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Fan C, Zhang Z, Lai Z, Yang Y, Li J, Liu L, Chen S, Hu X, Zhao H, Cui S. Chemical Evolution and Biological Evaluation of Natural Products for Efficient Therapy of Acute Lung Injury. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305432. [PMID: 38126681 PMCID: PMC10870070 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is one of the most common complications in COVID-19 and also a syndrome of acute respiratory failure with high mortality rates, but lacks effective therapeutic drugs. Natural products provide inspiration and have proven to be the most valuable source for bioactive molecule discovery. In this study, the chemical evolution of the natural product Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) to achieve a piperidine-fused scaffold through a synthetic route of pre-activation, multi-component reaction, and post-modification is presented. Through biological evaluation, it is pinpointed that compound 8b is a standout candidate with remarkable anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress properties, coupled with low toxicity. The mechanistic study unveils a multifaceted biological profile of 8b and shows that 8b is highly efficient in vivo for the treatment of ALI. Therefore, this work not only provides an effective strategy for the treatment of ALI, but also offers a distinctive natural product-inspired drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Fan
- Institute of Drug Discovery and DesignCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesNational Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release SystemsZhejiang University866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058China
| | - Zeyi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou311402China
| | - Zhencheng Lai
- Institute of Drug Discovery and DesignCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesNational Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release SystemsZhejiang University866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058China
| | - Yanzi Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou311402China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Institute of Drug Discovery and DesignCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesNational Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release SystemsZhejiang University866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058China
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and DesignCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesNational Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release SystemsZhejiang University866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Institute of Drug Discovery and DesignCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesNational Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release SystemsZhejiang University866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058China
| | - Xueping Hu
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and EngineeringInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary ScienceShandong UniversityQingdao266237China
| | - Huajun Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou311402China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and DesignCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesNational Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release SystemsZhejiang University866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang UniversityJinhuaZhejiang321299China
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Jia Z, Wen T, Zhang Y. Possible mechanisms of treatment for spinal cord injury repair with tanshinone IIA. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1277755. [PMID: 37808475 PMCID: PMC10551456 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1277755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA serves as a coenzyme for certain biochemical reactions, exhibiting various pharmacological effects in the treatment of neurological diseases including spinal cord injury (SCI), however, its working mechanism in the treatment of SCI is not clear. Based on previous research, we believe that tanshinone IIA promotes the survival and repair of nerves after spinal cord injury through its pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and prevention of cellular apoptosis in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tianlin Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Class 6 of Year 2021 Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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3
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Xuan W, Xie W, Li F, Huang D, Zhu Z, Lin Y, Lu B, Yu W, Li Y, Li P. Dualistic roles and mechanistic insights of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:341-356. [PMID: 36369735 PMCID: PMC9941868 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221138412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is involved in various immune-mediated pathologies and regulates both innate and adaptive immune reactions, thus being related to several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock, and atherosclerosis. Its role in acute and chronic brain pathologies, such as stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In response to stimuli like hypoxia, inflammation or infection, different cell types can rapidly release MIF, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and neuron cells. Notably, clinical data from past decades also suggested a possible link between serum MIF levels and the severity of stroke and the evolving of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the major and recent findings focusing on the mechanisms of MIF modulating functions in brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, which may provide important therapeutic targets meriting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji
Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,
China
| | - Wanqing Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji
Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,
China
| | - Fengshi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji
Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,
China
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji
Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,
China
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji
Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,
China
| | - Binwei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji
Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,
China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji
Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,
China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji
Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,
China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji
Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,
China
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4
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Hou JY, Zhou XL, Wang XY, Liang J, Xue Q. Peroxiredoxin-6 Released by Astrocytes Contributes to Neuroapoptosis During Ischemia. Neuroscience 2023; 512:59-69. [PMID: 36642396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin-6 (PRDX6), a member of the peroxiredoxin family, has progressively emerged as a possible therapeutic target for a variety of brain diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke. However, the role of PRDX6 in neurons under ischemic conditions has remained elusive. Here, we found that astrocytes could release PRDX6 extracellularly after OGD/R, and that PRDX6 release actually worsened neuroapoptosis under OGD/R. We discovered a unique PRDX6/RAGE/JNK signaling pathway that contributes to the effect of neuroapoptosis. We applied a specific inhibitor of the RAGE signaling pathway in a mouse MCAO model and observed significant alterations in animal behavior. Considered together, our findings show the crucial role of the astrocyte-released PRDX6 in the process of neuroapoptosis caused by OGD/R, and could provide novel insights for investigating the molecular mechanism of protecting brain function from ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yi Hou
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhou
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Jia Liang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; Institute of Clinical Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China.
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Tanshinone IIA prevents acute lung injury by regulating macrophage polarization. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 20:274-280. [PMID: 35181255 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious respiratory dysfunction caused by pathogen or physical invasion. The strong induced inflammation often causes death. Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) is the major constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and has been shown to display anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of Tan-IIA on ALI. METHODS A murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI was used. The lungs and serum samples of mice were extracted at 3 days after treatment. ALI-induced inflammatory damages were confirmed from cytokine detections and histomorphology observations. Effects of Tan-IIA were investigated using in vivo and in vitro ALI models. Tan-IIA mechanisms were investigated by performing Western blot and flow cytometry experiments. A wound-healing assay was performed to confirm the Tan-IIA function. RESULTS The cytokine storm induced by LPS treatment was detected at 3 days after LPS treatment, and alveolar epithelial damage and lymphocyte aggregation were observed. Tan-IIA treatment attenuated the LPS-induced inflammation and reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines released not only by inhibiting neutrophils, but also by macrophage. Moreover, we found that macrophage activation and polarization after LPS treatment were abrogated after applying the Tan-IIA treatment. An in vitro assay also confirmed that including the Tan-IIA supplement increased the relative amount of the M2 subtype and decreased that of M1. Rebalanced macrophages and Tan-IIA inhibited activations of the nuclear factor-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor pathways. Including Tan-IIA and macrophages also improved alveolar epithelial repair by regulating macrophage polarization. CONCLUSION This study found that while an LPS-induced cytokine storm exacerbated ALI, including Tan-IIA could prevent ALI-induced inflammation and improve the alveolar epithelial repair, and do so by regulating macrophage polarization.
