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Analysis of Gene Expression Using lacZ Reporter Mouse Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33606204 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1008-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Reporter mice transgenically expressing the bacterial (E. coli) lacZ gene encoding β-galactosidase (β-gal, EC 3.2.1.23) are a versatile and extensively used tool to study gene expression and cell lineage patterns. Enzymatic activity of the β-gal reporter can be effectively visualized at cellular resolution either histochemically using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) or by immunofluorescent detection using a β-gal-specific antibody. Here, we summarize protocols for the localization of β-gal expressing cells in whole embryos or organs as well as in histological tissue sections of lacZ reporter mice and discuss their limitations and common pitfalls.
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Cao H, Kuipers OP. Influence of global gene regulatory networks on single cell heterogeneity of green fluorescent protein production in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:134. [PMID: 30165856 PMCID: PMC6117926 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0985-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis has been extensively studied as a microbial cell factory for high-level producing a wide range of interesting products. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is commonly used as a marker for determining the strength of a given promoter or for the subcellular localization of a fusion protein. However, the inherent heterogeneity of GFP expression among individual cells that can arise from global regulation differences in the expression host, has not yet been systematically assessed. B. subtilis strains with single mutation(s) in the two major transcriptional regulators CcpA and/or CodY were earlier found to improve overall heterologous protein production levels. Here, we investigate the dynamic production performance of GFP in the reporter strains with chromosomally integrated Physpank-sfGFP(Sp). RESULTS The mutation R214C in the DNA-binding domain of CodY effectively enhances GFP production at the population level relative to two other strains, i.e. wildtype (WT) and CcpAT19S. During the late stationary phase, the high- and low-level GFP-producing cells coexist in the WT population, while the CodYR214C population at the single-cell level shows higher phenotypic homogeneity of fluorescence signals. CONCLUSION Expression of GFP is prominently heterogeneous in the WT B. subtilis cells, and this phenotypic heterogeneity can be significantly reduced by CodYR214C mutation. The rates of production heterogeneity show a high correlation to the overall GFP yields. Moreover, the toolkit of flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy that can achieve real-time profiles of GFP production performance in various strains may facilitate the further use of B. subtilis as a cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Cao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Barbier M, Damron FH. Rainbow Vectors for Broad-Range Bacterial Fluorescence Labeling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146827. [PMID: 26937640 PMCID: PMC4777285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, fluorescent proteins have been widely used to study protein function, localization or interaction, promoter activity and regulation, drug discovery or for non-invasive imaging. They have been extensively modified to improve brightness, stability, and oligomerization state. However, only a few studies have focused on understanding the dynamics of fluorescent proteins expression in bacteria. In this work, we developed a set plasmids encoding 12 fluorescent proteins for bacterial labeling to facilitate the study of pathogen-host interactions. These broad-spectrum plasmids can be used with a wide variety of Gram-negative microorganisms including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Shigella flexneri or Klebsiella pneumoniae. For comparison, fluorescent protein expression and physical characteristics in Escherichia coli were analyzed using fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and in vivo imaging. Fluorescent proteins derived from the Aequorea Victoria family showed high photobleaching, while proteins form the Discosoma sp. and the Fungia coccina family were more photostable for microscopy applications. Only E2-Crimson, mCherry and mKeima were successfully detected for in vivo applications. Overall, E2-Crimson was the fastest maturing protein tested in E. coli with the best overall performance in the study parameters. This study provides a unified comparison and comprehensive characterization of fluorescent protein photostability, maturation and toxicity, and offers general recommendations on the optimal fluorescent proteins for in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Barbier
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - F. Heath Damron
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
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4
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Durie D, Hatzoglou M, Chakraborty P, Holcik M. HuR controls mitochondrial morphology through the regulation of Bcl xL translation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1. [PMID: 25328858 PMCID: PMC4199323 DOI: 10.4161/trla.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BclxL is a key prosurvival factor that in addition to controlling mitochondrial membrane permeability regulates mitochondrial network dynamics. The expression of BclxL is regulated at the level of transcription, splicing and selective translation. In this study, we show that the RNA-binding protein HuR, which is known to orchestrate an anti-apoptotic cellular program, functions as a translational repressor of BclxL. We show that HuR binds directly to the 5`UTR of BclxL, and represses BclxL translation through the inhibition of its internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Reduction of HuR levels leads to the derepression of BclxL translation and subsequent rearrangement of the mitochondrial network. Our results place BclxL into the HuR-regulated operon and provide further insight into the regulation of cellular stress response by HuR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Durie
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Pranesh Chakraborty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa ; Newborn Screening Ontario, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Martin Holcik
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa
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5
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Reyes de Mochel NS, Luong M, Chiang M, Javier AL, Luu E, Toshihiko F, MacGregor GR, Cinquin O, Cho KWY. BMP signaling is required for cell cleavage in preimplantation-mouse embryos. Dev Biol 2014; 397:45-55. [PMID: 25446538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating cell division during development of the mouse pre-implantation embryo are poorly understood. We have investigated whether bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is involved in controlling cell cycle during mouse pre-implantation development. We mapped and quantitated the dynamic activities of BMP signaling through high-resolution immunofluorescence imaging combined with a 3D segmentation method. Immunostaining for phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 shows that BMP signaling is activated in mouse embryos as early as the 4-cell stage, and becomes spatially restricted by late blastocyst stage. Perturbation of BMP signaling in preimplantation mouse embryos, whether by treatment with a small molecule inhibitor, with Noggin protein, or by overexpression of a dominant-negative BMP receptor, indicates that BMPs regulate cell cleavage up to the morula stage. These results indicate that BMP signaling is active during mouse pre-implantation development and is required for cell cleavage in preimplantation mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mui Luong
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300 USA
| | - Michael Chiang
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300 USA
| | - Anna L Javier
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300 USA
| | - Elizabeth Luu
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300 USA
| | - Fujimori Toshihiko
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Grant R MacGregor
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300 USA
| | - Olivier Cinquin
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300 USA
| | - Ken W Y Cho
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300 USA
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6
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Abe H, Nakazawa M, Kasuga K, Kojima I, Kobayashi M. The CAG Promoter is More Active than the CEF Promoter for the Expression of Transgenes in a Mouse ES Cell Line E14-Derived EB3 Cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2011.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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7
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Verardi PH, Legrand FA, Chan KS, Peng Y, Jones LA, Yilma TD. IL-18 expression results in a recombinant vaccinia virus that is highly attenuated and immunogenic. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:169-78. [PMID: 24168450 PMCID: PMC3942681 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is an attenuating factor for vaccinia virus (VACV), decreasing its virulence in vivo by more than a million fold. It is also a highly effective adjuvant when administered at the time of immunization with protein antigens. However, recombinant VACV (rVACV) vaccines expressing IFN-γ do not induce enhanced immune responses. It is possible that the IFN-γ expressed by rVACVs induces both an antiviral state and increased immunological clearance, thus resulting in decreased levels of antigen expression due to reduced viral replication and spread. We conjectured that delaying expression of IFN-γ would result in enhanced production of antigens by rVACVs thus resulting in increased immune responses to foreign antigens. Interleukin (IL)-18, also known as IFN-γ inducing factor, is a cytokine that induces T and NK cells to produce IFN-γ. In this study, we demonstrated that an rVACV expressing bioactive murine IL-18 replicated to low but detectable levels in vivo, unlike an rVACV expressing IFN-γ. Moreover, the rVACV expressing IL-18 was significantly attenuated in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent mice. This attenuation was dependent on IFN-γ, as IL-18 expression failed to attenuate VACV in IFN-γ knock-out mice. Cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) and anamnestic antibody responses were slightly increased in animals vaccinated with the rVACV expressing IL-18. Thus, induction of IFN-γ because of IL-18 expression resulted in an rVACV that replicated to low but detectable levels in vivo, yet elicited slightly better CTL and anamnestic humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H. Verardi
