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Toudic C, Maurer M, St-Pierre G, Xiao Y, Bannert N, Lafond J, Rassart É, Sato S, Barbeau B. Galectin-1 Modulates the Fusogenic Activity of Placental Endogenous Retroviral Envelopes. Viruses 2023; 15:2441. [PMID: 38140682 PMCID: PMC10747188 DOI: 10.3390/v15122441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Syncytin-1 and -2 are glycoproteins encoded by human endogenous retrovirus (hERV) that, through their fusogenic properties, are needed for the formation of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. Previous studies suggested that these proteins, in addition to the EnvP(b) envelope protein, are also involved in other cell fusion events. Since galectin-1 is a β-galactoside-binding protein associated with cytotrophoblast fusion during placental development, we previously tested its effect on Syncytin-mediated cell fusion and showed that this protein differently modulates the fusogenic potential of Syncytin-1 and -2. Herein, we were interested in comparing the impact of galectin-1 on hERV envelope proteins in different cellular contexts. Using a syncytium assay, we first demonstrated that galectin-1 increased the fusion of Syncytin-2- and EnvP(b)-expressing cells. We then tested the infectivity of Syncytin-1 and -2 vs. VSV-G-pseudotyped viruses toward Cos-7 and various human cell lines. In the presence of galectin-1, infection of Syncytin-2-pseudotyped viruses augmented for all cell lines. In contrast, the impact of galectin-1 on the infectivity of Syncytin-1-pseudotyped viruses varied, being cell- and dose-dependent. In this study, we report the functional associations between three hERV envelope proteins and galectin-1, which should provide information on the fusogenic activity of these proteins in the placenta and other biological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Toudic
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Maike Maurer
- Robert-Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Guillaume St-Pierre
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases and Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.S.-P.); (S.S.)
| | - Yong Xiao
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Robert-Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Julie Lafond
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Éric Rassart
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Sachiko Sato
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases and Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.S.-P.); (S.S.)
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
- Regroupement Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l’Université du Québec, Montréal, QC H2X 1E3, Canada
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Schroeter CB, Huntemann N, Bock S, Nelke C, Kremer D, Pfeffer K, Meuth SG, Ruck T. Crosstalk of Microorganisms and Immune Responses in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation: A Focus on Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747143. [PMID: 34691057 PMCID: PMC8529161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the major determinant of peripheral immune tolerance. Many Treg subsets have been described, however thymus-derived and peripherally induced Tregs remain the most important subpopulations. In multiple sclerosis, a prototypical autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, Treg dysfunction is a pathogenic hallmark. In contrast, induction of Treg proliferation and enhancement of their function are central immune evasion mechanisms of infectious pathogens. In accordance, Treg expansion is compartmentalized to tissues with high viral replication and prolonged in chronic infections. In friend retrovirus infection, Treg expansion is mainly based on excessive interleukin-2 production by infected effector T cells. Moreover, pathogens seem also to enhance Treg functions as shown in human immunodeficiency virus infection, where Tregs express higher levels of effector molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, CD39 and cAMP and show increased suppressive capacity. Thus, insights into the molecular mechanisms by which intracellular pathogens alter Treg functions might aid to find new therapeutic approaches to target central nervous system autoimmunity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of pathogens for Treg function in the context of autoimmune neuroinflammation. We discuss the mechanistic implications for future therapies and provide an outlook for new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niklas Huntemann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bock
- Department of Neurology With Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christopher Nelke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Frau J, Coghe G, Lorefice L, Fenu G, Cocco E. Infections and Multiple Sclerosis: From the World to Sardinia, From Sardinia to the World. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728677. [PMID: 34691035 PMCID: PMC8527089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Sardinia, an Italian island, is one of the areas with the highest global prevalence of MS. Genetic factors have been widely explored to explain this greater prevalence among some populations; the genetic makeup of the Sardinians appears to make them more likely to develop autoimmune diseases. A strong association between MS and some infections have been reported globally. The most robust evidence indicating the role of infections is MS development concerns the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Anti-EBV antibodies in patients once infected by EBV are associated with the development of MS years later. These features have also been noted in Sardinian patients with MS. Many groups have found an increased expression of the Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) family in patients with MS. A role in pathogenesis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response has been proposed for HERV. A European multi-centre study has shown that their presence was variable among populations, ranging from 59% to 100% of patients, with higher HERV expression noted in Sardinian patients with MS. The mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) DNA and antibodies against MAP2694 protein were found to be associated with MS in Sardinian patients. More recently, this association has also been reported in Japanese patients with MS. In this study, we analysed the role of infectious factors in Sardinian patients with MS and compared it with the findings reported in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Frau
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Tutela Salute (ATS) Sardegna, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Coghe
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Tutela Salute (ATS) Sardegna, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Tutela Salute (ATS) Sardegna, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Tutela Salute (ATS) Sardegna, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Tutela Salute (ATS) Sardegna, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Pandit L, Malli C, D'Cunha A, Sudhir A. Role of Viral Infections in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis among Indian Population. Neurol India 2021; 69:681-685. [PMID: 34169868 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.319209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The role of viral infections in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis is unclear. Objective Certain neurotropic viruses previously linked with MS among white population were studied including Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV). Material and Methods Sixty-two MS patients (37 had a recent clinical relapse) and 65 controls with other neurological disorders were included. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained and processed with the primary objective of determining whether there was intrathecal multiplication of viruses under study (EBV, HHV6 A and B and human endogenous retrovirus) or a breach in blood-brain barrier associated with viral presence in both peripheral blood and CSF. Results Evidence of breach in blood-brain barrier was seen in 86.5% of patients as evidenced by abnormal CSF/serum albumin index and or MRI. EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA1 IgG) was seen in 89% of MS patients and 58% controls (P = <0.001). However, HHV6 IgG was similar in both groups (85% versus 81%; P = 0.45). In affinity immunoblotting reaction intrathecal IgG synthesis against EBNA1 antigen was demonstrable in 26% (16/62) of patients and none against HHV6. A subset of patients showed significant elevation in mean copy number of plasma EBV DNA during relapse and there was a trend for the same among patients harboring HHV-6B. No evidence of isolated intrathecal viral presence or multiplication was seen. Conclusions The results of our study suggest that viruses studied namely EBV and HHV6 have a role in triggering relapses through a peripheral mechanism, rather than a direct role through intrathecal multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Pandit
- Center for Advanced Neurological Research, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte, (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chaithra Malli
- Center for Advanced Neurological Research, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte, (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anitha D'Cunha
- Center for Advanced Neurological Research, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte, (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshatha Sudhir
- Center for Advanced Neurological Research, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte, (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Bello-Morales R, Andreu S, Ripa I, López-Guerrero JA. HSV-1 and Endogenous Retroviruses as Risk Factors in Demyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115738. [PMID: 34072259 PMCID: PMC8199333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that can infect the peripheral and central nervous systems, and it has been implicated in demyelinating and neurodegenerative processes. Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that can move from one genomic location to another. TEs have been linked to several diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of unknown etiology influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Exogenous viral transactivators may activate certain retrotransposons or class I TEs. In this context, several herpesviruses have been linked to MS, and one of them, HSV-1, might act as a risk factor by mediating processes such as molecular mimicry, remyelination, and activity of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Several herpesviruses have been involved in the regulation of human ERVs (HERVs), and HSV-1 in particular can modulate HERVs in cells involved in MS pathogenesis. This review exposes current knowledge about the relationship between HSV-1 and human ERVs, focusing on their contribution as a risk factor for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bello-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabina Andreu
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Ripa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Human Endogenous Retrovirus as Therapeutic Targets in Neurologic Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060495. [PMID: 34073730 PMCID: PMC8225122 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are ancient retroviral DNA sequences established into germline. They contain regulatory elements and encoded proteins few of which may provide benefits to hosts when co-opted as cellular genes. Their tight regulation is mainly achieved by epigenetic mechanisms, which can be altered by environmental factors, e.g., viral infections, leading to HERV activation. The aberrant expression of HERVs associates with neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the recent advances on the epigenetic mechanisms controlling HERV expression and the pathogenic effects triggered by HERV de-repression. This article ends by describing new, promising therapies, targeting HERV elements, one of which, temelimab, has completed phase II trials with encouraging results in treating MS. The information gathered here may turn helpful in the design of new strategies to unveil epigenetic failures behind HERV-triggered diseases, opening new possibilities for druggable targets and/or for extending the use of temelimab to treat other associated diseases.