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Zhou Y, Peng L, Li Y, Zhao Y. Silent information regulator 1 ameliorates oxidative stress injury via PGC-1α/PPARγ-Nrf2 pathway after ischemic stroke in rat. Brain Res Bull 2021; 178:37-48. [PMID: 34774993 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Astrocytes mediate brain defense against oxidative stress-induced injury. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) has anti-oxidative stress effects in many diseases and is highly expressed in astrocytes. However, the neuroprotective effects of SIRT1 on astrocytes after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury are unclear. Therein, we aim to investigate the protective effect of SIRT1 on oxidative stress injury after ischemic stroke and possible mechanisms. METHODS We evaluated the effects of SIRT1 in astrocytes after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury using oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R) in astrocytes in vitro and middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats in vivo. siRNA was injected intracerebroventricularly 24 h before Middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion(R) to silence SIRT1. RESULTS SIRT1 knockdown reduced cell viability, increased oxidative stress, and decreased PGC-1α, PPARγ, Nrf2, heme oxygenase (HO)-1, and NAD(P)H: oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) expression. Moreover, SIRT1 knockdown also suppressed PGC-1α activity, the PGC-1α/PPARγ interaction, and the PPARγ/PPRE interaction. Similarly, in our in vivo experiments, SIRT1 overexpression and PGC-1α or PPARγ knockdown reduced PGC-1α, PPARγ, Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 protein expression and blocked the PGC-1α/PPARγ interaction. SIRT1 overexpression plus PPARγ knockdown inhibited the interaction of PPARγ with PPRE. Nrf2 knockdown blocked Nrf2 expression and downstream proteins induced by SIRT1 overexpression. CONCLUSION Overall, our data indicated that SIRT1 directly mediated the PGC-1α/PPARγ pathway in response to focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neurological deficit, providing insights into the treatment of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Tseng YJ, Hung YC, Kuo CE, Chung CJ, Hsu CY, Muo CH, Hsu SF, Hu WL. Prescription of Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza in Taiwan: A Population-Based Study Using the National Health Insurance Research Database. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:719519. [PMID: 34393796 PMCID: PMC8358316 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.719519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: While radix Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen; RSM) is commonly used in Chinese herbal medicine, its current usage has not yet been analyzed in a large-scale survey. This study aimed to investigate the conditions for which RSM is prescribed and the utilization of RSM in Taiwan. Methods: 1 million beneficiaries enrolled in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were sampled to identify patients who were prescribed RSM. Next, the diagnoses of these patients based on the International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision Clinical Modification code were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for RSM utilization. Results: Patients with disorders of menstruation and abnormal bleeding from the female genital tract due to other causes were the diagnostic group most commonly treated with RSM (9.48%), followed by those with general (9.46%) and cardiovascular symptoms (4.18%). Subjects treated with RSM were mostly aged 35–49 years (30.1%). The most common combination of diseases for which RSM was prescribed (0.17%) included menopausal disorders and general symptoms. Women were more likely to receive RSM than men (OR = 1.75, 95% confidence interval = 1.73–1.78). RSM was frequently combined with Yan-Hu-Suo and Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San for clinical use. Conclusion: To date, this is the first study to identify the most common conditions for which RSM is used in modern Taiwan. The results indicate RSM as a key medicinal herb for the treatment of gynecological diseases, including menstrual disorders, female genital pain, menopausal disorders, etc. The most common combination for which RSM is prescribed is menopausal disorders and general symptoms. Further research is needed to elucidate the optimal dosage, efficacy, and safety of RSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jung Tseng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiang Hung
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-En Kuo
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Chung
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung Y Hsu
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Muo
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Long Hu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Fooyin University College of Nursing, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Subedi L, Gaire BP. Tanshinone IIA: A phytochemical as a promising drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105661. [PMID: 33971269 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones, lipophilic diterpenes isolated from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, have diverse pharmacological activities against human ailments including neurological diseases. In fact, tanshinones have been used to treat heart diseases, stroke, and vascular diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. During the last decade, tanshinones have been the most widely studied phytochemicals for their neuroprotective effects against experimental models of cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's diseases. Importantly, tanshinone IIA, mostly studied tanshinone for biological activities, is recently reported to attenuate blood-brain barrier permeability among stroke patients, suggesting tanshinone IIA as an appealing therapeutic candidate for neurological diseases. Tanshinone I and IIA are also effective in experimental models of Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, and other neuroinflammatory diseases. In addition, several experimental studies suggested the pleiotropic neuroprotective effects of tanshinones such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and BBB protectant further value aiding to tanshinone as an appealing therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to compile the recent updates and cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection of tanshinone IIA in diverse neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Subedi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Neuroprotective Phytochemicals in Experimental Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6687386. [PMID: 34007405 PMCID: PMC8102108 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6687386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a challenging disease with high mortality and disability rates, causing a great economic and social burden worldwide. During ischemic stroke, ionic imbalance and excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation are developed in a relatively certain order, which then activate the cell death pathways directly or indirectly via the promotion of organelle dysfunction. Neuroprotection, a therapy that is aimed at inhibiting this damaging cascade, is therefore an important therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Notably, phytochemicals showed great neuroprotective potential in preclinical research via various strategies including modulation of calcium levels and antiexcitotoxicity, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and BBB protection, mitochondrial protection and antiapoptosis, autophagy/mitophagy regulation, and regulation of neurotrophin release. In this review, we summarize the research works that report the neuroprotective activity of phytochemicals in the past 10 years and discuss the neuroprotective mechanisms and potential clinical applications of 148 phytochemicals that belong to the categories of flavonoids, stilbenoids, other phenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Among them, scutellarin, pinocembrin, puerarin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, salvianolic acids, rosmarinic acid, borneol, bilobalide, ginkgolides, ginsenoside Rd, and vinpocetine show great potential in clinical ischemic stroke treatment. This review will serve as a powerful reference for the screening of phytochemicals with potential clinical applications in ischemic stroke or the synthesis of new neuroprotective agents that take phytochemicals as leading compounds.
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10
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Song Z, Feng J, Zhang Q, Deng S, Yu D, Zhang Y, Li T. Tanshinone IIA Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Microglial Activation and Polarization via NF-κB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:641848. [PMID: 33953677 PMCID: PMC8090935 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.641848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA, a fat-soluble diterpenoid isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has been shown to attenuate the cerebral ischemic injury. The aim of this study was to examine the effects on neuroprotection and microglia activation of Tanshinone IIA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We found that Tanshinone IIA significantly reduced infarction volume, alleviated neuronal injuries, reduced the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, increased SOD activity, and decrease the content of MDA in MCAO rats. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Nissl staining, TUNEL staining and immunofluorescence staining showed that Tanshinone IIA improved the distribution and morphology of neurons in brain tissues and reduced apoptosis. In addition, Co-immunofluorescence staining of rat brain tissues and the mRNA expression levels of CD11b, CD32, iNOS, and Arg-1, CD206, IL-10 in BV2 cells indicated that Tanshinone IIA can downregulate M1 microglia and upregulate M2 microglia in MCAO rats. Further, BV2 microglial cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation, the protein expression levels were detected by western blot. Tanshinone IIA inhibited the expression levels of NF-κB signaling pathway related proteins. Taken together, this study suggested that Tanshinone IIA modulated microglial M1/M2 polarization via the NF-κB signaling pathway to confer anti-neuroinflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Punan Hospital, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China.,College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Punan Hospital, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yuefan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Punan Hospital, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
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11
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Chen Y, Wu J, Zhu J, Yang G, Tian J, Zhao Y, Wang Y. Artesunate Provides Neuroprotection against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via the TLR-4/NF-κB Pathway in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:350-356. [PMID: 33390425 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has an important role in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Artesunate (ART) has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory pharmacological activities, and it is used for various types of serious malaria, including cerebral malaria. ART maintains a high concentration in the brain but little is known about the neuroprotective effect of ART against brain I/R injury. We studied the neuroprotection of ART against brain I/R injury and its underlying mechanism. In this study, rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h. After 24 h of reperfusion, neurological deficits, cerebrum water content, infarct volume, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-staining, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and proinflammatory cytokine levels were measured. Administration of 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg ART intraperitoneally (i.p.) 10 min after MCAO significantly decreased brain water content and improved neurological deficits in a dose-dependent manner. An 80 mg/kg dosage was optimal. ART significantly reduced infarct volume, suppressed MPO activity and diminished the expressions of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, MyD88, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 in the area of the ischemic cortex. The neuroprotective action of ART against focal cerebral I/R injury might be due to the attenuation of inflammation through the TLR-4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Chen
- Institute for Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Department of Pathology, Jinshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Guoan Yang
- Institute for Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Junying Tian
- Department of Foreign Language, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Yili Wang
- Institute for Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University
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12
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Determining the Optimal Administration Conditions under Which MIF Exerts Neuroprotective Effects by Inducing BDNF Expression and Inhibiting Apoptosis in an In Vitro Stroke Model. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020280. [PMID: 33672416 PMCID: PMC7926652 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and inducing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the optimal administration conditions of MIF are currently unknown. Here, we aimed to identify these conditions in an in vitro model. To determine the optimal concentration of MIF, human neuroblastoma cells were assigned to one of seven groups: control, oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R), and OGD/R with different concentrations (1, 10, 30, 60, and 100 ng/mL) of MIF. Six groups were studied to investigate the optimal administration time: control, OGD/R, and OGD/R with MIF administered at different times (pre-OGD, OGD-treat, post-OGD, and whole-processing). Water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 assay, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry were used to analyze cell viability and protein expression. We found that 60 ng/mL was the optimal concentration of MIF. However, the effects of administration time were not significant; MIF elicited similar neuroprotective effects regardless of administration time. These findings correlated with the expression of BDNF and apoptosis-related proteins. This study provides detailed information on MIF administration, which offers a foundation for future in vivo studies and translation into novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.
