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Rhim H, Kim M, Gim S, Han JI. Diagnostic value of serum amyloid A in differentiating the inflammatory disorders in wild birds. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1284113. [PMID: 38379926 PMCID: PMC10876875 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1284113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Rescued wild birds have very high rates of inflammatory diseases; however, there have been limitations in assessing them sensitively. Few studies have examined acute-phase proteins in wild birds. In this study, serum amyloid A (SAA) was evaluated as an inflammatory indicator along with traditional indices such as white blood cell count, albumin, and albumin/globulin ratio. In total, 291 samples from 139 birds of six avian species were analyzed. All samples were divided into four groups (severe, moderate, mild injuries, and clinically healthy) based on clinical examinations and evaluated by group. SAA levels were measured using an anti-chicken SAA ELISA kit and compared with leukocyte counts, albumin concentrations, and albumin/globulin ratios. Differences among groups were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by a post hoc test using Dunn's multiple comparisons with SPSS V27. Statistical significance was set at a value of p of <0.05. The median concentration and interquartile range (ng/mL) of SAA in each group were 78.10 ng/mL (50.71-109.30), 31.15 ng/mL (19.85-49.24), 9.68 ng/mL (4.71-22.06), and 3.10 ng/mL (1.50-6.00). We observed a significant difference in the mean levels between the groups (p < 0.001), with the same results observed across species. All four indices showed significant differences in mean values between the groups (p < 0.001). In addition, SAA showed rapid changes in periodically collected samples, reflecting either a positive treatment response or the onset of subclinical diseases. SAA can be used to detect inflammatory conditions and asymptomatic disease in wild birds and is helpful in accurately identifying current health status, which is essential for successful treatment and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haerin Rhim
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongsu Kim
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Gim
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ik Han
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Indzhova V, Czopowicz M, Kilpatrick S, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Brocal J. Signalment and C-reactive protein values in dogs with immune-mediated polyarthritis and steroid responsive meningitis arteritis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1091318. [PMID: 36865442 PMCID: PMC9971500 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1091318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This retrospective multicentric study aims to evaluate the ability of CRP concentration to differentiate between dogs diagnosed with IMPA and SRMA. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of inflammation widely used in two of the most commonly diagnosed immune-mediated diseases in dogs-Immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) and steroid responsive meningitis arteritis (SRMA). Materials and methods Data collected from medical records of 167 client-owned dogs included age, breed, gender, neuter status, body weight, body temperature, CRP concentration, month and season of diagnosis. CRP was measured quantitatively in 142 dogs (84%) and semi-quantitatively in 27 dogs (16%). Results SRMA was diagnosed significantly more often in dogs < 12 months old and IMPA in dogs ≥12 months old (P < 0.001). Dogs diagnosed with SRMA had higher CRP concentration than dogs diagnosed with IMPA (P = 0.02). This difference was influenced by the dog's age-when a dog was <12 months old, a higher CRP concentration indicated IMPA (P = 0.02), whereas when a dog was ≥12 months old, a higher CRP concentration indicated SRMA (P = 0.02). Discussion CRP concentration as a sole diagnostic modality showed only fair discriminatory potential to differentiate between SRMA and IMPA (area under ROC curve close to 0.7). CRP concentration varied depending on patient age and definitive diagnosis. It may play some role in differentiating between SRMA and IMPA but should not be used as the sole diagnostic modality, given it has been demonstrated to only have fair discriminatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Indzhova
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Solihull, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Viktoriya Indzhova ✉
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Josep Brocal
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Winchester, United Kingdom
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3
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Setthawongsin C, Khunbutsri D, Pisamai S, Raksajit W, Ngamkala S, Jarudecha T, Meekhanon N, Rungsipipat A. Isolation of Oral Bacteria, Measurement of the C-Reactive Protein, and Blood Clinical Parameters in Dogs with Oral Tumor. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:2582774. [PMID: 37009523 PMCID: PMC10060073 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2582774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine oral cancers have a poor prognosis and are related to chronic inflammation. This may pose a risk of secondary bacterial infection. This study aimed to compare the bacteria isolated from oral swab samples, values of C-reactive proteins (CRPs), and clinical blood profiles of dogs with and without oral mass. A total of 36 dogs were divided in three groups: no oral mass (n = 21), oral mass (n = 8), and metastasis groups (n = 7). Significantly, both the clinical groups (the oral mass group and metastasis group) showed anemia, a decrease in the albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR), and an increase in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), globulin-to-albumin ratio (GAR), CRP, and CRP-to-albumin ratio (CAR) compared to the normal group. CAR showed an increasing trend in the oral mass and metastasis groups (10 times and 100 times, respectively) compared to the no oral mass group (P < 0.001). Neisseria spp. (20.78%) was the main isolated bacteria in all groups. The main genera in the no oral mass group were Neisseria spp. (28.26%), Pasteurella spp. (19.57%), and Staphylococcus spp. (19.57%). Neisseria spp., Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia spp. were found equally (12.5%) in the oral mass group. Escherichia spp. (26.67%), Pseudomonas spp. (13.33%), and Staphylococcus spp. (13.33%) were the main genera in the metastasis group. Interestingly, Neisseria spp. decreased in the clinical groups (Fisher's exact = 6.39, P=0.048), and Escherichia spp. increased in the metastasis group (Fisher's exact = 14.00, P=0.002). The difference of oral bacteria in clinical dogs compared to healthy dogs may be related to microbiome alterations, and both the clinical groups showed the increment of inflammatory biomarkers. This suggested that further studies should be conducted on the correlation between the specific bacteria, CRP, blood clinical parameters, and type of canine oral mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanokchon Setthawongsin
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok10900, Thailand
| | - Duangdaow Khunbutsri
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Sirinun Pisamai
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok10330, Thailand
| | - Wuttinun Raksajit
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok10900, Thailand
| | - Suchanit Ngamkala
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok10900, Thailand
| | - Thitichai Jarudecha
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok10900, Thailand
| | - Nattakan Meekhanon
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok10900, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Center of Excellence for Companion Animal Cancer, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok10330, Thailand
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4
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Walton RM, Siegel A. Avian Inflammatory Markers. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:679-695. [PMID: 36122946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation represents a fundamental response to diverse diseases ranging from trauma and infection to immune-mediated disease and neoplasia. As such, inflammation can be a nonspecific finding but is valuable as an indicator of pathology that can itself lead to disease if left unchecked. This article focuses on inflammatory biomarkers that are available and clinically useful in avian species. Inflammatory biomarkers are identified via evaluation of whole blood and plasma and can be divided into acute and chronic, with varying degrees of specificity and sensitivity. Evaluation of multiple biomarkers may be necessary to identify subclinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M Walton
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 216 Delmar Street, Philadelphia, PA 19128, USA.