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Fatema A. Legrand
- International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Kenneth S. Chan
- International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Yue Peng
- International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Leslie A. Jones
- International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Tilahun D. Yilma
- International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Kostarnoy AV, Gancheva PG, Logunov DY, Verkhovskaya LV, Bobrov MA, Scheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Filippova NE, Naroditsky BS, Gintsburg AL. Topical Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Application Affects Inflammatory Response and Promotes Wound Healing. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:514-22. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Kostarnoy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, NF Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petya G. Gancheva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, NF Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Y. Logunov
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, NF Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V. Verkhovskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, NF Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A. Bobrov
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, NF Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Scheblyakov
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, NF Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amir I. Tukhvatulin
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, NF Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia E. Filippova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, NF Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris S. Naroditsky
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, NF Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr L. Gintsburg
- Laboratory of Gene Engineering of Pathogenic Microorganisms, NF Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
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Tumor suppressor PDCD4 represses internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation of antiapoptotic proteins and is regulated by S6 kinase 2. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1818-29. [PMID: 22431522 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06317-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis can be regulated by extracellular signals that are communicated by peptides such as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) that have important roles in tumor cell proliferation. The prosurvival effects of FGF-2 are transduced by the activation of the ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2 (S6K2), which increases the expression of the antiapoptotic proteins X chromosome-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis (XIAP) and Bcl-x(L). We now show that the FGF-2-S6K2 prosurvival signaling is mediated by the tumor suppressor programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4). We demonstrate that PDCD4 specifically binds to the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements of both the XIAP and Bcl-x(L) messenger RNAs and represses their translation by inhibiting the formation of the 48S translation initiation complex. Phosphorylation of PDCD4 by activated S6K2 leads to the degradation of PDCD4 and thus the subsequent derepression of XIAP and Bcl-x(L) translation. Our results identify PDCD4 as a specific repressor of the IRES-dependent translation of cellular mRNAs (such as XIAP and Bcl-x(L)) that mediate FGF-2-S6K2 prosurvival signaling and provide further insight into the role of PDCD4 in tumor suppression.
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10
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Piñeiro D, González VM, Salinas M, Elena Martín M. Analysis of the protein expression changes during taxol-induced apoptosis under translation inhibition conditions. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 345:131-44. [PMID: 20717708 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Taxol is currently used in chemotherapeutic treatments of different types of cancers. In this article, we demonstrate that taxol induces apoptosis and translation down-regulation in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. Antibody arrays are a promising new tool for the analysis of protein levels changes in cells responding to different stimuli. Using this approach, we have identified changes in the expression of 38 proteins (20 down-regulated and 18 up-regulated), implicated in several cellular processes mainly in apoptosis, cell cycle and signal transduction pathways, and also cytoskeleton proteins. Among them, we have confirmed a considerable decrease in the expression of p14(ARF) and a significant increase in the levels of dystrophin and c-Myc. It is known that c-Myc mRNA has an internal ribosome entry segment (IRES) element in its 5'UTR that could regulate its expression under global protein synthesis inhibition conditions. We demonstrate that after taxol treatment, the c-Myc IRES activity is maintained meanwhile cap-dependent activity is inhibited. In addition, an increase in c-Myc mRNA was also observed after taxol treatment. We conclude that taxol-induced c-Myc expression is regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels, the last of them by a mechanism mediated by IRES.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Piñeiro
- Servicio Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (Irycis), Ctra. Colmenar km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
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11
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RNA-binding protein HuR mediates cytoprotection through stimulation of XIAP translation. Oncogene 2010; 30:1460-9. [PMID: 21102524 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the intrinsic cellular caspase inhibitor XIAP is regulated primarily at the level of protein synthesis. The 5' untranslated region harbours an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) motif that supports cap-independent translation of XIAP mRNA during conditions of cellular stress. In this study, we show that the RNA-binding protein HuR, which is known to orchestrate an antiapoptotic cellular program, stimulates translation of XIAP mRNA through XIAP IRES. We further show that HuR binds to XIAP IRES in vitro and in vivo, and stimulates recruitment of the XIAP mRNA into polysomes. Importantly, protection from the apoptosis-inducing agent etoposide by overexpression of HuR requires the presence of XIAP, suggesting that HuR-mediated cytoprotection is partially executed through enhanced XIAP translation. Our data suggest that XIAP belongs to the HuR-regulated RNA operon of antiapoptotic genes, which, along with Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and ProTα, contributes to the regulation of cell survival.
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12
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Riley A, Jordan LE, Holcik M. Distinct 5' UTRs regulate XIAP expression under normal growth conditions and during cellular stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:4665-74. [PMID: 20385593 PMCID: PMC2919726 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome linked inhibitor of apoptosis, XIAP, is cellular caspase inhibitor and a key regulator of apoptosis. We and others have previously shown that XIAP expression is regulated primarily at the level of protein synthesis; the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of XIAP mRNA contains an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) that supports cap-independent expression of XIAP protein during conditions of pathophysiological stress, such as serum deprivation or gamma irradiation. Here, we show that XIAP is encoded by two distinct mRNAs that differ in their 5′ UTRs. We further show that the dominant, shorter, 5′ UTR promotes a basal level of XIAP expression under normal growth conditions. In contrast, the less abundant longer 5′ UTR contains an IRES and supports cap-independent translation during stress. Our data suggest that the combination of alternate regulatory regions and distinct translational initiation modes is critical in maintaining XIAP levels in response to cellular stress and may represent a general mechanism of cellular adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alura Riley
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
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Lower levels of gamma interferon expressed by a pseudotyped single-cycle simian immunodeficiency virus enhance immunogenicity in rats. J Virol 2008; 83:1592-601. [PMID: 19073726 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01446-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is desperately needed to control the AIDS pandemic. To address this problem, we constructed single-cycle simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) pseudotyped with the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus and expressing different levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) as a potential vaccine strategy. We previously showed that IFN-gamma expression by pseudotyped SIVs does not alter viral single-cycle infectivity. T cells primed with dendritic cells transduced by pseudotyped SIVs expressing high levels of IFN-gamma had stronger T-cell responses than those primed with dendritic cells transduced by constructs lacking IFN-gamma. In the present study, we tested the immunogenicities of these pseudotyped SIVs in a rat model. The construct expressing low levels of rat IFN-gamma (dSIV(LRgamma)) induced higher levels of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses than the construct lacking IFN-gamma (dSIV(R)). Rats vaccinated with dSIV(LRgamma) also had lower viral loads than those vaccinated with dSIV(R) when inoculated with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing SIV Gag-Pol as a surrogate challenge. The construct expressing high levels of IFN-gamma (dSIV(HRgamma)) did not further enhance immunity and was less protective than dSIV(LRgamma). In conclusion, the data indicated that IFN-gamma functioned as an adjuvant to augment antigen-specific immune responses in a dose- and cell type-related manner in vivo. Thus, fine-tuning of the cytokine expression appears to be essential in designing vaccine vectors expressing adjuvant genes such as the gene for IFN-gamma. Furthermore, we provide evidence of the utility of the rat model to evaluate the immunogenicities of single-cycle HIV/SIV recombinant vaccines before initiating studies with nonhuman primate models.
