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Denis V, Ferrier-Pagès C, Schubert N, Coppari M, Baker DM, Camp EF, Gori A, Grottoli AG, Houlbrèque F, Maier SR, Mancinelli G, Martinez S, Yalçın Özdilek Ş, Radice VZ, Ribes M, Richter C, Viladrich N, Rossi S. Heterotrophy in marine animal forests in an era of climate change. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:965-978. [PMID: 38284299 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Marine animal forests (MAFs) are benthic ecosystems characterised by biogenic three-dimensional structures formed by suspension feeders such as corals, gorgonians, sponges and bivalves. They comprise highly diversified communities among the most productive in the world's oceans. However, MAFs are in decline due to global and local stressors that threaten the survival and growth of their foundational species and associated biodiversity. Innovative and scalable interventions are needed to address the degradation of MAFs and increase their resilience under global change. Surprisingly, few studies have considered trophic interactions and heterotrophic feeding of MAF suspension feeders as an integral component of MAF conservation. Yet, trophic interactions are important for nutrient cycling, energy flow within the food web, biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and MAF stability. This comprehensive review describes trophic interactions at all levels of ecological organisation in tropical, temperate, and cold-water MAFs. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of available tools for estimating the heterotrophic capacities of the foundational species in MAFs. It then discusses the threats that climate change poses to heterotrophic processes. Finally, it presents strategies for improving trophic interactions and heterotrophy, which can help to maintain the health and resilience of MAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Denis
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Da'an District, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Nadine Schubert
- CCMAR-Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, Bld. 7, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Martina Coppari
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche snc, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - David M Baker
- School of Biological Sciences & Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Andrea Gori
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Andréa G Grottoli
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 125 South Oval Mall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Fanny Houlbrèque
- Entropie UMR 9220, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Nouméa, 98848, New Caledonia
| | - Sandra R Maier
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2 PO Box 570, Nuuk, 3900, Greenland
| | - Giorgio Mancinelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Monteroni s/n, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Stephane Martinez
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Şükran Yalçın Özdilek
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, 17100, Turkey
| | - Veronica Z Radice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Marta Ribes
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Claudio Richter
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, Bremerhaven, 27568, Germany
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str., NW 2, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Nuria Viladrich
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Monteroni s/n, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- Universidade Federal do Ceara, Instituto de Ciencias do Mar (Labomar), Av. da Abolicao 3207, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Enochs I, Soderberg N, Palacio-Castro A, Eaton K. Sequential Treatment Application Robot (STAR) for high-replication marine experimentation. HARDWAREX 2024; 18:e00524. [PMID: 38633332 PMCID: PMC11022082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Marine organisms are often subject to numerous anthropogenic stressors, resulting in widespread ecosystem degradation. Physiological responses to these stressors, however, are complicated by high biological variability, species-specific sensitivities, nonlinear relationships, and countless permutations of stressor combinations. Nevertheless, quantification of these relationships is paramount for parameterizing predictive tools and ultimately for effective management of marine resources. Multi-level, multi-stressor experimentation is therefore key, yet the high replication required has remained a logistical challenge and a financial barrier. To overcome these issues, we created an automated system for experimentation on marine organisms, the Sequential Treatment Application Robot (STAR). The system consists of a track-mounted robotic arm that sequentially applies precision treatments to independent aquaria via syringe and peristaltic pumps. The accuracy and precision were validated with dye and spectrophotometry, and stability was demonstrated by maintaining corals under treatment conditions for more than a month. The system is open source and scalable in that additional treatments and replicates may be added without incurring multiplicative costs. While STAR was designed for investigating the combined impacts of nutrients, warming, and disease on reef-building corals, it is highly customizable and may be used for experimentation involving a diverse array of treatments and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.C. Enochs
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - N. Soderberg
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - A.M. Palacio-Castro
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - K. Eaton
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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3
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Tanvet C, Camp EF, Sutton J, Houlbrèque F, Thouzeau G, Rodolfo‐Metalpa R. Corals adapted to extreme and fluctuating seawater pH increase calcification rates and have unique symbiont communities. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10099. [PMID: 37261315 PMCID: PMC10227177 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is a severe threat to coral reefs mainly by reducing their calcification rate. Identifying the resilience factors of corals to decreasing seawater pH is of paramount importance to predict the survivability of coral reefs in the future. This study compared corals adapted to variable pHT (i.e., 7.23-8.06) from the semi-enclosed lagoon of Bouraké, New Caledonia, to corals adapted to more stable seawater pHT (i.e., 7.90-8.18). In a 100-day aquarium experiment, we examined the physiological response and genetic diversity of Symbiodiniaceae from three coral species (Acropora tenuis, Montipora digitata, and Porites sp.) from both sites under three stable pHNBS conditions (8.11, 7.76, 7.54) and one fluctuating pHNBS regime (between 7.56 and 8.07). Bouraké corals consistently exhibited higher growth rates than corals from the stable pH environment. Interestingly, A. tenuis from Bouraké showed the highest growth rate under the 7.76 pHNBS condition, whereas for M. digitata, and Porites sp. from Bouraké, growth was highest under the fluctuating regime and the 8.11 pHNBS conditions, respectively. While OA generally decreased coral calcification by ca. 16%, Bouraké corals showed higher growth rates than corals from the stable pH environment (21% increase for A. tenuis to 93% for M. digitata, with all pH conditions pooled). This superior performance coincided with divergent symbiont communities that were more homogenous for Bouraké corals. Corals adapted to variable pH conditions appear to have a better capacity to calcify under reduced pH compared to corals native to more stable pH condition. This response was not gained by corals from the more stable environment exposed to variable pH during the 100-day experiment, suggesting that long-term exposure to pH fluctuations and/or differences in symbiont communities benefit calcification under OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Tanvet
- Centre IRD NouméaUMR ENTROPIE (IRD, Université de la Réunion, Université de la Nouvelle‐Calédonie, Ifremer)NouméaNew Caledonia
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMARPlouzanéFrance
- Labex ICONA, International CO2 Natural Analogues NetworkShimodaJapan
| | - Emma F. Camp
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jill Sutton
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMARPlouzanéFrance
| | - Fanny Houlbrèque
- Centre IRD NouméaUMR ENTROPIE (IRD, Université de la Réunion, Université de la Nouvelle‐Calédonie, Ifremer)NouméaNew Caledonia
- Labex ICONA, International CO2 Natural Analogues NetworkShimodaJapan
| | | | - Riccardo Rodolfo‐Metalpa
- Centre IRD NouméaUMR ENTROPIE (IRD, Université de la Réunion, Université de la Nouvelle‐Calédonie, Ifremer)NouméaNew Caledonia
- Labex ICONA, International CO2 Natural Analogues NetworkShimodaJapan
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Enochs IC, Studivan MS, Kolodziej G, Foord C, Basden I, Boyd A, Formel N, Kirkland A, Rubin E, Jankulak M, Smith I, Kelble CR, Manzello DP. Coral persistence despite marginal conditions in the Port of Miami. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6759. [PMID: 37185619 PMCID: PMC10130011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral cover has declined worldwide due to anthropogenic stressors that manifest on both global and local scales. Coral communities that exist in extreme conditions can provide information on how these stressors influence ecosystem structure, with implications for their persistence under future conditions. The Port of Miami is located within an urbanized environment, with active coastal development, as well as commercial shipping and recreational boating activity. Monitoring of sites throughout the Port since 2018 has revealed periodic extremes in temperature, seawater pH, and salinity, far in excess of what have been measured in most coral reef environments. Despite conditions that would kill many reef species, we have documented diverse coral communities growing on artificial substrates at these sites-reflecting remarkable tolerance to environmental stressors. Furthermore, many of the more prevalent species within these communities are now conspicuously absent or in low abundance on nearby reefs, owing to their susceptibility and exposure to stony coral tissue loss disease. Natural reef frameworks, however, are largely absent at the urban sites and while diverse fish communities are documented, it is unlikely that these communities provide the same goods and services as natural reef habitats. Regardless, the existence of these communities indicates unlikely persistence and highlights the potential for coexistence of threatened species in anthropogenic environments, provided that suitable stewardship strategies are in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Enochs
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, 33149, USA.
| | - Michael S Studivan
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Graham Kolodziej
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | | | - Isabelle Basden
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Albert Boyd
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Nathan Formel
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Amanda Kirkland
- Biological Sciences Department, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA
| | - Ewelina Rubin
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Mike Jankulak
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Ian Smith
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Christopher R Kelble
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Derek P Manzello
- Satellite Oceanography and Climatology Division, Center for Satellite Applications and Research, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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5
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Global change differentially modulates Caribbean coral physiology. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273897. [PMID: 36054126 PMCID: PMC9439252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global change driven by anthropogenic carbon emissions is altering ecosystems at unprecedented rates, especially coral reefs, whose symbiosis with algal symbionts is particularly vulnerable to increasing ocean temperatures and altered carbonate chemistry. Here, we assess the physiological responses of three Caribbean coral (animal host + algal symbiont) species from an inshore and offshore reef environment after exposure to simulated ocean warming (28, 31°C), acidification (300–3290 μatm), and the combination of stressors for 93 days. We used multidimensional analyses to assess how a variety of coral physiological parameters respond to ocean acidification and warming. Our results demonstrate reductions in coral health in Siderastrea siderea and Porites astreoides in response to projected ocean acidification, while future warming elicited severe declines in Pseudodiploria strigosa. Offshore S. siderea fragments exhibited higher physiological plasticity than inshore counterparts, suggesting that this offshore population was more susceptible to changing conditions. There were no plasticity differences in P. strigosa and P. astreoides between natal reef environments, however, temperature evoked stronger responses in both species. Interestingly, while each species exhibited unique physiological responses to ocean acidification and warming, when data from all three species are modelled together, convergent stress responses to these conditions are observed, highlighting the overall sensitivities of tropical corals to these stressors. Our results demonstrate that while ocean warming is a severe acute stressor that will have dire consequences for coral reefs globally, chronic exposure to acidification may also impact coral physiology to a greater extent in some species than previously assumed. Further, our study identifies S. siderea and P. astreoides as potential ‘winners’ on future Caribbean coral reefs due to their resilience under projected global change stressors, while P. strigosa will likely be a ‘loser’ due to their sensitivity to thermal stress events. Together, these species-specific responses to global change we observe will likely manifest in altered Caribbean reef assemblages in the future.