| | - Andrea Siegel
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 510 E. 62nd Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Cheney A, Woolcock AD, Mukhopadhyay A, Knapp D, Moore GE. Interleukin-6 and thrombopoietin concentrations in dogs with carcinoma with and without thrombocytosis. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:227-233. [PMID: 34881459 PMCID: PMC8783347 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma-associated thrombocytosis involves tumor production of mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and thrombopoietin (TPO) that increase thrombopoiesis and may play a role in tumor evasion and metastasis. Carcinoma-associated thrombocytosis is described in people, but has not been described in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Evaluate the concentrations of IL-6 and TPO in dogs diagnosed with carcinoma with or without thrombocytosis. We hypothesized that IL-6 and TPO concentrations would be higher in dogs with carcinoma compared to healthy dogs, and that IL-6 and TPO concentrations would be higher in dogs with carcinoma and thrombocytosis when compared to dogs with carcinoma and normal platelet counts. ANIMALS One-hundred sixteen dogs: 63 with carcinoma and 53 healthy control dogs. METHODS Complete blood count was performed in all dogs, and they were stratified for sub-group analysis based on the presence or absence of thrombocytosis (platelet count > 500 103/µL). Serum TPO and IL-6 concentrations were measured by ELISA. Results of selected numeric variables were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum tests for pairwise comparisons. A value of P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS Twelve of the dogs with carcinoma (12/63, 19.0%) and none of the healthy control dogs (0%) had thrombocytosis. Thrombopoietin concentrations (median [range]) were significantly higher in dogs with carcinoma when compared to controls (87.42 pg/mL [0 to >600] vs 15.99 pg/mL [0 to >600], P < .001). Interleukin-6 concentrations (median [range]) were not different between dogs with carcinoma and healthy control dogs (9.70 pg/mL [0-181.53] vs 3.03 pg/mL [0-280.77], P = .15). In dogs with carcinoma, the TPO and IL-6 concentrations were not different between dogs with thrombocytosis and dogs with normal platelet count. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Thrombopoietin concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with carcinoma, regardless of platelet count. Thrombopoietin is likely to be 1 of multiple factors that can impact platelet number, production, and consumption in dogs with carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Cheney
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Andrew D. Woolcock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Abhijit Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Deborah Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - George E. Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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6
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Jimenez AG, Downs CJ, Lalwani S, Cipolli W. Cellular metabolism and IL-6 concentrations during stimulated inflammation in primary fibroblasts from small and large dog breeds as they age. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb233734. [PMID: 33257435 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune system undergoes marked changes during aging characterized by a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation termed 'inflammaging'. We explore this phenomenon in domestic dogs, which are the most morphologically and physiologically diverse group of mammals, with the widest range in body sizes for a single species. Additionally, smaller dogs tend to live significantly longer than larger dogs across all breeds. Body size is intricately linked to mass-specific metabolism and aging rates, which suggests that dogs are exemplary for studies in inflammaging. Dermal fibroblast cells play an important role in skin inflammation, making them a good model for inflammatory patterns across dog breed, body sizes and ages. Here, we examined aerobic and glycolytic cellular metabolism, and IL-6 concentrations in primary fibroblast cells isolated from small and large dog breeds, that were either recently born puppies or old dogs after death. We found no differences in cellular metabolism when isolated fibroblasts were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli to stimulate an inflammatory phenotype. Unlike responses observed in mice and humans, there was a less drastic amplification of IL-6 concentration after LPS treatment in the geriatric population of dogs compared with recently born dogs. In young dogs, we also found evidence that untreated fibroblasts from large breeds had significantly lower IL-6 concentrations than observed for smaller breeds. This implies that the patterns of inflammaging in dogs may be distinct and different from other mammals commonly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia J Downs
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Sahil Lalwani
- Colgate University, Department of Mathematics, 13 Oak Dr., Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
| | - William Cipolli
- Colgate University, Department of Mathematics, 13 Oak Dr., Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
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7
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Canonne AM, Menard M, Maurey C, Benchrekroun G, Fernandes Rodrigues N, Billen F, Clercx C. Comparison of C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection and aspiration bronchopneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1519-1524. [PMID: 33709444 PMCID: PMC8163113 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-known acute-phase protein in dogs that may discriminate bacterial bronchopneumonia from other pulmonary conditions. Bronchopneumonia caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) is common but the associated increase in CRP concentration in naturally infected dogs has not been fully explored. OBJECTIVE To compare CRP concentrations of dogs with Bb infection, with or without radiographic pulmonary lesions, to dogs with aspiration bronchopneumonia (ABP). ANIMALS Sixteen dogs with Bb infection and 36 dogs with ABP. METHODS Retrospective study. C-reactive protein concentrations and thoracic radiographs were available for each dog. RESULTS Eleven dogs with Bb infection had alveolar lesions. In all dogs, CRP concentration was mildly increased (14-38 mg/L). In the 5 dogs without alveolar lesions, CRP concentration was within the reference range in all but 1 dog, in which it was slightly increased. Median CRP concentration was significantly higher in dogs with alveolar lesions (20 mg/L) compared with dogs without alveolar lesions (5 mg/L; p < .002). In dogs with Bb infection, median duration of clinical signs was not different between dogs with normal CRP concentration and dogs with increased concentration. In dogs with Bb infection either with or without alveolar lessions, median CRP concentration was significantly lower (20 mg/L) than in dogs with ABP (118 mg/L; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In contrast to dogs with APB, CRP was not a good marker for the diagnosis of dogs suspected to have bordetellosis. Confirmation of Bb infection still requires lower airway sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Morgane Canonne
- Department of Medicine, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maud Menard
- Department of Medicine, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christelle Maurey
- Department of Medicine, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ghita Benchrekroun
- Department of Medicine, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nina Fernandes Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Billen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cecile Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Porsani MYH, Bonder BSA, Teixeira FA, Gomes COMS, Gonçales LA, Nagashima JK, Balieiro JCC, Fantoni DT, Pontieri CFF, Jeremias JT, Brunetto MA. Effects of a diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and glutamine on cytokines as immunological markers for systemic inflammation in bitches before and after ovariohysterectomy. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 105 Suppl 2:79-88. [PMID: 31637790 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The post-operative period can generate immunological stress and can be modulated through supplementation with the omega-3 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets enriched with high doses of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids and glutamine on inflammatory mediators in dogs before and after ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Twelve female dogs were divided into two groups: group A was fed a commercial diet without the addition of EPA and DHA, and group B was fed an experimental diet enriched with EPA and DHA (0.2 g/100 kcal). Experimental diet intake initiated 21 days before surgery and continued until 30 days after OVH. Parameters measured were serum cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10), C-reactive protein (CRP), IGF-1, lymphoproliferation and body composition before and after surgery. Statistical analyses were performed with SAS software considering the effects of age and diet and their interactions, and means were compared by the Tukey test. There was no difference between groups in body weight (p = .682), lean mass (p = .101) and body fat (p = .103). There were no group differences in serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IGF-1, CRP and the percentage of lymphocyte proliferation. However, a time effect for TNF-α was observed (p < .001), in which T0P (10 days after the surgical procedure) presented lower values of this cytokine when compared to the other evaluation time points; and interaction effects between group and time were observed for serum concentrations of IL-6 (p < .001) and IL-10 (p = .002). OVH procedure was not considered invasive enough to increase inflammatory cytokines after 30 days of surgery, as well as the dosage of the EPA and DHA used before and after the surgery did not modulate the inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Y H Porsani
- Veterinary Internal Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brana S A Bonder
- Veterinary Internal Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio A Teixeira
- Veterinary Internal Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina O M S Gomes
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Gonçales
- Department of Surgery Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio K Nagashima
- Department of Surgery Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio C C Balieiro
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Denise T Fantoni
- Department of Surgery Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcio A Brunetto
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, Brazil
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9
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Oohashi E, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K. Pilot study on serum C-reactive protein in pet rabbits: clinical usefulness. Vet Rec Open 2019; 6:e000272. [PMID: 31565226 PMCID: PMC6746537 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2017-000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) as an acute phase reactive protein in pet rabbits in clinical practice. Methods The CRP level using a rabbit CRP ELISA and white blood cell (WBC) count in pet rabbits (30 healthy controls and 62 with various diseases) were measured in the clinical practice setting. The CRP level and WBC count were measured before and after ovariohysterectomy of a healthy rabbit and a rabbit with uterine adenocarcinoma. The association between the CRP level and mortality in rabbits with various diseases was assessed. Results The CRP level in healthy controls was 0.52±0.82 mg/dl (mean±SD). No age and sex-related differences in neither the CRP level nor WBC count were observed in the healthy control rabbits. The CRP levels in rabbits with gastrointestinal disease (n=22, 11.74±22.89 mg/dl), reproductive and urinary system disease (n=20, 21.19±49.68 mg/dl), dental disease (n=6, 4.87±5.47 mg/dl) and musculoskeletal disease (n=4, 85.66±107.28 mg/dl) were significantly higher than those in healthy controls. The CRP levels in rabbits with neurological disease (n=7, 2.55±1.79 mg/dl) and dermatological disease (n=3, 8.84±7.71 mg/dl) were higher than those in healthy controls, but no significant difference was observed. The WBC counts were not significantly different between rabbits with diseases and healthy controls. Serum samples were collected from two rabbits before and after ovariohysterectomy. In both rabbits, the CRP peaked on postoperative day 1, but no obvious WBC peak was observed. The mortality rate increased as the CRP level increased; the mortality rate was significantly higher in rabbits with a CRP level of ≥100 mg/dl than of <10 mg/dl. Conclusions This study indicates that the serum CRP level is useful to determine the disease status, monitor the treatment course and evaluate the prognosis in pet rabbits in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Clinical Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsumoto
- Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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10
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Kitanaka N, Nakano R, Sugiura K, Kitanaka T, Namba S, Konno T, Nakayama T, Sugiya H. Interleukin-1β promotes interleulin-6 expression via ERK1/2 signaling pathway in canine dermal fibroblasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220262. [PMID: 31344106 PMCID: PMC6658082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the regulation of the immune response and inflammation. In this study, we investigated effect of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) on IL-6 expression in canine dermal fibroblasts. IL-1β induced IL-6 mRNA expression and protein release in a time- and dose-dependent manner. When cells were treated with inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor FR180240 inhibited IL-1β-induced IL-6 mRNA expression, but not SP600125 or SKF86002, which are c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK inhibitors, respectively. In cells treated with U0126, an inhibitor of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), which activates ERK, IL-1β-induced IL-6 mRNA expression was also inhibited. IL-1β stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In cells transfected with ERK1 and ERK2 isoform siRNAs, IL-1β-induced IL-6 mRNA expression was reduced. These observations suggest that IL-1β induces IL-6 expression via ERK1/2 signaling pathway in canine dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Kitanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rei Nakano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanae Sugiura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Kitanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Konno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiotherapy, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Chernigova SV, Chernigov YV, Vatnikov YA, Kulikov EV, Popova IA, Shirmanov VI, Molchanova MA, Likhacheva IF, Voronina YY, Lukina DM. Special aspects of systemic inflammation course in animals. Vet World 2019; 12:932-937. [PMID: 31528014 PMCID: PMC6702551 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.932-937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In this study, we identified characteristics of systemic inflammation associated with surgical sepsis in animals. We evaluated the role of purine metabolism, functionally associated lipoperoxidation processes of membrane structures, and the antioxidant system in the development of surgical sepsis in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs with a provisional exclusion of sepsis were included in the study. The control group (Group 1) included clinically healthy dogs (n=5), and medium-breed dogs with systemic inflammation response syndrome (n=30) were categorized in the experimental group (Group 2). Along with hemogram and biochemical analysis, we determined the amount of malondialdehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase on the 1st and 14th day of the study. Treatment included a thorough reorganization of the septic focus, followed by antibacterial therapy. Sick animals were injected with a drug (dexamethasone) that suppresses the synthesis and inhibits the action of inflammatory mediators. Decompensation of the functions of organs and systems was carried out using symptomatic therapy. RESULTS We found that enhanced lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids of membrane structures stimulates the generalization of inflammatory process, as evidenced by the significant deviation from the physiologically normal values of lipid peroxidation, C-reactive protein, blood cell count, etc. The course of systemic inflammation associated with surgical sepsis in animals can be attributed to several consistently developing processes that function as a result of increased purine mononucleotide catabolism, peroxide compound formation, and their excessive breakdown in reactions associated with the consumption of glutathione due to the insufficient recovery of glutathione disulfide. CONCLUSION The amount of uric acid, glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronic acid in blood plasma, and the content of malondialdehyde, glutathione, and glutathione reductase in erythrocytes should be considered when assessing the severity of the systemic inflammatory process. The increased glutathione requirement in dogs with surgical sepsis requires intervention with pharmacological agents, and further research is needed in this aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yury Anatolyevich Vatnikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Irina Anatolyevna Popova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Irina Fedorovna Likhacheva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya Yuryevna Voronina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Darya Mikhaylovna Lukina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
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12
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Gommeren K, Desmas I, Garcia A, Bauer N, Moritz A, Roth J, Peeters D. Inflammatory cytokine and C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 28:9-19. [PMID: 29236338 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) kinetics in dogs with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) presented to an emergency service. We hypothesized serum CRP concentrations would increase and vary during hospitalization, and would correlate with plasma IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations, vary in magnitude according to the underlying disease, and predict survival. DESIGN Prospective, observational, clinical study. SETTING University emergency department. ANIMALS Sixty-nine dogs with SIRS weighing over 5 kg who could tolerate the blood sampling. INTERVENTIONS Serum and plasma were collected (and stored at -80°C) at presentation (T0), after 6 (T6), 12 (T12), 24 (T24), and 72 (T72) hours, and at a follow-up visit at least 1 month after discharge (T1m). Underlying diseases were categorized as infection (I), neoplasia (N), trauma (T), gastric-dilation and volvulus (GDV), other gastrointestinal (GI), renal (R), and miscellaneous (M) disease. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Serum CRP concentration was measured using a canine-specific immunoturbidimetric assay. Biologically active plasma IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were assessed using bioassays. Forty-four dogs survived, 8 died, and 17 were euthanized. Nineteen dogs had follow-up visits. At T0, serum CRP concentration was above the reference interval in 73.1% (49/67), and was within the reference interval (0-141.9 nmol/L) throughout hospitalization in only 6% (4/67). Serum CRP concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) at T0 (882.9 ± 1082.9 nmol/L) and at all time points during hospitalization (P < 0.0001) compared to T1m, with highest concentrations observed at T24 (906. 7 ± 859.0 nmol/L). At T1m, serum CRP concentrations were within the reference interval (22.9 ± 42.9 nmol/L) in 95% (18/19) of dogs. Logarithmic concentrations of serum CRP and plasma IL-6 were significantly correlated (P < 0.001, r = 0.479). None of the measured cytokines were associated with disease category or outcome. CONCLUSIONS Serum CRP concentration is increased in dogs with SIRS, and decreases during treatment and hospitalization. Serum CRP, plasma IL-6, and plasma TNF-α concentrations cannot predict outcome in dogs with SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Gommeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Desmas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Natalie Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology, and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology, and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dominique Peeters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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13
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Tsuruta K, Backus RC, DeClue AE, Fritsche KL, Mann FA. Effects of parenteral fish oil on plasma nonesterified fatty acids and systemic inflammatory mediators in dogs following ovariohysterectomy. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:512-523. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tsuruta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Robert C. Backus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Amy E. DeClue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Kevin L. Fritsche
- Division of Animal Sciences; University of Missouri; Columbia MO 65203
| | - Fred A. Mann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine
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14
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Kremer J, Muschitz GK, Aumayr K, Moser P, Szabo G, Weymann A, Zuckermann A, Podesser BK. Influence of antithymocyte globulin treatment of brain-dead organ donor on inflammatory response in cardiac grafts: an experimental study in mice. Transpl Int 2016; 29:1329-1336. [PMID: 27571572 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The expression of proinflammatory cytokines in donor hearts after antithymocyte globulin (ATG) treatment given prior to organ removal was evaluated to analyze changes in inflammatory response. Adult female OF-1 mice were randomized into brain death (BD) groups (BD Control, BD ATG) with or without treatment, and Controls (Control, ATG). BD induction was performed through gradual inflation of an intracranial positioned balloon catheter. At the end of a 6-h observation period, ATG (1 mg/kg BW) was given intravenously. After 45 min, the donor hearts were removed. Proinflammatory markers IL-2 and IL-6 were examined using ELISA and immunohistochemistry staining. After single administration of ATG, the inflammatory reaction in the myocardium showed a significant reduction in IL-2 expression (BD Control vs. BD ATG, P = 0.033). Our investigation showed expected increase in proinflammatory mediators after BD. This increase was abolished by single infusion of ATG, indicated by significant reduction in IL-2 levels in the myocardium. We observed a reduction of IL-6 deposition in media cells in ATG-treated specimens. Further research is necessary to evaluate the role of ATG in donor management considering a potentially positive effect of ATG on IL-2-directed inflammatory response and possible reduction of IL-6-mediated vascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Kremer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Marfan Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Core Unit for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriela K Muschitz
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Core Unit for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Aumayr
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Moser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Core Unit for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabor Szabo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Marfan Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Weymann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Marfan Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zuckermann
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno K Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Core Unit for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Mie K, Tomihari M, Hoshi K, Nakamura T, Yamaguchi T, Miyahara K, Shimada T. Influence of transfusion of lymphokine-activated T killer cells on inflammatory responses in dogs after laparotomy. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:579-85. [PMID: 26727638 PMCID: PMC4873847 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of transfusion of lymphokine-activated T killer cells (T-LAK) on
inflammatory responses was examined in dogs after laparotomy. Plasma C-reactive protein
(CRP) level, cell numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and T lymphocyte subsets
(CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+) and mRNA expression levels of
cytokines including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor
(TGF)-β in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured in dogs with (T-LAK
group) or without (control group) a single T-LAK administration immediately after
laparotomy. The plasma CRP level initially increased and then decreased to the normal
range at 7 days after laparotomy in the T-LAK group, which was earlier than in the control
group. The expression level of IL-10 mRNA showed a marked postoperative increase and was
significantly higher than the preoperative level on day 7 (P<0.05),
whereas the level in the control group showed no clear change after laparotomy. A
significant increase in IL-2 mRNA expression level in the T-LAK group was observed on day
14, which was two weeks earlier than in the control group (P<0.05).