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Lewis SM, Cerquozzi S, Graber TE, Ungureanu NH, Andrews M, Holcik M. The eIF4G homolog DAP5/p97 supports the translation of select mRNAs during endoplasmic reticulum stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 36:168-78. [PMID: 18003655 PMCID: PMC2248753 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DAP5/p97 is a member of the eIF4G family of translation initiation factors that has been suggested to play an important role in the translation of select messenger RNA molecules. We have shown previously that the caspase-cleaved form of DAP5/p97, termed p86, is required for the induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-responsive internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the caspase inhibitor HIAP2. We show here that expression of DAP5/p97 is enhanced during ER stress by selective recruitment of DAP5/p97 mRNA into polysomes via the DAP5/p97 IRES. Importantly, enhanced translation mediated by the DAP5/p97 IRES is dependent on DAP5/p97 itself, thus providing a positive feedback loop. In addition, we show that activation of DAP5/p97 and HIAP2 IRES during ER stress requires DAP5/p97. Significantly, the induction of DAP5/p97 during ER stress is caspase-independent, whereas the induction of HIAP2 requires proteolytic processing of DAP5/p97. Thus, DAP5/p97 is a translational activator that selectively modulates translation of specific mRNAs during conditions of cellular stress in both a caspase-dependent and caspase-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Lewis
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1 Canada
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15
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RNA-binding proteins HuR and PTB promote the translation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 28:93-107. [PMID: 17967866 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00973-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) are tightly controlled. Here, we investigated the posttranscriptional regulation of HIF-1alpha expression in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells responding to the hypoxia mimetic CoCl(2). Undetectable in untreated cells, HIF-1alpha levels increased dramatically in CoCl(2)-treated cells, while HIF-1alpha mRNA levels were unchanged. HIF-1alpha translation was potently elevated by CoCl(2) treatment, as determined by de novo translation analysis and by monitoring the polysomal association of HIF-1alpha mRNA. An internal ribosome entry site in the HIF-1alpha 5' untranslated region (UTR) was found to enhance translation constitutively, but it did not further induce translation in response to CoCl(2) treatment. Instead, we postulated that RNA-binding proteins HuR and PTB, previously shown to bind HIF-1alpha mRNA, participated in its translational upregulation after CoCl(2) treatment. Indeed, both RNA-binding proteins were found to bind HIF-1alpha mRNA in a CoCl(2)-inducible manner as assessed by immunoprecipitation of endogenous ribonucleoprotein complexes. Using a chimeric reporter, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) was found to bind the HIF-1alpha 3'UTR, while HuR associated principally with the 5'UTR. Lowering PTB expression or HuR expression using RNA interference reduced HIF-1alpha translation and expression levels but not HIF-1alpha mRNA abundance. Conversely, HIF-1alpha expression and translation in response to CoCl(2) were markedly elevated after HuR overexpression. We propose that HuR and PTB jointly upregulate HIF-1alpha translation in response to CoCl(2).
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Lewis SM, Veyrier A, Hosszu Ungureanu N, Bonnal S, Vagner S, Holcik M. Subcellular relocalization of a trans-acting factor regulates XIAP IRES-dependent translation. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:1302-11. [PMID: 17287399 PMCID: PMC1838995 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-06-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) proceeds by internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated initiation, a process that is physiologically important because XIAP expression is essential for cell survival under conditions of compromised cap-dependent translation, such as cellular stress. The regulation of internal initiation requires the interaction of IRES trans-acting factors (ITAFs) with the IRES element. We used RNA-affinity chromatography to identify XIAP ITAFs and isolated the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1). We find that hnRNP A1 interacts with XIAP IRES RNA both in vitro and in vivo and that hnRNP A1 negatively regulates XIAP IRES activity. Moreover, XIAP IRES-dependent translation is significantly reduced when hnRNP A1 accumulates in the cytoplasm. Osmotic shock, a cellular stress that causes cytoplasmic accumulation of hnRNP A1, also leads to a decrease in XIAP levels that is abrogated by knockdown of hnRNP A1 expression. These results suggest that the subcellular localization of hnRNP A1 is an important determinant of its ability to negatively regulate XIAP IRES activity, suggesting that the subcellular distribution of ITAFs plays a critical role in regulating IRES-dependent translation. Our findings demonstrate that cytoplasmic hnRNP A1 is a negative regulator of XIAP IRES-dependent translation, indicating a novel function for the cytoplasmic form of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Lewis
- *Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Anne Veyrier
- INSERM U563, Toulouse, F-31000, France
- Institut Claudius Régaud, Toulouse, F-31052, France; and
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000, France
| | - Nicoleta Hosszu Ungureanu
- *Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Sophie Bonnal
- INSERM U563, Toulouse, F-31000, France
- Institut Claudius Régaud, Toulouse, F-31052, France; and
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000, France
| | - Stéphan Vagner
- INSERM U563, Toulouse, F-31000, France
- Institut Claudius Régaud, Toulouse, F-31052, France; and
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000, France
| | - Martin Holcik
- *Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada
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17
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Blais JD, Addison CL, Edge R, Falls T, Zhao H, Wary K, Koumenis C, Harding HP, Ron D, Holcik M, Bell JC. Perk-dependent translational regulation promotes tumor cell adaptation and angiogenesis in response to hypoxic stress. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:9517-32. [PMID: 17030613 PMCID: PMC1698539 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01145-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that the tumor microenvironment can promote tumor cell adaptation and survival. However, the mechanisms that influence malignant progression have not been clearly elucidated. We have previously demonstrated that cells cultured under hypoxic/anoxic conditions and transformed cells in hypoxic areas of tumors activate a translational control program known as the integrated stress response (ISR). Here, we show that tumors derived from K-Ras-transformed Perk(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are smaller and exhibit less angiogenesis than tumors with an intact ISR. Furthermore, Perk promotes a tumor microenvironment that favors the formation of functional microvessels. These observations were corroborated by a microarray analysis of polysome-bound RNA in aerobic and hypoxic Perk(+/+) and Perk(-/-) MEFs. This analysis revealed that a subset of proangiogenic transcripts is preferentially translated in a Perk-dependent manner; these transcripts include VCIP, an adhesion molecule that promotes cellular adhesion, integrin binding, and capillary morphogenesis. Taken with the concomitant Perk-dependent translational induction of additional proangiogenic genes identified by our microarray analysis, this study suggests that Perk plays a role in tumor cell adaptation to hypoxic stress by regulating the translation of angiogenic factors necessary for the development of functional microvessels and further supports the contention that the Perk pathway could be an attractive target for novel antitumor modalities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Fibroblasts/enzymology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- HT29 Cells
- Humans
- Hypoxia/enzymology
- Hypoxia/genetics
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/enzymology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Stress, Physiological/enzymology
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/physiopathology
- eIF-2 Kinase/deficiency
- eIF-2 Kinase/genetics
- eIF-2 Kinase/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime D Blais
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 1C4, Canada
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18
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Holcik M, Graber T, Lewis SM, Lefebvre CA, Lacasse E, Baird S. Spurious splicing within the XIAP 5' UTR occurs in the Rluc/Fluc but not the betagal/CAT bicistronic reporter system. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2005; 11:1605-9. [PMID: 16177136 PMCID: PMC1370845 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2158605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, XIAP, has been shown to contain a strong internal ribosome entry site (IRES) within its 5' untranslated region (UTR) that promotes translation of XIAP mRNA under conditions of cellular stress. This claim came under scrutiny in a recent report demonstrating that the XIAP 5' UTR undergoes splicing when inserted between the two reporter cistrons of the dual luciferase plasmid Rluc/Fluc. In this paper, we demonstrate that the splicing within the XIAP 5' UTR specifically occurs only in the context of mRNA produced from the Rluc/Fluc but not the pbetagal/CAT bicistronic reporter plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holcik
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada.