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Glinsky GV. Genomics-Guided Drawing of Molecular and Pathophysiological Components of Malignant Regulatory Signatures Reveals a Pivotal Role in Human Diseases of Stem Cell-Associated Retroviral Sequences and Functionally-Active hESC Enhancers. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638363. [PMID: 33869024 PMCID: PMC8044830 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive DNA sequences (repeats) colonized two-third of human genome and a majority of repeats comprised of transposable genetic elements (TE). Evolutionary distinct categories of TE represent nucleic acid sequences that are repeatedly copied from and pasted into chromosomes at multiple genomic locations and acquired a multitude of regulatory functions. Here, genomics-guided maps of stemness regulatory signatures were drawn to dissect the contribution of TE to clinical manifestations of malignant phenotypes of human cancers. From patients’ and physicians’ perspectives, the clinical definition of a tumor’s malignant phenotype could be restricted to the early diagnosis of sub-types of malignancies with the increased risk of existing therapy failure and high likelihood of death from cancer. It is the viewpoint from which the understanding of stemness and malignant regulatory signatures is considered in this contribution. Genomics-guided analyses of experimental and clinical observations revealed the pivotal role of human stem cell-associated retroviral sequences (SCARS) in the origin and pathophysiology of clinically-lethal malignancies. SCARS were defined as the evolutionary- and biologically-related family of genomic regulatory sequences, the principal physiological function of which is to create and maintain the stemness phenotype during human preimplantation embryogenesis. For cell differentiation to occur, SCARS expression must be silenced and SCARS activity remains repressed in most terminally-differentiated human cells which are destined to perform specialized functions in the human body. Epigenetic reprogramming, de-repression, and sustained activity of SCARS results in various differentiation-defective phenotypes. One of the most prominent tissue- and organ-specific clinical manifestations of sustained SCARS activities is diagnosed as a pathological condition defined by a consensus of morphological, molecular, and genetic examinations as the malignant growth. Here, contemporary evidence are acquired, analyzed, and reported defining both novel diagnostic tools and druggable molecular targets readily amenable for diagnosis and efficient therapeutic management of clinically-lethal malignancies. These diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are based on monitoring of high-fidelity molecular signals of continuing SCARS activities in conjunction with genomic regulatory networks of thousands’ functionally-active embryonic enhancers affecting down-stream phenotype-altering genetic loci. Collectively, reported herein observations support a model of SCARS-activation triggered singular source code facilitating the intracellular propagation and intercellular (systemic) dissemination of disease states in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennadi V Glinsky
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Functional & Translational Genomics, OncoSCAR, Inc., Portland, OR, United States
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Elkjaer ML, Frisch T, Tonazzolli A, Röttger R, Reynolds R, Baumbach J, Illes Z. Unbiased examination of genome-wide human endogenous retrovirus transcripts in MS brain lesions. Mult Scler 2021; 27:1829-1837. [PMID: 33464158 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520987269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) expression in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain lesions may contribute to chronic inflammation, but expression of genome-wide HERVs in different MS lesions is unknown. OBJECTIVE We examined the HERV expression landscape in different MS lesions compared to control brains. METHODS Transcripts from 71 MS brain samples and 25 control WM were obtained by next-generation RNA sequencing and mapped against HERV transcripts across the human genome. Differential expression of mapped HERV-W and HERV-H reads between MS lesion types and controls was analysed. RESULTS Out of 6.38 billion high-quality paired end reads, 174 million reads (2.73%) mapped to HERV transcripts. There was no difference in HERVs expression level between MS and control brains, but HERV-W transcripts were significantly reduced in chronic active lesions. Of the four HERV-W transcripts exclusively present in MS, ERV3633503 located on chromosome 7q21.13 close to the MS genetic risk locus had the highest number of reads. In the HERV-H family, 75% of transcripts located to nearby 7q21-22 were overrepresented in MS, and ERV3643914 was expressed more than 16 times in MS compared to control brains. CONCLUSION Novel HERV-W and HERV-H transcripts located at chromosome 7 regions were uniquely expressed in MS lesions, indicating their potential role in brain lesion evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Elkjaer
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark/Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark/Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tobias Frisch
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Arianna Tonazzolli
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark/Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Richard Röttger
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jan Baumbach
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark/Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark/Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Tarlinton RE, Martynova E, Rizvanov AA, Khaiboullina S, Verma S. Role of Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. Viruses 2020; 12:E643. [PMID: 32545816 PMCID: PMC7354629 DOI: 10.3390/v12060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune inflammatory disease, where the underlying etiological cause remains elusive. Multiple triggering factors have been suggested, including environmental, genetic and gender components. However, underlying infectious triggers to the disease are also suspected. There is an increasing abundance of evidence supporting a viral etiology to MS, including the efficacy of interferon therapy and over-detection of viral antibodies and nucleic acids when compared with healthy patients. Several viruses have been proposed as potential triggering agents, including Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, John Cunningham virus and human endogenous retroviruses. These viruses are all near ubiquitous and have a high prevalence in adult populations (or in the case of the retroviruses are actually part of the genome). They can establish lifelong infections with periods of reactivation, which may be linked to the relapsing nature of MS. In this review, the evidence for a role for viral infection in MS will be discussed with an emphasis on immune system activation related to MS disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E. Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Ekaterina Martynova
- Insititute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.M.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Insititute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.M.); (A.A.R.)
| | | | - Subhash Verma
- School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
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10
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Expression of HERV Genes as Possible Biomarker and Target in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153706. [PMID: 31362360 PMCID: PMC6696274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are genetic parasites, in-between genetics and environment. Few HERVs retain some coding capability. Sometimes, the host has the advantage of some HERV genes; conversely, HERVs may contribute to pathogenesis. The expression of HERVs depends on several factors, and is regulated epigenetically by stimuli such as inflammation, viral and microbial infections, etc. Increased expression of HERVs occurs in physiological and pathological conditions, in one or more body sites. Several diseases have been attributed to one or more HERVs, particularly neurological diseases. The key problem is to differentiate the expression of a HERV as cause or effect of a disease. To be used as a biomarker, a correlation between the expression of a certain HERV and the disease onset and/or behavior must be found. The greater challenge is to establish a pathogenic role. The criteria defining causal connections between HERVs and diseases include the development of animal models, and disease modulation in humans, by anti-HERV therapeutic antibody. So far, statistically significant correlations between HERVs and diseases have been achieved for HERV-W and multiple sclerosis; disease reproduction in transgenic animals was achieved for HERV-W and multiple sclerosis, and for HERV-K and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical trials for both diseases are in progress.
