mediated induction of TCPTP, inhibited insulin signaling in AgRP/NPY neurons, repressed the browning of white fat and decreased energy expenditure. Conversely feeding reduced hypothalamic TCPTP, to increase AgRP/NPY neuronal insulin signaling, white adipose tissue browning and energy expenditure. The feeding-induced repression of hypothalamic TCPTP was defective in obesity. Mice lacking TCPTP in AgRP/NPY neurons were resistant to diet-induced obesity and had increased beige fat activity and energy expenditure. The deletion of hypothalamic TCPTP in obesity restored feeding-induced browning and increased energy expenditure to promote weight loss. Our studies define a hypothalamic switch that coordinates energy expenditure with feeding for the maintenance of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garron T Dodd
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stephanie E Simonds
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Natalie J Michael
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael DeVeer
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Plank Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Str. 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; National Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Land Str. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David Spanswick
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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28
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Sasanuma H, Nakata M, Parmila K, Nakae J, Yada T. PDK1-FoxO1 pathway in AgRP neurons of arcuate nucleus promotes bone formation via GHRH-GH-IGF1 axis. Mol Metab 2017; 6:428-439. [PMID: 28462077 PMCID: PMC5404105 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), orexigenic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons regulate feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, functions connected to bone metabolism. The 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) serves as a major signaling molecule particularly for leptin and insulin in AgRP neurons. We asked whether PDK1 in AGRP neurons also contributes to bone metabolism. Methods We generated AgRP neuron-specific PDK1 knockout (Agrp Pdk1−/−) mice and those with additional AgRP neuron-specific expression of transactivation-defective FoxO1 (Agrp Pdk1−/−Δ256Foxo1). Bone metabolism in KO and WT mice was analyzed by quantitative computed tomography (QCT), bone histomorphometry, measurement of plasma biomarkers, and qPCR analysis of peptides. Results In Agrp Pdk1−/− female mice aged 6 weeks, compared with Agrp Cre mice, both stature and femur length were shorter while body weight was unchanged. Cortical bone mineral density (BMD) and cancellous BMD in the femur decreased, and bone formation was delayed. Furthermore, plasma GH and IGF-1 levels were reduced in parallel with decreased mRNA expressions for GH in pituitary and GHRH in ARC. Osteoblast activity was suppressed and osteoclast activity was enhanced. These changes in stature, BMD and GH level were rescued in Agrp Pdk1−/−Δ256Foxo1 mice, suggesting that the bone abnormalities and impaired GH release were mediated by enhanced Foxo1 due to deletion of PDK1. Conclusions This study reveals a novel role of PDK1-Foxo1 pathway of AgRP neurons in controlling bone metabolism primarily via GHRH-GH-IGF-1 axis. Agrp neuron-selective Pdk1 knockout mice exhibit short stature, shortened limbs and decreased bone density in both cortical and cancellous bones. In Agrp Pdk1 knockout mice, GHRH-GH-IGF1 axis was markedly down-regulated. Retarded bone growth and reduced GH in Agrp Pdk1 knockout mice were rescued by additional expression of dominant negative FoxO1 in AgRP neurons. Pdk1-FoxO1 signaling in AgRP neurons is linked to regulation of GHRH-GH-IGF1 axis and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Sasanuma
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Tochigi, Shimotsuke, 329-0498, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Tochigi, Shimotsuke, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakata
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Tochigi, Shimotsuke, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Kumari Parmila
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Tochigi, Shimotsuke, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Jun Nakae
- Frontier Medicine on Metabolic Syndrome, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Tochigi, Shimotsuke, 329-0498, Japan.