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19
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Legrand FA, Verardi PH, Chan KS, Peng Y, Jones LA, Yilma TD. Vaccinia viruses with a serpin gene deletion and expressing IFN-gamma induce potent immune responses without detectable replication in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2940-5. [PMID: 15705716 PMCID: PMC548597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409846102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In a continuing effort to develop safe and efficacious vaccine and immunotherapeutic vectors, we constructed recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) vaccines lacking either the B13R (SPI-2) or the B22R (SPI-1) immune-modulating gene and coexpressing IFN-gamma. B13R and B22R are nonessential VV immune-modulating genes that have antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory properties with sequence homology to serine protease inhibitors (serpins). IFN-gamma is a cytokine with potent immunoregulatory, antineoplastic, and antiviral properties. We observed that these rVVs with a deletion in a serpin gene and expressing IFN-gamma replicated to high titers in tissue culture yet were avirulent in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent mice with no detectable viral replication in these animals. A single immunization elicited potent humoral, T helper, and cytotoxic T cell immune responses in mice despite the absence of any detectable virus replication in vivo. IFN-gamma coexpression and the inactivation of one or more VV immune-modulating genes provide an optimized method for increasing the safety while maintaining the efficacy of rVV vaccines. This strategy provides a method for developing highly safe and efficacious vaccines for smallpox and other diseases and immunotherapeutic vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema A Legrand
- International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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20
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Poluri E, Gomedhikam J, Kota M, Kalagara M, Bodanapu V, Kota B. Development and screening of high producing β-galactosidase activity by clones of CHO-K1 cell line. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2003.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Legrand FA, Verardi PH, Jones LA, Chan KS, Peng Y, Yilma TD. Induction of potent humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by attenuated vaccinia virus vectors with deleted serpin genes. J Virol 2004; 78:2770-9. [PMID: 14990697 PMCID: PMC353749 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.6.2770-2779.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV) has been effectively utilized as a live vaccine against smallpox as well as a vector for vaccine development and immunotherapy. Increasingly there is a need for a new generation of highly attenuated and efficacious VV vaccines, especially in light of the AIDS pandemic and the threat of global bioterrorism. We therefore developed recombinant VV (rVV) vaccines that are significantly attenuated and yet elicit potent humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. B13R (SPI-2) and B22R (SPI-1) are two VV immunomodulating genes with sequence homology to serine protease inhibitors (serpins) that possess antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties. We constructed and characterized rVVs that have the B13R or B22R gene insertionally inactivated (vDeltaB13R and vDeltaB22R) and coexpress the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (v50DeltaB13R and v50DeltaB22R). Virulence studies with immunocompromised BALB/cBy nude mice indicated that B13R or B22R gene deletion decreases viral replication and significantly extends time of survival. Viral pathogenesis studies in immunocompetent CB6F(1) mice further demonstrated that B13R or B22R gene inactivation diminishes VV virulence, as measured by decreased levels of weight loss and limited viral spread. Finally, rVVs with B13R and B22R deleted elicited potent humoral, T-helper, and cytotoxic T-cell immune responses, revealing that the observed attenuation did not reduce immunogenicity. Therefore, inactivation of immunomodulating genes such as B13R or B22R represents a general method for enhancing the safety of rVV vaccines while maintaining a high level of immunogenicity. Such rVVs could serve as effective vectors for vaccine development and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema A Legrand
- International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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22
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Appleby CE, Kingston PA, David A, Gerdes CA, Umaña P, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR, Heagerty AM. A novel combination of promoter and enhancers increases transgene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and coronary arteries in vivo after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Gene Ther 2003; 10:1616-22. [PMID: 12907954 PMCID: PMC2902242 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenoviruses are employed widely for vascular gene transfer. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are a relatively poor target for transgene expression after adenovirus-mediated gene delivery, however, even when expression is regulated by powerful, constitutive viral promoters. The major immediate-early murine cytomegalovirus enhancer/promoter (MIEmCMV) elicits substantially greater transgene expression than the human cytomegalovirus promoter (MIEhCMV) in all cell types in which they have been compared. The Woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) increases transgene expression in numerous cell lines, and fragments of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) promoter increase expression within SMC from heterologous promoters. We therefore, compared the expression of beta-galactosidase after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of lacZ under the transcriptional regulation of a variety of combinations of the promoters and enhancers described, in vitro and in porcine coronary arteries. We demonstrate that inclusion of WPRE and a fragment of the rabbit SMMHC promoter along with MIEmCMV increases beta-galactosidase expression 90-fold in SMC in vitro and approximately 40-fold in coronary arteries, compared with vectors in which expression is regulated by MIEhCMV alone. Expression cassette modification represents a simple method of improving adenovirus-mediated vascular gene transfer efficiency and has important implications for the development of efficient cardiovascular gene therapy strategies.
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23
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Holcík M, Gordon BW, Korneluk RG. The internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation of antiapoptotic protein XIAP is modulated by the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins C1 and C2. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:280-8. [PMID: 12482981 PMCID: PMC140676 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.1.280-288.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, XIAP, is the most powerful and ubiquitous intrinsic inhibitor of apoptosis. We have shown previously that the translation of XIAP is controlled by a potent internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element. IRES-mediated translation of XIAP is increased in response to cellular stress, suggesting the critical role for IRES translation during cellular stress. Here, we demonstrate that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins C1 and C2 (hnRNPC1 and -C2) are part of the RNP complex that forms on XIAP IRES. Furthermore, the cellular levels of hnRNPC1 and -C2 parallel the activity of XIAP IRES and the overexpression of hnRNPC1 and -C2 specifically enhanced translation of XIAP IRES, suggesting that hnRNPC1 and -C2 may modulate XIAP expression. Given the central role of XIAP in the regulation of apoptosis these results are important for our understanding of the control of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holcík
- Solange Gauthier Karsh Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
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24
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Aspden K, van Dijk AA, Bingham J, Cox D, Passmore JA, Williamson AL. Immunogenicity of a recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (neethling vaccine strain) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein in cattle. Vaccine 2002; 20:2693-701. [PMID: 12034095 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RV) readily infects cattle and causes a fatal neurological disease. A stable vaccine, which does not require the maintenance of a cold chain and that is administered once to elicit lifelong immunity to rabies would be advantageous. The present study describes the construction of a live recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) vaccine, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus (RG) and assessment of its ability to generate a humoral and cellular immune response against rabies virus in cattle. Cattle inoculated with the recombinant virus (rLSDV-RG) developed humoral immunity that was demonstrated in ELISA and neutralisation assays to RV. High titres of up to 1513IU/ml of RV neutralising antibodies were induced. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rLSDV-RG-immunised animals demonstrated the ability to proliferate in response to stimulation with inactivated RV, whereas the animal vaccinated with wild type LSDV did not. This recombinant vaccine candidate thus has the potential to be used in ruminants as a cost-effective vaccine against both lumpy skin disease (LSD) and rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Aspden
- Division of Medical Virology, Department Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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25