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11
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Human retrovirus pHEV-W envelope protein and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14791-14793. [PMID: 31289223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909786116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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12
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Charvet B, Reynaud JM, Gourru-Lesimple G, Perron H, Marche PN, Horvat B. Induction of Proinflammatory Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Retrovirus Envelope Protein by Human Herpesvirus-6A and CD46 Receptor Engagement. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2803. [PMID: 30574140 PMCID: PMC6291489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expression of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) elements of the HERV-W family has been associated with different diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In particular, the expression of the envelope protein (Env) from the multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV), a member of HERV-W family and known for its potent proinflammatory activity, is repeatedly detected in the brain lesions and blood of MS patients. Furthermore, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection has long been suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of MS and neuroinflammation. We show here that both HHV-6A and stimulation of its receptor, transmembrane glycoprotein CD46, induce the expression of MSRV-Env. The engagement of extracellular domains SCR3 and SCR4 of CD46-Cyt1 isoform was required for MSRV-env transactivation, limiting thus the MSRV-Env induction to the CD46 ligands binding these domains, including C3b component of complement, specific monoclonal antibodies, and both infectious and UV-inactivated HHV-6A, but neither HHV-6B nor measles virus vaccine strain. Induction of MSRV-Env required CD46 Cyt-1 singling and was abolished by the inhibitors of protein kinase C. Finally, both membrane-expressed and secreted MSRV-Env trigger TLR4 signaling, displaying thus a proinflammatory potential, characteristic for this viral protein. These data expand the specter of HHV-6A effects in the modulation of the immune response and support the hypothesis that cross-talks between exogenous and endogenous viruses may contribute to inflammatory diseases and participate in neuroinflammation. Furthermore, they reveal a new function of CD46, known as an inhibitor of complement activation and receptor for several pathogens, in transactivation of HERV env genes, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Charvet
- International Centre for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,GeNeuro Innovation, Lyon, France
| | - Josephine M Reynaud
- International Centre for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Geraldine Gourru-Lesimple
- International Centre for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Patrice N Marche
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble-Alpes, IAPC, La Tronche, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- International Centre for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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13
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Morris G, Maes M, Murdjeva M, Puri BK. Do Human Endogenous Retroviruses Contribute to Multiple Sclerosis, and if So, How? Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2590-2605. [PMID: 30047100 PMCID: PMC6459794 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The gammaretroviral human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families MRSV/HERV-W and HERV-H (including the closely related HERV-Fc1) are associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). Complete HERV sequences betray their endogenous retroviral origin, with open reading frames in gag, pro, pol and env being flanked by two long terminal repeats containing promoter and enhancer sequences with the capacity to regulate HERV transactivation and the activity of host genes in spite of endogenous epigenetic repression mechanisms. HERV virions, RNA, cDNA, Gag and Env, and antibodies to HERV transcriptional products, have variously been found in the blood and/or brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients, with the HERV expression level being associated with disease status. Furthermore, some HERV-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), such as rs662139 T/C in a 3-kb region of Xq22.3 containing a HERV-W env locus, and rs391745, upstream of the HERV-Fc1 locus on the X chromosome, are associated with MS susceptibility, while a negative association has been reported with SNPs in the tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) protein-encoding genes TRIM5 and TRIM22. Factors affecting HERV transcription include immune activation and inflammation, since HERV promoter regions possess binding sites for related transcription factors; oxidative stress, with oxidation of guanine to 8-oxoguanine and conversion of cytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine preventing binding of methyl groups transferred by DNA methyltransferases; oxidative stress also inhibits the activity of deacetylases, thereby favouring the acetylation of histone lysine residues favouring gene expression; interferon beta; natalizumab treatment; impaired epigenetic regulation; and the sex of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marianna Murdjeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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14
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Abstract
Two human endogenous retroviruses of the HERV-W family are proposed as multiple sclerosis (MS) co-factors: MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV) and ERVWE1, whose env proteins showed several potentially neuropathogenic features, in vitro and in animal models. Phase II clinical trials against HERV-Wenv are ongoing. HERV-W/MSRV was repeatedly found in MS patients, in striking parallel with MS stages, active/remission phases, and therapy outcome. The HERV-Wenv protein is highly expressed in active MS plaques. Early MSRV presence in spinal fluids predicted worst MS progression 10 years in advance. Effective anti-MS therapies strongly reduced MSRV/Syncytin-1/HERV-W expression. The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) activates HERV-W/MSRV in vitro and in vivo, in patients with infectious mononucleosis and controls with high anti-EBNA1-IgG titers. Thus, the two main EBV/MS links (infectious mononucleosis and high anti-EBNA1-IgG titers) are paralleled by activation of HERV-W/MSRV. It is hypothesized that EBV may act as initial trigger of future MS, years later, by activating MSRV, which would act as direct neuropathogenic effector, before and during MS.
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15
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Grandi N, Tramontano E. Type W Human Endogenous Retrovirus (HERV-W) Integrations and Their Mobilization by L1 Machinery: Contribution to the Human Transcriptome and Impact on the Host Physiopathology. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070162. [PMID: 28653997 PMCID: PMC5537654 DOI: 10.3390/v9070162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are ancient infection relics constituting ~8% of our DNA. While HERVs’ genomic characterization is still ongoing, impressive amounts of data have been obtained regarding their general expression across tissues. Among HERVs, one of the most studied is the W group, which is the sole HERV group specifically mobilized by the long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) machinery, providing a source of novel insertions by retrotransposition of HERV-W processed pseudogenes, and comprising a member encoding a functional envelope protein coopted for human placentation. The HERV-W group has been intensively investigated for its putative role in several diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Despite major interest in the link between HERV-W expression and human pathogenesis, no conclusive correlation has been demonstrated so far. In general, (i) the absence of a proper identification of the specific HERV-W sequences expressed in a given condition; and (ii) the lack of studies attempting to connect the various observations in the same experimental conditions are the major problems preventing the definitive assessment of the HERV-W impact on human physiopathology. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the HERV-W group presence within the human genome and its expression in physiological tissues as well as in the main pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Grandi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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16
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Mostafa A, Jalilvand S, Shoja Z, Nejati A, Shahmahmoodi S, Sahraian MA, Marashi SM. Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and vitamin D status in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1309-1313. [PMID: 28165135 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between infections and autoimmune diseases is complex and there are several reports highlighting the role of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in these patients. The levels of multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV)-type DNA of Env gene was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 52 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 40 healthy controls using specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. Furthermore, we analyzed the status of HERV-W/MSRV in these patients with regards to both EBV (DNA load and anti-EBNA1 IgG antibody) and vitamin D concentration. MSRV DNA copy number were significantly higher in RRMS patients than healthy controls (P < 0.0001). Interestingly, an inverse correlation was found between MSRV DNA copy number and serum vitamin D concentration (P < 0.01), but not for EBV load or anti-EBNA-1 IgG antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliehossadat Mostafa
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Nejati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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17
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Morandi E, Tanasescu R, Tarlinton RE, Constantinescu CS, Zhang W, Tench C, Gran B. The association between human endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172415. [PMID: 28207850 PMCID: PMC5313176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interaction between genetic and environmental factors is crucial to multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are endogenous viral elements of the human genome whose expression is associated with MS. Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis and to assess qualitative and quantitative evidence on the expression of HERV families in MS patients. Methods Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched for published studies on the association of HERVs and MS. Meta-analysis was performed on the HERV-W family. Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for association. Results 43 reports were extracted (25 related to HERV-W, 13 to HERV-H, 9 to HERV-K, 5 to HRES-1 and 1 to HER-15 family). The analysis showed an association between expression of all HERV families and MS. For HERV-W, adequate data was available for meta-analysis. Results from meta-analyses of HERV-W were OR = 22.66 (95%CI 6.32 to 81.20) from 4 studies investigating MSRV/HERV-W (MS-associated retrovirus) envelope mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, OR = 44.11 (95%CI 12.95 to 150.30) from 6 studies of MSRV/HERV-W polymerase mRNA in serum/plasma and OR = 6.00 (95%CI 3.35 to 10.74) from 4 studies of MSRV/HERV-W polymerase mRNA in CSF. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis shows an association between expression of HERVs, and in particular the HERV-W family, and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morandi
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Radu Tanasescu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Department of Neurology, Colentina Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rachael E. Tarlinton
- University of Nottingham School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cris S. Constantinescu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Weiya Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Tench
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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18
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Sotgiu S, Arru G, Söderström M, Mameli G, Serra C, Dolei A. Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus and optic neuritis. Mult Scler 2016; 12:357-9. [PMID: 16764351 DOI: 10.1191/135248506ms1303sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
One prognostic factor for early multiple sclerosis (MS) patients to develop a definite MS may be the presence of the MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We designed a specific study on a cohort of optic neuritis (ON) patients to evaluate the MSRV-dependent conversion to MS relative to the prediction conferred by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CSF abnormalities. At follow-up, 33.3% MSRV+ and 0% MSRV− ON patients developed MS ( P=0.03). The prediction value is lower than that given by CSF and MRI abnormalities (42.3%). This intriguing finding is discussed in the light of the abundant discrepancies observed in the MSRV literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sotgiu
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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19