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6
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Leung JYS, Zhang S, Connell SD. Is Ocean Acidification Really a Threat to Marine Calcifiers? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 980+ Studies Spanning Two Decades. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107407. [PMID: 35934837 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is considered detrimental to marine calcifiers, but mounting contradictory evidence suggests a need to revisit this concept. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to critically re-evaluate the prevailing paradigm of negative effects of ocean acidification on calcifiers. Based on 5153 observations from 985 studies, many calcifiers (e.g., echinoderms, crustaceans, and cephalopods) are found to be tolerant to near-future ocean acidification (pH ≈ 7.8 by the year 2100), but coccolithophores, calcifying algae, and corals appear to be sensitive. Calcifiers are generally more sensitive at the larval stage than adult stage. Over 70% of the observations in growth and calcification are non-negative, implying the acclimation capacity of many calcifiers to ocean acidification. This capacity can be mediated by phenotypic plasticity (e.g., physiological, mineralogical, structural, and molecular adjustments), transgenerational plasticity, increased food availability, or species interactions. The results suggest that the impacts of ocean acidification on calcifiers are less deleterious than initially thought as their adaptability has been underestimated. Therefore, in the forthcoming era of ocean acidification research, it is advocated that studying how marine organisms persist is as important as studying how they perish, and that future hypotheses and experimental designs are not constrained within the paradigm of negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y S Leung
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Sam Zhang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Vlaminck E, Moens T, Vanaverbeke J, Van Colen C. Physiological response to seawater pH of the bivalve Abra alba, a benthic ecosystem engineer, is modulated by low pH. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 179:105704. [PMID: 35850076 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence and behaviour of bivalves can affect the functioning of seafloor sediments through the irrigation of deeper strata by feeding and respiring through siphonal channels. Here, we investigated the physiological response and consecutive impact on functioning and body condition of the white furrow shell Abra alba in three pH treatments (pH = 8.2, pH = 7.9 and pH = 7.7). Although no pH effect on survival was found, lowered respiration and calcification rates, decreased energy intake (lower absorption rate) and increased metabolic losses (increased excretion rates) occurred at pH ∼ 7.7. These physiological responses resulted in a negative Scope for Growth and a decreased condition index at this pH. This suggests that the physiological changes may not be sufficient to sustain survival in the long term, which would undoubtedly translate into consequences for ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Vlaminck
- Ghent University, Biology Department, Marine Biology Lab, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Tom Moens
- Ghent University, Biology Department, Marine Biology Lab, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jan Vanaverbeke
- Ghent University, Biology Department, Marine Biology Lab, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000, Gent, Belgium; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Marine Ecology and Management, Vautierstraat 29, Brussels, 1000, Belgium
| | - Carl Van Colen
- Ghent University, Biology Department, Marine Biology Lab, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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Tortolero-Langarica JJA, Rodríguez-Troncoso AP, Cupul-Magaña AL, Morales-de-Anda DE, Caselle JE, Carricart-Ganivet JP. Coral calcification and carbonate production in the eastern tropical Pacific: The role of branching and massive corals in the reef maintenance. GEOBIOLOGY 2022; 20:533-545. [PMID: 35359024 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hermatypic corals have the potential to construct calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) reef-framework, maintain habitats tridimensionality and contribute to both the biogeochemical and the geo-ecological functionality of coral reefs. However, in the past decades, coral reef growth capacity has been affected by multiple and cumulative anthropogenic stressors, threating the reef functionality and their ecosystem goods and services provision to humankind. This study evaluated temporal changes in geobiological growth characteristics as a function of live coral cover, calcification rate (extension rate and skeletal density) and coral carbonate production at Islas Marias archipelago from the eastern tropical Pacific, using historical data obtained in 2007 (López-Pérez et al., 2015, Marine Ecology, 37, 679) and data obtained through field and laboratory research between 2015 and 2018. Overall, live coral cover decreased (82%), where Pocillopora spp. corals reduced from 26% in 2007 to 4% in 2018, in contrast, Pavona spp. declined from 4.1% to 3.7% over the same period. Coral carbonate production ranged between 1.78 and 10.65 kg CaCO3 m-2 yr-1 , with a significant difference (threefold) between reef zones (shallow vs deep), highlighting the higher carbonate production at deep-reef sites. Coral cover, carbonate production and sclerocronological characteristics showed a decrease rate (between 30 and 60%) associated with thermal anomaly events such as La Niña (2010-2011) and El Niño (2014-2016), with positive sights of recovery (twofold) during the following years 2017-2018. This study provides evidence that massive Pavona and branching Pocillopora corals are key reef-building species at Islas Marias archipelago, due to their capability of sustaining live coral coverage and carbonate through thermal disturbance periods. Revealing, that corals at mid-water depths (>10 m) may significantly contribute to the long-term stability of biogenic reef-framework, and geo-ecological functionality of the eastern tropical Pacific reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Adolfo Tortolero-Langarica
- Laboratorio de Esclerocronología de Corales Arrecifales, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, México
- Tecnológico Nacional de México / IT Bahía de Banderas, Nayarit, México
| | - Alma P Rodríguez-Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Ecología Marina, Centro de Investigaciones Costeras, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Amílcar L Cupul-Magaña
- Laboratorio de Ecología Marina, Centro de Investigaciones Costeras, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Diana E Morales-de-Anda
- Laboratorio de Ecología Marina, Centro de Investigaciones Costeras, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Jennifer E Caselle
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Juan P Carricart-Ganivet
- Laboratorio de Esclerocronología de Corales Arrecifales, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, México
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9
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Plafcan MM, Stallings CD. Microplastics do not affect bleaching of Acropora cervicornis at ambient or elevated temperatures. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13578. [PMID: 35734639 PMCID: PMC9208371 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastic pollution can harm organisms and ecosystems such as coral reefs. Corals are important habitat-forming organisms that are sensitive to environmental conditions and have been declining due to stressors associated with climate change. Despite their ecological importance, it is unclear how corals may be affected by microplastics or if there are synergistic effects with rising ocean temperatures. To address this research gap, we experimentally examined the combined effects of environmentally relevant microplastic concentrations (i.e., the global average) and elevated temperatures on bleaching of the threatened Caribbean coral, Acropora cervicornis. In a controlled laboratory setting, we exposed coral fragments to orthogonally crossed treatment levels of low-density polyethylene microplastic beads (0 and 11.8 particles L-1) and water temperatures (ambient at 28 °C and elevated at 32 °C). Zooxanthellae densities were quantified after the 17-day experiment to measure the bleaching response. Regardless of microplastic treatment level, corals in the elevated temperature treatment were visibly bleached and necrotic (i.e., significant negative effect on zooxanthellae density) while those exposed to ambient temperature remained healthy. Thus, our study successfully elicited the expected bleaching response to a high-water temperature. However, we did not observe significant effects of microplastics at either individual (ambient temperature) or combined levels (elevated temperature). Although elevated temperatures remain a larger threat to corals, responses to microplastics are complex and may vary based on focal organisms or on plastic conditions (e.g., concentration, size, shape). Our findings add to a small but growing body of research on the effects of microplastics on corals, but further work is warranted in this emerging field to fully understand how sensitive ecosystems are affected by this pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina M. Plafcan
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Stallings
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
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10
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Godefroid M, Dupont S, Metian M, Hédouin L. Two decades of seawater acidification experiments on tropical scleractinian corals: Overview, meta-analysis and perspectives. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113552. [PMID: 35339865 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification has emerged as a major concern in the last fifteen years and studies on the impacts of seawater acidification on marine organisms have multiplied accordingly. This review aimed at synthesizing the literature on the effects of seawater acidification on tropical scleractinians under laboratory-controlled conditions. We identified 141 articles (published between 1999 and 2021) and separated endpoints into 22 biological categories to identify global trends for mitigation and gaps in knowledge and research priorities for future investigators. The relative number of affected endpoints increased with pH intensity (particularly for endpoints associated to calcification and reproduction). When exposed to pH 7.6-7.8 (compared to higher pH), 49% of endpoints were affected. The diversity in experimental designs prevented deciphering the modulating role of coral life stages, genera or duration of exposure. Finally, important bias in research efforts included most experiments on adult corals (68.5%), in 27 out of 150 (18%) coral ecoregions and exclusively from shallow-waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Godefroid
- PSL Research University: EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, 98729 Papetoai, Mo'orea, French Polynesia; Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Mo'orea, French Polynesia.