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Zhang Z, Zhu D, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wang J, Yan L. Tanshinone IIA regulates fibroblast proliferation and migration and post-surgery arthrofibrosis through the autophagy-mediated PI3K and AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:565-584. [PMID: 33594310 PMCID: PMC7868849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Post-surgery arthrofibrosis is one of the most restrictive factors in the development of intra-articular surgery and has presented tremendous obstacles for most orthopaedic surgeons. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), a key active ingredient of Den-shen, has been used to treat fibrosis-related diseases, such as pulmonary, hepatic and myocardial fibrosis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Tan IIA on post-surgery arthrofibrosis in vivo and in vitro. Histological analysis indicated that topical application of Tan IIA (10 mg/mL) could significantly alleviate postsurgery arthrofibrosis in rabbits. Immunohistochemistry results showed that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and tubulin protein expression was inhibited, whereas LC3 was activated in vivo. In vitro, EdU and flow cytometry assays demonstrated that Tan IIA could inhibit fibroblast proliferation by arresting cells in G2 phase. Scratch, Transwell and cytoskeleton protein immunofluorescence assays revealed that fibroblast migration was attenuated. Interestingly, LC3 immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy indicated that autophagy flux could be induced in fibroblasts by Tan IIA. However, the inhibitory effects of Tan IIA against fibroblast proliferation and migration were partially restored when fibroblast autophagy was suppressed after combined treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Finally, the expression of p-mTOR was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner after Tan IIA treatment but partially restored when Tan IIA treatment was combined with 3-MA intervention. The inhibitory effect of Tan IIA against fibroblast proliferation and migration may be related to autophagy induction mediated by the PI3K and AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Dalian Medicial UniversityDalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Dongming Zhu
- Dalian Medicial UniversityDalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Dalian Medicial UniversityDalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingcheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianqi Yan
- Central South UniversityChangsha 410012, Hunan, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
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Mohsenpour H, Pesce M, Patruno A, Bahrami A, Pour PM, Farzaei MH. A Review of Plant Extracts and Plant-Derived Natural Compounds in the Prevention/Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E833. [PMID: 33467663 PMCID: PMC7830094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is one of the major drawbacks of mortality and causes significant short/long-term neurological dysfunction in newborn infants worldwide. To date, due to multifunctional complex mechanisms of brain injury, there is no well-established effective strategy to completely provide neuroprotection. Although therapeutic hypothermia is the proven treatment for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), it does not completely chang outcomes in severe forms of HIE. Therefore, there is a critical need for reviewing the effective therapeutic strategies to explore the protective agents and methods. In recent years, it is widely believed that there are neuroprotective possibilities of natural compounds extracted from plants against HIE. These natural agents with the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and neurofunctional regulatory properties exhibit preventive or therapeutic effects against experimental neonatal HI brain damage. In this study, it was aimed to review the literature in scientific databases that investigate the neuroprotective effects of plant extracts/plant-derived compounds in experimental animal models of neonatal HI brain damage and their possible underlying molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mohsenpour
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 75333–67427, Iran;
| | - Mirko Pesce
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonia Patruno
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Azam Bahrami
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran;
| | - Pardis Mohammadi Pour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran;
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15
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Yao Z, Liu N, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhao Y, Liu Q, Gao C, Li J. Subanesthetic isoflurane abates ROS-activated MAPK/NF-κB signaling to repress ischemia-induced microglia inflammation and brain injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:26121-26139. [PMID: 33373319 PMCID: PMC7803578 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Isoflurane (ISO) elicits protective effects on ischemia-induced brain injury. We investigated whether sub-anesthetic (0.7%) ISO post-conditioning attenuates the inflammation and apoptosis in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-insulted co-cultures (microglia and neurons) in vitro and the brain injury of the middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) rat. We demonstrated that ISO augmented the viability of OGD-treated microglia and neurons. ISO reduced the expression and activation of COX2 and iNOS in OGD-challenged microglia. ISO repressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in OGD-exposed microglia. ISO also decreased nucleosomal fragmentation and caspase-3 activity but increased mitochondrial membrane potential in OGD-stimulated microglia and neurons. Mechanistically, ISO suppressed OGD-induced microglial inflammation by blocking ROS-regulated p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and hampered OGD-triggered microglial apoptosis in a ROS- or NO-dependent fashion. In vivo results with MCAO rats were partly consistent with the in vitro observation. These findings indicate that sub-anesthetic ISO post-conditioning abates the inflammation and apoptosis in OGD-stimulated rat microglia and the apoptosis of OGD-exposed neurons and the brain injuries of MCAO rats, suggesting it as a potentially effective therapeutic approach for ischemic brain damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yao
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Qinqin Liu
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Chunfang Gao
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Juntang Li
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China.,Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Wang X, Yang G. Saikosaponin A attenuates neural injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion. Transl Neurosci 2020; 11:227-235. [PMID: 33335763 PMCID: PMC7712316 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is involved in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced neurological damage. Saikosaponin A (SSa), extracted from Radix bupleuri, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects. This article aimed to investigate whether SSa could ameliorate neuroinflammation mediated by ischemic stroke and the underlying mechanism. Methods Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was employed in this study, and the cognitive and motor functions were detected by behavioral tests. Inflammatory cytokines in the serum were detected by ELISA kits. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the brain tissues were assayed with Western blot. Results Our results showed that SSa pretreatment could significantly reduce brain damage, improve neurological function recovery, and decrease the water content of brain tissues when compared with the model group. SSa pretreatment significantly reduced the serum HMGB1 level and downregulated the contents of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6. Furthermore, SSa pretreatment could attenuate the decreased TLR4 and nucleus NF-κB in the brain of MCAO rats. The protein level of HMGB1 in the nucleus was significantly upregulated in the SSa pretreatment group. Conclusion Our results suggested that the pretreatment with SSa provided significant protection against cerebral I/R injury in rats via its anti-inflammation property by inhibiting the nucleus HMGB1 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361, East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China; Department of Neurology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, No.180, East Renmin Road, Hengshui 053000, Hebei, China
| | - Guofeng Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
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Ansari MA, Khan FB, Safdari HA, Almatroudi A, Alzohairy MA, Safdari M, Amirizadeh M, Rehman S, Equbal MJ, Hoque M. Prospective therapeutic potential of Tanshinone IIA: An updated overview. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105364. [PMID: 33285229 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, the branch of complementary and alternative medicine based therapeutics has gained considerable attention worldwide. Pharmacological efficacy of various traditional medicinal plants, their products and/or product derivatives have been explored on an increasing scale. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a pharmacologically active lipophilic component of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract. Tan IIA shares a history of high repute in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Reckoning with these, the present review collates the pharmacological properties of Tan IIA with a special emphasis on its therapeutic potential against diverse diseases including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, obesity and neurogenerative diseases. Further, possible applications of various therapeutic preparations of Tan IIA were discussed with special emphasis on nano-based drug delivery formulations. Considering the tremendous advancement in the field of nanomedicine and the therapeutic potential of Tan IIA, the convergence of these two aspects can be foreseen with great promise in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institutes for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1881, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farheen Badrealam Khan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Haaris Ahsan Safdari
- New Technology Center, University of Warsaw, Stefana Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alzohairy
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammadreza Safdari
- Imam Ali Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mehran Amirizadeh
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Suriya Rehman
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institutes for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1881, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Javed Equbal
- Biomedical Institute for Regenerative Research, Texas A&M University Commerce, Commerce, TX 75429, United States.
| | - Mehboob Hoque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, Kolkata 700 160, India.