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29
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Nillni EA. The metabolic sensor Sirt1 and the hypothalamus: Interplay between peptide hormones and pro-hormone convertases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 438:77-88. [PMID: 27614022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The last decade had witnessed a tremendous progress in our understanding of the causes of metabolic diseases including obesity. Among the contributing factors regulating energy balance are nutrient sensors such as sirtuins. Sirtuin1 (Sirt1), a NAD + - dependent deacetylase is affected by diet, environmental stress, and also plays a critical role in metabolic health by deacetylating proteins in many tissues, including liver, muscle, adipose tissue, heart, endothelium, and in the complexity of the hypothalamus. Because of its dependence on NAD+, Sirt1 also functions as a nutrient/redox sensor, and new novel data show a function of this enzyme in the maturation of hypothalamic peptide hormones controlling energy balance either through regulation of specific nuclear transcription factors or by regulating specific pro-hormone convertases (PCs) involved in the post-translational processing of pro-hormones. The post-translational processing mechanism of pro-hormones is critical in the pathogenesis of obesity as recently shown that metabolic and physiological triggers affect the biosynthesis and processing of many peptides hormones. Specific regulation of pro-hormone processing is likely another key step where final amounts of bioactive peptides can be tightly regulated. Different factors stimulate or inhibit pro-hormones biosynthesis in concert with an increase in the PCs involved in the maturation of bioactive hormones. Adding more complexity to the system, the new studies describe here suggest that Sirt1 could also regulate the fate of peptide hormone biosynthesis. The present review summarizes the recent progress in hypothalamic SIRT1 research with a particular emphasis on the tissue-specific control of neuropeptide hormone maturation. The series of studies done in mouse and rat models strongly advocate for the first time that a deacetylating enzyme could be a regulator in the maturation of peptide hormones and their processing enzymes. These discoveries are the culmination of the first in-depth understanding of the metabolic role of Sirt1 in the brain. It suggests that Sirt1 behaves differently in the brain than in organs such as the liver and pancreas, where the enzyme has been more commonly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Nillni
- The Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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30
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Abe-Higuchi N, Uchida S, Yamagata H, Higuchi F, Hobara T, Hara K, Kobayashi A, Watanabe Y. Hippocampal Sirtuin 1 Signaling Mediates Depression-like Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:815-26. [PMID: 27016384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Recent evidence has suggested that sirtuins (SIRTs) play a key role in cognition and synaptic plasticity, yet their role in mood regulation remains controversial. Here, we aimed to investigate whether SIRT function is associated with chronic stress-elicited depression-like behaviors and neuronal atrophy. METHODS We measured SIRT expression and activity in a mouse model of depression. We injected mice with a SIRT1 activator or inhibitor and measured their depression-like behaviors and dendritic spine morphology. To assess the role of SIRT1 directly, we used a viral-mediated gene transfer to overexpress the wild-type SIRT1 or dominant negative SIRT1 and evaluated their depression-like behaviors. Finally, we examined the role of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2, a potential downstream target of SIRT1, in depression-like behavior. RESULTS We found that chronic stress reduced SIRT1 activity in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of hippocampal SIRT1 function led to an increase in depression-like behaviors. Conversely, SIRT1 activation blocked both the development of depression-related phenotypes and aberrant dendritic structures elicited by chronic stress exposure. Furthermore, hippocampal SIRT1 activation increased the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 in the stressed condition, and viral-mediated activation and inhibition of hippocampal extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 led to antidepressive and prodepressive behaviors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the hippocampal SIRT1 pathway contributes to the chronic stress-elicited depression-related phenotype and aberrant dendritic atrophy.
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31
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Jęśko H, Wencel P, Strosznajder RP, Strosznajder JB. Sirtuins and Their Roles in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:876-890. [PMID: 27882448 PMCID: PMC5357501 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRT1-SIRT7) are unique histone deacetylases (HDACs) whose activity depends on NAD+ levels and thus on the cellular metabolic status. SIRTs regulate energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. They orchestrate the stress response and damage repair. Through these functions sirtuins modulate the course of aging and affect neurodegenerative diseases. SIRTSs interact with multiple signaling proteins, transcription factors (TFs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) another class of NAD+-dependent post-translational protein modifiers. The cross-talk between SIRTs TFs and PARPs is a highly promising research target in a number of brain pathologies. This review describes updated results on sirtuins in brain aging/neurodegeneration. It focuses on SIRT1 but also on the roles of mitochondrial SIRTs (SIRT3, 4, 5) and on SIRT6 and SIRT2 localized in the nucleus and in cytosol, respectively. The involvement of SIRTs in regulation of insulin-like growth factor signaling in the brain during aging and in Alzheimer's disease was also focused. Moreover, we analyze the mechanism(s) and potential significance of interactions between SIRTs and several TFs in the regulation of cell survival and death. A critical view is given on the application of SIRT activators/modulators in therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego st., 02106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Wencel