These results suggest that T-LAK therapy in dogs after laparotomy leads to earlier
resolution of postoperative inflammation by production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine
(IL-10) in the early phase of the postoperative period and earlier restoration of
cell-mediated immunity related to cytokine production by PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Mie
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nish 2-sen 11 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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16
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Jursza-Piotrowska E, Siemieniuch MJ. Comparison of the effect of lipopolysaccharide on tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) secretion and TNF and TNFR1 mRNA levels in feline endometrium throughout the estrous cycle during pyometra and after medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:385-91. [PMID: 27097764 PMCID: PMC5004795 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxins released by Gram-negative bacteria are potent stimulators of tumor
necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production. The objectives of this study were to evaluate
plasma levels of TNF-α, TNF-α secretion, and mRNA levels of TNF and
TNF-α receptor type 1 (TNFR1) following exposure to
lipopolysaccharide (LPS). For this, we used cultured endometrial cells or organ
cultures, throughout the estrous cycle, after hormone treatment with
medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), and during pyometra. Plasma TNF-α concentrations
were increased in animals at estrus (P < 0.05) compared to other groups. In the
LPS-challenged endometrium, secretion of TNF-α by tissues collected during estrus
increased (P < 0.001) compared to that of other groups. LPS, alone or combined
with TNF-α, upregulated TNF gene expression in the feline
endometrium at diestrus (P < 0.001 for both treatments), in queens treated
short-term with MPA (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) and in queens treated
long-term with MPA (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). During pyometra,
TNF and TNFR1 mRNA were increased only after
tissues were challenged with TNF-α and LPS (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01,
respectively). When cultured endometrial cells were challenged with LPS, the
concentration of TNF-α increased only in epithelial cells after 4 h and 12 h (P <
0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Since LPS did not affect stromal cells, but
TNF-α increased its own transcript after 2 h (P < 0.01), 4 h (P < 0.05) and 12
h (P < 0.001), we assume that stromal cells are not directly involved in pathogen
recognition, as was the case for epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Jursza-Piotrowska
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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17
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Kuribayashi T, Seita T, Momotani E, Yamazaki S, Hagimori K, Yamamoto S. Elimination Half-Lives of Acute Phase Proteins in Rats and Beagle Dogs During Acute Inflammation. Inflammation 2016; 38:1401-5. [PMID: 25633424 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The half-lives of typical acute phase proteins in rats and beagle dogs during acute inflammation were investigated. Acute inflammation was induced by injection of turpentine oil in rats and administration of indomethacin in beagle dogs. Serum concentrations of α2-macroglobulin (α2M) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) was measured by single radial immunodiffusion. Half-life was calculated as 0.693/elimination rate constant (K). The mean half-lives in the terminal elimination phase of α2M and AAG were 68.1 and 164.8 h, respectively. The half-life of AAG was significantly longer than that of α2M. Mean half-lives in the terminal elimination phase of CRP and AAG were 161.9 and 304.4 h, respectively. The half-life of AAG was significantly longer than that of CRP in beagle dogs. No significant differences in the half-life of AAG were observed between rats and beagle dogs. Furthermore, serum concentrations in the terminal elimination phase could be simulated with the K data acquired in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuribayashi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Health Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
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18
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Uhrikova I, Rauserova-Lexmaulova L, Rehakova K, Scheer P, Doubek J. C-reactive protein and high mobility group box 1 in dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:488-94. [PMID: 26088834 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To (1) measure C-reactive protein (CRP) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and (2) evaluate their prognostic value and relationship to severity of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, routine hematological and acid-base parameters in dogs with gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV). DESIGN Prospective observational study from September 2010 to June 2012. SETTING Veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Forty-one client-owned dogs with GDV. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Blood was collected before surgery (baseline), postsurgery, 6-10 hours postsurgery, and 18-22 hours postsurgery. CRP and HMGB1 were measured in all samples, and routine hematological, biochemical, and acid-base analyses were performed. Only baseline and postsurgery samples were used from nonsurvivors (n = 10). CRP increased significantly from postsurgery sampling to 18-22 hours postsurgery, while HMGB1 did not change over time. There was a significant difference in HMGB1 between survivors and nonsurvivors over time. Both proteins correlated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome severity, total leukocyte, segmented neutrophils, and band counts. HMGB1 correlated also with acid-base parameters (pH, bicarbonate, base excess). CONCLUSION HMGB1 and CRP behaved differently in regards to their kinetic patterns, with HMGB1 appearing to better reflect the severity of tissue injury in dogs with GDV than CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Rehakova
- Small Animal Clinical Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Scheer
- Department of Physiology, Brno, Czech Republic.,Integrated Center of Cellular Therapy (ICCT), St. Annes´s University Hospital - International Clinical Research Center Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doubek
- Department of Physiology, Brno, Czech Republic.,Small Animal Clinical Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Karlsson I, Wernersson S, Ambrosen A, Kindahl H, Södersten F, Wang L, Hagman R. Increased concentrations of C-reactive protein but not high-mobility group box 1 in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Park SY, Kim DJ, Aldohayan A, Ahmed I, Husain S, Al Rikabi A, Aldawlatly A, Al Obied O, Hajjar W, Al Nassar S. Immune response after systematic lymph node dissection in lung cancer surgery: changes of interleukin-6 level in serum, pleural lavage fluid, and lung supernatant in a dog model. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:270. [PMID: 24112247 PMCID: PMC3856538 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic nodal dissection (SND) is regarded as a core component of lung cancer surgery. However, there has been a concern on the increased morbidity associated with SND. This study was performed to investigate whether or not SND induces significant immune response. METHODS Sixteen dogs were divided into two groups; group 1 (n = 8) underwent thoracotomy only, and group 2 (n = 8) underwent SND after thoracotomy. We compared interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in serum, pleural lavage fluid and lung supernatant at the time of thoracotomy (T0) and at 2 h(T1) after thoracotomy (group 1) or SND (group 2). Severity of inflammation and IL-6 expression in lung tissue were evaluated in a semi-quantitative manner. RESULTS The operative results were comparable. IL-6 was not detected in serum in either group. IL-6 in pleural lavage fluid marginally increased from 4.75 ± 3.74 pg/mL at T0 to 19.75 ± 8.67 pg/mL at T1 in group 1 (P = 0.112), and from 7.75 ± 5.35 pg/mL to 17.72 ± 8.58 pg/mL in group 2 (P = 0.068). IL-6 in lung supernatant increased from 0.36 ± 0.14 pg/mL/mg to 1.15 ± 0.17 pg/mL/mg in group 1 (P = 0.003), and from 0.25 ± 0.08 pg/mL/mg to 0.82 ± 0.17 pg/mL/mg in group 2 (P = 0.001). However, the degree of increase in IL-6 in pleural lavage fluid and lung supernatant were not different between two groups (P = 0.421 and P = 0.448). There was no difference in severity of inflammation and IL-6 expression between groups. CONCLUSIONS SND did not increase IL-6 in pleural lavage fluid and lung supernatant. This result suggests that SND could be routinely performed in lung cancer surgery without increasing the significant inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yong Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Serum proteinogram, acute phase proteins and immunoglobulins in dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalii. Vet Parasitol 2013; 192:137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Seo KW, Lee JB, Ahn JO, Lee HW, Hwang CY, Youn HY, Lee CW. C-reactive protein as an indicator of inflammatory responses to experimentally induced cystitis in dogs. J Vet Sci 2012; 13:179-85. [PMID: 22705740 PMCID: PMC3386343 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate and assess C-reactive protein (CRP) changes in dogs with induced bacterial cystitis with or without antibiotics. We also evaluated availability of CRP levels to serve as an indicator for monitoring or diagnosing bacterial cystitis. Serial CRP concentrations in dogs with induced bacterial cystitis were higher than those of controls (p < 0.001). CRP concentrations peaked on day 7 and gradually decreased thereafter. In the treatment group, CRP concentrations decreased after medication compared to the untreated group (p = 0.032). CRP levels had a linear correlation with urine white blood cell counts among all groups (r = 0.837, p < 0.001, n = 140). Compared to the negative urine culture group, dogs with positive urine culture results had higher CRP concentrations (median 43.8 mg/L vs. 5.9 mg/L; p < 0.001). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.955; when cut-off value was 12.2 mg/L, CRP measurements were found to have a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 86.4%. This result indicates that rapid increases of CRP occurred after inducing bacterial cystitis and CRP may be a useful indicator for monitoring or diagnosing canine bacterial cystitis together with sediment urinalysis and urine bacterial culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-won Seo