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Khadka B, Lee JY, Park DH, Kim KT, Bae JS. The Role of Natural Compounds and their Nanocarriers in the Treatment of CNS Inflammation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1401. [PMID: 33019651 PMCID: PMC7601486 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, which is involved in various inflammatory cascades in nervous tissues, can result in persistent and chronic apoptotic neuronal cell death and programmed cell death, triggering various degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The neuroprotective effects of natural compounds against neuroinflammation are mainly mediated by their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties that specifically promote or inhibit various molecular signal transduction pathways. However, natural compounds have several limitations, such as their pharmacokinetic properties and stability, which hinder their clinical development and use as medicines. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation and degenerative diseases of CNS. In addition, it emphasizes potential natural compounds and their promising nanocarriers for overcoming their limitations in the treatment of neuroinflammation. Moreover, recent promising CNS inflammation-targeted nanocarrier systems implementing lesion site-specific active targeting strategies for CNS inflammation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Khadka
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea;
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Dong Ho Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Ki-Taek Kim
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea;
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMR1, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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19
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Chen S, Chen H, Du Q, Shen J. Targeting Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Mediated Oxidative Stress and Inflammation for Reducing Brain Ischemia Injury: Potential Application of Natural Compounds. Front Physiol 2020; 11:433. [PMID: 32508671 PMCID: PMC7248223 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are two critical pathological processes of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a critical inflammatory enzyme and therapeutic target triggering both oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the pathological process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. MPO is presented in infiltrated neutrophils, activated microglial cells, neurons, and astrocytes in the ischemic brain. Activation of MPO can catalyze the reaction of chloride and H2O2 to produce HOCl. MPO also mediates oxidative stress by promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), modulating the polarization and inflammation-related signaling pathways in microglia and neutrophils. MPO can be a therapeutic target for attenuating oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke. Targeting MPO with inhibitors or gene deficiency significantly reduced brain infarction and improved neurological outcomes. This article discusses the important roles of MPO in mediating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and reviews the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we summarize the active compounds from medicinal herbs with potential as MPO inhibitors for anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation to attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and as adjunct therapeutic agents for extending the window of thrombolytic treatment. We highlight that targeting MPO could be a promising strategy for alleviating ischemic brain injury, which merits further translational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiaohui Du
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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20
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Long Y, Yang Q, Xiang Y, Zhang Y, Wan J, Liu S, Li N, Peng W. Nose to brain drug delivery - A promising strategy for active components from herbal medicine for treating cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104795. [PMID: 32278035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI), one of the major causes of death from stroke in the world, not only causes tremendous damage to human health, but also brings heavy economic burden to society. Current available treatments for CIRI, including mechanical therapies and drug therapies, are often accompanied by significant side-effects. Therefore, it is necessary to discovery new strategies for treating CIRI. Many studies have confirmed that the herbal medicine has the advantages of abundant resources, good curative effect and little side effects, which can be used as potential drug for treatment of CIRI through multiple targets. It's known that oral administration commonly has low bioavailability, and injection administration is inconvenient and unsafe. Many drugs can't delivery to brain through routine pathways due to the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Interestingly, increasing evidences have suggested the nasal administration is a potential direct route to transport drug into brain avoiding the BBB and has the characteristics of high bioavailability for treating brain diseases. Therefore, intranasal administration can be treated as an alternative way to treat brain diseases. In the present review, effective methods to treat CIRI by using active ingredients derived from herbal medicine through nose to brain drug delivery (NBDD) are updated and discussed, and some related pharmacological mechanisms have also been emphasized. Our present study would be beneficial for the further drug development of natural agents from herbal medicines via NBDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Long
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Qiyue Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, PR China
| | - Yan Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Yulu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jinyan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Songyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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Gong Y, Liu YC, Ding XL, Fu Y, Cui LJ, Yan YP. Tanshinone IIA Ameliorates CNS Autoimmunity by Promoting the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:690-703. [PMID: 31845175 PMCID: PMC7283442 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (TSA), an important natural lipophilic diterpene compound from the traditional Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has long been widely used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases because of its anti-inflammatory activities; however, the anti-inflammatory mechanism remains unknown. In the present work, we examined the effects of TSA on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of autoreactive T/B cell-mediated central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. The data showed that TSA significantly attenuates the severity of EAE when administered at the pre-onset and peak of clinical disease. In vivo, the protective effects of TSA on EAE mice are correlated with diminished inflammatory infiltration, demyelination, and GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells in the spinal cord and selectively increased regulatory T (Treg) cell frequencies in both the spinal cord and spleen. We further confirm that TSA can promote the polarization of naïve CD4+ T cells into Treg cells both by targeting dendritic cells (DCs) to drive transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) upregulation and by directly targeting naïve CD4+ T cells in vitro. Most importantly, we showed that TSA-induced Treg cells display an effective suppressive activity at a level comparable to TGF-β1-polarized Treg Cells in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data provide evidence that TSA can promote Treg cell differentiation, and TSA may have a promising application as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Gong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Yuan-Chu Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ding
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Lang-Jun Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China.
- , Xi'an, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China.
- , Xi'an, China.
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Pathogenic contribution of the Macrophage migration inhibitory factor family to major depressive disorder and emerging tailored therapeutic approaches. J Affect Disord 2020; 263:15-24. [PMID: 31818772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoinflammatory disorders are often accompanied by depression. Here, we review the available preclinical and clinical studies suggesting a role for the pro-inflammatory cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and the second member of the MIF family, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT; DDT), in the pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorders (MDD). METHODS We prepared a narrative review from a search on PubMed of studies pertaining to MDD and MIF, as for October 2019. Both humans and animal studies haves been considered. RESULTS Preclinical data show conflicting results on the role of endogenous MIF and DDT in depression. In contrast, several human studies show that circulating MIF levels tend to increase during the course of MDD. Higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers have also been associated with poorer responses to antidepressants and the levels of MIF significantly decrease after treatment, despite this may not be necessarily associated to an improvement in psychiatric symptoms. LIMITATIONS This is a narrative and not a systematic review of the literature on the involvement of MIF in MDD. We have highlighted studies performed in humans and in animal models, irrespective of population size and methodological approach. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights a role of MIF, and possibly DDT, in the pathogenesis of MDD. Whilst studies in animal models are discordant, the studies in patients with MDD convergently suggest that MIF plays a role in induction and maintenance of the disease. Additional studies are also needed on DDT that often displays synergistic function with MIF and their receptors.
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23
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Zhang Y, Geng Y, He J, Wu D, Zhang T, Xue L, Zhang L, He A. Tanshinone IIA induces apoptosis and autophagy in acute monocytic leukemia via downregulation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:2995-3006. [PMID: 31217869 PMCID: PMC6556636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by unrestrained proliferation of myeloid cells. In has been shown that tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), exhibited anti-tumor activities on different types of cancers. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Tan IIA regulates apoptosis and autophagy in AML remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of Tan IIA on AML in vitro and in vivo. CCK-8 assay, EdU staining, flow cytometry, MDC staining, immunofluorescence, transwell migration and invasion assay were used to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, migration and invasion, respectively. In addition, western blotting was used to examine the protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2, active caspase-3, Beclin-1, Atg-5, p-mTOR and p-Akt in cells. Moreover, animal studies were performed to evaluate anti-tumor effect of Tan IIA on AML in vivo. The results revealed that Tan IIA significantly suppressed the growth of U937 cells in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, Tan IIA induced apoptosis in U937 cells via up-regulating the levels of active caspase-3 and Bax, and down-regulating Bcl-2 in vitro and in vivo. In addition, Tan IIA inhibited the capacity of migration and invasion in U937 cells. Moreover, Tan IIA induced autophagy in U937 cells via upregulation of the expression of LC3 II, Atg5 and Beclin 1, which was further confirmed by MDC staining and immunofluorescence assays. For the first time, we have shown that autophagy inhibitor 3MA significantly enhanced Tan IIA-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. Furthermore, Tan IIA induced apoptosis and autophagy via downregulation of PI3K/Akt pathway in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the accumulating evidences suggested that Tan IIA could be a potential agent for improving the symptoms of AML in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710004, P. R. China
| | - Juntao He
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710004, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710004, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710004, P. R. China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710004, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710004, P. R. China
| | - Aili He
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710004, P. R. China
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24
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Quan M, Lv Y, Dai Y, Qi B, Fu L, Chen X, Qian Y. Tanshinone IIA protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury through targeting Sirt1. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 71:1142-1151. [PMID: 30868609 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study was designed to investigate the effects and the mechanism of Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) on endotoxic shock-induced lung injury in a mouse model.
Methods
Mice were administered intraperitoneally with TIIA (10 mg/kg) 0.5 h before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and then received additional injections every 24 h during the 3-day experimental period. The physiological indexes, the survival rate and the parameters for lung injury were examined. The protein levels of Sirt1, and the acetylation and activation of NF-κB p65 were determined. The expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory factors were evaluated, respectively.
Key findings
Treatment with TIIA significantly improved physiological indexes and increased the survival rate of mice in response to LPS challenge. TIIA treatment displayed an obvious up-regulation of Sirt1 protein, in accompany with reduced acetylation and activation of NF-κB p65 following LPS stimulation. In addition, TIIA attenuated LPS-induced lung injury and prevented the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. However, the protective effects of TIIA were abolished by Sirt1 inhibitor.