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Garson J, Créange A, Dolei A, Ferrante P, Jouvin-Marche E, Marche PN, Rieger F, Ruprecht K, Saresella M, Sotgiu S, Tedder R, Perron H. Letter to the editor. Mult Scler 2016; 11:249-50. [PMID: 15794403 DOI: 10.1191/1352458505ms1160xx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Sotgiu S, Arru G, Mameli G, Serra C, Pugliatti M, Rosati G, Dolei A. Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus in early multiple sclerosis: a six-year follow-up of a Sardinian cohort. Mult Scler 2016; 12:698-703. [PMID: 17262996 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506070773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The human endogenous retroviruses (HERV)-W family contains an extracellular particle detected in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and designated as MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV). Through nested RT-PCR assays specific for pol MSRV gene, we preliminary reported that its presence in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of early MS patients could be indicative of a poor prognosis upon a three-year follow-up. In the present clinical study, we enlarged our blind observation up to six years. At study entry, 10 MS patients were MSRV- and eight were MSRV+ in the CSF, both groups having a similar mean age and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. After six year follow-up, the mean EDSS significantly differed between the MSRV- and MSRV+ cohorts (4.3 versus 2.2; P = 0.004), as did the annual relapse rate (0.5 in the MSRV- versus 0.3 in the MSRV+; P = 0.01). Finally, two MSRV- patients entered the progressive phase, whilst none of the MSRV+ group entered this phase, and 9/10 MSRV- versus 2/8 MSRV+ patients were treated with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs (P = 0.009). In conclusion, we found that the presence of MSRV virions in the CSF at the onset of MS is associated, not only with disability accumulation, but also with a higher rate of clinical re-exacerbations. With the known potential pathogenic effects of MSRV given in the literature, further investigations on MSRV are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sotgiu
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 10, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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21
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Human endogenous retrovirus W in brain lesions: Rationale for targeted therapy in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2016; 8:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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22
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Curtin F, Perron H, Faucard R, Porchet H, Lang AB. Treatment against human endogenous retrovirus: a possible personalized medicine approach for multiple sclerosis. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 19:255-65. [PMID: 26376649 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-015-0166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) represent about 8 % of the human genome. Some of these genetic elements are expressed in pathological circumstances. A HERV protein, the multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) envelope protein (MSRV-Env), is expressed in the blood and active brain lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. It possesses pro-inflammatory and myelinotoxic properties. The patterns of expression and pathogenic properties of MSRV-Env make it a relevant drug target for MS therapeutics-in particular for preventing neurodegeneration, a key component of progressive forms of MS. An immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody (mAb), called GNbAC1, has been developed to neutralize this pathogenic target. After showing neutralizing effects in vitro and in mouse models of MS, GNbAC1 is now in phase II clinical development. MSRV-related biomarkers such as MSRV-Env and MSRV polymerase (MSRV-Pol) gene transcripts are overexpressed in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with MS. These biomarkers may have prognostic value for long-term MS evolution, and their transcription levels in blood decline during treatments with GNbAC1, which has also been reported in patients administered reference MS drugs such as natalizumab or interferon-β. GNbAC1 as a new MSRV-Env-antagonist mAb could be a specific and causal treatment for MS, with a particular application for progressive forms of the disease. For possible use in companion diagnostic tests, MSRV-associated biomarkers could open the door to a personalized therapeutic approach for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Curtin
- GeNeuro SA, 18 Chemin des Aulx, Plan-les-Ouates, 1228, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Hervé Perron
- GeNeuro SA, 18 Chemin des Aulx, Plan-les-Ouates, 1228, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Faucard
- GeNeuro SA, 18 Chemin des Aulx, Plan-les-Ouates, 1228, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Porchet
- GeNeuro SA, 18 Chemin des Aulx, Plan-les-Ouates, 1228, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alois B Lang
- GeNeuro SA, 18 Chemin des Aulx, Plan-les-Ouates, 1228, Geneva, Switzerland
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Activation of endogenous human stem cell-associated retroviruses (SCARs) and therapy-resistant phenotypes of malignant tumors. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:347-59. [PMID: 27084523 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports revealed consistent activation of specific endogenous retroviral elements in human preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cells. Activity of stem cell associated retroviruses (SCARs) has been implicated in seeding thousands of human-specific regulatory sequences in the hESC genome. Activation of specific SCARs has been demonstrated in patients diagnosed with multiple types of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, and appears associated with clinically lethal therapy resistant death-from-cancer phenotypes in a sub-set of cancer patients diagnosed with different types of malignant tumors. A hallmark feature of human-specific SCAR integration sites is deletions of ancestral DNA. Analysis of human-specific genetic loci of SCARs' stemness networks in tumor samples of TCGA cohorts representing 29 cancer types suggests that this approach may facilitate identification of pan-cancer genomic signatures of clinically-lethal disease defined by the presence of somatic non-silent mutations, gene-level copy number changes, and transcripts and proteins' expression of SCAR-regulated host genes. Present analyses indicate that multiple lines of strong circumstantial evidence support the hypothesis that activation of SCARs' networks may play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis, perhaps contributing to the emergence of clinically-lethal therapy-resistant death-from-cancer phenotypes.
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24
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Morandi E, Tarlinton RE, Gran B. Multiple Sclerosis between Genetics and Infections: Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Monocytes and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2015; 6:647. [PMID: 26734011 PMCID: PMC4689809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown, but there is strong evidence that genetic predisposition associated with environmental factors can trigger the disease. An estimated 30 million years ago, exogenous retroviruses are thought to have integrated themselves into human germ line cells, becoming part of human DNA and being transmitted over generations. Usually such human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are silenced or expressed at low levels, but in some pathological conditions, such as MS, their expression is higher than that in the healthy population. Three HERV families have been associated with MS: HERV-H, HERV-K, and HERV-W. The envelope protein of MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV) from the HERV-W family currently has the strongest evidence as a potential trigger for MS. In addition to expression in peripheral immune cells, MSRV is expressed in monocytes and microglia in central nervous system lesions of people with MS and, through the activation of toll-like receptor 4, it has been shown to drive the production of proinflammatory cytokines, reduction of myelin protein expression, and death of oligodendrocyte precursors. In conclusion, the association between HERVs and MS is well documented and a pathological role for MSRV in MS is plausible. Further studies are required to determine whether the presence of these HERVs is a cause or an effect of immune dysregulation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Rachael E Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Bruno Gran
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
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25
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Zimmermann M, Sanderson NSR, Rasenack M, Lalive PH, Lang AB, Curtin F, Lindberg RLP, Kappos L, Derfuss T. Immunologic monitoring during a phase 2a trial of the GNbAC1 antibody in patients with MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e144. [PMID: 26380353 PMCID: PMC4547879 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor the systemic immune responses of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) under treatment with GNbAC1, a monoclonal antibody against the envelope protein of the MS- associated retrovirus, during a phase 2a trial. METHODS We analyzed the composition of immune cell subsets and the activation level of monocytes by flow cytometry and the response against viral and vaccine antigens by ELISpot. RESULTS None of the endpoints measured revealed any immunosuppressive effect of the therapeutic antibody. Activation of monocytes slightly decreased during treatment as predicted by the hypothesized mechanism of action of GNbAC1. CONCLUSION These results support the conclusion that the antibody is safe for use in patients with MS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that in patients with MS GNbAC1 does not significantly affect several biomarkers of systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas S R Sanderson
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rasenack
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrice H Lalive
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alois B Lang
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francois Curtin
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raija L P Lindberg
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
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Varadé J, García-Montojo M, de la Hera B, Camacho I, García-Martínez MÁ, Arroyo R, Álvarez-Lafuente R, Urcelay E. Multiple sclerosis retrovirus-like envelope gene: Role of the chromosome 20 insertion. BBA CLINICAL 2015; 3:162-7. [PMID: 26675450 PMCID: PMC4669942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The genetic basis involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility was not completely revealed by genome-wide association studies. Part of it could lie in repetitive sequences, as those corresponding to human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs). Retrovirus-like particles were isolated from MS patients and the genome of the MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV) was the founder of the HERV-W family. We aimed to ascertain which chromosomal origin encodes the pathogenic ENV protein by genomic analysis of the HERV-W insertions. Methods/results In silico analyses allowed to uncover putative open reading frames containing the specific sequence previously reported for MSRV-like envelope (env) detection. Out of the 261 genomic insertions of HERV-W env, only 9 copies harbor the specific primers and probe featuring MSRV-like env. The copy from chromosome 20 was further studied considering its size, a truncated homologue of the functional HERV-W env sequence encoding syncytin. High Resolution Melting analysis of this sequence identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms, subsequently genotyped by Taqman chemistry in 668 MS patients and 678 healthy controls. No significant association of these polymorphisms with MS risk was evidenced. Transcriptional activity of this MSRV-like env copy was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients and controls. RNA expression levels of chromosome 20-specific MSRV-like env did not show significant differences between MS patients and controls, neither were related to genotypes of the two mentioned polymorphisms. Conclusions The lack of association with MS risk of the identified polymorphisms together with the transcription results discard chromosome 20 as genomic origin of MSRV-like env. The chr.20 HERV-W env copy encodes a truncated homologue of the functional syncytin. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in this sequence by High Resolution Melting. No association of these polymorphisms with MS susceptibility was evidenced. RNA expression of the chr. 20 HERV-W env copy did not show association with MS risk. The chr. 20 HERV-W env copy does not seem to be an origin of MSRV ENV protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jezabel Varadé
- Immunology Dept., Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid. Spain
| | - Marta García-Montojo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Dept., Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid. Spain
| | - Belén de la Hera
- Immunology Dept., Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid. Spain
| | - Iris Camacho
- Immunology Dept., Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid. Spain
| | - Mª. Ángel García-Martínez
- Immunology Dept., Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid. Spain
| | - Rafael Arroyo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Dept., Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid. Spain
| | - Roberto Álvarez-Lafuente
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Dept., Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid. Spain
| | - Elena Urcelay
- Immunology Dept., Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid. Spain
- Corresponding author at: Immunology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Martin Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: + 34 91 330 3000x7171; fax: + 34 91 330 3879.