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Kristineberg 566, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden; Radioecology Laboratory International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Marine Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Marc Metian
- Radioecology Laboratory International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Marine Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Laetitia Hédouin
- PSL Research University: EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, 98729 Papetoai, Mo'orea, French Polynesia; Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Mo'orea, French Polynesia
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11
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Muller EM, Dungan AM, Million WC, Eaton KR, Petrik C, Bartels E, Hall ER, Kenkel CD. Heritable variation and lack of tradeoffs suggest adaptive capacity in Acropora cervicornis despite negative synergism under climate change scenarios. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210923. [PMID: 34641725 PMCID: PMC8511747 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of multi-stressor interactions and the potential for tradeoffs among tolerance traits is essential for developing intervention strategies for the conservation and restoration of reef ecosystems in a changing climate. Thermal extremes and acidification are two major co-occurring stresses predicted to limit the recovery of vital Caribbean reef-building corals. Here, we conducted an aquarium-based experiment to quantify the effects of increased water temperatures and pCO2 individually and in concert on 12 genotypes of the endangered branching coral Acropora cervicornis, currently being reared and outplanted for large-scale coral restoration. Quantification of 12 host, symbiont and holobiont traits throughout the two-month-long experiment showed several synergistic negative effects, where the combined stress treatment often caused a greater reduction in physiological function than the individual stressors alone. However, we found significant genetic variation for most traits and positive trait correlations among treatments indicating an apparent lack of tradeoffs, suggesting that adaptive evolution will not be constrained. Our results suggest that it may be possible to incorporate climate-resistant coral genotypes into restoration and selective breeding programmes, potentially accelerating adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley M. Dungan
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wyatt C. Million
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Petrik
- Mote Marine Laboratory, International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, USA
| | - Erich Bartels
- Mote Marine Laboratory, International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, USA
| | | | - Carly D. Kenkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Coral micro- and macro-morphological skeletal properties in response to life-long acclimatization at CO 2 vents in Papua New Guinea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19927. [PMID: 34620911 PMCID: PMC8497495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of long-term exposure to OA on skeletal parameters of four tropical zooxanthellate corals naturally living at CO2 seeps and adjacent control sites from two locations (Dobu and Upa Upasina) in the Papua New Guinea underwater volcanic vent system. The seeps are characterized by seawater pH values ranging from 8.0 to about 7.7. The skeletal porosity of Galaxea fascicularis, Acropora millepora, massive Porites, and Pocillopora damicornis was higher (up to ~ 40%, depending on the species) at the seep sites compared to the control sites. Pocillopora damicornis also showed a decrease of micro-density (up to ~ 7%). Thus, further investigations conducted on this species showed an increase of the volume fraction of the larger pores (up to ~ 7%), a decrease of the intraskeletal organic matrix content (up to ~ 15%), and an increase of the intraskeletal water content (up to ~ 59%) at the seep sites. The organic matrix related strain and crystallite size did not vary between seep and control sites. This multi-species study showed a common phenotypic response among different zooxanthellate corals subjected to the same environmental pressures, leading to the development of a more porous skeletal phenotype under OA.
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13
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Scucchia F, Malik A, Putnam HM, Mass T. Genetic and physiological traits conferring tolerance to ocean acidification in mesophotic corals. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5276-5294. [PMID: 34310005 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of coral reefs worldwide is jeopardized by ocean acidification (OA). Most studies conducted so far have focused on the vulnerability to OA of corals inhabiting shallow reefs while nothing is currently known about the response of mesophotic scleractinian corals. In this study, we assessed the susceptibility to OA of corals, together with their algal partners, inhabiting a wide depth range. We exposed fragments of the depth generalist coral Stylophora pistillata collected from either 5 or 45 m to simulated future OA conditions, and assessed key molecular, physiological and photosynthetic processes influenced by the lowered pH. Our comparative analysis reveals that mesophotic and shallow S. pistillata corals are genetically distinct and possess different symbiont types. Under the exposure to acidification conditions, we observed a 50% drop of metabolic rate in shallow corals, whereas mesophotic corals were able to maintain unaltered metabolic rates. Overall, our gene expression and physiological analyses show that mesophotic corals possess a greater capacity to cope with the effects of OA compared to their shallow counterparts. Such capability stems from physiological characteristics (i.e., biomass and lipids energetics), a greater capacity to regulate cellular acid-base parameters, and a higher baseline expression of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix genes. Moreover, our gene expression analysis suggests that the enhanced symbiont photochemical efficiency under high pCO2 levels could prevent acidosis of the host cells and it could support a greater translocation of photosynthates, increasing the energy pool available to the host. With this work, we provide new insights on the response to OA of corals living at mesophotic depths. Our investigation discloses key genetic and physiological traits underlying the potential for corals to cope with future OA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scucchia
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney school of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute of Marine Sciences, Eilat, Israel
| | - Assaf Malik
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney school of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hollie M Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tali Mass
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney school of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam, Israel
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14
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Meunier V, Geissler L, Bonnet S, Rädecker N, Perna G, Grosso O, Lambert C, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Voolstra CR, Houlbrèque F. Microbes support enhanced nitrogen requirements of coral holobionts in a high CO 2 environment. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5888-5899. [PMID: 34473860 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is posing a threat to calcifying organisms due to the increased energy requirements of calcification under high CO2 conditions. The ability of scleractinian corals to cope with future ocean conditions will thus depend on their ability to fulfil their carbon requirement. However, the primary productivity of coral holobionts is limited by low nitrogen (N) availability in coral reef waters. Here, we employed CO2 seeps of Tutum Bay (Papua New Guinea) as a natural laboratory to understand how coral holobionts offset their increased energy requirements under high CO2 conditions. Our results demonstrate for the first time that under high pCO2 conditions, N assimilation pathways of Pocillopora damicornis are jointly modified. We found that diazotroph-derived N assimilation rates in the Symbiodiniaceae were significantly higher in comparison to an ambient CO2 control site, concomitant with a restructured diazotroph community and the specific prevalence of an alpha-proteobacterium. Further, corals at the high CO2 site also had increased feeding rates on picoplankton and in particular exhibited selective feeding on Synechococcus sp., known to be rich in N. Given the high abundance of picoplankton in oligotrophic waters at large, our results suggest that corals exhibiting flexible diazotrophic communities and capable of exploiting N-rich picoplankton sources to offset their increased N requirements may be able to cope better in a high pCO2 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Meunier
- Centre IRD Nouméa, UMR ENTROPIE (IRD, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, Université de La Nouvelle-Calédonie, Ifremer), Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Laura Geissler
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sophie Bonnet
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Marseille, France
| | - Nils Rädecker
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Perna
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Olivier Grosso
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Marseille, France
| | | | - Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa
- Centre IRD Nouméa, UMR ENTROPIE (IRD, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, Université de La Nouvelle-Calédonie, Ifremer), Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | | | - Fanny Houlbrèque
- Centre IRD Nouméa, UMR ENTROPIE (IRD, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, Université de La Nouvelle-Calédonie, Ifremer), Nouméa, New Caledonia
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15
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Lugo Charriez K, Soledade Lemos L, Carrazana Y, Rodríguez-Casariego JA, Eirin-Lopez JM, Hauser-Davis RA, Gardinali P, Quinete N. Application of an Improved Chloroform-Free Lipid Extraction Method to Staghorn Coral (Acropora cervicornis) Lipidomics Assessments. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:92-99. [PMID: 33392686 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are excellent biomarkers for assessing coral stress, although staghorn coral data (Acropora cervicornis) is lacking. Lipid extraction is the most critical step in lipidomic assessments, usually performed using carcinogenic solvents. Efficient alternative using less toxic methods, such as the BUME method using butanol and methanol as extraction solvents, have not been applied to coral lipidomics evaluations. Thus, we aimed to develop a lipidomic approach to identify important coral health biomarkers by comparing different solvent mixtures in staghorn corals. Total lipid extraction was equivalent for both tested methods, but due to its efficiency in extracting polar lipids, the BUME method was chosen. It was then applied to different coral masses (0.33-1.00 g), resulting in non-significant differences concerning number of lipid classes and compounds. Therefore, this method can be successfully applied to coral assessments in a climate change context, with the added benefit of low sample masses, lessening coral sampling impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yailee Carrazana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Javier A Rodríguez-Casariego
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jose M Eirin-Lopez
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Manguinhos, 4365, Brazil
| | - Piero Gardinali
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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16
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Huffmyer AS, Johnson CJ, Epps AM, Lemus JD, Gates RD. Feeding and thermal conditioning enhance coral temperature tolerance in juvenile Pocillopora acuta. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210644. [PMID: 34084554 PMCID: PMC8150050 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Scleractinian corals form the foundation of coral reefs by acquiring autotrophic nutrition from photosynthetic endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) and use feeding to obtain additional nutrition, especially when the symbiosis is compromised (i.e. bleaching). Juvenile corals are vulnerable to stress due to low energetic reserves and high demand for growth, which is compounded when additional stressors occur. Therefore, conditions that favour energy acquisition and storage may enhance survival under stressful conditions. To investigate the influence of feeding on thermal tolerance, we exposed Pocillopora acuta juveniles to temperature (ambient, 27.4°C versus cool, 25.9°C) and feeding treatments (fed versus unfed) for 30 days post-settlement and monitored growth and physiology, followed by tracking survival under thermal stress. Feeding increased growth and resulted in thicker tissues and elevated symbiont fluorescence. Under high-temperature stress (31-60 days post-settlement; ca 30.1°C), corals that were fed and previously exposed to cool temperature had 33% higher survival than other treatment groups. These corals demonstrated reduced symbiont fluorescence, which may have provided protective effects under thermal stress. These results highlight that the impacts of feeding on coral physiology and stress tolerance are dependent on temperature and as oceans continue to warm, early life stages may experience shifts in feeding strategies to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana S. Huffmyer
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Colton J. Johnson
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Ashleigh M. Epps
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Judith D. Lemus
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Ruth D. Gates
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
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17
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Impacts of hypoxic events surpass those of future ocean warming and acidification. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:311-321. [PMID: 33432134 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, three major challenges to marine life have emerged as a consequence of anthropogenic emissions: ocean warming, acidification and oxygen loss. While most experimental research has targeted the first two stressors, the last remains comparatively neglected. Here, we implemented sequential hierarchical mixed-model meta-analyses (721 control-treatment comparisons) to compare the impacts of oxygen conditions associated with the current and continuously intensifying hypoxic events (1-3.5 O2 mg l-1) with those experimentally yielded by ocean warming (+4 °C) and acidification (-0.4 units) conditions on the basis of IPCC projections (RCP 8.5) for 2100. In contrast to warming and acidification, hypoxic events elicited consistent negative effects relative to control biological performance-survival (-33%), abundance (-65%), development (-51%), metabolism (-33%), growth (-24%) and reproduction (-39%)-across the taxonomic groups (mollusks, crustaceans and fish), ontogenetic stages and climate regions studied. Our findings call for a refocus of global change experimental studies, integrating oxygen concentration drivers as a key factor of ocean change. Given potential combined effects, multistressor designs including gradual and extreme changes are further warranted to fully disclose the future impacts of ocean oxygen loss, warming and acidification.