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Hartigan-O'Connor D, Kirk CJ, Crawford R, Mulé JJ, Chamberlain JS. Immune evasion by muscle-specific gene expression in dystrophic muscle. Mol Ther 2001; 4:525-33. [PMID: 11735336 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle tissue from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and the Dmd(mdx/mdx) (hereafter referred to as mdx) mouse is characterized by an abundance of necrotic myofibers and infiltrating macrophages. Both features may provide additional stimulus to the immune response directed against novel antigens, such as those delivered by gene therapy vectors. It has previously been shown that the immune evasion achieved by adeno-associated virus in healthy muscle fails in one model of muscular dystrophy. Here, we examined the immune response to adenoviral vectors and their transgenes in normal and mdx mice. We found that mdx mouse muscles contain 20 times more macrophages and 7 times more dendritic cells than healthy muscles. This higher professional antigen-presenting cell content results in a stronger immune response to antigens that can be directly presented by those cells, including viral antigens and constitutively expressed transgene products. However, we did not detect a significant immune response to beta-galactosidase expressed specifically in muscle, even at high expression levels. This result suggests that cross-presentation is not more effective in mdx mouse muscle, and that targeted vectors and tissue-specific promoters may be useful tools for evasion of the immune response in dystrophic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hartigan-O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, HSB Room K243, Seattle, Washington 98195-7720, USA
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26
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Maleniak TC, Darling JL, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Adenovirus-mediated expression of HSV1-TK or Fas ligand induces cell death in primary human glioma-derived cell cultures that are resistant to the chemotherapeutic agent CCNU. Cancer Gene Ther 2001; 8:589-98. [PMID: 11571537 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Due to minimal treatment success with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the aim of this study was to test the therapeutic potential of gene therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We have quantitatively analyzed two gene therapy approaches using short-term human glioma cell cultures derived from surgical biopsies (designated IN859, IN1612, IN2045, IN1760, and IN1265) and compared the results of gene therapy with the chemosensitivity of the same cells. All of the glioma cell cultures tested were susceptible to recombinant adenovirus (RAd)-mediated infection. Expression of herpes simplex virus type 1-thymidine kinase (RAd128), followed by ganciclovir treatment, induced apoptosis in all of the glioma cell cultures studied, including three that are resistant to the chemotherapeutic drug 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU). Expression of murine Fas ligand (RAdhCMV-mFasL) also induced cell death in four of the five cell cultures studied. One cell culture that was resistant to CCNU was also resistant to apoptosis induced by mFasL expression. These results suggest that sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents does not necessarily correlate with the sensitivity to gene therapy treatments. RAds expressing therapeutic gene products in human glioma cell cultures are able to induce apoptosis even in some cells that are resistant to a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. Therefore, RAd-mediated gene transfer could be a good candidate to further develop gene therapy for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Maleniak
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy Unit, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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27
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Gopalakrishnan M, Molinari EJ. Expression of cloned receptors in mammalian cell lines. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2001; Chapter 6:Unit6.3. [PMID: 21971812 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0603s00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Verardi PH, Jones LA, Aziz FH, Ahmad S, Yilma TD. Vaccinia virus vectors with an inactivated gamma interferon receptor homolog gene (B8R) are attenuated In vivo without a concomitant reduction in immunogenicity. J Virol 2001; 75:11-8. [PMID: 11119568 PMCID: PMC113892 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.1.11-18.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2000] [Accepted: 10/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccinia virus (VV) B8R gene encodes a secreted protein with homology to the gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) receptor. In vitro, the B8R protein binds to and neutralizes the antiviral activity of several species of IFN-gamma, including human and rat IFN-gamma; it does not, however, bind significantly to murine IFN-gamma. Here we report on the construction and characterization of recombinant VVs (rVVs) lacking the B8R gene. While the deletion of this gene had no effect on virus replication in vitro, rVVs lacking the B8R gene were attenuated for mice. There was a significant decrease in weight loss and mortality in normal mice, and nude mice survived significantly longer than did controls inoculated with parental virus. This is a surprising result considering the minimal binding of the B8R protein to murine IFN-gamma and its failure to block the antiviral activity of this cytokine in vitro. Such reduction in virulence could not be determined in rats, since they are considerably more resistant to VV infection than are mice. Finally, deletion of the B8R gene had no detectable effects on humoral immune responses. Mice and rats vaccinated with the rVVs showed identical humoral responses to both homologous and heterologous genes expressed by VV. This study demonstrates that the deletion of the VV B8R gene leads to enhanced safety without a concomitant reduction in immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Verardi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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29
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Choukroun GJ, Marshansky V, Gustafson CE, McKee M, Hajjar RJ, Rosenzweig A, Brown D, Bonventre JV. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) regulates golgi structure and modulates intracellular trafficking of membrane proteins. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:983-93. [PMID: 11032858 PMCID: PMC314339 DOI: 10.1172/jci8914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/1999] [Accepted: 09/01/2000] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex and the trans-Golgi network are critical cellular organelles involved in the endocytic and biosynthetic pathways of protein trafficking. Lipids have been implicated in the regulation of membrane-protein trafficking, vesicular fusion, and targeting. We have explored the role of cytosolic group IV phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) in membrane-protein trafficking in kidney epithelial cells. Adenoviral expression of cPLA(2) in LLC-PK(1) kidney epithelial cells prevents constitutive trafficking to the plasma membrane of an aquaporin 2-green fluorescent protein chimera, with retention of the protein in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Plasma membrane Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit localization is markedly reduced in cells expressing cPLA(2), whereas the trafficking of a Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) anion exchanger to the plasma membrane is not altered in these cells. Expression of cPLA(2) results in dispersion of giantin and beta-COP from their normal, condensed Golgi localization, and in marked disruption of the Golgi cisternae. cPLA(2) is present in Golgi fractions from noninfected LLC-PK(1) cells and rat kidney cortex. The distribution of tubulin and actin was not altered by cPLA(2), indicating that the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton remain intact. Total cellular protein synthesis is unaffected by the increase in cPLA(2) activity. Thus cPLA(2) plays an important role in determining Golgi architecture and selective control of constitutive membrane-protein trafficking in renal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Choukroun
- Renal Unit and Program in Membrane Biology, and. Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129-2060, USA
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30
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Holcik M, Korneluk RG. Functional characterization of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) internal ribosome entry site element: role of La autoantigen in XIAP translation. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:4648-57. [PMID: 10848591 PMCID: PMC85872 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.13.4648-4657.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2000] [Accepted: 04/11/2000] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is a key regulator of programmed cell death triggered by various apoptotic triggers. Translation of XIAP is controlled by a 162-nucleotide (nt) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element located in the 5' untranslated region of XIAP mRNA. XIAP IRES mediates efficient translation of XIAP under physiological stress and enhances cell protection against serum deprivation and radiation-induced apoptosis. In the present report we describe the assembly of a sequence-specific RNA-protein complex consisting of at least four cytosolic proteins on the XIAP IRES element. We determine that the core binding sequence is approximately 28 nt long and is located 34 nt upstream of the initiation site. Moreover, we identify the La autoantigen as a protein that specifically binds XIAP IRES in vivo and in vitro. The biological relevance of this interaction is further demonstrated by the inhibition of XIAP IRES-mediated translation in the absence of functional La protein. The results suggest an important role for the La protein in the regulation of XIAP expression, possibly by facilitating ribosome recruitment to the XIAP IRES.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holcik