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HIV Tat acts on endogenous retroviruses of the W family and this occurs via Toll-like receptor 4: inference for neuroAIDS. AIDS 2014; 28:2659-70. [PMID: 25250834 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to verify whether HIV activates two endogenous retroviruses of the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-W family, multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) and Syncytin-1, whose neuropathogenic and immunopathogenic properties could contribute to HIV-related neurodegeneration. DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocyte-macrophages and astrocytes were either infected by HIV or exposed to HIV-Tat, and/or other treatments. The expression of transcripts and proteins of interest was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting assays, respectively. RESULTS HIV and Tat increase the levels of MSRVenv mRNAs and HERV-Wenv proteins in astrocytes and in blood cells. In monocyte-macrophages, Tat also induces high levels of CCR2, CD16 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) molecules. Syncytin-1 response to Tat depends on the cell context: in monocytes, Tat stimulates MSRVenv and inhibits Syncytin-1, while in differentiated macrophages, it stimulates both elements. In primary astrocytes, Tat stimulates MSRV and Syncytin-1 indirectly, through interaction with TLR4 and induction of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), without internalization. CONCLUSION In-vivo consequence of the study could be that, through increase of CD16 and CCR2, Tat promotes neuroinvasion not only by HIV-infected monocytes/macrophages but also by the HERV-Ws, with their neuropathogenic potential. Also, the novel finding of TLR4 stimulation by Tat may be of relevance, as TLR4 is critical in neuroinflammation. Within central nervous system (CNS), Tat-induced TNFα could induce high levels of the HERV-Ws, in both macrophages and astrocytes, also without HIV replication. The indirect mechanism by which Tat activates the HERV-Ws through induction of TNFα could add a new piece to the puzzle of CNS pathogenesis, that is the HERV-Wenv contribute to the HIV-related neurodegeneration.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition of unknown cause. Increasing evidence suggests that the disease develops as a result of interactions between the environment and the immune system in genetically susceptible individuals. It has long been recognized that infections may serve as environmental triggers for the disease, and a large number of pathogens have been proposed to be associated with multiple sclerosis. Here, we detail the historical basis linking infections to multiple sclerosis and review the epidemiology of the disease, which suggests a possible relationship with infectious agents. We also describe pathophysiologic studies in animals and other human demyelinating diseases that have demonstrated a variety of mechanisms by which infectious agents may induce chronic, relapsing central nervous system disease with myelin damage and relative preservation of axons, similar to multiple sclerosis. In addition, we discuss recent studies in individuals with multiple sclerosis indicating enhanced immune responses to infectious antigens, though not consistently demonstrating evidence for ongoing infection. Taken together, these studies suggest a role for infectious agents in the development of multiple sclerosis. Conclusive evidence, however, remains lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Venkatesan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard T Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Mameli G, Madeddu G, Mei A, Uleri E, Poddighe L, Delogu LG, Maida I, Babudieri S, Serra C, Manetti R, Mura MS, Dolei A. Activation of MSRV-type endogenous retroviruses during infectious mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr virus latency: the missing link with multiple sclerosis? PLoS One 2013; 8:e78474. [PMID: 24236019 PMCID: PMC3827255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unclear. The immuno-pathogenic phenomena leading to neurodegeneration are thought to be triggered by environmental (viral?) factors operating on predisposing genetic backgrounds. Among the proposed co-factors are the Epstein Barr virus (EBV), and the potentially neuropathogenic HERV-W/MSRV/Syncytin-1 endogenous retroviruses. The ascertained links between EBV and MS are history of late primary infection, possibly leading to infectious mononucleosis (IM), and high titers of pre-onset IgG against EBV nuclear antigens (anti-EBNA IgG). During MS, there is no evidence of MS-specific EBV expression, while a continuous expression of HERV-Ws occurs, paralleling disease behaviour. We found repeatedly extracellular HERV-W/MSRV and MSRV-specific mRNA sequences in MS patients (in blood, spinal fluid, and brain samples), and MRSV presence/load strikingly paralleled MS stages and active/remission phases. Aim of the study was to verify whether HERV-W might be activated in vivo, in hospitalized young adults with IM symptoms, that were analyzed with respect to expression of HERV-W/MSRV transcripts and proteins. Healthy controls were either EBV-negative or latently EBV-infected with/without high titers of anti-EBNA-1 IgG. The results show that activation of HERV-W/MSRV occurs in blood mononuclear cells of IM patients (2Log10 increase of MSRV-type env mRNA accumulation with respect to EBV-negative controls). When healthy controls are stratified for previous EBV infection (high and low, or no anti-EBNA-1 IgG titers), a direct correlation occurs with MSRV mRNA accumulation. Flow cytometry data show increased percentages of cells exposing surface HERV-Wenv protein, that occur differently in specific cell subsets, and in acute disease and past infection. Thus, the data indicate that the two main links between EBV and MS (IM and high anti-EBNA-1-IgG titers) are paralleled by activation of the potentially neuropathogenic HERV-W/MSRV. These novel findings suggest HERV-W/MSRV activation as the missing link between EBV and MS, and may open new avenues of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mameli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giordano Madeddu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Uleri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luciana Poddighe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lucia G. Delogu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ivana Maida
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Caterina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Manetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria S. Mura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonina Dolei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Hon GM, Erasmus RT, Matsha T. Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus and related human endogenous retrovirus-W in patients with multiple sclerosis: A literature review. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 263:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Olival GSD, Lima BM, Sumita LM, Serafim V, Fink MC, Nali LH, Romano CM, Thomaz RB, Cavenaghi VB, Tilbery CP, Penalva-de-Oliveira AC. Multiple sclerosis and herpesvirus interaction. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2013; 71:727-30. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20130160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, and its etiology is believed to have both genetic and environmental components. Several viruses have already been implicated as triggers and there are several studies that implicate members of the Herpesviridae family in the pathogenesis of MS. The most important characteristic of these viruses is that they have periods of latency and exacerbations within their biological sanctuary, the central nervous system. The Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 viruses are the members that are most studied as being possible triggers of multiple sclerosis. According to evidence in the literature, the herpesvirus family is strongly involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, but it is unlikely that they are the only component responsible for its development. There are probably multiple triggers and more studies are necessary to investigate and define these interactions.