Conclusions
Tanshinone IIA prevents LPS-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines thus exerts protective effects against acute lung injury, probably via modulation of Sirt1/NF-κB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxue Quan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanni Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Dai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Biying Qi
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Longsheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuanying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yisong Qian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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25
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Nasehi M, Mohammadi A, Ebrahimi-Ghiri M, Hashemi M, Zarrindast MR. MLC901 during sleep deprivation rescues fear memory disruption in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:813-821. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-01612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Xie X, Peng L, Zhu J, Zhou Y, Li L, Chen Y, Yu S, Zhao Y. miR-145-5p/Nurr1/TNF-α Signaling-Induced Microglia Activation Regulates Neuron Injury of Acute Cerebral Ischemic/Reperfusion in Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:383. [PMID: 29209166 PMCID: PMC5702297 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nurr1 is a member of the nuclear receptor 4 family of orphan nuclear receptors that is decreased in inflammatory responses and leads to neurons death in Parkinson’s disease. Abnormal expression of Nurr1 have been attributed to various signaling pathways, but little is known about microRNAs (miRNAs) regulation of Nurr1 in ischemia/reperfusion injury. To investigate the post transcriptional regulatory networks of Nurr1, we used a miRNA screening approach and identified miR-145-5p as a putative regulator of Nurr1. By using computer predictions, we identified and confirmed a miRNA recognition element in the 3′UTR of Nurr1 that was responsible for miR-145-5p-mediated suppression. We next demonstrated that overexpression of Nurr1 inhibited TNF-α expression in microglia by trans-repression and finally attenuated ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory and cytotoxic response of neurons. Results of further in vivo study revealed that anti-miR-145-5p administration brought about increasing expression of Nurr1 and reduction of infarct volume in acute cerebral ischemia. Administration of anti-miR-145-5p promotes neurological outcome of rats post MCAO/R. It might be an effective therapeutic strategy to relieve neurons injury upon ischemia/reperfusion of rats through interrupting the axis signaling of miR-145-5p- Nurr1-TNF-α in acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xie
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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27
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Wu J, Chen Y, Yu S, Li L, Zhao X, Li Q, Zhao J, Zhao Y. Neuroprotective effects of sulfiredoxin-1 during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion oxidative stress injury in rats. Brain Res Bull 2017; 132:99-108. [PMID: 28552673 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As an endogenous antioxidant protein, Sulfiredoxin1 (Srxn1) can prevent cell oxidative stress damage. However, its role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying signaling mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we explored effects of Srxn1 knockdown on oxidative stress using in vitro and in vivo I/R models and investigated related neuroprotective mechanisms. For in vitro studies, primary cortical neuronal cultures were transfected with an interfering lentivirus targeting Srxn1. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) was conducted after Srxn1 knockdown. MTS and lactate dehydrogenase assays indicated that knockdown of Srxn1 increased cell death and reduced cell viability. Similarly, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathionekits assays showed that knockdown of Srxn1 worsened oxidative stress injury. For in vivo studies, siRNA for Srxn1 or negative control siRNA was injected intracerebroventricularly 24h before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Data shows silencing Srxn1 resulted in a significant increase in cerebral infarction, neurological deficits, histological injury, and oxidative stress injury 24h after ischemic stroke. Moreover, immunoblot analysis assessed the relationship between Srxn1 levels and Prdx1-4 as well as Prdx-SO3 activity both in vitro and in vivo models. We found that decreased Srxn1 reduced Prdx1-4 and enhanced Prdx-SO3 protein levels. In addition, knockdown of Nrf2 was performed; immunoblot analysis was used to measure Srxn1 and NQO1 protein levels. We further found that interference of Nrf2 reduced Srxn1 and NQO1 protein levels. In summary, Srxn1 can protect neurons from I/R oxidative stress injury and the mechanism involves Prdx activity. Srxn1, which might be downstream of Nrf2, can prevent cerebral ischemia reperfusion by reversing overoxidized Prdx and restoring antioxidant activity of Prdx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- Neurology Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Pathology, Shapingba District People's Hospital, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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28
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Shanshan Y, Beibei J, Li T, Minna G, Shipeng L, Li P, Yong Z. Phospholipase A2 of Peroxiredoxin 6 Plays a Critical Role in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Inflammatory Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:99. [PMID: 28424593 PMCID: PMC5380807 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated inflammation is an important step in the progression of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and the associated production of receptors of immunomoudulation, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) has been demonstrated as the endogenous antioxidant protein for its peroxidase properties. However, the role of the independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) activity of Prdx6 in stroke has not been well studied. In this study, we evaluated whether blocking the calcium-iPLA2 activity of Prdx6 using siRNA and inhibitors (1-hexadecyl-3-(trifluoroethgl)-sn-glycerol-2 phosphomethanol, MJ33) would have a critical effect on inflammatory brain damage. We conducted oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/recovery (R) in vitro and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo in a microglia/neuron co-culture system and in rats. In vitro, we found that Prdx6-iPLA2 activity was associated with the secretion of neurotoxic inflammatory mediators interleukin1β (IL-1β), interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interleukin-23 (IL-23) and elevated expression of Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4), leading to the formation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in microglial cells. In vivo, combined treatment with Prdx6-iPLA2 activity inhibitor MJ33 showed a greater diminution in neurologic deficits, cerebral infarction, brain water content and inflammatory molecules than Prdx6-siRNA treatment alone. Our findings provide new insight into Prdx6-iPLA2 function in the brain. Inhibition of Prdx6-iPLA2 activity by gene therapy and/or pharmacology may constitute a promising new therapeutic approach to the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shanshan
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Jiang Beibei
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Tan Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Gao Minna
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Lei Shipeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangjin Center HospitalChongqing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Zhao Yong
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
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29
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Yao NW, Lu Y, Shi LQ, Xu F, Cai XH. Neuroprotective effect of combining tanshinone IIA with low-dose methylprednisolone following acute spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2193-2202. [PMID: 28565827 PMCID: PMC5443198 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study compared the potential neuroprotective effect of tanshinone IIA (TIIA) monotherapy, methylprednisolone (MP) monotherapy and combined treatment in an adult acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) rat model. The current study used the weight-drop method (Allen's Impactor) in the rat model and the mechanical scratch method in primary spinal cord neuron culture to determine whether the combined treatment was able to reduce the required dosage of MP in the treatment of ASCI to produce a similar or improved therapeutic effect. In vivo male Sprague Dawley rats (n=60) were randomly divided into 5 groups, of which 12 rats were selected for the sham group and T9-T11 laminectomies, leading to ASCI, were performed on 48 of the 60 rats using a 10 g ×25 mm weight-drop at the level of T10 spinal cord. Therefore, the ASCI group (n=12) included the 'laminectomy and weight-drop'. The remaining 36 ASCI model animals were subdivided into 3 groups (n=12 each group): TIIA group (30 mg/kg/day), MP group (30 mg/kg) and combined treatment group (TIIA 30 mg/kg/day + MP 20 mg/kg). Neuronal function following ASCI was evaluated using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale. Levels of the anti-apoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), the pro-apoptotic factors Bcl-2 associated protein X (Bax) and caspase-3, and the inflammatory associated factor nuclear factor-κB, were analyzed by western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect caspase-3. To investigate the underlying mechanism, the anti-oxidative effect of combination TIIA and MP treatment was assessed by measuring the activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in ASCI. In agreement with the experiment in vivo, primary neurons were prepared from the spinal cord of one-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats' and co-cultured with astrocytes from the brain cortex. The injury of neurons was induced by mechanical scratch and levels of apoptosis factors were analyzed by western blot analysis. The results of the current study indicated that injured animals in the combined treatment group exhibited a significant increase in BBB scores (P<0.05). TIIA + MP combined treatment and MP treatment was observed to reduce the expression of pro-apoptotic factors and promote neuron survival in vivo and in vitro. Combined treatment may promote neuroprotection through reduced apoptosis and inflammation caused by ASCI, similar to MP alone. Combined treatment reversed the decrease of SOD and the increase of MDA level caused by ASCI. In addition, combined treatment decreased the expression of caspase-3 in the neurons following ASCI in rats, as indicated by immunofluorescence double labeling. Overall, the present study indicates that the combined treatment of TIIA and MP may protect the neurons by stimulating the rapid initiation of neuroprotection following ASCI and reduce the dosage of MP in the treatment of ASCI required to produce the same or improved neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Wei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China.,College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qi Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Yuyao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Hua Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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30