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18
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Renegar DA, Turner NR. Species sensitivity assessment of five Atlantic scleractinian coral species to 1-methylnaphthalene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:529. [PMID: 33436804 PMCID: PMC7804185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are keystone coastal ecosystems that are at risk of exposure to petroleum from a range of sources, and are one of the highest valued natural resources for protection in Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) in oil spill response. Previous research evaluating dissolved hydrocarbon impacts to corals reflected no clear characterization of sensitivity, representing an important knowledge gap in oil spill preparedness related to the potential impact of oil spills to the coral animal and its photosymbiont zooxanthellae. This research addresses this gap, using a standardized toxicity protocol to evaluate effects of a dissolved reference hydrocarbon on scleractinian corals. The relative sensitivity of five Atlantic scleractinian coral species to hydrocarbon exposure was assessed with 48-h assays using the reference polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 1-methylnaphthalene, based on physical coral condition, mortality, and photosynthetic efficiency. The threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis was found to be the most sensitive to 1-methylnaphthalene exposure. Overall, the acute and subacute endpoints indicated that the tested coral species were comparatively more resilient to hydrocarbon exposure than other marine species. These results provide a framework for the prediction of oil spill impacts and impact thresholds on the coral animal and related habitats, essential for informing oil spill response in coastal tropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Abigail Renegar
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Dania, FL, USA.
| | - Nicholas R Turner
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Dania, FL, USA
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19
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Assis JM, Abreu F, Villela HMD, Barno A, Valle RF, Vieira R, Taveira I, Duarte G, Bourne DG, Høj L, Peixoto RS. Delivering Beneficial Microorganisms for Corals: Rotifers as Carriers of Probiotic Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:608506. [PMID: 33384676 PMCID: PMC7769773 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.608506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of Beneficial Microorganisms for Corals (BMCs) to increase the resistance of corals to environmental stress has proven to be effective in laboratory trials. Because direct inoculation of BMCs in larger tanks or in the field can be challenging, a delivery mechanism is needed for efficient transmission of the BMC consortium. Packaged delivery mechanisms have been successfully used to transmit probiotics to other organisms, including humans, lobsters, and fish. Here, we tested a method for utilizing rotifers of the species Brachionus plicatilis for delivery of BMCs to corals of the species Pocillopora damicornis. Epifluorescence microscopy combined with a live/dead cell staining assay was used to evaluate the viability of the BMCs and monitor their in vivo uptake by the rotifers. The rotifers efficiently ingested BMCs, which accumulated in the digestive system and on the body surface after 10 min of interaction. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the adherence of BMCs to the rotifer surfaces. BMC-enriched rotifers were actively ingested by P. damicornis corals, indicating that this is a promising technique for administering coral probiotics in situ. Studies to track the delivery of probiotics through carriers such as B. plicatilis, and the provision or establishment of beneficial traits in corals are the next proof-of-concept research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Assis
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Magnetotaxis, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena M D Villela
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adam Barno
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Valle
- IMAM-AquaRio - Rio de Janeiro Aquarium Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Vieira
- IMAM-AquaRio - Rio de Janeiro Aquarium Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor Taveira
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Magnetotaxis, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Duarte
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,IMAM-AquaRio - Rio de Janeiro Aquarium Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David G Bourne
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, WA, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Lone Høj
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, WA, Australia
| | - Raquel S Peixoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,IMAM-AquaRio - Rio de Janeiro Aquarium Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Bedgood SA, Mastroni SE, Bracken MES. Flexibility of nutritional strategies within a mutualism: food availability affects algal symbiont productivity in two congeneric sea anemone species. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201860. [PMID: 33290681 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic symbioses are common, especially in nutrient-poor environments where an association between hosts and symbionts can allow the symbiotic partners to persist and collectively out-compete non-symbiotic species. Usually these mutualisms are built on an intimate transfer of energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon and nitrogen) between host and symbiont. However, resource availability is not consistent, and the benefit of the symbiotic association can depend on the availability of resources to mutualists. We manipulated the diets of two temperate sea anemone species in the genus Anthopleura in the field and recorded the responses of sea anemones and algal symbionts in the family Symbiodiniaceae to our treatments. Algal symbiont density, symbiont volume and photosynthetic efficiency of symbionts responded to changes in sea anemone diet, but the responses depended on the species of sea anemone. We suggest that temperate sea anemones and their symbionts can respond to changes in anemone diet, modifying the balance between heterotrophy and autotrophy in the symbiosis. Our data support the hypothesis that symbionts are upregulated or downregulated based on food availability, allowing for a flexible nutritional strategy based on external resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Bedgood
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sarah E Mastroni
- Coastal Science and Policy Program, University of California Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Matthew E S Bracken
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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21
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Energy depletion and opportunistic microbial colonisation in white syndrome lesions from corals across the Indo-Pacific. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19990. [PMID: 33203914 PMCID: PMC7672225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals are dependent upon lipids as energy reserves to mount a metabolic response to biotic and abiotic challenges. This study profiled lipids, fatty acids, and microbial communities of healthy and white syndrome (WS) diseased colonies of Acropora hyacinthus sampled from reefs in Western Australia, the Great Barrier Reef, and Palmyra Atoll. Total lipid levels varied significantly among locations, though a consistent stepwise decrease from healthy tissues from healthy colonies (HH) to healthy tissue on WS-diseased colonies (HD; i.e. preceding the lesion boundary) to diseased tissue on diseased colonies (DD; i.e. lesion front) was observed, demonstrating a reduction in energy reserves. Lipids in HH tissues were comprised of high energy lipid classes, while HD and DD tissues contained greater proportions of structural lipids. Bacterial profiling through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and histology showed no bacterial taxa linked to WS causation. However, the relative abundance of Rhodobacteraceae-affiliated sequences increased in DD tissues, suggesting opportunistic proliferation of these taxa. While the cause of WS remains inconclusive, this study demonstrates that the lipid profiles of HD tissues was more similar to DD tissues than to HH tissues, reflecting a colony-wide systemic effect and provides insight into the metabolic immune response of WS-infected Indo-Pacific corals.