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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24
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Ogasawara S, Daddona JL, Trimpert J, Stokol T. Effect of recombinant canine interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 on tissue factor procoagulant activity in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and purified canine monocytes. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41:325-35. [PMID: 22724392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a major cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in dogs, but underlying mechanisms for its initiation are unknown. We hypothesized that pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, induce tissue factor (TF) expression on canine monocyte surfaces, which may contribute to DIC initiation. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine if (1) IL-6 and IL-8 would induce TF activity on canine monocytes, (2) fetal bovine serum or autologous plasma was required for IL-6- or IL-8-induced TF responses in canine monocytes, and (3) these pro-inflammatory cytokines would enhance TF activity on canine monocytes in response to low concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS Canine monocytes were isolated from EDTA-anticoagulated blood as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by double-density gradient centrifugation and adhesion to plastic. Adherent cells were stimulated for 4 hours with recombinant canine (rc)-IL-6 or rc-IL-8 (10-5000 pg/mL) with or without 10% heat-inactivated (HI) fetal bovine serum, untreated autologous canine plasma (ACP), or HI-ACP. Lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/mL) served as a positive control. Cells were also costimulated with either cytokine (100 pg/mL) or low concentrations of LPS (0.1 and 1 ng/mL). Monocytes immunopurified from PBMC with anti-CD14 antibodies were also stimulated with both cytokines (100 and 5000 pg/mL). TF activity on cell surfaces was measured by a 2-stage amidolytic assay, based on activated factor X generation. RESULTS Neither rc-IL-6 nor rc-IL-8 consistently stimulated TF procoagulant activity in canine PBMC or purified monocytes after 4 hours. Serum, plasma, or low concentrations of LPS did not enhance the TF response to these cytokines. CONCLUSIONS IL-6 or IL-8 at evaluated concentrations may not play major roles in coagulation activation by induction of TF expression on monocytes in dogs with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Ogasawara
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APP) were first identified in the early 1900s as early reactants to infectious disease. They are now understood to be an integral part of the acute phase response (APR) which is the cornerstone of innate immunity. APP have been shown to be valuable biomarkers as increases can occur with inflammation, infection, neoplasia, stress, and trauma. All animals--from fish to mammals--have demonstrable APP, but the type of major APP differs by species. While the primary application of these proteins in a clinical setting is prognostication, studies in animals have demonstrated relevance to diagnosis and detection and monitoring for subclinical disease. APP have been well documented in laboratory, companion, and large animals. With the advent of standardized and automated assays, these biomarkers are available for use in all fields of veterinary medicine as well as basic and clinical research.
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Raila J, Schweigert FJ, Kohn B. C-reactive protein concentrations in serum of dogs with naturally occurring renal disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:710-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to investigate the relation between serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and parameters of renal function in dogs with naturally occurring renal disease. Dogs were assigned to groups according to plasma creatinine concentration, urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/UC), and exogenous plasma creatinine clearance (P-ClCr) rates. Group A (healthy control dogs; n = 8): non-azotemic (plasma creatinine <125 µmol/l) and nonproteinuric (UP/UC <0.2), with P-ClCr rates >90 ml/min/m2; group B (n = 11): non-azotemic, nonproteinuric dogs with reduced P-ClCr rates (50–89 ml/min/m2); group C (n = 7): azotemic, borderline proteinuric dogs (P-ClCr rates: 22–67 ml/min/m2); and group D (n = 6): uremic, proteinuric dogs (not tested for P-ClCr). The serum CRP concentrations were measured via commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The CRP concentrations in the clinically healthy dogs (group A) ranged from 2.09 mg/l to 8.60 mg/l (median: 3.21 mg/l). In comparison with dogs of group A, median CRP concentrations were significantly ( P < 0.01) elevated in dogs of group B (17.6 mg/l, range: 17.0–19.2 mg/l), group C (24.8 mg/l, range: 18.0–32.5 mg/l), and group D (59.7 mg/l, range: 17.7–123 mg/l). Serum CRP was significantly related to P-ClCr ( r = –0.83; P < 0.001), plasma creatinine ( r = 0.81; P < 0.001), UP/UC ( r = 0.70; P < 0.001), and leukocytes ( r = 0.49; P < 0.01). The significant relations between serum CRP concentrations and biochemical parameters of kidney function in plasma and urine suggest that a stimulation of the acute phase response is implicated in the pathogenesis of canine renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University Potsdam, Nuthetal, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (Raila, Schweigert)
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Kohn)
| | - Florian J. Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University Potsdam, Nuthetal, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (Raila, Schweigert)
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Kohn)
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University Potsdam, Nuthetal, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (Raila, Schweigert)
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Kohn)
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Kuribayashi T, Tomizawa M, Seita T, Tagata K, Yamamoto S. Relationship between production of acute-phase proteins and strength of inflammatory stimulation in rats. Lab Anim 2011; 45:215-8. [PMID: 21669904 PMCID: PMC3125702 DOI: 10.1258/la.2011.010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between intensity of inflammatory stimulation and production of α2-macroglobulin (α2M) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) in rats was investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with turpentine oil at doses of 0.05, 0.2 or 0.4 mL/rat. Serum levels of α2M, interleukin (IL)-6 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and AAG was measured by single radial immunodiffusion. Peak serum levels of α2M and AAG in rats injected at 0.05 mL/rat were significantly lower than those at 0.2 or 0.4 mL/rat. However, no significant differences were observed for peak serum levels of these acute-phase proteins between 0.2 and 0.4 mL/rat. Furthermore, peak serum levels of IL-6 and CINC-1 in rats injected at 0.05 mL/rat were significantly lower than those at 0.2 or 0.4 mL/rat. Thus, the production of these acute-phase proteins has upper limits, even under increased strength of inflammatory stimulation in rats injected with turpentine oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuribayashi
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Wakshlag JJ, Stokol T, Geske SM, Greger CE, Angle CT, Gillette RL. Evaluation of exercise-induced changes in concentrations of C-reactive protein and serum biochemical values in sled dogs completing a long-distance endurance race. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:1207-13. [PMID: 20919909 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.10.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether long-distance endurance exercise in sled dogs causes increases in serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and whether such increases are correlated with other markers of the exercise-induced acute-phase response. ANIMALS 25 sled dogs. PROCEDURES Serum was obtained from 25 sled dogs approximately 48 hours before and immediately after completing a race of 557 km. Serum was analyzed to determine concentrations of CRP and interleukin (IL)-6, and serum biochemical analysis (and iron homeostasis analysis) also was performed. RESULTS CRP concentrations increased significantly from a mean±SD concentration of 22.4±16.3 microg/mL before racing to a mean of 263.3±103.8 microg/mL immediately after racing Serum IL-6 concentrations were unchanged; however, there was a modest but significant correlation (r=0.50) between the increase in CRP concentration and an overall decrease in serum albumin concentration, which suggested an inverse relationship between hepatic synthesis of the 2 proteins. Differences in CRP concentrations among teams of dogs revealed that concentrations before racing may be influenced by previous episodes of exercise. Serum iron concentration had only a mild decrease, which may have been attributable to iron-rich diets consumed by the dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE CRP concentrations may serve as a potential marker for exercise-induced inflammation. The exact amount of exercise required to induce such a response is unknown, but dogs apparently have a more robust acute-phase response than do humans. Clinical evaluation of CRP concentrations must account for physical activity when those concentrations are used as a potential marker for systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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29
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HONJO T, KURIBAYASHI T, SEITA T, MOKONUMA Y, YAMAGA A, YAMAZAKI S, YAMAMOTO S. The Effects of Interleukin-6 and Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Chemoattractant-1 on .ALPHA.2-Macroglobulin Production in Rats. Exp Anim 2010; 59:589-94. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio HONJO
- Seminar on Environment, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Takashi KURIBAYASHI
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Tetsurou SEITA
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Yui MOKONUMA
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Ayaka YAMAGA
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Shunsuke YAMAZAKI
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kamakura Women’s University
| | - Shizuo YAMAMOTO
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
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30