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Arru G, Leoni S, Pugliatti M, Mei A, Serra C, Delogu LG, Manetti R, Dolei A, Sotgiu S, Mameli G. Natalizumab inhibits the expression of human endogenous retroviruses of the W family in multiple sclerosis patients: a longitudinal cohort study. Mult Scler 2013; 20:174-82. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458513494957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Several viruses were reported as co-factors triggering the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), including the endogenous retroviruses of the HERV-W family, that were also proposed as biomarkers of disease progression and therapy outcome. Objective: The objective of this article is to clarify whether in MS patients treatment with natalizumab has effects on MSRV/syncytin-1/HERV-W expression and the possible relationship with disease outcome. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 22 patients with relapsing–remitting disease, at entry and after three, six and 12 months of treatment with natalizumab. The cell subpopulations and the expression of MSRV env/syncytin-1/HERV-W env were analyzed by flow cytometry and by discriminatory env-specific RT-PCR assays. Results: By flow cytometry the relative amounts of T, NK and monocyte subpopulations were shown to remain fairly constant. A relative increase of B lymphocytes was observed at three to six months ( p = 0.033). The MSRV env and syncitin-1 transcripts were reduced at six to 12 months of therapy ( p = 0.0001). Accordingly, at month 12, the plasma-membrane levels of the HERV-W env protein were reduced ( p = 0.0001). B cells, NK and monocytes but not T cells expressed the HERV-W env protein. None of the patients relapsed during therapy. Conclusion: Effective therapy with natalizumab downregulates MSRV/syncytin-1/HERV-W expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannina Arru
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefania Leoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Maura Pugliatti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Caterina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Manetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonina Dolei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mameli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari, Italy
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Lossius A, Johansen JN, Torkildsen Ø, Vartdal F, Holmøy T. Epstein-Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis—association and causation. Viruses 2013; 4:3701-30. [PMID: 23342374 PMCID: PMC3528287 DOI: 10.3390/v4123701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. However, it is not clear whether EBV plays a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, and if so, by which mechanisms the virus may contribute. In this review, we discuss possible viral and immunological mechanisms that might explain associations between EBV and autoimmune diseases and whether these associations represent causes or effects of inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lossius
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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35
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Garcia-Montojo M, Dominguez-Mozo M, Arias-Leal A, Garcia-Martinez Á, De las Heras V, Casanova I, Faucard R, Gehin N, Madeira A, Arroyo R, Curtin F, Alvarez-Lafuente R, Perron H. The DNA copy number of human endogenous retrovirus-W (MSRV-type) is increased in multiple sclerosis patients and is influenced by gender and disease severity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53623. [PMID: 23308264 PMCID: PMC3538585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease more prevalent in women than in men. Multiple Sclerosis Associated Retrovirus element (MSRV) is a member of type-W endogenous retrovirus family (HERV-W), known to be associated to MS. Most HERVs are unable to replicate but MSRV expression associated with reverse-transcriptase activity in MS would explain reported DNA copy number increase in MS patients. A potential link between HERV-W copies on chromosome X and gender differential prevalence has been suggested. The present study addresses MSRV-type DNA load in relation with the gender differences and clinical status in MS and healthy controls. RESULTS 178 MS patients (62.9% women) and 124 controls (56.5% women) were included. MSRV env load (copies/pg of DNA) was analyzed by real time qPCR with specific primers and probe for its env gene, in DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). MSRV load was more elevated in MS patients than in controls (p = 4.15e-7). MS women presented higher MSRV load than control women (p = 0.009) and MS men also had higher load than control men (p = 2.77e-6). Besides, women had higher levels than men, both among patients (p = 0.007) and controls (p = 1.24e-6). Concordantly, EDSS and MSSS scores were higher among female patients with an elevated MSRV load (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS MSRV increases its copy number in PBMC of MS patients and particularly in women with high clinical scores. This may explain causes underlying the higher prevalence of MS in women. The association with the clinical severity calls for further investigations on MSRV load in PBMCs as a biomarker for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garcia-Montojo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
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Mameli G, Poddighe L, Mei A, Uleri E, Sotgiu S, Serra C, Manetti R, Dolei A. Expression and activation by Epstein Barr virus of human endogenous retroviruses-W in blood cells and astrocytes: inference for multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44991. [PMID: 23028727 PMCID: PMC3459916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proposed co-factors triggering the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) are the Epstein Barr virus (EBV), and the potentially neuropathogenic MSRV (MS-associated retrovirus) and syncytin-1, of the W family of human endogenous retroviruses. Methodology/Principal Findings In search of links, the expression of HERV-W/MSRV/syncytin-1, with/without exposure to EBV or to EBV glycoprotein350 (EBVgp350), was studied on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy volunteers and MS patients, and on astrocytes, by discriminatory env-specific RT-PCR assays, and by flow cytometry. Basal expression of HERV-W/MSRV/syncytin-1 occurs in astrocytes and in monocytes, NK, and B, but not in T cells. This uneven expression is amplified in untreated MS patients, and dramatically reduced during therapy. In astrocytes, EBVgp350 stimulates the expression of HERV-W/MSRV/syncytin-1, with requirement of the NF-κB pathway. In EBVgp350-treated PBMC, MSRVenv and syncytin-1 transcription is activated in B cells and monocytes, but not in T cells, nor in the highly expressing NK cells. The latter cells, but not the T cells, are activated by proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusions/Significance In vitro EBV activates the potentially immunopathogenic and neuropathogenic HERV-W/MSRV/syncytin-1, in cells deriving from blood and brain. In vivo, pathogenic outcomes would depend on abnormal situations, as in late EBV primary infection, that is often symptomatic, or/and in the presence of particular host genetic backgrounds. In the blood, HERV-Wenv activation might induce immunopathogenic phenomena linked to its superantigenic properties. In the brain, toxic mechanisms against oligodendrocytes could be established, inducing inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage. Local stimulation by proinflammatory cytokines and other factors might activate further HERV-Ws, contributing to the neuropathogenity. In MS pathogenesis, a possible model could include EBV as initial trigger of future MS, years later, and HERV-W/MSRV/syncytin-1 as actual contributor to MS pathogenicity, in striking parallelism with disease behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mameli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luciana Poddighe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Uleri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Department of Neurosciences and MIS, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Caterina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Manetti
- Department of Clinical, Experimental and Oncological Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonina Dolei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Ryan FP. Human endogenous retroviruses in multiple sclerosis: potential for novel neuro-pharmacological research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:360-9. [PMID: 22131944 PMCID: PMC3131726 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795596568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the env genes of two or more human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) of the W family are contributing to the inflammatory processes, and thus to the pathogenesis, of multiple sclerosis (MS). Increasing understanding of the human endogenous retroviral locus, ERVWE1, and the putative multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus, or MSRV, and in particular of the HERV-W env sequences associated with these, offers the potential of new lines of pharmacological research that might assist diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Ryan
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield University, UK
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Perron H, Germi R, Bernard C, Garcia-Montojo M, Deluen C, Farinelli L, Faucard R, Veas F, Stefas I, Fabriek BO, Van-Horssen J, Van-der-Valk P, Gerdil C, Mancuso R, Saresella M, Clerici M, Marcel S, Creange A, Cavaretta R, Caputo D, Arru G, Morand P, Lang AB, Sotgiu S, Ruprecht K, Rieckmann P, Villoslada P, Chofflon M, Boucraut J, Pelletier J, Hartung HP. Human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope expression in blood and brain cells provides new insights into multiple sclerosis disease. Mult Scler 2012; 18:1721-36. [PMID: 22457345 PMCID: PMC3573672 DOI: 10.1177/1352458512441381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: The envelope protein from multiple sclerosis (MS) associated retroviral element (MSRV), a member of the Human Endogenous Retroviral family ‘W’ (HERV-W), induces dysimmunity and inflammation. Objective: The objective of this study was to confirm and specify the association between HERV-W/MSRV envelope (Env) expression and MS. Methods: 103 MS, 199 healthy controls (HC) and controls with other neurological diseases (28), chronic infections (30) or autoimmunity (30) were analysed with an immunoassay detecting Env in serum. Env RNA or DNA copy numbers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Env was detected by immunohistology in the brains of patients with MS with three specific monoclonals. Results: Env antigen was detected in a serum of 73% of patients with MS with similar prevalence in all clinical forms, and not in chronic infection, systemic lupus, most other neurological diseases and healthy donors (p<0.01). Cases with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (5/8) and rare HC (4/103) were positive. RNA expression in PBMC and DNA copy numbers were significantly elevated in patients with MS versus HC (p<0.001). In patients with MS, DNA copy numbers were significantly increased in chronic progressive MS (secondary progressive MS vs relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) p<0.001; primary progressive MS vs RRMS –<0.02). Env protein was evidenced in macrophages within MS brain lesions with particular concentrations around vascular elements. Conclusion: The association between MS disease and the MSRV-type HERV-W element now appears quite strong, as evidenced ex-vivo from serum and PBMC with post-mortem confirmation in brain lesions. Chronic progressive MS, RRMS and clinically isolated syndrome show different ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and/or PCR profiles suggestive of an increase with disease evolution, and amplicon sequencing confirms the association with particular HERV-W elements.