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Jin P, Gonzàlez G, Agustí S. Long-term exposure to increasing temperature can offset predicted losses in marine food quality (fatty acids) caused by ocean warming. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2497-2506. [PMID: 33005237 PMCID: PMC7513733 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton produce essential fatty acids (FA), which are key component of a healthy diet in humans and marine food webs. Increased temperatures can reduce lipid and FA content in phytoplankton; thus, ocean warming poses a risk for the global production of these essential FA. However, responses to warming may differ between phytoplankton species especially after long-term exposure because phenotypic plasticity, de novo mutations, or genetic evolution may occur. Here, we examine the content of FA and lipids in phytoplankton following long-term selection (~2 years) to warming conditions (+4°C), and we observe that FA and lipids content were partly or entirely recovered following long-term exposure to warming conditions. Furthermore, this observed long-term response also offset the predicted losses of some essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in three of the four species tested. Our study suggests that long-term exposure of phytoplankton to warming may help to maintain marine food quality in a moderately warming ocean. The responses of FA to increasing temperatures may vary among species, and the level of this idiosyncrasy remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Guangzhou University Guangzhou China
| | - Gala Gonzàlez
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Susana Agustí
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
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Brown NEM, Bernhardt JR, Harley CDG. Energetic context determines species and community responses to ocean acidification. Ecology 2020; 101:e03073. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norah E. M. Brown
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia Canada
| | - Joey R. Bernhardt
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia Canada
| | - Christopher D. G. Harley
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia Canada
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Chandra Rajan K, Vengatesen T. Molecular adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation to high-CO 2 oceans - The known and the unknown. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 155:104883. [PMID: 32072987 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-CO2 induced ocean acidification (OA) reduces the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation level (Ω) and the pH of oceans. Consequently, OA is causing a serious threat to several ecologically and economically important biomineralising molluscs. Biomineralisation is a highly controlled biochemical process by which molluscs deposit their calcareous structures. In this process, shell matrix proteins aid the nucleation, growth and assemblage of the CaCO3 crystals in the shell. These molluscan shell proteins (MSPs) are, ultimately, responsible for determination of the diverse shell microstructures and mechanical strength. Recent studies have attempted to integrate gene and protein expression data of MSPs with shell structure and mechanical properties. These advances made in understanding the molecular mechanism of biomineralisation suggest that molluscs either succumb or adapt to OA stress. In this review, we discuss the fate of biomineralisation process in future high-CO2 oceans and its ultimate impact on the mineralised shell's structure and mechanical properties from the perspectives of limited substrate availability theory, proton flux limitation model and the omega myth theory. Furthermore, studying the interplay of energy availability and differential gene expression is an essential first step towards understanding adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation to OA, because if there is a need to change gene expression under stressors, any living system would require more energy than usual. To conclude, we have listed, four important future research directions for molecular adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation in high-CO2 oceans: 1) Including an energy budgeting factor while understanding differential gene expression of MSPs and ion transporters under OA. 2) Unraveling the genetic or epigenetic changes related to biomineralisation under stressors to help solving a bigger picture about future evolution of molluscs, and 3) Understanding Post Translational Modifications of MSPs with and without stressors. 4) Understanding carbon uptake mechanisms across taxa with and without OA to clarify the OA theories on Ω.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanmani Chandra Rajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Thiyagarajan Vengatesen
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Cominassi L, Moyano M, Claireaux G, Howald S, Mark FC, Zambonino-Infante JL, Peck MA. Food availability modulates the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on fish growth. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2338. [PMID: 32047178 PMCID: PMC7012865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When organisms are unable to feed ad libitum they may be more susceptible to negative effects of environmental stressors such as ocean acidification and warming (OAW). We reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) at 15 or 20 °C and at ambient or high PCO2 (650 versus 1750 µatm PCO2; pH = 8.1 or 7.6) at ad libitum feeding and observed no discernible effect of PCO2 on the size-at-age of juveniles after 277 (20 °C) and 367 (15 °C) days. Feeding trials were then conducted including a restricted ration (25% ad libitum). At 15 °C, growth rate increased with ration but was unaffected by PCO2. At 20 °C, acidification and warming acted antagonistically and low feeding level enhanced PCO2 effects. Differences in growth were not merely a consequence of lower food intake but also linked to changes in digestive efficiency. The specific activity of digestive enzymes (amylase, trypsin, phosphatase alkaline and aminopeptidase N) at 20 °C was lower at the higher PCO2 level. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating restricted feeding into experimental designs examining OAW and suggests that ad libitum feeding used in the majority of the studies to date may not have been suitable to detect impacts of ecological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Cominassi
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, 22767, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marta Moyano
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guy Claireaux
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Sarah Howald
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Felix C Mark
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - José-Luis Zambonino-Infante
- Ifremer, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Laboratory of Adaptation, Reproduction and Nutrition of Fish, Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Myron A Peck
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Boco SR, Pitt KA, Melvin SD. Extreme, but not moderate climate scenarios, impart sublethal effects on polyps of the Irukandji jellyfish, Carukia barnesi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:471-479. [PMID: 31176232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming, fueled by excess atmospheric carbon dioxide, can impose stress on marine organisms. Most studies testing the effects of climate change on marine organisms, however, use extreme climate projection scenarios, despite moderate projections scenarios being most likely to occur. Here, we examined the interactive effects of warming and acidification on reproduction, respiration, mobility and metabolic composition of polyps of the Irukandji jellyfish, Carukia barnesi, to determine the responses of a cubozoan jellyfish to moderate and extreme climate scenarios in Queensland, Australia. The experiment consisted two orthogonal factors: temperature (current 25 °C and future 28 °C) and pH (current (8.0) moderate (7.9) and extreme (7.7)). All polyps survived in the experiment but fewer polyps were produced in the pH 7.7 treatment compared to pH 7.9 and pH 8.0. Respiration rates were elevated in the lowest pH treatment throughout most of the experiment and polyps were approximately half as mobile in this treatment compared to pH 7.9 and pH 8.0, regardless of temperature. We identified metabolites occurring at significantly lower relative abundance in the lowest pH (i.e. glutamate, acetate, betaine, methylguanidine, lysine, sarcosine, glycine) and elevated temperature (i.e. proline, trigonelline, creatinine, mannose, acetate, betaine, methylguanidine, lysine, sarcosine) treatments. Glycine was the only metabolite exhibiting an interactive effect between pH and temperature. Our results suggest that C. barnesi polyps are unaffected by the most optimistic climate scenario and may tolerate even extreme climate conditions to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Rey Boco
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia.
| | - Kylie A Pitt
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
| | - Steven D Melvin
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
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27
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Stiasny MH, Sswat M, Mittermayer FH, Falk-Petersen IB, Schnell NK, Puvanendran V, Mortensen A, Reusch TBH, Clemmesen C. Divergent responses of Atlantic cod to ocean acidification and food limitation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:839-849. [PMID: 30570815 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the effect of global change on marine fishes, it is imperative to quantify the effects on fundamental parameters such as survival and growth. Larval survival and recruitment of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were found to be heavily impaired by end-of-century levels of ocean acidification. Here, we analysed larval growth among 35-36 days old surviving larvae, along with organ development and ossification of the skeleton. We combined CO2 treatments (ambient: 503 µatm, elevated: 1,179 µatm) with food availability in order to evaluate the effect of energy limitation in addition to the ocean acidification stressor. As expected, larval size (as a proxy for growth) and skeletogenesis were positively affected by high food availability. We found significant interactions between acidification and food availability. Larvae fed ad libitum showed little difference in growth and skeletogenesis due to the CO2 treatment. Larvae under energy limitation were significantly larger and had further developed skeletal structures in the elevated CO2 treatment compared to the ambient CO2 treatment. However, the elevated CO2 group revealed impairments in critically important organs, such as the liver, and had comparatively smaller functional gills indicating a mismatch between size and function. It is therefore likely that individual larvae that had survived acidification treatments will suffer from impairments later during ontogeny. Our study highlights important allocation trade-off between growth and organ development, which is critically important to interpret acidification effects on early life stages of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina H Stiasny
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Economics, Sustainable Fisheries, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Sswat
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Biological Oceanography, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix H Mittermayer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Nalani K Schnell
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Thorsten B H Reusch
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Kiel, Germany
| | - Catriona Clemmesen
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Kiel, Germany
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28
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Kornder NA, Riegl BM, Figueiredo J. Thresholds and drivers of coral calcification responses to climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5084-5095. [PMID: 30152194 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased temperature and CO2 levels are considered key drivers of coral reef degradation. However, individual assessments of ecological responses (calcification) to these stressors are often contradicting. To detect underlying drivers of heterogeneity in coral calcification responses, we developed a procedure for the inclusion of stress-effect relationships in ecological meta-analyses. We applied this technique to a dataset of 294 empirical observations from 62 peer-reviewed publications testing individual and combined effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on coral calcification. Our results show an additive interaction between warming and acidification, which reduces coral calcification by 20% when pCO2 levels exceed 700 ppm and temperature increases by 3°C. However, stress levels varied among studies and significantly affected outcomes, with unaffected calcification rates under moderate stresses (pCO2 ≤ 700 ppm, ΔT < 3°C). Future coral reef carbon budgets will therefore depend on the magnitude of pCO2 and temperature elevations and, thus, anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Accounting for stress-effect relationships enabled us to identify additional drivers of heterogeneity including coral taxa, life stage, habitat, food availability, climate, and season. These differences can aid reef management identifying refuges and conservation priorities, but without a global effort to reduce CO2 emissions, coral capacity to build reefs will be at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas A Kornder
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Halmos College of Natural Science and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida
| | - Bernhard M Riegl
- Halmos College of Natural Science and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida
| | - Joana Figueiredo
- Halmos College of Natural Science and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida
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29
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Lemasson AJ, Hall-Spencer JM, Fletcher S, Provstgaard-Morys S, Knights AM. Indications of future performance of native and non-native adult oysters under acidification and warming. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 142:178-189. [PMID: 30352700 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Globally, non-native species (NNS) have been introduced and now often entirely replace native species in captive aquaculture; in part, a result of a perceived greater resilience of NSS to climate change and disease. Here, the effects of ocean acidification and warming on metabolic rate, feeding rate, and somatic growth was assessed using two co-occurring species of oysters - the introduced Pacific oyster Magallana gigas (formerly Crassostrea gigas), and native flat oyster Ostrea edulis. Biological responses to increased temperature and pCO2 combinations were tested, the effects differing between species. Metabolic rates and energetic demands of both species were increased by warming but not by elevated pCO2. While acidification and warming did not affect the clearance rate of O. edulis, M. gigas displayed a 40% decrease at 750 ppm pCO2. Similarly, the condition index of O. edulis was unaffected, but that of M. gigas was negatively impacted by warming, likely due to increased energetic demands that were not compensated for by increased feeding. These findings suggest differing stress from anthropogenic CO2 emissions between species and contrary to expectations, this was higher in introduced M. gigas than in the native O. edulis. If these laboratory findings hold true for populations in the wild, then continued CO2 emissions can be expected to adversely affect the functioning and structure of M. gigas populations with significant ecological and economic repercussions, especially for aquaculture. Our findings strengthen arguments in favour of investment in O. edulis restoration in UK waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaëlle J Lemasson
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK; Marine Conservation and Policy Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK; Shimoda Marine Research Centre, Tsukuba University, Japan
| | - Stephen Fletcher
- Marine Conservation and Policy Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK; UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Provstgaard-Morys
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Antony M Knights
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
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30
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Increased food supply mitigates ocean acidification effects on calcification but exacerbates effects on growth. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9800. [PMID: 29955096 PMCID: PMC6023940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Because many of the negative effects of ocean acidification on marine life may result from underlying energetic short-falls associated with increased metabolic demands, several studies have hypothesized that negative responses to high CO2 could be reduced by energy input. Although this hypothesis was supported by a recent meta-analysis, we believe that the meta-analytic calculation used was not appropriate to test the stated hypothesis. Here, we first clarify the hypothesis put forward, the crux being that the effects of increased food supply and CO2 interact statistically. We then test this hypothesis by examining the available data in a more appropriate analytical framework. Using factorial meta-analysis, we confirm that food addition has a positive effect and CO2 has a negative effect on both growth and calcification. For calcification, food addition did indeed reduce CO2 impacts. Surprisingly, however, we found that food addition actually exacerbated the effects of acidification on growth, perhaps due to increased scope upon which CO2 effects can act in food-replete situations. These interactive effects were undetectable using a multilevel meta-analytic approach. Ongoing changes in food supply and carbonate chemistry, coupled with under-described, poorly understood, and potentially surprising interactive outcomes for these two variables, suggest that the role of food should remain a priority in ocean acidification research. Arising from: L. Ramajo et al., Sci. Rep. 6: 19374 (2016).