- Apoptogen Inc.; Solange Gauthier Karsh Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
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31
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Jiménez-Chillarón JC, Newgard CB, Gómez-Foix AM. Increased glucose disposal induced by adenovirus-mediated transfer of glucokinase to skeletal muscle in vivo. FASEB J 1999; 13:2153-60. [PMID: 10593862 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.15.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is impaired in muscle, contributing in a major way to development of hyperglycemia. We previously showed that expression of the glucose phosphorylating enzyme glucokinase (GK) in cultured human myocytes improved glucose storage and disposal, suggesting that GK delivery to muscle in situ could potentially enhance glucose clearance. Here we have tested this idea directly by intramuscular delivery of an adenovirus containing the liver GK cDNA (AdCMV-GKL) into one hind limb. We injected an adenovirus containing the beta-galactosidase gene (AdCMV-lacZ) into the hind limb of newborn rats. beta-Galactosidase activity was localized in muscle for as long as 1 month after delivery, with a large percentage of fibers staining positive in the gastrocnemius. Using the same approach with AdCMV-GKL, GK protein content was increased from zero to 50-400% of the GK in normal liver sample, and total glucose phosphorylating activity was increased in GK-expressing muscles relative to the counterpart uninfected muscle. Expression of GK in muscle improved glucose tolerance rather than changing basal glycemic control. Glucose levels were reduced by approximately 35% 10 min after administration of a glucose bolus to fed animals treated with AdCMV-GKL relative to AdCMV-lacZ-treated controls. The enhanced rate of glucose clearance was reflected in increases in muscle 2-deoxy glucose uptake and blood lactate levels. We conclude that restricted expression of GK in muscle leads to an enhanced capacity for muscle glucose disposal and whole body glucose tolerance under conditions of maximal glucose-insulin stimulation, suggesting that under these conditions glucose phosphorylation becomes rate-limiting. Our findings also show that gene delivery to a fraction of the whole body is sufficient to improve glucose disposal, providing a rationale for the development of new therapeutic strategies for treatment of diabetes.-Jiménez-Chillarón, J. C., Newgard, C. B., Gómez-Foix, A. M. Increased glucose disposal induced by adenovirus-mediated transfer of glucokinase to skeletal muscle in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jiménez-Chillarón
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Willbold D, Yaniv A, Gazit A. The Tat protein of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) activates cellular gene expression by read-through transcription. Gene X 1998; 219:25-35. [PMID: 9756988 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tat protein of equine infectious anemia virus, EIAV, was shown to augment viral gene expression, presumably through interaction with the Tat responsive element, TAR. Recently, cell-free polyadenylation assays suggested that perturbation of the EIAV TAR secondary structure diminished polyadenylation efficiency. The present study indicates that the EIAV TAR regulates the efficiency of the 3'-end processing of viral RNA also in transfected cells. Moreover, our data suggest that the provision of the EIAV Tat protein in trans potentiates read-through transcription through the 3' viral long terminal repeat (3' LTR), thus suggesting activation of downstream-located cellular genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rosin-Arbesfeld
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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33
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Abstract
The hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a broadly acting transactivator implicated in the development of liver cancer. Recently, HBx has been reported to interact with several different cellular proteins, including our report of its binding to XAP-1, the human homolog of the simian repair protein UVDDB. In the present study, several HBx mutants were used to localize the minimal domain of HBx required for binding to XAP-1/UVDDB to amino acids 55 to 101. The normal function of XAP-1/UVDDB is thought to involve binding to damaged DNA, the first step in nucleotide excision repair (NER); therefore, we hypothesized that this interaction may affect the cell's capacity to correct lesions in the genome. When tested in two independent assays that measure NER (unscheduled DNA synthesis and host cell reactivation), the expression of HBx significantly inhibited the ability of cells to repair damaged DNA. Under the assay conditions, HBx was expressed at a level similar to that previously observed during natural viral infection and was able to transactivate several target reporter genes. These results are consistent with a model in which HBx acts as a cofactor in hepatocarcinogenesis by preventing the cell from efficiently repairing damaged DNA, thus leading to an accumulation of DNA mutations and, eventually, cancer. An adverse effect on cellular DNA repair processes suggests a new mechanism by which a tumor-associated virus might contribute to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Becker
- Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Pech CM, Tay TS, Yeoh GC. 5' sequences direct developmental expression and hormone responsiveness of tyrosine aminotransferase in primary cultures of fetal rat hepatocytes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 249:675-83. [PMID: 9395313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine aminotransferase (TyrAT) is one of several gluconeogenic enzymes which appear postnatally in humans and rodents in response to increased glucocorticoid and glucagon levels and decreased insulin. Primary cultured fetal rat hepatocytes older than day 15 of gestation (>E15) transcribe the TyrAT gene in response to the synergistic effect of dexamethasone and N6,2'-O-dibutyryl-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (Bt2cAMP), whereas less mature hepatocytes (<E15) do not [Shelly, L. L. & Yeoh, G. C. T. (1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 199, 475-481]. Therefore, we consider >E15 hepatocytes, and not <E15 hepatocytes, to be determined. This study reports that 11.1 kb of sequences upstream of the TyrAT transcription start site, which include a cAMP-responsive element (CRE) and a glucocorticoid-responsive element (GRE), are required for correct developmental regulation of gene expression in determined fetal hepatocytes. In contrast, the TyrAT CRE alone does not have this capability. Dexamethasone augments basal and Bt2cAMP-stimulated activity of the TyrAT CRE alone, suggesting that synergism may be due to interaction between the glucocorticoid and cAMP-signaling pathways. However, Bt2cAMP does not further increase dexamethasone-induced activity of the 11.1 kb 5' sequences when the TyrAT CRE is removed, thus excluding interaction of Bt2cAMP with the glucocorticoid pathway. Finally, insulin inhibition of dexamethasone-induced gene transcription is shown to be conferred by TyrAT 5' sequences. This study shows that cellular components, other than those which mediate hormonal regulation of genes, are required for determination of hepatocytes with respect to TyrAT. Since this phenomenon is observed with transient transfections, it is unlikely to involve higher-order chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Pech
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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Urabe M, Hasumi Y, Ogasawara Y, Matsushita T, Kamoshita N, Nomoto A, Colosi P, Kurtzman GJ, Tobita K, Ozawa K. A novel dicistronic AAV vector using a short IRES segment derived from hepatitis C virus genome. Gene 1997; 200:157-62. [PMID: 9373150 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have a limited capacity for packaging DNA. To insert both a therapeutic gene and a selectable marker gene in the same AAV vector efficiently, we developed a novel dicistronic AAV vector containing a 230 base pairs (bp) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element derived from hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome and a 420 bp blasticidin S-resistance gene (bsr) as a small selectable marker in the second cistron. The 650 bp HCV IRES-bsr construct was placed downstream of the 3' end of the luciferase gene (Luc) under the control of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. This dicistronic gene conferred blasticidin S-resistance to 293 cells besides luciferase activity, when examined not only by transfection but also by transduction using AAV vectors. The dicistronic AAV vector harbouring HCV IRES-bsr is capable of expressing a therapeutic gene of up to 3.6 kilobases (kb) (including promoter/enhancer elements) as well as a selectable marker gene. If a selectable marker gene is not necessary, this vector is able to incorporate two different kinds of therapeutic genes more easily than that containing EMCV IRES. The dicistronic AAV vector described here is useful for expressing many kinds of cDNA besides a selectable marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Urabe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Hematology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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36