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Bathen-Noethen A, Carlson R, Menzel D, Mischke R, Tipold A. Concentrations of Acute-Phase Proteins in Dogs with Steroid Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1149-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Stadler M, Jensen AL. Canine serum C-reactive protein detected by means of a near-patient test for human C-reactive protein. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:282-6. [PMID: 18422504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability of a rapid human C-reactive protein near-patient slide reversed passive latex agglutination test (Randox) for the semi-quantitative determination of canine serum C-reactive protein. METHODS The concentration of C-reactive protein was determined in 244 canine serum samples by an established automated immunoturbidimetric method and in various predilutions by a commercially available reversed passive latex agglutination test for human C-reactive protein. The results were compared to assess if the reversed passive latex agglutination test reflected the results of the established method with special emphasis on the reversed passive latex agglutination test's ability to identify samples characterised as positive or negative by the established method. RESULTS The reversed passive latex agglutination test reflected the C-reactive protein concentration in canine serum samples at all the tested predilutions (undiluted, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16). When applying a predilution of 1:8, the positive and negative analytical predictive values for discriminating between positive and negative samples (according to the established quantitative method) were high (0.94 [0.82 to 0.99] and 0.97 [0.93 to 0.99], respectively). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, this near-patient test was able to reflect the serum C-reactive protein concentration in canine samples in a reliable and clinically useful manner and could be applicable for general practice for evaluating C-reactive protein levels in canine serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kjelgaard-Hansen
- Central Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 3 Gronnegaardsvej, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Nakamura M, Takahashi M, Ohno K, Koshino A, Nakashima K, Setoguchi A, Fujino Y, Tsujimoto H. C-reactive protein concentration in dogs with various diseases. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:127-31. [PMID: 18319571 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the clinical utility of C-reactive protein (CRP) determination in dogs, its plasma concentration was measured by a laser nephelometric method in 928 dogs with various diseases, and was compared with other inflammatory parameters. CRP concentration was elevated in various inflammatory diseases, this was most frequently observed in cases with neoplastic and immune-mediated diseases. All cases of pyometra, panniculitis, acute pancreatitis, polyarthritis, and hemangiosarcoma showed significantly elevated CRP concentrations. On the other hand, the CRP concentration was elevated only in few cases of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, meningoencephalitis, and hydrocephalus and endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, and diabetes mellitus. Only a weak correlation was observed between the CRP concentration and white blood cell (WBC) counts (r=0.44) but no correlation with band neutrophil counts. There was no correlation between the CRP and albumin concentrations, but a weak negative correlation (r=-0.40) when excluding chronic intestinal diseases and nephrotic syndrome, which can cause protein loss. Thus, CRP can be useful to detect inflammations that cannot be detected by WBC and, or band neutrophil counts, suggesting that the examination of CRP concentration is essential as routine diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakamura
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo, Japan
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Fransson BA, Lagerstedt AS, Bergstrom A, Hagman R, Park JS, Chew BP, Evans MA, Ragle CA. C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin-6 in dogs with pyometra and SIRS. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2006.00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rau S, Kohn B, Richter C, Fenske N, Küchenhoff H, Hartmann K, Härtle S, Kaspers B, Hirschberger J. Plasma interleukin-6 response is predictive for severity and mortality in canine systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis. Vet Clin Pathol 2007; 36:253-60. [PMID: 17806073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2007.tb00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is still a major cause of death in both human and veterinary medicine. Early diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment. Identification of patients at risk for developing sepsis is already possible in human medicine through the measurement of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. In veterinary medicine, however, this has been investigated only in canine experimental models. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to measure IL-6 plasma levels in dogs with naturally occurring systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis and to analyze the value of IL-6 as a predictive parameter for severity and mortality. METHODS Included in the study were 79 dogs that had been admitted to the small animal clinics of Munich and Berlin from July 2004 to July 2005 and that satisfied the diagnostic criteria for SIRS and sepsis as defined using established parameters. Measurement of plasma IL-6 levels on days 0, 1, and 2 was performed by the use of a colorimetric bioassay based on IL-6-dependent cell growth. RESULTS Septic foci were identified in 43 patients (septic group), and 36 patients were enrolled in the SIRS group. The frequency of positive blood cultures was 11%. The overall mortality rate was 48%. Higher plasma IL-6 levels on the day of admission were significantly correlated with a more severe degree of disease, increased mortality rate, and earlier fatality. CONCLUSIONS Plasma IL-6 concentration is predictive of outcome in canine SIRS and sepsis and may be a valuable laboratory parameter for assessing critically ill dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Rau
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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35
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McCann TM, Ridyard AE, Else RW, Simpson JW. Evaluation of disease activity markers in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:620-5. [PMID: 17608662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical utility of serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein and microalbuminuria as disease activity markers in canine idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease for which no underlying cause could be identified were considered to have idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and were included in the study. Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha was assessed using a canine-specific ELISA, C-reactive protein by immunoturbidometric assay and quantitative microalbuminuria was analysed using a monoclonal antibody directed against canine albumin. The canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and histopathologic grade were used to assess disease severity; biologic markers were then compared with the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and histopathologic grade. RESULTS Sixteen dogs were included in the study. C-reactive protein level was mildly elevated in 15 dogs. Microalbuminuria was elevated in two of 15 dogs, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha was not detected in any dog tested. No correlation was found between the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and C-reactive protein or microalbuminuria or between histopathologic grade and C-reactive protein or microalbuminuria. There was no correlation between histopathologic grade and the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although only a small number of dogs were evaluated, this study does not support the use of serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha measured by canine-specific ELISA or microalbuminuria in the evaluation of disease activity in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Although mildly elevated in most dogs, C-reactive protein did not reflect disease severity as assessed by the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index or histopathologic grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M McCann
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Buttke TM, Shipper G, Delano EO, Trope M. C-Reactive Protein and Serum Amyloid A in a Canine Model of Chronic Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2005; 31:728-32. [PMID: 16186751 DOI: 10.1097/01.don.0000158008.34623.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of systemic inflammatory markers have been observed in patients with chronic dental diseases, such as marginal periodontitis. A canine model was used to determine if a systemic inflammatory response was evident during chronic apical periodontitis (CAP). Dental pulps in 10 dogs were exposed and infected with dental plaque to induce CAP. Blood samples were drawn preoperatively and postinfection when CAP was seen radiographically. In three of the 10 dogs, an intravenous challenge of Porphyromonas gingivalis A7436 was given subsequent to the development of CAP. An ELISA assay was used to measure the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) as markers of systemic inflammation. During CAP the levels of CRP and SAA were not statistically different from the preoperative values as determined by the Friedman test (p < 0.05). One dog, which had an unplanned trauma-induced laceration of the paw 2 days before blood sampling, showed a 40-fold increase in CRP. The 3 dogs challenged by intravenous P. gingivalis A7436 showed elevated levels of CRP, consistent with an acute phase response. These data demonstrate that the canine model provides a useful means for studying the systemic effects of apical periodontitis, and show that CAP is not associated with elevated CRP or SAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Buttke