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Expression of HERV-Fc1, a human endogenous retrovirus, is increased in patients with active multiple sclerosis. J Virol 2012; 86:3713-22. [PMID: 22278236 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06723-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be an autoimmune disease with an unknown cause and with immune system dysregulation. Among environmental factors, viruses are most often connected with the etiology of MS. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) constitute 5 to 8% of human genomic DNA and have been detected as transcripts and proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral blood, frequently in the context of neuroinflammation. HERV-Fc1, which belongs to the HERV-H/F family, has received our attention largely because of the genetic association with MS. We studied the expression of a capsid (Gag) protein of HERV-H/F origin by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy controls and from MS patients with nonactive or active disease. There was a significant increase in HERV-H/F Gag expression in CD4(+) (P < 0.001) and CD8(+) (P < 0.001) T lymphocytes and in monocytes (P = 0.0356) in PBMCs from MS patients with active disease. Furthermore, we have undertaken the first rigorous SYBR green-based absolute quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) evaluation approach to quantify extracellular HERV-Fc1 RNA viral loads in plasma from MS patients and healthy controls. We found a 4-fold increase in extracellular HERV-Fc1 RNA titers in patients with active MS compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001). These findings strengthen the link between HERV-Fc1 and the pathology of MS. The cause and biological consequences of these differential expression levels will be the subject of further investigation. HERV-Fc1 biology could be a compelling area for understanding the pathology of MS and possibly other autoimmune disorders.
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Perron H, Lang A. The human endogenous retrovirus link between genes and environment in multiple sclerosis and in multifactorial diseases associating neuroinflammation. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010; 39:51-61. [PMID: 19697163 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses represent about 8% of the human genome and belong to the superfamily of transposable and retrotransposable genetic elements. Altogether, these mobile genetic elements and their numerous inactivated "junk" sequences represent nearly one half of the human DNA. Nonetheless, a significant part of this "non-conventional" genome has retained potential activity. Epigenetic control is notably involved in silencing most of these genetic elements but certain environmental factors such as viruses are known to dysregulate their expression in susceptible cells. More particularly, embryonal cells with limited gene methylation are most susceptible to uncontrolled activation of these mobile genetic elements by, e.g., viral infections. In particular, certain viruses transactivate promoters from endogenous retroviral family type W (HERV-W). HERV-W RNA was first isolated in circulating viral particles (Multiple Sclerosis-associated RetroViral element, MSRV) that have been associated with the evolution and prognosis of multiple sclerosis. HERV-W elements encode a powerful immunopathogenic envelope protein (ENV) that activates a pro-inflammatory and autoimmune cascade through interaction with Toll-like receptor 4 on immune cells. This ENV protein has repeatedly been detected in MS brain lesions and may be involved in other diseases. Epigenetic factors controlling HERV-W ENV protein expression then reveal critical. This review addresses the gene-environment epigenetic interface of such HERV-W elements and its potential involvement in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Perron
- GeNeuro, 18, Chemin des Aulx, 1228, Plan-Les Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland.
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41
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Mechelli R, Annibali V, Ristori G, Vittori D, Coarelli G, Salvetti M. Multiple sclerosis etiology: beyond genes and environment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6:481-90. [PMID: 20441432 DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of the CNS with inflammatory and neurodegenerative components. The etiology is unknown, but there is evidence for a role of both genetic and environmental factors. Among the heritable factors, MHC class II genes are strongly involved, as well as genes coding for others molecules of immunological relevance, genes controlling neurobiological pathways and genes of unknown function. Among nonheritable factors, many infectious agents (mainly viruses) and environmental factors (e.g., smoke, sun exposition and diet) seem to be of etiologic importance. Here, we report and discuss recent findings in MS on largely unexplored fields: the alternative splicing of mRNAs and regulatory noncoding RNAs, the major sources of transcriptome diversity; and epigenetic changes with special attention paid to DNA methylation and histone acetylation, the main regulators of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Mechelli
- Neurology and Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
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Antony JM, Deslauriers AM, Bhat RK, Ellestad KK, Power C. Human endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis: innocent bystanders or disease determinants? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:162-76. [PMID: 20696240 PMCID: PMC7172332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) constitute 5–8% of human genomic DNA and are replication incompetent despite expression of individual HERV genes from different chromosomal loci depending on the specific tissue. Several HERV genes have been detected as transcripts and proteins in the central nervous system, frequently in the context of neuroinflammation. The HERV-W family has received substantial attention in large part because of associations with diverse syndromes including multiple sclerosis (MS) and several psychiatric disorders. A HERV-W-related retroelement, multiple sclerosis retrovirus (MSRV), has been reported in MS patients to be both a biomarker as well as an effector of aberrant immune responses. HERV-H and HERV-K have also been implicated in MS and other neurological diseases but await delineation of their contributions to disease. The HERV-W envelope-encoded glycosylated protein, syncytin-1, is encoded by chromosome 7q21 and exhibits increased glial expression within MS lesions. Overexpression of syncytin-1 in glia induces endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to neuroinflammation and the induction of free radicals, which damage proximate cells. Syncytin-1's receptor, ASCT1 is a neutral amino acid transporter expressed on glia and is suppressed in white matter of MS patients. Of interest, antioxidants ameliorate syncytin-1's neuropathogenic effects raising the possibility of using these agents as therapeutics for neuroinflammatory diseases. Given the multiple insertion sites of HERV genes as complete and incomplete open reading frames, together with their differing capacity to be expressed and the complexities of individual HERVs as both disease markers and bioactive effectors, HERV biology is a compelling area for understanding neuropathogenic mechanisms and developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Sotgiu S, Mameli G, Serra C, Zarbo IR, Arru G, Dolei A. Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus and progressive disability of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2010; 16:1248-51. [PMID: 20685761 DOI: 10.1177/1352458510376956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Retrovirus-like particles containing the multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus RNA, significantly found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis, have been preliminarily associated with a short-term poor clinical and radiological prognosis of the disease. We asked whether these prognostic indications are still measurable after a long-term clinical evaluation (10 years). Our 10-year blind observational study confirms that the presence of multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus in the cerebrospinal fluid of early multiple sclerosis patients is associated with a significantly greater rate of relapse-unrelated unremitting disability and secondary progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sotgiu
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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44
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Ryan FP. An alternative approach to medical genetics based on modern evolutionary biology. Part 3: HERVs in diseases. J R Soc Med 2009; 102:415-24. [PMID: 19797599 DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.2009.090221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Ryan
- Sheffield Primary Care Trust and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield University UK.