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego st., 02106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert P Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego st., 02106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego st., 02106, Warsaw, Poland
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Kohno D, Koike M, Ninomiya Y, Kojima I, Kitamura T, Yada T. Sweet Taste Receptor Serves to Activate Glucose- and Leptin-Responsive Neurons in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus and Participates in Glucose Responsiveness. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:502. [PMID: 27877104 PMCID: PMC5099526 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic feeding center plays an important role in energy homeostasis. In the feeding center, whole-body energy signals including hormones and nutrients are sensed, processed, and integrated. As a result, food intake and energy expenditure are regulated. Two types of glucose-sensing neurons exist in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC): glucose-excited neurons and glucose-inhibited neurons. While some molecules are known to be related to glucose sensing in the hypothalamus, the mechanisms underlying glucose sensing in the hypothalamus are not fully understood. The sweet taste receptor is a heterodimer of taste type 1 receptor 2 (T1R2) and taste type 1 receptor 3 (T1R3) and senses sweet tastes. T1R2 and T1R3 are distributed in multiple organs including the tongue, pancreas, adipose tissue, and hypothalamus. However, the role of sweet taste receptors in the ARC remains to be clarified. To examine the role of sweet taste receptors in the ARC, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in isolated single ARC neurons were measured using Fura-2 fluorescent imaging. An artificial sweetener, sucralose at 10−5–10−2 M dose dependently increased [Ca2+]i in 12–16% of ARC neurons. The sucralose-induced [Ca2+]i increase was suppressed by a sweet taste receptor inhibitor, gurmarin. The sucralose-induced [Ca2+]i increase was inhibited under an extracellular Ca2+-free condition and in the presence of an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, nitrendipine. Sucralose-responding neurons were activated by high-concentration of glucose. This response to glucose was markedly suppressed by gurmarin. More than half of sucralose-responding neurons were activated by leptin but not ghrelin. Percentages of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons among sucralose-responding neurons and sweet taste receptor expressing neurons were low, suggesting that majority of sucralose-responding neurons are non-POMC neurons. These data suggest that sweet taste receptor-mediated cellular activation mainly occurs on non-POMC leptin-responding neurons and contributes to glucose responding. Endogenous sweet molecules including glucose may regulate energy homeostasis through sweet taste receptors on glucose-and leptin-responsive neurons in the ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kohno
- Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan; Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan
| | - Miho Koike
- Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan; Monell Chemical Senses CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Itaru Kojima
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke, Japan
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Delle Monache S, Calgani A, Sanità P, Zazzeroni F, Gentile Warschauer E, Giuliani A, Amicucci G, Angelucci A. Adipose-derived stem cells sustain prolonged angiogenesis through leptin secretion. Growth Factors 2016; 34:87-96. [PMID: 27362575 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2016.1191481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) play a role in tissue remodeling through the release of cytokines and growth factors. We compared the secreted cytokine profile of hypoxia-conditioned ASCs (hASCs) with normoxic ASCs (nASCs) and we analyzed the effect of ASCs conditioned medium (CM) on endothelial cells. We found that hypoxia induced a transient upregulation of VEGF in ASCs and a notable and enduring upregulation of leptin mRNA expression 30-fold greater than control after 24 h and up to 60-fold greater than control at day 7. CM from hASC stimulated EC tube formation to a significantly greater extent than CM from nASC. This might be due to leptin-secreted factor. Indeed, exogenous leptin stimulated the expression of HIF2-α, but not HIF1-α, and upregulated the expression of Flt-1 and Tie-1 proangiogenic receptors. In conclusion, hASCs may be particularly efficient in sustaining angiogenesis through the release of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Calgani
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences and
| | - Patrizia Sanità
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences and
| | | | - Emilio Gentile Warschauer
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences and
- b Division of Surgery , University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - Antonio Giuliani
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences and
- b Division of Surgery , University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - Gianfranco Amicucci
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences and
- b Division of Surgery , University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
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Desai M, Han G, Ross MG. Programmed hyperphagia in offspring of obese dams: Altered expression of hypothalamic nutrient sensors, neurogenic factors and epigenetic modulators. Appetite 2016; 99:193-199. [PMID: 26785315 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal overnutrition results in programmed offspring obesity, mediated in part, by hyperphagia. This is remarkably similar to the effects of maternal undernutrition on offspring hyperphagia and obesity. In view of the marked differences in the energy environment of the over and under-nutrition exposures, we studied the expression of select epigenetic modifiers associated with energy imbalance including neurogenic factors and appetite/satiety neuropeptides which are indicative of neurogenic differentiation. HF offspring were exposed to maternal overnutrition (high fat diet; HF) during pregnancy and lactation. We determined the protein expression of energy sensors (mTOR, pAMPK), epigenetic factors (DNA methylase, DNMT1; histone deacetylase, SIRT1/HDAC1), neurogenic factors (Hes1, Mash1, Ngn3) and appetite/satiety neuropeptides (AgRP/POMC) in newborn hypothalamus and adult arcuate nucleus (ARC). Despite maternal obesity, male offspring born to obese dams had similar body weight at birth as Controls. However, when nursed by the same dams, male offspring of obese dams exhibited marked adiposity. At 1 day of age, HF newborn males had significantly decreased energy sensors, DNMT1 including Hes1 and Mash1, which may impact neuroprogenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. This is consistent with increased AgRP in HF newborns. At 6 months of age, HF adult males had significantly increased energy sensors and decreased histone deactylases. In addition, the persistent decreased Hes1, Mash1 as well as Ngn3 are consistent with increased AgRP and decreased POMC. Thus, altered energy sensors and epigenetic responses which modulate gene expression and adult neuronal differentiation may contribute to hyperphagia and obesity in HF male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Desai