- Department of Endodontics, UNC School of Dentistry, CB 7450, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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Fransson BA, Karlstam E, Bergstrom A, Lagerstedt AS, Park JS, Evans MA, Ragle CA. C-reactive Protein in the Differentiation of Pyometra From Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra in Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004; 40:391-9. [PMID: 15347619 DOI: 10.5326/0400391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hematological parameters, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor αwere analyzed in 64 dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of pyometra. Final diagnosis (i.e., pyometra or cystic endometrial hyperplasia [CEH]) was determined by histopathology. As a single test, the percentage of band neutrophils had the highest sensitivity in the prediction of pyometra (sensitivity, 94%). The combination of percentage of bands and CRP had the highest sensitivity (97.7%; specificity, 75%) in predicting the presence of pyometra. The most common clinical signs noted in the study were vaginal discharge, polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy, and gastrointestinal signs. A combination of three or more of these clinical signs was significantly associated with pyometra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boel A Fransson
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7060, USA
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Murata H, Shimada N, Yoshioka M. Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis: an overview. Vet J 2004; 168:28-40. [PMID: 15158206 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(03)00119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase proteins (APP) are a group of blood proteins that contribute to restoring homeostasis and limiting microbial growth in an antibody-independent manner in animals subjected to infection, inflammation, surgical trauma or stress. In the last two decades, many advances have been made in monitoring APP in both farm and companion animals for clinical and experimental purposes. Also, the mechanism of the APP response is receiving attention in veterinary science in connection with the innate immune systems of animals. This review describes the results of recent research on animal APP, with special reference to their induction and regulatory mechanisms, their biological functions, and their current and future applications to veterinary diagnosis and animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Murata
- Department of Safety Research, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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Kuribayashi T, Shimizu M, Shimada T, Honjyo T, Yamamoto Y, Kuba K, Yamamoto S. Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) levels in healthy and pregnant beagle dogs. Exp Anim 2004; 52:377-81. [PMID: 14625401 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.52.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) levels were measured in healthy beagles of various ages (66 male and 74 female) by turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA), and then separately--in pregnant beagles--by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). The first experiment revealed that serum AAG levels ranged from 40 to 960 microg/ml (mean of 322 +/- 202 microg/ml) in male dogs, and from 47 to 833 microg/ml--in female dogs (mean of 316 +/- 199 microg/ml), without any significant sex- or age-related variation. The second experiment, however, revealed that serum AAG levels increased in all pregnant beagles and peaked in the middle of gestation at 250-1,000 microg/ml (mean of 634 +/- 246 microg/ml). In 7 of 8 dogs the AAG levels peaked about 45 days after ovulation. Despite a high value of 1,210-1,360 microg/ml being observed for serum AAG levels in 3 pregnant beagles inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, its levels in umbilical cord blood were below the detection limit of SRID (40 microg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuribayashi
- Laboratory of Immunology, College of Environmental and Health Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Jensen AL, Kristensen AT. Evaluation of a commercially available human C-reactive protein (CRP) turbidometric immunoassay for determination of canine serum CRP concentration. Vet Clin Pathol 2003; 32:81-7. [PMID: 12833223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2003.tb00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase marker in dogs that is useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory disease. Rapid, reliable, and automated assays are preferable for routine evaluation of canine serum CRP concentration. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether canine serum CRP concentration could be measured reliably using an automated turbidometric immunoassay (TIA) designed for use with human serum. METHODS A commercially available TIA for human serum CRP (Bayer, Newbury, UK) was used to measure canine serum CRP concentration. Cross-reactivity of antigen was evaluated by the Ouchterlony procedure. Intra- and interassay imprecision was investigated by multiple measurements on canine serum samples and serum pools, respectively. Assay inaccuracy was investigated by linearity under dilution and comparison of methodologies (canine CRP ELISA, Tridelta Development Ltd, Kildare, UK). Then the assay was applied to serum samples from 14 clinically healthy dogs, 11 dogs with neoplasia, 13 with infections, 8 with endocrine or metabolic diseases, and 10 with miscellaneous diseases. RESULTS Cross-reactivity between canine serum CRP and the anti-human CRP antibody was found. Intra- and interassay imprecision ranged from 5.2% to 10.8% and 3.0% to 10.2%, respectively. Serum CRP concentration was measured in a linear and proportional manner. There was no significant disagreement and there was linear correlation of the results in the comparison of methodologies, except for a slight proportional discrepancy at low CRP concentrations (<10 microg/mL). Dogs with infections had a significantly higher concentration of serum CRP than did all other dogs, and dogs with neoplasia had a significantly higher concentration of serum CRP than did clinically healthy dogs. CONCLUSIONS Canine serum CRP concentration can be measured reliably using the commercially available TIA designed for human CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Kjelgaard-Hansen
- Central Laboratory and the Small Animal Hospital, Department of Clinical Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Kristensen AT, Jensen AL. Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of C-reactive protein in canine serum. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2003; 50:164-8. [PMID: 12757556 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of canine serum C-reactive protein (CRP). The concentration of CRP could be determined accurately and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were in the range of 6.9-10.1 and 7.5-29.0%, respectively. This level of imprecision between runs is usually considered unacceptable for diagnostic purposes, but the overall results indicated that the assay was useful in differentiating dogs suffering from infections, from dogs suffering from various other diseases (neoplastic diseases, endocrine/metabolic disorders), and healthy dogs. The assay was also able to detect dynamic changes of CRP during development and after cessation of spontaneous occurring inflammatory stimuli in two clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kjelgaard-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Studies, Central Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 3 Gronnegaardsvej, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Abstract
This article reviews the function of cytokines during early pregnancy of mammals including the human species. Investigations concerning conceptus and other secretory proteins, their meaning for maternal recognition and maintenance of pregnancy, fetal and placental growth and differentiation, adhesion, invasion and implantation are discussed, and differences between laboratory rodents, carnivores, artiodactyls, horses and human beings elucidated and summarized. Finally topics that might be of interest for further research are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schäfer-Somi
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, University of Veterinary Sciences Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Kuribayashi T, Shimada T, Matsumoto M, Kawato K, Honjyo T, Fukuyama M, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto S. Determination of Serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Healthy Beagle Dogs of Various Ages and Pregnant Beagle Dogs. Exp Anim 2003; 52:387-90. [PMID: 14625403 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.52.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in healthy beagle dogs of various ages and in pregnant beagles were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum CRP concentrations were 1.5-16.0 microg/ml (mean 7.9 +/- 3.4 microg/ml) in male, and 1.8-18.9 microg/ml (mean 8.3 +/- 4.0 microg/ml) in female dogs. No significant sex-related differences were observed in the values. Further, there were no significant age-related differences either. Serum CRP concentrations increased during pregnancy. The concentration of serum CRP in pregnant dogs peaked at 70.2-90.4 microg/ml (mean 77.5 +/- 7.1 microg/ml) 30 or 45 days after ovulation, demonstrating two characteristic features of CRP concentration change in pregnant dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuribayashi
- Laboratory of Immunology, College of Environmental and Health Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Nagahata H, Hagiwara K, Kasamatsu M, Higuchi H, Kurosawa T. Cytokine profile of a Holstein calf with bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency during the acute-phase inflammatory response. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:1141-3. [PMID: 12520109 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 in serum, and their mRNA expression on neutrophils from a 4.6-month old Holstein young calf with bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) during the acute phase were evaluated. IL-1beta concentrations in the serum of the calf with BLAD at age 143-162 days ranged from 8.7 to 16.6 ng/ml, whereas the values were less than 2.7 ng/ml in control calves. Serum IL-6 (0.04 ng/ml) was only detected on the 1st day when the animal was diagnosed with the BLAD. IL-1beta and IL-8 mRNA expression on neutrophils from the affected calf appeared to be similar to those of controls. Serum cytokine levels and their mRNA expression on neutrophils from the calf with BLAD appeared to be little affected by the deficient expression of beta(2)-integrin on leukocytes, and are considered to be modulated by the inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Nagahata
- Department of Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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Leisewitz AL, Jacobson LS, Morais HS, Reyers F. The Mixed Acid-Base Disturbances of Severe Canine Babesiosis. J Vet Intern Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb01573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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46