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Chen HS, Qi SH, Shen JG. One-Compound-Multi-Target: Combination Prospect of Natural Compounds with Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:134-156. [PMID: 27334020 PMCID: PMC5327453 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160620102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is the only FDA-approved drug for acute ischemic stroke treatment, but its clinical use is limited due to the narrow therapeutic time window and severe adverse effects, including hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and neurotoxicity. One of the potential resolutions is to use adjunct therapies to reduce the side effects and extend t-PA's therapeutic time window. However, therapies modulating single target seem not to be satisfied, and a multitarget strategy is warranted to resolve such complex disease. Recently, large amount of efforts have been made to explore the active compounds from herbal supplements to treat ischemic stroke. Some natural compounds revealed both neuro- and bloodbrain- barrier (BBB)-protective effects by concurrently targeting multiple cellular signaling pathways in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Thus, those compounds are potential to be one-drug-multi-target agents as combined therapy with t-PA for ischemic stroke. In this review article, we summarize current progress about molecular targets involving in t-PA-mediated HT and neurotoxicity in ischemic brain injury. Based on these targets, we select 23 promising compounds from currently available literature with the bioactivities simultaneously targeting several important molecular targets. We propose that those compounds merit further investigation as combined therapy with t-PA. Finally, we discuss the potential drawbacks of the natural compounds' studies and raise several important issues to be addressed in the future for the development of natural compound as an adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Su-Hua Qi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Gang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
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31
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Tanshinone IIA increases levels of NeuN, protein disulfide isomerase, and Na+/K+-ATPase and decreases evidence of microglial activation after cerebral ischemic injury. Neuroreport 2016; 27:435-44. [PMID: 26966780 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to clarify the neuroprotective effects of tanshinone IIA (TSA) following cerebral ischemic insult. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were operated upon to achieve a middle cerebral artery occlusion to cause transient focal cerebral ischemia, which were then randomly divided into the sham-operated control group and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) groups receiving a 2 h occlusion. The treatment groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of high or low doses of TSA, for 7 or 15 days. NeuN immunostaining revealed neuronal loss following I/R, which was partially prevented with subsequent TSA dosing. Protein disulfide isomerase and adenosine triphosphatase (Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase) levels were all depressed by means of I/R. TSA treatment markedly reversed the depression of all indices examined. The intensity of microglial activation, as evidenced with CD11b staining, was increased by means of cerebral artery occlusion, but this was partially reversed with subsequent TSA treatment. TSA may affect neuroprotection by way of minimizing deficits in energy metabolism and reduction of the extent of cell death within affected regions.
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32
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Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Tanshinone IIA in LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages via miRNAs and TLR4-NF-κB Pathway. Inflammation 2016; 39:375-384. [PMID: 26639663 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological response to infection or injury and involves the innate and adaptive immune system. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a well-known flavonoid that elicits an important therapeutic effect by inhibiting inflammatory response. In this study, we examined whether Tan IIA exerts anti-inflammatory activity and investigated the possible mechanisms, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MyD88-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and microRNA expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Tan IIA could attenuate the inflammatory reaction via decreasing cytokine, chemokine, and acute-phase protein production, including GM-CSF, sICAM-1, cxcl-1, MIP-1α, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), analyzed by Proteome profile array in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Concurrently, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX-2 were also significantly reduced by Tan IIA. Additionally, Tan IIA decreased LPS-induced NF-κB activation and downregulated TLR4 and MyD88 protein expression levels. We also observed reduced microRNA-155, miR-147, miR-184, miR-29b, and miR-34c expression levels, while LPS-induced microRNA-105, miR-145a, miR-194, miR-383, miR-132, and miR-451a expression levels were upregulated using microRNA (miRNA) qPCR array. Our results indicate that Tan IIA could exert an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by decreasing TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway and regulating a series of cytokine production and miRNA expression.
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33
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Tanshinones and mental diseases: from chemistry to medicine. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:777-791. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe prevalence of mental diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders, is ever-increasing, while treatment options for such disorders are limited and insufficient. In this scarcity of available medication, it is a feasible strategy to search for potential drugs among natural compounds, such as those found in plants. One such plant source is the root of Chinese sage, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae), which contains several compounds reported to possess neuroprotective activities. The most important of these compounds are tanshinones, which have been reported to possess ameliorative activity against a myriad of mental diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and glioma, along with promoting neuronal differentiation and manifesting antinociceptive and anticonvulsant outcomes. This review offers a critical evaluation of the utility of tanshinones to treat mental illnesses, and sheds light on the underlying mechanisms through which these naturally occurring compounds confer neuroprotection.
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34
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Rescue therapy with Tanshinone IIA hinders transition of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease via targeting GSK3β. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36698. [PMID: 27857162 PMCID: PMC5114614 DOI: 10.1038/srep36698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains challenging for clinical practice and poses a risk of developing progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) with no definitive treatment available yet. Tanshinone IIA, an active ingredient of Chinese herbal Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been widely used in Asia for the remarkable organoprotective activities. Its effect on established AKI, however, remains unknown. In mice with folic acid-induced AKI, delayed treatment with Tanshinone IIA, commenced early or late after injury, diminished renal expression of kidney injury markers, reduced apoptosis and improved kidney dysfunction, concomitant with mitigated histologic signs of AKI to CKD transition, including interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, and with an ameliorated inflammatory infiltration in tubulointerstitium and a favored M2-skewed macrophage polarization. Mechanistically, Tanshinone IIA blunted glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β overactivity and hyperactivation of its downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases that are centrally implicated in renal fibrogenesis and inflammation. Inhibition of GSK3β is likely a key mechanism mediating the therapeutic activity of Tanshinone IIA, because sodium nitroprusside, a GSK3β activator, largely offset its renoprotective effect. In confirmatory studies, rescue treatment with Tanshinone IIA likewise ameliorated ischemia/reperfusion-induced kidney destruction in mice. Our data suggest that Tanshinone IIA represents a valuable treatment that improves post-AKI kidney salvage via targeting GSK3β.