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31
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Eyre BD, Cyronak T, Drupp P, De Carlo EH, Sachs JP, Andersson AJ. Coral reefs will transition to net dissolving before end of century. Science 2018; 359:908-911. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D. Eyre
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Tyler Cyronak
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
| | - Patrick Drupp
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Eric Heinen De Carlo
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Julian P. Sachs
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andreas J. Andersson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
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32
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Enzor LA, Hankins C, Vivian DN, Fisher WS, Barron MG. Calcification in Caribbean reef-building corals at high pCO 2 levels in a recirculating ocean acidification exposure system. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 2018; 499:9-16. [PMID: 29910509 PMCID: PMC5998680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Projected increases in ocean pCO2 levels are anticipated to affect calcifying organisms more rapidly and to a greater extent than other marine organisms. The effects of ocean acidification (OA) have been documented in numerous species of corals in laboratory studies, largely tested using flow-through exposure systems. We developed a recirculating ocean acidification exposure system that allows precise pCO2 control using a combination of off-gassing measures including aeration, water retention devices, venturi injectors, and CO2 scrubbing. We evaluated the recirculating system performance in off-gassing effectiveness and maintenance of target pCO2 levels over an 84-day experiment. The system was used to identify changes in calcification and tissue growth in response to elevated pCO2 (1000 μatm) in three reef-building corals of the Caribbean: Pseudodiploria clivosa, Montastraea cavernosa, and Orbicella faveolata. All three species displayed an overall increase in net calcification over the 84-day exposure period regardless of pCO2 level (control +0.28- 1.12 g, elevated pCO2 +0.18- 1.16 g), and the system was effective at both off-gassing acidified water to ambient pCO2 levels, and maintaining target elevated pCO2 levels over the 3-month experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Enzor
- Corresponding Author: Laura A. Enzor, ph: 850-934-9295, , Address: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA 32561
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33
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Kamya PZ, Byrne M, Mos B, Hall L, Dworjanyn SA. Indirect effects of ocean acidification drive feeding and growth of juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0778. [PMID: 28592677 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The indirect effects of changing climate in modulating trophic interactions can be as important as the direct effects of climate stressors on consumers. The success of the herbivorous juvenile stage of the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, may be affected by the impacts of ocean conditions on its crustose coralline algal (CCA) food. To partition the direct effects of near future ocean acidification on juvenile COTS and indirect effects through changes in their CCA food, COTS were grown in three pHT levels (7.9, 7.8, 7.6) and fed CCA grown at similar pH levels. Consumption of CCA by COTS was bolstered when the COTS were grown in low pH and when they were fed CCA grown in low pH regardless of the pH in which the COTS were reared. COTS fed CCA grown at pH 7.6 grew fastest, but the pH/pCO2 that the COTS were reared in had no direct effect on growth. Ocean acidification conditions decreased the C : N ratio and carbonate levels in the CCA. Bolstered growth in COTS may be driven by enhanced palatability, increased nutritive state and reduced defences of their CCA food. These results indicate that near future acidification will increase the success of early juvenile COTS and boost recruitment into the coral-eating life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Z Kamya
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Science and School of Life Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin Mos
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren Hall
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Symon A Dworjanyn
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
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34
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Kenkel CD, Moya A, Strahl J, Humphrey C, Bay LK. Functional genomic analysis of corals from natural CO 2 -seeps reveals core molecular responses involved in acclimatization to ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:158-171. [PMID: 28727232 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the potential for acclimatization or adaptation of corals to ocean acidification and even less about the molecular mechanisms underpinning these processes. Here, we examine global gene expression patterns in corals and their intracellular algal symbionts from two replicate population pairs in Papua New Guinea that have undergone long-term acclimatization to natural variation in pCO2 . In the coral host, only 61 genes were differentially expressed in response to pCO2 environment, but the pattern of change was highly consistent between replicate populations, likely reflecting the core expression homeostasis response to ocean acidification. Functional annotations highlight lipid metabolism and a change in the stress response capacity of corals as key parts of this process. Specifically, constitutive downregulation of molecular chaperones was observed, which may impact response to combined climate change-related stressors. Elevated CO2 has been hypothesized to benefit photosynthetic organisms but expression changes of in hospite Symbiodinium in response to acidification were greater and less consistent among reef populations. This population-specific response suggests hosts may need to adapt not only to an acidified environment, but also to changes in their Symbiodinium populations that may not be consistent among environments, adding another challenging dimension to the physiological process of coping with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly D Kenkel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aurelie Moya
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Julia Strahl
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Craig Humphrey
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Line K Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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35
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Courtney TA, Lebrato M, Bates NR, Collins A, de Putron SJ, Garley R, Johnson R, Molinero JC, Noyes TJ, Sabine CL, Andersson AJ. Environmental controls on modern scleractinian coral and reef-scale calcification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701356. [PMID: 29134196 PMCID: PMC5677334 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Modern reef-building corals sustain a wide range of ecosystem services because of their ability to build calcium carbonate reef systems. The influence of environmental variables on coral calcification rates has been extensively studied, but our understanding of their relative importance is limited by the absence of in situ observations and the ability to decouple the interactions between different properties. We show that temperature is the primary driver of coral colony (Porites astreoides and Diploria labyrinthiformis) and reef-scale calcification rates over a 2-year monitoring period from the Bermuda coral reef. On the basis of multimodel climate simulations (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) and assuming sufficient coral nutrition, our results suggest that P. astreoides and D. labyrinthiformis coral calcification rates in Bermuda could increase throughout the 21st century as a result of gradual warming predicted under a minimum CO2 emissions pathway [representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6] with positive 21st-century calcification rates potentially maintained under a reduced CO2 emissions pathway (RCP 4.5). These results highlight the potential benefits of rapid reductions in global anthropogenic CO2 emissions for 21st-century Bermuda coral reefs and the ecosystem services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A. Courtney
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mario Lebrato
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicholas R. Bates
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s, Bermuda
- Department of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew Collins
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s, Bermuda
| | | | - Rebecca Garley
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s, Bermuda
| | - Rod Johnson
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s, Bermuda
| | - Juan-Carlos Molinero
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, Marine Ecology/Food Webs, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Christopher L. Sabine
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Andreas J. Andersson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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36
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Wall CB, Mason RAB, Ellis WR, Cunning R, Gates RD. Elevated pCO 2 affects tissue biomass composition, but not calcification, in a reef coral under two light regimes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170683. [PMID: 29291059 PMCID: PMC5717633 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is predicted to reduce reef coral calcification rates and threaten the long-term growth of coral reefs under climate change. Reduced coral growth at elevated pCO2 may be buffered by sufficiently high irradiances; however, the interactive effects of OA and irradiance on other fundamental aspects of coral physiology, such as the composition and energetics of coral biomass, remain largely unexplored. This study tested the effects of two light treatments (7.5 versus 15.7 mol photons m-2 d-1) at ambient or elevated pCO2 (435 versus 957 µatm) on calcification, photopigment and symbiont densities, biomass reserves (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins), and biomass energy content (kJ) of the reef coral Pocillopora acuta from Kāne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i. While pCO2 and light had no effect on either area- or biomass-normalized calcification, tissue lipids gdw-1 and kJ gdw-1 were reduced 15% and 14% at high pCO2, and carbohydrate content increased 15% under high light. The combination of high light and high pCO2 reduced protein biomass (per unit area) by approximately 20%. Thus, under ecologically relevant irradiances, P. acuta in Kāne'ohe Bay does not exhibit OA-driven reductions in calcification reported for other corals; however, reductions in tissue lipids, energy content and protein biomass suggest OA induced an energetic deficit and compensatory catabolism of tissue biomass. The null effects of OA on calcification at two irradiances support a growing body of work concluding some reef corals may be able to employ compensatory physiological mechanisms that maintain present-day levels of calcification under OA. However, negative effects of OA on P. acuta biomass composition and energy content may impact the long-term performance and scope for growth of this species in a high pCO2 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. B. Wall
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - R. A. B. Mason
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - W. R. Ellis
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R. Cunning
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - R. D. Gates
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
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37
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Additive negative effects of anthropogenic sedimentation and warming on the survival of coral recruits. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12380. [PMID: 28959051 PMCID: PMC5620051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12607-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Corals worldwide are facing population declines due to global climate change and local anthropogenic impacts. Global climate change effects are hard to tackle but recent studies show that some coral species can better handle climate change stress when provided with additional energy resources. The local stressor that most undermines energy acquisition is sedimentation because it impedes coral heterotrophic feeding and their ability to photosynthesize. To investigate if reducing local sedimentation will enable corals to better endure ocean warming, we quantitatively assessed the combined effects of increased temperature and sedimentation (concentration and turbidity) on the survival of coral recruits of the species, Porites astreoides. We used sediment from a reef and a boat basin to mimic natural sediment (coarse) and anthropogenic (fine) sediment (common in dredging), respectively. Natural sediment did not negatively impact coral survival, but anthropogenic sediment did. We found that the capacity of coral recruits to survive under warmer temperatures is less compromised when anthropogenic sedimentation is maintained at the lowest level (30 mg.cm−2). Our study suggests that a reduction of US-EPA allowable turbidity from 29 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) above background to less than 7 NTU near coral reefs would facilitate coral recruit survival under current and higher temperatures.