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Hayashi S, Jinbo T, Iguchi K, Shimizu M, Shimada T, Nomura M, Ishida Y, Yamamoto S. A comparison of the concentrations of C-reactive protein and alpha1-acid glycoprotein in the serum of young and adult dogs with acute inflammation. Vet Res Commun 2001; 25:117-26. [PMID: 11243653 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006404902214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) were evaluated in 1-, 3- and 18-month-old dogs (four of each age) that had been inoculated with turpentine oil. The CRP and AAG in 3-month-old and younger dogs subjected to surgery or inoculated with either Staphylococcus aureus or a viral vaccine were also evaluated. The average CRP concentration in the sera peaked 2 days after inoculation of turpentine oil. The peak CRP concentrations in 3- and 18-month-old dogs were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those in 1-month-old dogs. The average AAG concentration in the sera peaked 4 days after inoculation of turpentine oil. No significant difference was found in AAG concentrations between any of the age groups. When experimentally inoculated with S. aureus or subjected to oophorohysterectomy, the CRP and AAG concentrations increased in 3-month-old dogs, but they increased little in 1-month-old dogs. The CRP and AAG in dogs inoculated with the viral vaccine did not increase. In dogs with fractures or subjected to percutaneous gastrostomy, the CRP and AAG concentrations correlated with the condition of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hayashi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Environmental and Health Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Bleau AM, Levitchi MC, Maurice H, du Souich P. Cytochrome P450 inactivation by serum from humans with a viral infection and serum from rabbits with a turpentine-induced inflammation: the role of cytokines. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:1777-84. [PMID: 10952665 PMCID: PMC1572253 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum from humans with an acute upper respiratory viral infection and from rabbits with turpentine-induced inflammation reduce the catalytic activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450). The aim of this study was to identify the serum mediators responsible for the decrease in P450 activity. Rabbit and human sera were fractionated by size exclusion chromatography and the fractions tested for their ability to reduce the activity and amount of P450 after 4 h of incubation with hepatocytes from turpentine-treated rabbits (H(INF)). Rabbit and human sera decreased P450 activity by around 40% without any change in the amount of CYP1A1 and 1A2 apoproteins. In rabbit serum, the fraction containing proteins of M(r) 23-15 kDa decreased P450 content by 41%, but did not alter the amount of the apoproteins. Anti-IL-6 antibody added to the M(r) 23-15 kDa fraction restored P450 content to 97% of control values, while anti-IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma antibodies had no effect. Supporting the role of IL-6, incubation of H(INF) in the presence of IL-6 for 4 h reduced P450 content by 40%. In human serum, the fraction containing proteins of M(r) >95 kDa lowered P450 content by 43% without modifying the amounts of CYP1A1/2. Neutralization experiments showed that IFN-gamma, IL-6, and IL-1beta contributed to the decrease in P450 content. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that IL-6, and IFN-gamma, IL-6 and IL-1beta are the serum mediators released in vivo by a turpentine-induced inflammatory reaction in the rabbit and an upper respiratory viral infection in humans, respectively, inactivating hepatic P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Bleau
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mihaela C Levitchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hélène Maurice
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick du Souich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
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48
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El-Kadi AO, du Souich P. Depression of the hepatic cytochrome P450 by an acute inflammatory reaction: characterization of the nature of mediators in human and rabbit serum, and in the liver. Life Sci 1998; 63:1361-70. [PMID: 9768874 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence suggesting that several mediators are involved in the cascade of events leading to the depression of the cytochrome P450 (P450) by an inflammatory reaction. The present study aimed to confirm the presence of mediators in the serum (RS(INFLA)) and hepatocytes (H(INFLA)) of rabbits with an acute inflammatory reaction, and in the serum of humans with an acute upper respiratory tract viral infection (HS(URTVI)). The inflammatory reaction was induced by the s.c. injection of 5 ml of turpentine. Incubation of RS(INFLA) or HS(URTVI) with H(INFLA) depressed the P450, diminished the formation of theophylline metabolites (3-methylxanthine, 1-methyluric acid, and 1,3-dimethyluric acid), and increased lipid peroxidation. The addition of preheated RS(INFLA) or HS(URTVI) to H(INFLA) did not diminish the amount of P450 or theophylline metabolites, and prevented the increase in lipid peroxidation. Incubating the filtrate of RS(INFLA) or HS(URTVI) dialyzed through membranes with cut-off of 10, 30, 50 and 100 kd, with H(INFLA) showed that rabbit and human mediators have molecular weights ranging from 10 to 30 kd. Incubation of H(INFLA) with hepatocytes from control rabbits (H(CONT)) did not decrease further the P450. However, when RS(INFLA) was added to co-cultured H(CONT) + H(INFLA), the depression of P450 was 37% greater (p<0.05), and the amount of theophylline metabolites generated was around 30% (p<0.05) smaller than that observed when H(CONT) or H(INFLA) were incubated with RS(INFLA). Based on the present results we may speculate that human and rabbit serum mediators are proteins of molecular weights ranging from 10 to 30 kd, and in addition, primed hepatocytes once exposed to the serum mediators release mediators able to depress the P450 in H(CONT).
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Affiliation(s)
- A O El-Kadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universit'e de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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49
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Ramharack R, Barkalow D, Spahr MA. Dominant negative effect of TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha on basal and IL-6-induced lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) mRNA expression in primary monkey hepatocyte cultures. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:984-90. [PMID: 9633941 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.18.6.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] consists of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] disulfide linked to apolipoprotein B-100 of LDL. Elevated plasma Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for a variety of vascular diseases. Lp(a) has been reported to be an acute-phase reactant, suggesting that cytokines may regulate its levels. To determine whether Lp(a) expression was subject to modulation by cytokines, primary monkey hepatocytes that endogenously express Lp(a) were used. Hepatocytes were treated with interleukin (IL)-6, the major mediator of the acute-phase response, and several other cytokines. IL-6 treatment (0.3 to 10 ng/mL) resulted in a marked, dose-dependent, 2- to 4-fold enhancement of Lp(a) accumulation in the hepatocyte culture media that was highly correlated with changes in apo(a) mRNA levels (r>0.9). Several other cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-8, and hepatocyte growth factor, had no significant effect on Lp(a) levels; however, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were very active in inhibiting Lp(a) accumulation in the culture media, with IC50s of approximately 0.3 and 1 ng/mL, respectively. Both TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha also decreased the apo(a) transcript. Mixing experiments, in which hepatocytes were treated with 10 ng/mL of IL-6 and 0.3 to 10 ng/mL of TGF-beta1 or TNF-alpha, demonstrated that the IL-6-mediated induction of Lp(a) and apo(a) mRNA was ablated with very low levels of either inhibitory cytokine, suggesting a dominant negative effect of TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha. These results show that Lp(a) and apo(a) mRNA expression in primary monkey hepatocytes is subject to both positive (IL-6) and negative (TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha) regulation by physiological levels of cytokines. Thus, in vivo Lp(a) levels may be dependent on the balance between stimulatory and inhibitory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramharack
- Department of Vascular and Cardiac Diseases, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Warner-Lambert Co, Ann Arbor, Mich 48105, USA
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50
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Funke C, King DP, Brotheridge RM, Adelung D, Stott JL. Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) C-reactive protein (C-RP): purification, characterization of specific monoclonal antibodies and development of an immuno-assay to measure serum C-RP concentrations. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1997; 59:151-62. [PMID: 9437833 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (C-RP) was purified from harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) serum by calcium dependant phosphoryl-choline and protein A affinity chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions revealed a single protein moiety with a molecular weight of approximately 25 kDa. An internal peptide derived from this purified protein was subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequencing. A high amino acid sequence similarity was obtained with other published mammalian C-RP molecules confirming that the purified protein was a C-RP homologue. Eight specific monoclonal antibodies (P13, P51, P87, P101, P106, P130, P157 and P219) were raised against this purified protein. All 8 monoclonal antibodies immunoblotted with the 25 kDa C-RP subunit under reducing conditions. A competitive immunoassay was developed identifying elevated C-RP concentrations in harbor seal serum samples with clinical evidence of inflammatory disease. Application of this immunoassay for the measurement C-RP may provide valuable information for the clinical assessment of harbor seal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Funke
- Marine Mammal Center, Marin Headlands, GGNRA, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA
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