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Song W, Kong HL, Carpenter H, Torii H, Granstein R, Rafii S, Moore MA, Crystal RG. Dendritic cells genetically modified with an adenovirus vector encoding the cDNA for a model antigen induce protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1247-56. [PMID: 9334364 PMCID: PMC2199096 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.8.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that play a critical role in the initiation of antitumor immune responses. In this study, we show that genetic modifications of a murine epidermis-derived DC line and primary bone marrow-derived DCs to express a model antigen beta-galactosidase (betagal) can be achieved through the use of a replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vector, and that the modified DCs are capable of eliciting antigen-specific, MHC-restricted CTL responses. Importantly, using a murine metastatic lung tumor model with syngeneic colon carcinoma cells expressing betagal, we show that immunization of mice with the genetically modified DC line or bone marrow DCs confers potent protection against a lethal tumor challenge, as well as suppression of preestablished tumors, resulting in a significant survival advantage. We conclude that genetic modification of DCs to express antigens that are also expressed in tumors can lead to antigen-specific, antitumor killer cells, with a concomitant resistance to tumor challenge and a decrease in the size of existing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Song
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center 10021, USA
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37
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Iyengar A, Müller F, Maclean N. Regulation and expression of transgenes in fish -- a review. Transgenic Res 1996; 5:147-66. [PMID: 8673142 DOI: 10.1007/bf01969704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic fish, owing to a number of advantages which they offer over other species, are proving to be valuable model systems for the study of gene regulation and development genetics in addition to being useful targets for the genetic manipulation of commercially important traits. Despite having begun only a decade ago, the production of transgenic fish has become commonplace in a number of laboratories world-wide and considerable progress has been made. In this review, we initially consider the various regulatory elements and coding genes which have been used in fish, and subsequently discuss and compare both the transient and long-term fate and expression patterns of injected DNA sequences in the context of the different factors which are likely to have an effect on the expression of transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iyengar
- Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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38
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Germ line transmission and expression of alacZ containing transgene in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Transgenic Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01969426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Pavlou O, Ehlenfeldt R, Horn S, Orr HT. Isolation, characterization and in vivo analysis of the murine calbindin-D28K upstream regulatory region. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 36:268-79. [PMID: 8965647 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00259-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The genomic locus containing the murine calbindin-D28K gene has been isolated and partially characterized. Genomic cloning revealed an exon/intron chromosomal structure very similar to the avian gene previously described. The ability of the calbindin-D28K upstream region to direct cell-specific expression was tested in vivo. Varying lengths of upstream sequence were used to drive expression of lacZ in transgenic mice. Characterization of 23 transgenic mouse lines revealed that even as much as 3.0 kb of upstream sequence was unable to direct expression independently of integration site effects, suggesting the absence of important elements. Despite the small number of expressing transgenic lines and the great variability, there was a tendency of cell specificity of transgene expression exhibited in distinct brain regions. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cell-specific expression was observed with the shortest (1.0 kb) upstream sequence tested. Specificity of transgene expression in Purkinje cells was abolished with longer portions of upstream sequence. The same observation was made for transgene expression in granule cells of the dentate gyrus, while the opposite effect was observed for expression in CA1 hippocampal cells. The absence of any transgenic lines exhibiting appropriate transgene expression in the kidney suggested that the VDREs described previously for the murine calbindin gene are not sufficient to direct kidney expression in vivo. It is concluded that 3.0 kb of calbindin upstream sequence includes the regulatory elements dictating a portion of cell-specificity in the CNS of transgenic mice, albeit lacking regions that allow expression independently of chromosomal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pavlou
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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40
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Calvo S, Stauffer J, Nakayama M, Buonanno A. Transcriptional control of muscle plasticity: differential regulation of troponin I genes by electrical activity. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 1996; 19:169-81. [PMID: 8900050 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6408(1996)19:2<169::aid-dvg9>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasticity of the skeletal muscle phenotype can result from the selective repression and activation of gene expression in response to innervation patterns. Motoneurons, eliciting different patterns of depolarization, regulate the contractile properties of the myofibers they innervate by selectively activating expression of genes encoding fiber-type-specific (fast vs. slow) contractile proteins. We have analyzed the regulation of the troponin I slow (TnIs) and fast (TnIf) genes as a model to study the molecular mechanisms regulating fiber-type plasticity. We found that expression of the two TnI isoforms is downregulated by denervation. Moreover, TnI expression is upregulated by specific patterns of electrical activity [10 Hz vs. 100 Hz] used to depolarize muscle. We previously isolated the rat TnIs gene and demonstrated that regulatory sequences reside in its upstream region and second intron [Banerjee-Basu S, Buonanno A (1993), Mol Cell Biol 12:5024-5032]. Using transgenic mice, we show that the upstream region of the TnIs gene extending from -949 to +50 is sufficient to confer transcription specifically in slowtwitch muscles. Serial deletions of the TnIs upstream and intronic regions were generated in a CAT reporter vector to delineate transcriptional regulatory elements in transiently transfected Sol8 myotubes. Sequences necessary to confer the highest levels of TnIs transcription mapped to the upstream region between -0.95 and -0.72 kb, and to a 56 bp sequence located in the second intron. Comparison of the at sequence between -0.95 and -0.72 to the human TnIs gene identified a highly homologous region of 128 bp that we named the TnI SURE (slow upstream regulatory element). Alignment of these two SURE sequences with the quail TnI fast intronic regulatory element identified common motifs, namely, two A/T-rich sequences (A/T1 and A/T2) with homology to homeotic protein and MEF2 binding sites, a CACC box, an E box, and a novel motif (GCAGGCA) that we denoted the CAGG box. Mutation of either the A/T2 site, E box, or CAGG box practically abolish the SURE function in transfected myotubes; mutation of the A/T1 and CACC sites has a lesser effect. Using competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assays with nuclear extracts derived from Sol8 myotubes, we demonstrate specific binding to these motifs. The A/T1 and A/T2 sites are shown to form different complexes. The A/T2 site, which bears extensive homology to a MEF2 site, forms complexes that are super shifted by MEF2A antisera and that are competed by a consensus MEF2 site present in the MCK enhancer. Our results demonstrate that the linear arrangement of DNA sequence motifs is conserved in the regulatory elements of the TnI slow and fast genes and suggest that the interaction of multiple protein-DNA complexes are necessary for enhancer function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Coturnix/genetics
- Electric Stimulation
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Genetic
- Muscle Denervation
- Muscle, Skeletal/innervation
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sciatic Nerve/injuries
- Sequence Alignment
- Species Specificity
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Troponin I/biosynthesis
- Troponin I/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- S Calvo
- Unit on Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4480, USA
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French BA, Mazur W, Ali NM, Geske RS, Finnigan JP, Rodgers GP, Roberts R, Raizner AE. Percutaneous transluminal in vivo gene transfer by recombinant adenovirus in normal porcine coronary arteries, atherosclerotic arteries, and two models of coronary restenosis. Circulation 1994; 90:2402-13. [PMID: 7955199 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.90.5.