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38
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Conlan JA, Rocker MM, Francis DS. A comparison of two common sample preparation techniques for lipid and fatty acid analysis in three different coral morphotypes reveals quantitative and qualitative differences. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3645. [PMID: 28785524 PMCID: PMC5544933 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are involved in a host of biochemical and physiological processes in corals. Therefore, changes in lipid composition reflect changes in the ecology, nutrition, and health of corals. As such, accurate lipid extraction, quantification, and identification is critical to obtain comprehensive insight into a coral’s condition. However, discrepancies exist in sample preparation methodology globally, and it is currently unknown whether these techniques generate analogous results. This study compared the two most common sample preparation techniques for lipid analysis in corals: (1) tissue isolation by air-spraying and (2) crushing the coral in toto. Samples derived from each preparation technique were subsequently analysed to quantify lipids and their constituent classes and fatty acids in four common, scleractinian coral species representing three distinct morphotypes (Acropora millepora, Montipora crassotuberculata, Porites cylindrica, and Pocillopora damicornis). Results revealed substantial amounts of organic material, including lipids, retained in the skeletons of all species following air-spraying, causing a marked underestimation of total lipid concentration using this method. Moreover, lipid class and fatty acid compositions between the denuded skeleton and sprayed tissue were substantially different. In particular, the majority of the total triacylglycerol and total fatty acid concentrations were retained in the skeleton (55–69% and 56–64%, respectively). As such, the isolated, sprayed tissue cannot serve as a reliable proxy for lipid quantification or identification in the coral holobiont. The in toto crushing method is therefore recommended for coral sample preparation prior to lipid analysis to capture the lipid profile of the entire holobiont, permitting accurate diagnoses of coral condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Conlan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melissa M Rocker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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39
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Camp EF, Nitschke MR, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Houlbreque F, Gardner SG, Smith DJ, Zampighi M, Suggett DJ. Reef-building corals thrive within hot-acidified and deoxygenated waters. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2434. [PMID: 28550297 PMCID: PMC5446402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are deteriorating under climate change as oceans continue to warm and acidify and thermal anomalies grow in frequency and intensity. In vitro experiments are widely used to forecast reef-building coral health into the future, but often fail to account for the complex ecological and biogeochemical interactions that govern reefs. Consequently, observations from coral communities under naturally occurring extremes have become central for improved predictions of future reef form and function. Here, we present a semi-enclosed lagoon system in New Caledonia characterised by diel fluctuations of hot-deoxygenated water coupled with tidally driven persistently low pH, relative to neighbouring reefs. Coral communities within the lagoon system exhibited high richness (number of species = 20) and cover (24-35% across lagoon sites). Calcification rates for key species (Acropora formosa, Acropora pulchra, Coelastrea aspera and Porites lutea) for populations from the lagoon were equivalent to, or reduced by ca. 30-40% compared to those from the reef. Enhanced coral respiration, alongside high particulate organic content of the lagoon sediment, suggests acclimatisation to this trio of temperature, oxygen and pH changes through heterotrophic plasticity. This semi-enclosed lagoon therefore provides a novel system to understand coral acclimatisation to complex climatic scenarios and may serve as a reservoir of coral populations already resistant to extreme environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD de Nouméa, ENTROPIE (UMR250), BP A5, 98848, Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia.
| | - Fanny Houlbreque
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD de Nouméa, ENTROPIE (UMR250), BP A5, 98848, Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Stephanie G Gardner
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - David J Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Marco Zampighi
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD de Nouméa, ENTROPIE (UMR250), BP A5, 98848, Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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40
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Okazaki RR, Towle EK, van Hooidonk R, Mor C, Winter RN, Piggot AM, Cunning R, Baker AC, Klaus JS, Swart PK, Langdon C. Species-specific responses to climate change and community composition determine future calcification rates of Florida Keys reefs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1023-1035. [PMID: 27561209 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change compromises reef growth as a result of increasing temperatures and ocean acidification. Scleractinian corals vary in their sensitivity to these variables, suggesting species composition will influence how reef communities respond to future climate change. Because data are lacking for many species, most studies that model future reef growth rely on uniform scleractinian calcification sensitivities to temperature and ocean acidification. To address this knowledge gap, calcification of twelve common and understudied Caribbean coral species was measured for two months under crossed temperatures (27, 30.3 °C) and CO2 partial pressures (pCO2 ) (400, 900, 1300 μatm). Mixed-effects models of calcification for each species were then used to project community-level scleractinian calcification using Florida Keys reef composition data and IPCC AR5 ensemble climate model data. Three of the four most abundant species, Orbicella faveolata, Montastraea cavernosa, and Porites astreoides, had negative calcification responses to both elevated temperature and pCO2 . In the business-as-usual CO2 emissions scenario, reefs with high abundances of these species had projected end-of-century declines in scleractinian calcification of >50% relative to present-day rates. Siderastrea siderea, the other most common species, was insensitive to both temperature and pCO2 within the levels tested here. Reefs dominated by this species had the most stable end-of-century growth. Under more optimistic scenarios of reduced CO2 emissions, calcification rates throughout the Florida Keys declined <20% by 2100. Under the most extreme emissions scenario, projected declines were highly variable among reefs, ranging 10-100%. Without considering bleaching, reef growth will likely decline on most reefs, especially where resistant species like S. siderea are not already dominant. This study demonstrates how species composition influences reef community responses to climate change and how reduced CO2 emissions can limit future declines in reef calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy R Okazaki
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, 3737 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sandpoint Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Erica K Towle
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Ruben van Hooidonk
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Carolina Mor
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Rivah N Winter
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Alan M Piggot
- Department of Marine Geosciences, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Ross Cunning
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Andrew C Baker
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - James S Klaus
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Miami, 1320 S. Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, USA
| | - Peter K Swart
- Department of Marine Geosciences, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Chris Langdon
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
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41
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Stapp LS, Thomsen J, Schade H, Bock C, Melzner F, Pörtner HO, Lannig G. Intra-population variability of ocean acidification impacts on the physiology of Baltic blue mussels (Mytilus edulis): integrating tissue and organism response. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:529-543. [PMID: 27921142 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased maintenance costs at cellular, and consequently organism level, are thought to be involved in shaping the sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean acidification (OA). Yet, knowledge of the capacity of marine calcifiers to undergo metabolic adaptation is sparse. In Kiel Fjord, blue mussels thrive despite periodically high seawater PCO2, making this population interesting for studying metabolic adaptation under OA. Consequently, we conducted a multi-generation experiment and compared physiological responses of F1 mussels from 'tolerant' and 'sensitive' families exposed to OA for 1 year. Family classifications were based on larval survival; tolerant families settled at all PCO2 levels (700, 1120, 2400 µatm) while sensitive families did not settle at the highest PCO2 (≥99.8% mortality). We found similar filtration rates between family types at the control and intermediate PCO2 level. However, at 2400 µatm, filtration and metabolic scope of gill tissue decreased in tolerant families, indicating functional limitations at the tissue level. Routine metabolic rates (RMR) and summed tissue respiration (gill and outer mantle tissue) of tolerant families were increased at intermediate PCO2, indicating elevated cellular homeostatic costs in various tissues. By contrast, OA did not affect tissue and routine metabolism of sensitive families. However, tolerant mussels were characterised by lower RMR at control PCO2 than sensitive families, which had variable RMR. This might provide the energetic scope to cover increased energetic demands under OA, highlighting the importance of analysing intra-population variability. The mechanisms shaping such difference in RMR and scope, and thus species' adaptation potential, remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Stapp
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany. .,University of Bremen, NW2, Leobener Strasse, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - J Thomsen
- Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Hohenbergstrasse 2, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - H Schade
- Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Hohenbergstrasse 2, 24105, Kiel, Germany.,Marine Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (MNF), Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Bock
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - F Melzner
- Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Hohenbergstrasse 2, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - H O Pörtner
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.,University of Bremen, NW2, Leobener Strasse, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - G Lannig
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
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42
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Heterotrophy promotes the re-establishment of photosynthate translocation in a symbiotic coral after heat stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38112. [PMID: 27917888 PMCID: PMC5137022 DOI: 10.1038/srep38112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic scleractinian corals are particularly affected by climate change stress and respond by bleaching (losing their symbiotic dinoflagellate partners). Recently, the energetic status of corals is emerging as a particularly important factor that determines the corals’ vulnerability to heat stress. However, detailed studies of coral energetic that trace the flow of carbon from symbionts to host are still sparse. The present study thus investigates the impact of heat stress on the nutritional interactions between dinoflagellates and coral Stylophora pistillata maintained under auto- and heterotrophy. First, we demonstrated that the percentage of autotrophic carbon retained in the symbionts was significantly higher during heat stress than under non-stressful conditions, in both fed and unfed colonies. This higher photosynthate retention in symbionts translated into lower rates of carbon translocation, which required the coral host to use tissue energy reserves to sustain its respiratory needs. As calcification rates were positively correlated to carbon translocation, a significant decrease in skeletal growth was observed during heat stress. This study also provides evidence that heterotrophic nutrient supply enhances the re-establishment of normal nutritional exchanges between the two symbiotic partners in the coral S. pistillata, but it did not mitigate the effects of temperature stress on coral calcification.