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Wang ZY, Liu JG, Li H, Yang HM. Pharmacological Effects of Active Components of Chinese Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:1525-1541. [PMID: 27848250 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder associated with dementia, not only severely decreases the quality of life for its victims, but also brings a heavy economic burden to the family and society. Unfortunately, few chemical drugs designed for clinical applications have reached the expected preventive or therapeutic effect so far, and combined with their significant side-effects, there is therefore an urgent need for new strategies to be developed for AD treatment. Traditional Chinese Medicine has accumulated many experiences in the treatment of dementia during thousands of years of practice; modern pharmacological studies have confirmed the therapeutic effects of many active components derived from Chinese herbal medicines (CHM). Ginsenoside Rg1, extracted from Radix Ginseng, exerts a [Formula: see text]-secretase inhibitor effect so as to decrease A[Formula: see text] aggregation. It can also inhibit the apoptosis of neuron cells. Tanshinone IIA, extracted from Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae, and baicalin, extracted from Radix Scutellariae[Formula: see text] can inhibit the oxidative stress injury in neuronal cells. Icariin, extracted from Epimedium brevicornum, can decrease A[Formula: see text] levels and the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and can also inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis. Huperzine A, extracted from Huperzia serrata, exerts a cholinesterase inhibitor effect. Evodiamine, extracted from Fructus Evodiae, and curcumin, extracted from Rhizoma Curcumae Longae, exert anti-inflammatory actions. Curcumin can act on A[Formula: see text] and tau too. Due to the advantages of multi-target effects and fewer side effects, Chinese medicine is more appropriate for long-term use. In this present review, the pharmacological effects of commonly used active components derived from Chinese herbal medicines in the treatment of AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Wang
- * Geriatric Department, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.,† Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Gang Liu
- * Geriatric Department, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- * Geriatric Department, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ming Yang
- ‡ Geriatric Department, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
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Zheng C, Liu C, Wang W, Tang G, Dong L, Zhou J, Zhong Z. Ethanol extracts from Portulaca oleracea L. attenuated ischemia/reperfusion induced rat neural injury through inhibition of HMGB1 induced inflammation. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:5016-5024. [PMID: 27904702 PMCID: PMC5126344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well demonstrated that the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) mediated inflammation has been implicated as one of the important causes for brain damage induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In the present study, we assessed the neuro-protective and anti-inflammation effects of the ethanol extracts from Portulaca oleracea L. (EEPO) against cerebral I/R injury in the rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. Rats were administrated with their respective treatment for 7 days before the MCA occlusion. After that, rats were intraperitoneal injection with chloral hydrate and sacrificed by decapitation, then the serum and brain tissue were collected. The neurological deficit score, infarct size and brain edema were tested. The levels of serum cytokine as TNF-α, IL-1β, INF-γ, IL-6, and HMGB1 and LDH were detected. The protein level of tissue or nucleus HMGB1, IκB and p-p65 were tested, too. The results showed that pretreatment with EEPO significantly decreased the neurological deficit score, infarct size and brain edema. Moreover, EEPO decreased rat serum cytokine level and rat right cortices p-p65 and IκB protein level. In conclusion all these results suggested that pretreatment with EEFPO provided significant protection against cerebral I/R injury in rats might by virtue of its anti-inflammation property through inhibition of increase of neuleus HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Zheng
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery InstituteShanghai, China
| | - Wanyin Wang
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Gusheng Tang
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Liwei Dong
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery InstituteShanghai, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhengrong Zhong
- Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Department of The Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeAnhui, China
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Xu YM, Ding GH, Huang J, Xiong Y. Tanshinone IIA pretreatment attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2741-2746. [PMID: 27698779 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA is a chemical compound extracted from the root of traditional Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Tanshinone IIA has been suggested to possess anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidizing capability. Recently, accumulating results have indicated the antitumor activity of tanshinone IIA; thus, it has attracted increasing attention. In addition, tanshinone IIA has been indicated to attenuate ischemia/reperfusion induced renal injury (I/RIRI); however, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms involved in this process. In the present study an I/RIRI rat model was used to analyze the effects of tanshinone IIA on myeloperoxidase (MPO), TNF-α and IL-6 activities using ELISA kits. Furthermore, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), cleaved caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein expression levels were evaluated using western blot analysis. The results indicated that tanshinone IIA protected renal function in I/RIRI rats. ELISA demonstrated that tanshinone IIA significantly reduced MIF, TNF-α and IL-6 activities in I/RIRI rats. Western blot analysis showed that tanshinone IIA significantly suppressed MIF, cleaved caspase-3 and p38 MAPK protein expression levels in I/RIRI rats. The present results suggest that tanshinone IIA pretreatment attenuates I/RIRI via the downregulation of MPO expression, inflammation, MIF, cleaved caspase-3 and p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Li Y, Zhu J, Liu Y, Chen X, Lei S, Li L, Jiang B, Tan L, Yu S, Zhao Y. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Influences Injury Following Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:518-31. [PMID: 27019634 PMCID: PMC4807413 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of GSK-3β is associated with psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. However, no study has examined the effect of GSK-3β on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We used oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) as models of ischemia/reperfusion in rats in vitro and in vivo. Our study showed that knockdown of GSK-3β with a GSK-3β siRNA virus improved injury and increased viability of neurons subjected to OGD/R. Levels of total Nrf2, nuclear Nrf2, and Nrf2 downstream proteins sulfiredoxin (Srx1) and thioredoxin (Trx1) increased after transfection with the GSK-3β siRNA virus. GSK-3β siRNA increased SOD activity and decreased MDA levels. Overexpression of GSK-3β with a pcDNA-GSK-3β virus showed opposite results. We also demonstrated that intracerebroventricular injection of GSK-3β siRNA in rats ameliorated neurological deficits, reduced brain infarct volume and water content, and reduced damage to cerebral cortical neurons after MCAO. Changes in total Nrf2, nuclear Nrf2, Srx1, Trx1, SOD, and MDA were similar to those observed in vitro. Our results show for the first time that GSK-3β can influence cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The effects may be due to regulating the Nrf2/ARE pathway and decreasing oxidative stress. These results suggest a potential new drug target for clinical treatment of stroke.
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Shu M, Hu XR, Hung ZA, Huang DD, Zhang S. Effects of tanshinone IIA on fibrosis in a rat model of cirrhosis through heme oxygenase-1, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3036-42. [PMID: 26936326 PMCID: PMC4805076 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA is extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza and used in traditional Chinese medicine for its anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential protective effects of tanshinone IIA against fibrosis in a rat model of cirrhosis and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague Dawley rats were used as the model of cirrhosis in the present study. In the cirrhotic rats, the extent of fibrosis, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression, serum levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and the protein expression levels of phosphorylated-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were all significantly increased. However, the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) activity and protein kinase B (Akt) protein expression were suppressed in cirrhotic rats compared with the sham (control) group. Compared with the cirrhotic group, administration of tanshinone IIA reduced the extent of fibrosis, levels of ALT and AST, HO-1 protein expression, serum NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, and the activity of SOD, CAT and GSH-PX. Furthermore, administration of tanshinone IIA significantly increased the inhibition of the serum MDA activity and the Akt protein expression in cirrhotic rats compared with those in the cirrhotic group. The protective effect of tanshinone IIA suppresses fibrosis in a rat model of cirrhosis, and reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, via the HO-1, Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Rong Hu
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Zuo-An Hung
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Dam-Dan Huang
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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Chen X, Liu Y, Zhu J, Lei S, Dong Y, Li L, Jiang B, Tan L, Wu J, Yu S, Zhao Y. GSK-3β downregulates Nrf2 in cultured cortical neurons and in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20196. [PMID: 26838164 PMCID: PMC4738318 DOI: 10.1038/srep20196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway plays a critical role in protecting against oxidative stress in brain ischemia and reperfusion injury. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) may play a critical role in regulating Nrf2 in a Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-independent manner. However, the relationship between GSK-3β and Nrf2 in brain ischemia and reperfusion injury is not clear. In this study, we explored the mechanisms through which GSK-3β regulates Nrf2 and Nrf-2/ARE pathways in vitro and in vivo. We used oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in primary cultured cortical neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model to mimic ischemic insult. In this study, GSK-3β siRNA and inhibitors (SB216763 and LiCl) were used to inhibit GSK-3β in vitro and in vivo. After inhibiting GSK-3β, expression of total and nuclear Nrf2, Nrf2-ARE binding activity, and expression of Nrf2/ARE pathway-driven genes HO-1 and NQO-1 increased. Overexpression of GSK-3β yielded opposite results. These results suggest that GSK-3β downregulates Nrf2 and the Nrf2/ARE pathway in brain ischemia and reperfusion injury. GSK-3β may be an endogenous antioxidant relevant protein, and may represent a new therapeutic target in treatment of ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanling Liu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shipeng Lei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangjin Center Hospital, 402260, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Chen H, Guan B, Shen J. Targeting ONOO -/HMGB1/MMP-9 Signaling Cascades: Potential for Drug Development from Chinese Medicine to Attenuate Ischemic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Transformation Induced by Thrombolytic Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1159/000442468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Li K, Ding D, Zhang M. Neuroprotection of Osthole against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through an Anti-apoptotic Pathway in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:336-42. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Dun Ding
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
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Huang L, Zheng M, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Zhu M, Zhao F, Cui S. Tanshinone IIA attenuates cardiac dysfunction in endotoxin-induced septic mice via inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2-related signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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44