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Guang Han
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Michael G Ross
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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Toorie AM, Cyr NE, Steger JS, Beckman R, Farah G, Nillni EA. The Nutrient and Energy Sensor Sirt1 Regulates the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis by Altering the Production of the Prohormone Convertase 2 (PC2) Essential in the Maturation of Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH) from Its Prohormone in Male Rats. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5844-5859. [PMID: 26755731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.675264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of hypothalamic neuropeptides and hormones in energy balance is paramount in the search for approaches to mitigate the obese state. Increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity leads to increased levels of glucocorticoids (GC) that are known to regulate body weight. The axis initiates the production and release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Levels of active CRH peptide are dependent on the processing of its precursor pro-CRH by the action of two members of the family of prohormone convertases 1 and 2 (PC1 and PC2). Here, we propose that the nutrient sensor sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) regulates the production of CRH post-translationally by affecting PC2. Data suggest that Sirt1 may alter the preproPC2 gene directly or via deacetylation of the transcription factor Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1). Data also suggest that Sirt1 may alter PC2 via a post-translational mechanism. Our results show that Sirt1 levels in the PVN increase in rats fed a high fat diet for 12 weeks. Furthermore, elevated Sirt1 increased PC2 levels, which in turn increased the production of active CRH and GC. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence supporting the hypothesis that PVN Sirt1 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and basal GC levels by enhancing the production of CRH through an increase in the biosynthesis of PC2, which is essential in the maturation of CRH from its prohormone, pro-CRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika M Toorie
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903,; the Graduate Program in Pathobiology and
| | - Nicole E Cyr
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903,; the Biology Department and Neuroscience Program, Stonehill College, Easton, Massachusetts 02357
| | - Jennifer S Steger
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Ross Beckman
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - George Farah
- the Biology Department and Neuroscience Program, Stonehill College, Easton, Massachusetts 02357
| | - Eduardo A Nillni
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903,; Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, and.
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Nguyen LT, Chen H, Pollock CA, Saad S. Sirtuins-mediators of maternal obesity-induced complications in offspring? FASEB J 2015; 30:1383-90. [PMID: 26667041 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-280743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex metabolic disease, attributed to diverse and interactive genetic and environmental factors. The associated health consequences of obesity are pleiotropic, with individuals being more susceptible to chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and lipotoxicity-related chronic diseases. The contribution of maternal obesity to the offspring's predisposition to both obesity and its complications is increasingly recognized. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these "transmissible" effects is critical to develop therapeutic interventions to reduce the risk for "programmed" obesity. Sirtuins (SIRTs), particularly SIRT1 and SIRT3, are NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases that regulate metabolic balance and stress responses in both central and peripheral tissues, of which dysregulation is a well-established mediator for the development and effects of obesity. Nevertheless, their implication in the transmissible effects of maternal obesity across generations remains largely elusive. In this review, we examine multiple pathways and systems that are likely to mediate such effects, with particular emphasis on the role of SIRTs.-Nguyen, L. T., Chen, H., Pollock, C. A., Saad, S. Sirtuins-mediators of maternal obesity-induced complications in offspring?
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Affiliation(s)
- Long T Nguyen
- *Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- *Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- *Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- *Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Milbank E, Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Extracellular vesicles: Pharmacological modulators of the peripheral and central signals governing obesity. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:65-83. [PMID: 26617220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its metabolic resultant dysfunctions such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, grouped as the "metabolic syndrome", are chronic inflammatory disorders that represent one of the most severe epidemic health problems. The imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, leading to an excess of body fat and an increase of cardiovascular and diabetes risks, is regulated by the interaction between central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral signals in order to regulate behavior and finally, the metabolism of peripheral organs. At present, pharmacological treatment of obesity comprises actions in both CNS and peripheral organs. In the last decades, the extracellular vesicles have emerged as participants in many pathophysiological regulation processes. Whether used as biomarkers, targets or even tools, extracellular vesicles provided some promising effects in the treatment of a large variety of diseases. Extracellular vesicles are released by cells from the plasma membrane (microvesicles) or from multivesicular bodies (exosomes) and contain lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, such as DNA, protein coding, and non-coding RNAs. Owing to their composition, extracellular vesicles can (i) activate receptors at the target cell and then, the subsequent intracellular pathway associated to the specific receptor; (ii) transfer molecules to the target cells and thereby change their phenotype and (iii) be used as shuttle of drugs and, thus, to carry specific molecules towards specific cells. Herein, we review the impact of extracellular vesicles in modulating the central and peripheral signals governing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Milbank
- INSERM UMR1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - M Carmen Martinez
- INSERM UMR1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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Sasaki T, Kinoshita Y, Matsui S, Kakuta S, Yokota-Hashimoto H, Kinoshita K, Iwasaki Y, Kinoshita T, Yada T, Amano N, Kitamura T. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor coagonist d-serine suppresses intake of high-preference food. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R561-75. [PMID: 26157056 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00083.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
d-Serine is abundant in the forebrain and physiologically important for modulating excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission as a coagonist of synaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. NMDA signaling has been implicated in the control of food intake. However, the role of d-serine on appetite regulation is unknown. To clarify the effects of d-serine on appetite, we investigated the effect of oral d-serine ingestion on food intake in three different feeding paradigms (one-food access, two-food choice, and refeeding after 24-h fasting) using three different strains of male mice (C57Bl/6J, BKS, and ICR). The effect of d-serine was also tested in leptin signaling-deficient db/db mice and sensory-deafferented (capsaicin-treated) mice. The expression of orexigenic neuropeptides [neuropeptide Y (Npy) and agouti-related protein (Agrp)] in the hypothalamus was compared in fast/refed experiments. Conditioned taste aversion for high-fat diet (HFD) was tested in the d-serine-treated mice. Under the one-food-access paradigm, some of the d-serine-treated mice showed starvation, but not when fed normal chow. HFD feeding with d-serine ingestion did not cause aversion. Under the two-food-choice paradigm, d-serine suppressed the intake of high-preference food but not normal chow. d-Serine also effectively suppressed HFD intake but not normal chow in db/db mice and sensory-deafferented mice. In addition, d-serine suppressed normal chow intake after 24-h fasting despite higher orexigenic gene expression in the hypothalamus. d-Serine failed to suppress HFD intake in the presence of L-701,324, the selective and full antagonist at the glycine-binding site of the NMDA receptor. Therefore, d-serine suppresses the intake of high-preference food through coagonism toward NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiro Kinoshita
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Sho Matsui
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Research Center for Human and Environmental Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yokota-Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kuni Kinoshita
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yusaku Iwasaki
- Division of Integrated Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Toshio Kinoshita
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrated Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Naoji Amano
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Abstract
The silent mating type information regulation 2 proteins (sirtuins) 1 of class III histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been associated with health span and longevity. SIRT1, the best studied member of the mammalian sirtuins, has a myriad of roles in multiple tissues and organs. However, a significant part of SIRT1's role that impinges on aging and lifespan may lie in its activities in the central nervous system (CNS) neurons. Systemically, SIRT1 influences energy metabolism and circadian rhythm through its activity in the hypothalamic nuclei. From a cell biological perspective, SIRT1 is a crucial component of multiple interconnected regulatory networks that modulate dendritic and axonal growth, as well as survival against stress. This neuronal cell autonomous activity of SIRT1 is also important for neuronal plasticity, cognitive functions, as well as protection against aging-associated neuronal degeneration and cognitive decline. We discuss recent findings that have shed light on the various activities of SIRT1 in the brain, which collectively impinge on aging-associated disorders and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laura Wijaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore ; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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Cyr NE, Steger JS, Toorie AM, Yang JZ, Stuart R, Nillni EA. Central Sirt1 regulates body weight and energy expenditure along with the POMC-derived peptide α-MSH and the processing enzyme CPE production in diet-induced obese male rats. Endocrinology 2015; 156:961-74. [PMID: 25549049 PMCID: PMC4330311 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the periphery, the nutrient-sensing enzyme Sirtuin 1 (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 [Sirt1]) reduces body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents. However, the role of hypothalamic Sirt1 in body weight and energy balance regulation is debated. The first studies to reveal that central Sirt1 regulates body weight came from experiments in our laboratory using Sprague-Dawley rats. Central inhibition of Sirt1 decreased body weight and food intake as a result of a forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1)-mediated increase in the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and decrease in the orexigenic Agouti-related peptide in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that central