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43
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Lirman D, Schopmeyer S. Ecological solutions to reef degradation: optimizing coral reef restoration in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2597. [PMID: 27781176 PMCID: PMC5075686 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reef restoration activities have proliferated in response to the need to mitigate coral declines and recover lost reef structure, function, and ecosystem services. Here, we describe the recent shift from costly and complex engineering solutions to recover degraded reef structure to more economical and efficient ecological approaches that focus on recovering the living components of reef communities. We review the adoption and expansion of the coral gardening framework in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic where practitioners now grow and outplant 10,000’s of corals onto degraded reefs each year. We detail the steps for establishing a gardening program as well as long-term goals and direct and indirect benefits of this approach in our region. With a strong scientific basis, coral gardening activities now contribute significantly to reef and species recovery, provide important scientific, education, and outreach opportunities, and offer alternate livelihoods to local stakeholders. While challenges still remain, the transition from engineering to ecological solutions for reef degradation has opened the field of coral reef restoration to a wider audience poised to contribute to reef conservation and recovery in regions where coral losses and recruitment bottlenecks hinder natural recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lirman
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Stephanie Schopmeyer
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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44
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Silva CSE, Novais SC, Lemos MFL, Mendes S, Oliveira AP, Gonçalves EJ, Faria AM. Effects of ocean acidification on the swimming ability, development and biochemical responses of sand smelt larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:89-98. [PMID: 27135570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification, recognized as a major threat to marine ecosystems, has developed into one of the fastest growing fields of research in marine sciences. Several studies on fish larval stages point to abnormal behaviours, malformations and increased mortality rates as a result of exposure to increased levels of CO2. However, other studies fail to recognize any consequence, suggesting species-specific sensitivity to increased levels of CO2, highlighting the need of further research. In this study we investigated the effects of exposure to elevated pCO2 on behaviour, development, oxidative stress and energy metabolism of sand smelt larvae, Atherina presbyter. Larvae were caught at Arrábida Marine Park (Portugal) and exposed to different pCO2 levels (control: ~600μatm, pH=8.03; medium: ~1000μatm, pH=7.85; high: ~1800μatm, pH=7.64) up to 15days, after which critical swimming speed (Ucrit), morphometric traits and biochemical biomarkers were determined. Measured biomarkers were related with: 1) oxidative stress - superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities, levels of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, and levels of superoxide anion production; 2) energy metabolism - total carbohydrate levels, electron transport system activity, lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme activities. Swimming speed was not affected by treatment, but exposure to increasing levels of pCO2 leads to higher energetic costs and morphometric changes, with larger larvae in high pCO2 treatment and smaller larvae in medium pCO2 treatment. The efficient antioxidant response capacity and increase in energetic metabolism only registered at the medium pCO2 treatment may indicate that at higher pCO2 levels the capacity of larvae to restore their internal balance can be impaired. Our findings illustrate the need of using multiple approaches to explore the consequences of future pCO2 levels on organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia S E Silva
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA- Instituto Universitário, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal
| | - Sara C Novais
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal
| | - Susana Mendes
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal
| | - Ana P Oliveira
- IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Algés, Portugal
| | - Emanuel J Gonçalves
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA- Instituto Universitário, Portugal
| | - Ana M Faria
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA- Instituto Universitário, Portugal.
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45
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Reduced heterotrophy in the stony coral Galaxea fascicularis after life-long exposure to elevated carbon dioxide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27019. [PMID: 27255977 PMCID: PMC4891704 DOI: 10.1038/srep27019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification imposes many physiological, energetic, structural and ecological challenges to stony corals. While some corals may increase autotrophy under ocean acidification, another potential mechanism to alleviate some of the adverse effects on their physiology is to increase heterotrophy. We compared the feeding rates of Galaxea fascicularis colonies that have lived their entire lives under ocean acidification conditions at natural carbon dioxide (CO2) seeps with colonies living under present-day CO2 conditions. When provided with the same quantity and composition of zooplankton as food, corals acclimatized to high CO2 showed 2.8 to 4.8 times depressed rates of zooplankton feeding. Results were consistent over four experiments, from two expeditions and both in field and chamber measurements. Unless replenished by other sources, reduced zooplankton uptake in G. fascicularis acclimatized to ocean acidification is likely to entail a shortage of vital nutrients, potentially jeopardizing their health and survival in future oceans.
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Nagelkerken I, Munday PL. Animal behaviour shapes the ecological effects of ocean acidification and warming: moving from individual to community-level responses. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:974-89. [PMID: 26700211 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological communities are shaped by complex interactions between organisms and their environment as well as interactions with other species. Humans are rapidly changing the marine environment through increasing greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in ocean warming and acidification. The first response by animals to environmental change is predominantly through modification of their behaviour, which in turn affects species interactions and ecological processes. Yet, many climate change studies ignore animal behaviour. Furthermore, our current knowledge of how global change alters animal behaviour is mostly restricted to single species, life phases and stressors, leading to an incomplete view of how coinciding climate stressors can affect the ecological interactions that structure biological communities. Here, we first review studies on the effects of warming and acidification on the behaviour of marine animals. We demonstrate how pervasive the effects of global change are on a wide range of critical behaviours that determine the persistence of species and their success in ecological communities. We then evaluate several approaches to studying the ecological effects of warming and acidification, and identify knowledge gaps that need to be filled, to better understand how global change will affect marine populations and communities through altered animal behaviours. Our review provides a synthesis of the far-reaching consequences that behavioural changes could have for marine ecosystems in a rapidly changing environment. Without considering the pervasive effects of climate change on animal behaviour we will limit our ability to forecast the impacts of ocean change and provide insights that can aid management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, DX 650 418, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Philip L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia
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Shifts in coral reef biogeochemistry and resulting acidification linked to offshore productivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14512-7. [PMID: 26553977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507021112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) has acidified open-ocean surface waters by 0.1 pH units since preindustrial times. Despite unequivocal evidence of ocean acidification (OA) via open-ocean measurements for the past several decades, it has yet to be documented in near-shore and coral reef environments. A lack of long-term measurements from these environments restricts our understanding of the natural variability and controls of seawater CO2-carbonate chemistry and biogeochemistry, which is essential to make accurate predictions on the effects of future OA on coral reefs. Here, in a 5-y study of the Bermuda coral reef, we show evidence that variations in reef biogeochemical processes drive interannual changes in seawater pH and Ωaragonite that are partly controlled by offshore processes. Rapid acidification events driven by shifts toward increasing net calcification and net heterotrophy were observed during the summers of 2010 and 2011, with the frequency and extent of such events corresponding to increased offshore productivity. These events also coincided with a negative winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, which historically has been associated with extensive offshore mixing and greater primary productivity at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site. Our results reveal that coral reefs undergo natural interannual events of rapid acidification due to shifts in reef biogeochemical processes that may be linked to offshore productivity and ultimately controlled by larger-scale climatic and oceanographic processes.
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Towle EK, Enochs IC, Langdon C. Correction: Threatened Caribbean Coral Is Able to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Ocean Acidification on Calcification by Increasing Feeding Rate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139398. [PMID: 26401659 PMCID: PMC4581856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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