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Lorivel T, Gandin C, Veyssière J, Lazdunski M, Heurteaux C. Positive effects of the traditional Chinese medicine MLC901 in cognitive tasks. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1648-63. [PMID: 25821139 PMCID: PMC6681465 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MLC901 (NurAiDII) is used as a treatment for stroke patients. It has been shown that MLC901 improves motor and cognitive recovery in ischemic and traumatic brain‐injured rodents. The present study seeks to delineate cognitive effects induced by MLC901 in normal, noninjured mice. To this end, the behaviors of vehicle‐ and MLC901‐treated C57BL/6 mice in hippocampus‐dependent (passive avoidance, Morris water maze) and hippocampus‐independent (novel object recognition) cognitive tasks are compared. The potential influence of the compound on the anxiety level and nycthemeral rhythm of mice is also assessed. In addition, the long‐term effects of MLC901 on hippocampal neurogenesis are measured. The results clearly demonstrate that MLC901 promotes extinction in passive avoidance and reversal learning in the Morris water maze and improves the performance of mice in novel object recognition. In parallel, this study shows the long‐term proneurogenesis effects of MLC901 that result in the increase in the number of mature neurons in the hippocampus. If these observations can be extended to humans, then MLC901 could represent a promising therapeutic strategy. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lorivel
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS UMR7275), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - C Gandin
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS UMR7275), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - J Veyssière
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS UMR7275), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - M Lazdunski
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS UMR7275), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - C Heurteaux
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS UMR7275), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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Tang J, Zhu C, Li ZH, Liu XY, Sun SK, Zhang T, Luo ZJ, Zhang H, Li WY. Inhibition of the spinal astrocytic JNK/MCP-1 pathway activation correlates with the analgesic effects of tanshinone IIA sulfonate in neuropathic pain. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:57. [PMID: 25889689 PMCID: PMC4406216 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain (NP) continues to be challenging to treat due to lack of effective drugs. Accumulating evidence elucidated that glia-mediated inflammatory reactions play a pivotal role in the introduction and development of NP. Besides, activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) pathway in astrocytes has been reported to be critical for spinal astrocytic activation and neuropathic pain development after spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Tanshinone IIA, a major active component of a traditional Chinese drug, Danshen, possesses potent immuno-suppressive activities. The present study was undertaken to assess whether intraperitoneal administration of tanshinone IIA sulfonate (TIIAS) has analgesic effect on SNL-induced neuropathic pain and whether the inhibition of astrocytic activation and JNK/MCP-1 pathway is involved in the analgesic effect of TIIAS. Methods The effects of TIIAS on SNL-induced mechanical allodynia were assessed by behavioral testing. Immunofluorescence histochemical staining was used to detect changes of spinal astrocytes and spinal pJNK expression and localization. Immunofluorescence histochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to quantify the SNL-induced spinal pJNK expression after TIIAS administration. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the SNL-induced spinal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MCP-1. Results Our results indicated that intraperitoneal TIIAS up-regulated the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) of NP, while astrocytic activation was suppressed and accompanied by the down-regulation of IL-1β and TNF-α expression, as well as JNK phosphorylation in the spinal dorsal horn. Additionally, the release of MCP-1 was dose dependently decreased. After co-treatment with TIIAS and JNK inhibitor (SP600125), no significant increases in mechanical PWT and MCP-1 expression were observed compared with the TIIAS-treated group. Conclusions The present results suggest that the analgesic effects of TIIAS in neuropathic pain are mainly mediated by the down-regulation of SNL-induced astrocytic activation, which is via the inhibition of JNK/MCP-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Zhu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 15 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-hong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-yu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu-kai Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhuo-jing Luo
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 15 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China.
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Cao ZQ, Quan W, Hou SX, Guo C, Ma SB, Zhang W, Li X. The natural therapeutic magnesium lithospermate B potently provides neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 162:191-198. [PMID: 25560670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia miltiorrhiza, a perennial plant in the genus Salvia and popularly known as "Danshen", is highly valued for its roots in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). It has widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases in China. Recently, the cerebral protection of magnesium lithospermate B (MLB), a working extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza, has received more attention. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of MLB on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to CI/R using a thread to occlude the right middle cerebral artery. After 2h of cerebral ischemia, the middle cerebral artery was reperfused for 24 h. Rats were injected with different doses of MLB (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg). Infarct zones, neurological deficit scores, brain water content, glutamate levels and protein expressions were evaluated after 24h of reperfusion. RESULTS We found that MLB treatment of rats exposed to focal CI/R decreased neurological deficit scores, brain water content, glutamate levels and cerebral infarct zones. We also demonstrated that MLB can inhibit CI/R injury-induced activation of caspase-3, a marker of apoptosis. This protection by MLB against CI/R injury was accompanied by an upregulation of p-Akt in the ischemic hemisphere. Furthermore, the MLB-induced protection was prevented by treatment with a PI3K inhibitor (LY-294002). CONCLUSIONS The data in the present study suggest a potential protective role of MLB against CI/R injury in rats. The salient finding of the present study is that this protective effect of MLB is likely mediated through an Akt-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-qiang Cao
- Department of Urinary Urology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Mental Health Center, Institute of Mental Health, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Shuang-xing Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shan-bo Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Urinary Urology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110840, China.
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He H, Tang H, Gao L, Wu Y, Feng Z, Lin H, Wu T. Tanshinone IIA attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4190-6. [PMID: 25672255 PMCID: PMC4394983 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressive fibrotic lung disorder with unknown etiology and a high mortality rate. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a lipophilic diterpene extracted from the Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge with diverse biological functions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Tan IIA on bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Rats received an intraperitoneal injection of Tan IIA and normal rats were used as controls. Severe pulmonary edema, inflammation and fibrosis were observed in the BLM-treated rats and the counts of total cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes were significantly increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of those rats. These pathological changes were markedly attenuated by subsequent treatment with Tan IIA. In addition, BLM-induced increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, malondialdehyde, inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide in rats, which was also suppressed by Tan IIA injection. The present findings suggest therapeutic potential of Tan IIA for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Lili Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Taihua Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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Sulfiredoxin-1 protects primary cultured astrocytes from ischemia-induced damage. Neurochem Int 2015; 82:19-27. [PMID: 25620665 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes appear to be important regulators of the inflammatory events that occur in stroke. Sulfiredoxin-1 (Srxn1), an endogenous antioxidant protein, exhibits neuroprotective effects. Although the mechanism by which Srxn1 negatively regulates oxidative and apoptotic pathways has been extensively characterized, the impact of Srxn1 on inflammation has not been well studied. In this study, we used oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by recovery (OGD/R) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to mimic stress from cerebral ischemic damage on primary cultured astrocytes. We found that knockdown of Srxn1 by two shRNAs resulted in decreased cell viability of astrocytes. Decreased level of Srxn1 also correlated with excessive levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-α, MPO, IL-1β, and IL-6. In addition, Srxn1 appeared to influence the strength of TLR4 signaling pathway; the expression of COX-2, IL-6, and NOS2 were strongly induced by OGD/R and H2O2 in astrocyte cultures with Srxn1-shRNAs. Our results suggested that loss of Srxn1 expression in astrocytes may cause excessive activation of inflammatory responses which contribute to OGD/R- and H2O2-induced cell death. Restoring Srxn1 function by gene therapy and/or pharmacology emerges as a promising strategy for the treatment of stroke and other chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Tanshinone IIA attenuates the cerebral ischemic injury-induced increase in levels of GFAP and of caspases-3 and -8. Neuroscience 2015; 288:105-11. [PMID: 25575944 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (TSA) is a lipid soluble agent derived from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen). This plant is a traditional Chinese herb, which has been used widely in China especially for enhancing circulation. However mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain poorly understood. The present study was designed to illuminate events that may underlie the apparently neuroprotective effects of TSA following ischemic insult. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia by use of a middle cerebral artery occlusion model. They were then randomly divided into a sham-operated control group, and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion groups receiving a two-hour occlusion. Further subsets of groups received the same durations of occlusion or were sham-operated but then received daily i.p. injections of high or low doses of TSA, for seven or 15days. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed lesions in the entorhinal cortex of both rats subject to ischemia and to a lesser extent to those receiving TSA after surgery. Levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), caspase-3 and caspase-8, were quantified by both immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. TSA treatment after middle cerebral artery occlusion, markedly reduced infarct size, and reduced the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8. These changes were considered protective and were generally proportional to the dose of TSA used. These results suggest that TSA may effect neuroprotection by way of reduction of the extent of cell inflammation and death within affected regions.
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Ren B, Zhang YX, Zhou HX, Sun FW, Zhang ZF, Wei ZF, Zhang CY, Si DW. Tanshinone IIA prevents the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting NADPH oxidase and iNOS in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2015; 348:142-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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