inhibition of Sirt1 in DIO decreased body weight and increased energy expenditure at higher levels as compared with the lean counterpart. Brain Sirt1 inhibition in DIO increased acetylated FoxO1, which in turn increased phosphorylated FoxO1 via improved insulin/phosphorylated AKT signaling. Elevated acetylated FoxO1 and phosphorylated FoxO1 increased POMC along with the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) maturation enzyme carboxypeptidase E, which resulted in more of the bioactive POMC product α-MSH released into the paraventricular nucleus. Increased in α-MSH led to augmented TRH levels and circulating T3 levels (triiodothyronine, thyroid hormone). These results indicate that inhibiting hypothalamic Sirt1 in DIO enhances the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, which stimulates energy expenditure. Because we show that blocking central Sirt1 causes physiological changes that promote a negative energy balance in an obese individual, our results support brain Sirt1 as a significant target for weight loss therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Cyr
- Division of Endocrinology (N.E.C., J.S.S., A.M.T., J.Z.Y., R.S., E.A.N.), Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903; and Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry (E.A.N.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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Sasaki T. Age-Associated Weight Gain, Leptin, and SIRT1: A Possible Role for Hypothalamic SIRT1 in the Prevention of Weight Gain and Aging through Modulation of Leptin Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:109. [PMID: 26236282 PMCID: PMC4504171 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the principal regulator of body weight and energy balance. It modulates both energy intake and energy expenditure by sensing the energy status of the body through neural inputs from the periphery as well as direct humoral inputs. Leptin, an adipokine, is one of the humoral factors responsible for alerting the hypothalamus that enough energy is stored in the periphery. Plasma leptin levels are positively linked to adiposity; leptin suppress energy intake and stimulates energy expenditure. However, prolonged increases in plasma leptin levels due to obesity cause leptin resistance, affecting both leptin access to hypothalamic neurons and leptin signal transduction within hypothalamic neurons. Decreased sensing of peripheral energy status through leptin may lead to a positive energy balance and gradual gains in weight and adiposity, further worsening leptin resistance. Leptin resistance, increased adiposity, and weight gain are all associated with aging in both humans and animals. Central insulin resistance is associated with similar observations. Therefore, improving the action of humoral factors in the hypothalamus may prevent gradual weight gain, especially during middle age. SIRT1 is a NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase with numerous substrates, including histones, transcription factors, co-factors, and various enzymes. SIRT1 improves both leptin sensitivity and insulin sensitivity by decreasing the levels of several molecules that impair leptin and insulin signal transduction. SIRT1 and NAD(+) levels decrease with age in the hypothalamus; increased hypothalamic SIRT1 levels prevent age-associated weight gain and improve leptin sensitivity in mice. Therefore, preventing the age-dependent loss of SIRT1 function in the hypothalamus could improve the action of humoral factors in the hypothalamus as well as central regulation of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory for Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tsutomu Sasaki, Laboratory for Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan,
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Turkmen K, Karagoz A, Kucuk A. Sirtuins as novel players in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:894-900. [PMID: 25512793 PMCID: PMC4265877 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i6.894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic and complex disease with micro and macrovascular complications that result from impaired metabolic pathways and genetic susceptibilities. DM has been accepted as an epidemic worldwide during the last two decades. A substantial gap in our knowledge exists regarding the pathophysiology of this metabolic disorder despite the improved diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches. Sirtuins are a group of NAD+ dependent enzymes that are involved in cellular homeostasis due to their deacetylating activity. In the present review, we aimed to discuss the role of associated sirtuins in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Fang XL, Zhu XT, Chen SF, Zhang ZQ, Zeng QJ, Deng L, Peng JL, Yu JJ, Wang LN, Wang SB, Gao P, Jiang QY, Shu G. Differential gene expression pattern in hypothalamus of chickens during fasting-induced metabolic reprogramming: Functions of glucose and lipid metabolism in the feed intake of chickens. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2841-54. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Susanti VY, Sasaki T, Yokota-Hashimoto H, Matsui S, Lee YS, Kikuchi O, Shimpuku M, Kim HJ, Kobayashi M, Kitamura T. Sirt1 rescues the obesity induced by insulin-resistant constitutively-nuclear FoxO1 in POMC neurons of male mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2115-9. [PMID: 25044690 PMCID: PMC4265245 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hypothalamus is the brain center that controls the energy balance. Anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and orexigenic AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus plays critical roles in energy balance regulation. FoxO1 is a transcription factor regulated by insulin signaling that is deacetylated by Sirt1, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- (NAD(+) -) dependent deacetylase. Overexpression of insulin-resistant constitutively-nuclear FoxO1 (CN-FoxO1) in POMC neurons leads to obesity, whereas Sirt1 overexpression in POMC neurons leads to leanness. Whether overexpression of Sirt1 in POMC neurons could rescue the obesity caused by insulin-resistant CN-FoxO1 was tested here. METHODS POMC neuron-specific CN-FoxO1/Sirt1 double-KI (DKI) mice were analyzed. RESULTS The obese phenotype of CN-FoxO1 KI mice was rescued in male DKI mice. Reduced O2 consumption, increased adiposity, and fewer POMC neurons observed in CN-FoxO1 mice were rescued in male DKI mice without affecting food intake and locomotor activity. Sirt1 overexpression decreased FoxO1 acetylation and protein levels without affecting its nuclear localization in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and hypothalamic N41 cells. CONCLUSIONS Sirt1 rescues the obesity induced by insulin-resistant CN-FoxO1 in POMC neurons of male mice by decreasing FoxO1 protein through deacetylation. Sirt1 ameliorates obesity caused by a genetic model of central insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vina Yanti Susanti