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy has been proposed as a possible solution to the problem of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. The current study was undertaken to assess conventional methods of gene transfer and to develop percutaneous techniques for introducing genes directly into the coronary arteries of large mammals. Since the anticipated targets of gene therapy against restenosis include atherosclerotic and previously instrumented arteries, we also evaluated gene transfer in atherosclerotic coronary arteries and in two porcine models of restenosis: one using intracoronary stents and a second using balloon overstretch angioplasty. METHODS AND RESULTS The conventional method of using perforated balloon catheters to deliver Lipofectin-DNA complexes directly into the coronary arteries of intact animals was applied to 18 porcine coronary arteries including normal arteries, hypercholesterolemic arteries, and those simulating restenosis. The results of this study were consistent with previously published results indicating that only low levels of luciferase gene expression could be obtained by Lipofectin-mediated gene transfer. We therefore undertook a second, parallel study to evaluate percutaneous transluminal in vivo gene transfer using a replication-deficient adenoviral vector. A comparison of the two studies revealed that the mean level of reporter gene expression in the cohort undergoing adenoviral infection was 100-fold higher than in the cohort undergoing Lipofection. Analysis of luciferase activity over time in normal arteries revealed that recombinant gene expression was half-maximal after 1 day, peaked within 1 week, was still half-maximal at 2 weeks, and declined to low levels by 4 weeks. Histochemical analysis of coronary arteries treated with a second adenovirus expressing a nuclear-localized beta-galactosidase gene demonstrated gene transfer to a limited number of cells in the media and adventitia. Immunohistochemical analysis of Ad5-infused arteries using a monoclonal antibody directed against CD44 identified a periadventitial infiltrate composed of leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS The recombinant adenoviral vectors proved to be far more effective than Lipofectin at delivering foreign genes directly into the coronary arteries of living mammals. Furthermore, the influences of hypercholesterolemia and arterial injury appeared to have little effect on the levels of gene expression obtained using either method. The results demonstrate that low-level recombinant gene expression, the major obstacle impeding gene therapy for the prevention of restenosis, can potentially be overcome by using adenoviral vectors to mediate coronary gene transfer in vivo. The duration of gene expression provided by these vectors and their effective deployment in atherosclerotic, balloon-overstretched, and stented coronary arteries suggest that recombinant adenovirus may have potential for evaluating gene therapy in the clinically informative porcine models of coronary restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A French
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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42
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French BA, Mazur W, Geske RS, Bolli R. Direct in vivo gene transfer into porcine myocardium using replication-deficient adenoviral vectors. Circulation 1994; 90:2414-24. [PMID: 7525108 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.90.5.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient methods of introducing genes into myocardial cells must be developed before local somatic cell gene therapy can be implemented against myocardial disease. Although adenoviral (Ad5) vectors have been used to target rodent hearts and plasmid DNA has been directly injected into the myocardium of rats and dogs, the amounts of recombinant protein produced by these procedures have not been reported, and adenoviral vectors have not been used in large mammalian hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Replication-deficient recombinant adenoviral vectors carrying either the luciferase or lacZ reporter genes were injected directly into the ventricular myocardium of adult domestic swine for evaluation of reporter gene expression. This procedure did not affect regional myocardial function as assessed by systolic wall thickening using ultrasonic crystals. Luciferase activity was detected 3 days after injection, increased markedly at 7 days, and then declined progressively at 14 and 21 days. Luciferase production was comparable in the right and left ventricular walls and increased with increasing amounts of virus, reaching 61 +/- 21 ng at the highest dose examined (3.6 x 10(9) plaque-forming units). The injection of 200 micrograms of plasmid DNA (pRSVL) produced levels of luciferase comparable to 1.8 x 10(8) plaque-forming units of recombinant Ad5; however, when normalized to the number of genes injected, the adenovirus was 140,000 times more efficient than plasmid DNA. Histochemical analysis of beta-galactosidase activity produced by a second Ad5 vector demonstrated that nearly all (> 95%) of the stained cells were cardiomyocytes and that the percentage of cardiomyocytes infected by the virus could be quite high in microscopic regions adjacent to the needle track (up to 75% in fields of 60 to 70 cells); however, Ad5-infected cells were rarely observed farther than 5 mm from the injection site. Furthermore, the Ad5 vector induced pronounced leukocytic infiltration that was far in excess of that seen after injection of vehicle alone. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that direct intramyocardial injection of replication-deficient adenovirus can program recombinant gene expression in the cardiomyocytes of a large animal species with relevance to human physiology. The efficiency of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer is far superior to that of plasmid DNA injection, and this method appears to be capable of producing more recombinant protein. However, the cell-mediated immune response to the Ad5 vector and the limited distribution of reporter gene expression suggest that less immunogenic recombinant vectors and more homogeneous administration methods will be required before Ad5 vectors can be successfully used for phenotypic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A French
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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43
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Roberts LR, Nichols LA, Holland LJ. Transcriptional regulation of the Xenopus laevis B beta fibrinogen subunit gene by glucocorticoids and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1: analysis by transfection into primary liver cells. Biochemistry 1993; 32:11627-37. [PMID: 8218230 DOI: 10.1021/bi00094a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The blood-clotting protein fibrinogen is composed of three subunits, designated A alpha, B beta, and gamma, which are encoded by a family of related genes. As part of the acute-phase response, expression of the fibrinogen genes is coordinately regulated in the liver by glucocorticoids. To understand the factors underlying this hormonal response, we have examined control of transcription from fibrinogen gene fragments transfected into hepatocytes from the frog Xenopus laevis. This analysis is the first in any species to define transcriptional regulatory elements for the fibrinogen genes by transfection into primary liver cells, rather than liver-derived cell lines. A transfection vector was constructed containing the Xenopus B beta gene transcription start site and 1293 bp of the 5' flanking sequence linked to the firefly luciferase gene. When this construct was transfected into primary liver parenchymal cells, luciferase expression was induced approximately 14-fold by glucocorticoids, an increase similar to the transcriptional stimulation of the endogenous B beta subunit gene. DNA fragments with as little as 284 bases of upstream sequence retained full hormone responsiveness. This region contains a sequence resembling the canonical glucocorticoid response element (GRE) at bases -148 to -162. Deletions or specific point mutations eliminating this putative GRE led to complete loss of glucocorticoid inducibility. Physical association of the steroid hormone receptor with this functional GRE was demonstrated with a truncated form of the rat glucocorticoid receptor containing the DNA-binding domain. A second possible GRE at positions -526 to -540 was not hormone-responsive, in either the presence or the absence of the more proximal GRE. The regulatory region also has a sequence similar to the binding site for a liver-specific transcription factor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF-1), at positions -120 to -132. Specific point mutations in the HNF-1-binding site, in a construct containing a wild-type GRE, reduced promoter activity by a factor of 10, while stimulation by glucocorticoids was retained. Binding studies confirmed specific interaction between this site and the transcription factor HNF-1 alpha from mouse. Thus, we have identified a GRE sufficient to account for full glucocorticoid inducibility and an HNF-1 site close to the promoter that are major determinants of transcriptional control of the Xenopus fibrinogen B beta subunit gene in cells from normal liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Roberts
- Department of Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia 65212
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Jiao S, Cheng L, Wolff JA, Yang NS. Particle bombardment-mediated gene transfer and expression in rat brain tissues. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1993; 11:497-502. [PMID: 7765296 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0493-497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the particle bombardment method for gene transfer (Accell) provides a new means for transfection of various cell types in culture. In this study we evaluate its application to rat brain systems. Using a luciferase (luc) gene as a reporter, we obtained high levels of transient gene expression in primary cultures of fetal brain tissue. Reduced but significant levels were also detected in adult brain primary cultures. Both neuron and glial cells were transfected using this technique. The transient gene expression level obtained with Accell was at least 100-fold higher than that obtained with three other gene transfer methods. The relative strengths of four cellular and seven viral promoters were also evaluated in these cultures. In vivo gene expression was studied using freshly excised and bombarded fetal brain tissues which were immediately transplanted into caudate or intracortical brain tissues of adult host animals. Assays showed that luciferase activity was present in transplants for up to two months following gene transfer. In vitro and in vivo expression of a rat tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene, a candidate gene for treatment of Parkinson's disease, was also detected in this rat brain system. Our results suggest that the particle bombardment gene transfer technology can be employed as an effective method for ex vivo gene transfer into brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jiao
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53705
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