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Perron H, Bernard C, Bertrand JB, Lang AB, Popa I, Sanhadji K, Portoukalian J. Endogenous retroviral genes, Herpesviruses and gender in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2009; 286:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mameli G, Poddighe L, Astone V, Delogu G, Arru G, Sotgiu S, Serra C, Dolei A. Novel reliable real-time PCR for differential detection of MSRVenv and syncytin-1 in RNA and DNA from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Virol Methods 2009; 161:98-106. [PMID: 19505508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two components of the HERV-W family of human endogenous retroviruses are activated during multiple sclerosis (MS) and proposed immunopathogenic co-factors: MSRV (MS-associated retrovirus), and ERVWE1 (whose env protein, syncytin-1, reaches the plasma membrane). MSRVenv and syncytin-1 are closely related, and difficult to distinguish each other. The sequences of extracellular MSRVenv and of syncytin-1 available in GenBank were compared with those found in MS patients and controls of the cohort under study. With respect to syncytin-1, MSRVenv sequences have a 12-nucleotide insertion in the trans-membrane moiety. Based on this insertion, discriminatory real-time PCR assays were developed, that can amplify selectively either MSRVenv or syncytin-1. The data of MS patients and controls indicated that MSRV and ERVWE1 are both expressed in the brain of MS patients, while only MSRV is present in the blood; MSRV was released in culture by PBMCs of MSRV-producer individuals. These cells expressed the complete MSRVenv gene in the absence of syncytin-1 expression, up to the final, fully glycosylated envelope protein product, since western blot staining with anti-HERV-Wenv antibody detected two bands of the same molecular weight (73 and 61kDa) of the fully glycosylated and partially glycosylated HERV-Wenv uncleaved proteins. Beyond MSRVenv DNA copy numbers were more abundant in MS patients than in healthy humans, while syncytin-1 were unchanged. These findings reinforce the link between MSRV and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mameli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43B, Sassari, Italy
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Laufer G, Mayer J, Mueller BF, Mueller-Lantzsch N, Ruprecht K. Analysis of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus W env loci clarifies the origin of multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus env sequences. Retrovirology 2009; 6:37. [PMID: 19368703 PMCID: PMC2672075 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) RNA sequences have been detected in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and are related to the multi-copy human endogenous retrovirus family type W (HERV-W). Only one HERV-W locus (ERVWE1) codes for a complete HERV-W Env protein (Syncytin-1). Syncytin-1 and the putative MSRV Env protein have been involved in the pathogenesis of MS. The origin of MSRV and its precise relation to HERV-W were hitherto unknown. Results By mapping HERV-W env cDNA sequences (n = 332) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with MS and healthy controls onto individual genomic HERV-W env elements, we identified seven transcribed HERV-W env loci in these cells, including ERVWE1. Transcriptional activity of individual HERV-W env elements did not significantly differ between patients with MS and controls. Remarkably, almost 30% of HERV-W env cDNAs were recombined sequences that most likely arose in vitro between transcripts from different HERV-W env elements. Re-analysis of published MSRV env sequences revealed that all of them can be explained as originating from genomic HERV-W env loci or recombinations among them. In particular, a MSRV env clone previously used for the generation of monoclonal antibody 6A2B2, detecting an antigen in MS brain lesions, appears to be derived from a HERV-W env locus on chromosome Xq22.3. This locus harbors a long open reading frame for an N-terminally truncated HERV-W Env protein. Conclusion Our data clarify the origin of MSRV env sequences, have important implications for the status of MSRV, and open the possibility that a protein encoded by a HERV-W env element on chromosome Xq22.3 may be expressed in MS brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Laufer
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
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Saresella M, Rolland A, Marventano I, Cavarretta R, Caputo D, Marche P, Perron H, Clerici M. Multiple sclerosis-associated retroviral agent (MSRV)-stimulated cytokine production in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2009; 15:443-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458508100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Human endogenous retroviruses are suggested to play a pathogenic role in multiple sclerosis (MS); one of such retroviruses, the MS-associated retroviral agent (MSRV) has repeatedly been isolated in MS patients. Objective and methods We analyzed cytokine profiles in MSRV envelope protein (MSRV ENV-SU)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 30 relapsing-remitting MS patients with either acute (AMS) ( n = 13) or stable (SMS) ( n = 17) disease. Results suggest that MSRV ENV-SU induces the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α ( P < 0.05) and interferon-γ ( P < 0.004) in AMS patients and of interleukin-10 ( P < 0.05), an inflammation-dampening cytokine, in SMS individuals. Conclusions These data strengthen the hypothesis indicating that MSRV could be involved in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saresella
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Don C. Gnocchi ONLUS Foundation IRCCS, Via Capecelatro, 66, Milano 20148, Italy
| | - A Rolland
- Laboratoire d’Immunochimie,CEA/INSERUM-U548, 17 rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - I Marventano
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Don C. Gnocchi ONLUS Foundation IRCCS, Via Capecelatro, 66, Milano 20148, Italy
| | - R Cavarretta
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Don C. Gnocchi ONLUS Foundation, IRCCS, Via Capecelatro, 66, Milano 20148, Italy
| | - D Caputo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Don C. Gnocchi ONLUS Foundation, IRCCS, Via Capecelatro, 66, Milano 20148, Italy
| | - P Marche
- Laboratoire d’Immunochimie,CEA/INSERUM-U548, 17 rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - H Perron
- GeNeuro, Geneva; 1228 Plan-Lesouates, Switzerland
| | - M Clerici
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Don C. Gnocchi ONLUS Foundation IRCCS, Via Capecelatro, 66, Milano 20148, Italy; Chair of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Milano 20090, Italy
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Perron H, Mekaoui L, Bernard C, Veas F, Stefas I, Leboyer M. Endogenous retrovirus type W GAG and envelope protein antigenemia in serum of schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:1019-23. [PMID: 18760403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent and independent molecular studies have shown an association between human endogenous retroviruses type "W" family (HERV-W) and schizophrenia, mostly by polymerase chain reaction studies, but none has yet addressed specific antigen detection in living patients. METHODS Forty-nine schizophrenic patients and an equivalent number of healthy control subjects were included in the present exploratory study. The HERV-W GAG and envelope (ENV) proteins were quantified in the serum with a dedicated immunoassay set-up with specific monoclonal antibodies to either antigen. RESULTS In schizophrenic patients, positive antigenemia for ENV was found in 23 of 49 (47%) and for GAG in 24 of 49 (49%). Only 1 of 30 (3%) for ENV and 2 of 49 (4%) for GAG were positive in blood donors (p < .01 for ENV; p < .001 for GAG). Interestingly, bioclinical data analyses revealed significant correlation between GAG or ENV antigenemia (a protein causing dysimmune inflammatory effects) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (a systemic inflammation biomarker). CONCLUSIONS Frequently elevated CRP has previously been described in schizophrenic patients and has been shown to match with an evolution toward cognitive deficit and neuronal loss. Elsewhere viruses such as influenza, long-associated with risk for schizophrenia through perinatal infections, have been shown to activate HERV-W elements in human cells. We therefore discuss a relationship between environment factors long-associated with early risk, genetic factors represented by this endogenous family, the production of its pro-inflammatory ENV protein and known "inflammation-mediated" neurotoxicity, as a possible hypothesis for a pathogenic cascade in association with HERV-W. Our present results thus confirm that HERV-W studies have opened a novel avenue of research in schizophrenia.
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50
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Ruprecht K, Gronen F, Sauter M, Best B, Rieckmann P, Mueller-Lantzsch N. Lack of immune responses against multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus/human endogenous retrovirus W in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurovirol 2008; 14:143-51. [PMID: 18444086 DOI: 10.1080/13550280801958922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV), originally identified in cell cultures from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), is closely related to the human endogenous retrovirus family type W (HERV-W). Different lines of evidence appear compatible with a potential role of MSRV/HERV-W in the pathogenesis of MS. The authors therefore analyzed humoral and cellular immune responses against MSRV/HERV-W antigens in patients with MS, patients with other inflammatory and noninflammatory neurological diseases, and healthy controls, using indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Antibodies against the HERV-W envelope (Env) protein, Syncytin-1, were found in one of 50 patients with MS and none of 59 controls, whereas antibodies against MSRV matrix and capsid (Gag) or Env proteins were not detectable in any of the patients or controls. Similarly, in a screening of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B7+ patients with MS (n = 23) and controls (n = 29) for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against 36 predicted HLA-B7-restricted MSRV/HERV-W Gag-, protease-, and reverse transcriptase-derived peptides, no such responses could be detected in any of the subjects studied. These data suggest that there are no appreciable humoral or cellular immune responses against MSRV/HERV-W in patients with MS. While this may be due to immunological tolerance of physiologically expressed HERV-W proteins, strategies other than measurement of immune responses will be required to further elucidate the relationship between MSRV/HERV-W and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Ruprecht
- Institute for Virology, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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