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yokota-Hashimoto
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Sho Matsui
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yong-Soo Lee
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Osamu Kikuchi
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shimpuku
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Trivedi AK, Kumar J, Rani S, Kumar V. Annual life history-dependent gene expression in the hypothalamus and liver of a migratory songbird: insights into the molecular regulation of seasonal metabolism. J Biol Rhythms 2014; 29:332-45. [PMID: 25252711 DOI: 10.1177/0748730414549766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Birds seasonally switch from one life history state (LHS) to another to maximize their fitness. Accordingly, they exhibit distinct differences in their physiological and behavioral phenotypes between seasons. Possible molecular mechanisms underlying changes through the seasons have scarcely been examined in migratory birds. The present study measured key genes suggested to be involved in the metabolic regulation of 4 photoperiodically induced seasonal LHSs in a long-distance migratory songbird, the blackheaded bunting (Emberiza melanocephala). Buntings were held under short days (8 h light:16 h darkness, 8L:16D), during which they maintained the winter nonmigratory phenotype. Then they were exposed for several weeks to long days (13L:11D). Differences in the activity-rest pattern, body fattening and weight gain, testis size, organ (heart, intestine) weights, and blood glucose and triglyceride levels confirmed that buntings sequentially exhibited spring migration-linked premigratory, migratory, and postmigratory LHSs under long days. The mRNA levels of circadian genes involved in metabolism (Bmal1, Clock, Npas2, Rorα, and Rev-erbα) and of genes that encode for proteins/enzymes involved in the regulation of glucose (Sirt1, FoxO1, Glut1, and Pygl) and lipids (Hmg-CoA; Pparα, Pparγ; Fasn and Acaca) showed LHS-dependent changes in their light-dark expression patterns in the hypothalamus and liver. These initial results on genetic regulation of metabolism in a migratory species extend the idea that the transitions between LHSs in a seasonal species are accomplished by changes at multiple regulatory levels. Thus, these findings promise new insights into the mechanism(s) of adaptation to seasons in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Trivedi
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Sangeeta Rani
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Jenwitheesuk A, Nopparat C, Mukda S, Wongchitrat P, Govitrapong P. Melatonin regulates aging and neurodegeneration through energy metabolism, epigenetics, autophagy and circadian rhythm pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16848-84. [PMID: 25247581 PMCID: PMC4200827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is linked to certain types of neurodegenerative diseases and identifying new therapeutic targets has become critical. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, associates with molecules and signaling pathways that sense and influence energy metabolism, autophagy, and circadian rhythms, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Forkhead box O (FoxOs), sirtuins and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. This review summarizes the current understanding of how melatonin, together with molecular, cellular and systemic energy metabolisms, regulates epigenetic processes in the neurons. This information will lead to a greater understanding of molecular epigenetic aging of the brain and anti-aging mechanisms to increase lifespan under healthy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anorut Jenwitheesuk
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Chutikorn Nopparat
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
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Yoshino S, Satoh T, Yamada M, Hashimoto K, Tomaru T, Katano-Toki A, Kakizaki S, Okada S, Shimizu H, Ozawa A, Tuchiya T, Ikota H, Nakazato Y, Mori M, Matozaki T, Sasaki T, Kitamura T, Mori M. Protection against high-fat diet-induced obesity in Helz2-deficient male mice due to enhanced expression of hepatic leptin receptor. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3459-72. [PMID: 25004093 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity arises from impaired energy balance, which is centrally coordinated by leptin through activation of the long form of leptin receptor (Leprb). Obesity causes central leptin resistance. However, whether enhanced peripheral leptin sensitivity could overcome central leptin resistance remains obscure. A peripheral metabolic organ targeted by leptin is the liver, with low Leprb expression. We here show that mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and obese patients with hepatosteatosis exhibit increased expression of hepatic helicase with zinc finger 2, a transcriptional coactivator (Helz2), which functions as a transcriptional coregulator of several nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in vitro. To explore the physiological importance of Helz2, we generated Helz2-deficient mice and analyzed their metabolic phenotypes. Helz2-deficient mice showing hyperleptinemia associated with central leptin resistance were protected against HFD-induced obesity and had significantly up-regulated hepatic Leprb expression. Helz2 deficiency and adenovirus-mediated liver-specific exogenous Leprb overexpression in wild-type mice significantly stimulated hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase on HFD, whereas Helz2-deficient db/db mice lacking functional Leprb did not. Fatty acid-β oxidation was increased in Helz2-deficeint hepatocytes, and Helz2-deficient mice revealed increased oxygen consumption and decreased respiratory quotient in calorimetry analyses. The enhanced hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase energy-sensing pathway in Helz2-deficient mice ameliorated hyperlipidemia, hepatosteatosis, and insulin resistance by reducing lipogenic gene expression and stimulating lipid-burning gene expression in the liver. These findings together demonstrate that Helz2 deficiency ameliorates HFD-induced metabolic abnormalities by stimulating endogenous hepatic Leprb expression, despite central leptin resistance. Hepatic HELZ2 might be a novel target molecule for the treatment of obesity with hepatosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yoshino
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Science (S.Y., T.Sat., M.Y., K.H., T.To., A.K.-T., S.K., S.O., H.S., A.O., T.Tu., Ma.Mori) and Human Pathology (H.I., Y.N.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511 Japan; Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences (Mu.Mori, T.Ma.) and Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (T.Sas., T.K.), Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512 Japan; and Kitakanto Molecular Novel Research Institute for Obesity and Metabolism (Ma.Mori), Midori, 379-2311 Japan
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Torres-Andrade R, Moldenhauer R, Gutierrez-Bertín N, Soto-Covasich J, Mancilla-Medina C, Ehrenfeld C, Kerr B. The increase in body weight induced by lack of methyl CpG binding protein-2 is associated with altered leptin signalling in the hypothalamus. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1229-40. [PMID: 24996410 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.079798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methyl CpG binding protein-2 (MECP2) is a chromatin-remodelling factor with a dual role in gene expression. Evidence from patients carrying MECP2 mutations and from transgenic mouse models demonstrates that this protein is involved in the control of body weight. However, the mechanism for this has not been fully elucidated. To address this, we used a previously characterized Mecp2-null mouse model and found that the increase in body weight is associated with an increased amount of adipose tissue and high leptin levels. Appropriate body weight control requires the proper expression of pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) and agouti-related peptide (Agrp), two neuropeptides essential for satiety and appetite signals, respectively. Our results show that in the absence of Mecp2, Pomc and Agrp mRNA expression are altered, and the mice are leptin resistant. To determine the mechanism underlying the defective leptin sensing, we evaluated the expression of genes and the post-translational modifications associated with leptin signalling, which are fundamental to Pomc and Agrp transcriptional control and proper leptin response. We found a decrease in the phosphorylation level of Akt and its target protein Foxo1, which indicate an alteration in leptin-induced signal transduction. Our results demonstrate that the absence of Mecp2 disrupted body weight balance by altering post-translational modifications in leptin-signalling components that regulate Pomc and Agrp expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Moldenhauer
- Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia, Chile Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Carolina Ehrenfeld
- Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia, Chile Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Cyr NE, Steger JS, Toorie AM, Yang JZ, Stuart R, Nillni EA. Central Sirt1 regulates body weight and energy expenditure along with the POMC-derived peptide α-MSH and the processing enzyme CPE production in diet-induced obese male rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2423-35. [PMID: 24773342 PMCID: PMC4060185 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the periphery, the nutrient-sensing enzyme Sirtuin 1 (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 [Sirt1]) reduces body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents. However, the role of Sirt1 in the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, in body weight and energy balance regulation is debated. Among the first studies to reveal that central Sirt1 regulates body weight came from experiments in our laboratory using Sprague Dawley rats. In that study, central inhibition of Sirt1 decreased body weight and food intake as a result of a Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1)-mediated increase in the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and decrease in the orexigenic Agouti-related peptide in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that central inhibition of Sirt1 in DIO decreased body weight and increased energy expenditure at higher levels as compared with the lean counterpart. Brain Sirt1 inhibition in DIO increased acetylated FoxO1, which, in turn, increased phosphorylated FoxO1 via improved insulin/pAKT signaling. Elevated acetylated FoxO1 and phosphorylated FoxO1 increased POMC along with the α-MSH maturation enzyme carboxypeptidase E, which resulted in more of the bioactive POMC product α-MSH released into the paraventricular nucleus. Increased in α-MSH led to augmented TRH levels and circulating T3 levels (thyroid hormone). These results indicate that inhibiting hypothalamic Sirt1 in DIO enhances the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, which stimulates energy expenditure. Because we show that blocking central Sirt1 causes physiological changes that promote a negative energy balance in an obese individual, our results support brain Sirt1 as a significant target for weight loss therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Cyr
- Division of Endocrinology (N.E.C, J.S.S., A.M.T., J.Z.Y, R.S., E.A.N.), Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903; and Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (E.A.N.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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50
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Satoh A, Imai SI. Systemic regulation of mammalian ageing and longevity by brain sirtuins. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4211. [PMID: 24967620 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins regulate numerous important biological processes in mammals, including various age-associated pathophysiologies. However, whether sirtuins are critical to control ageing and longevity in mammals has been controversial. Recent studies have demonstrated critical roles of sirtuins in the brain, especially the hypothalamus, in governing multiple physiological functions. These data provide strong evidence that brain sirtuins regulate mammalian ageing and longevity at the organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Satoh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Shin-ichiro Imai
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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