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Guiducci L, Cabiati M, Santocchi E, Prosperi M, Morales MA, Muratori F, Randazzo E, Federico G, Calderoni S, Del Ry S. Expression of miRNAs in Pre-Schoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders Compared with Typically Developing Peers and Its Effects after Probiotic Supplementation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7162. [PMID: 38002774 PMCID: PMC10672692 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12227162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration of the microbiota-gut-brain axis has been recently recognized as a possible contributor to the physiopathology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this context, microRNA (miRNAs) dysfunction, implicated both in several neuropathological conditions including ASD and in different gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs), could represent an important modulating factor. In this contextual framework, we studied the transcriptional profile of specific circulating miRNAs associated with both ASD (miR-197-5p, miR-424-5p, miR-500a-5p, miR-664a-5p) and GID (miR-21-5p, miR-320a-5p, miR-31-5p, miR-223-5p) in a group of pre-schoolers with ASD and in typically developing (TD) peers. In the ASD group, we also assessed the same miRNAs after a 6-month supplementation with probiotics and their correlation with plasma levels of zonulin and lactoferrin. At baseline, the expression of miRNAs involved in ASD were significantly reduced in ASD pre-schoolers vs. TD controls. Regarding the miRNAs involved in GID, the expression levels of miR-320-5p, miR-31-5p, and miR-223-5p were significantly higher in ASD than in TD subjects, whereas miR-21-5p showed significantly reduced expression in the ASD group vs. TD group. Supplementation with probiotics did not significantly change the expression of miRNAs in the ASD population. We found a significative negative correlation between zonulin and miR-197-5p and miR-21-5p at baseline, as well as between lactoferrin and miR-223-5p after 6 months of probiotic supplementation. Our study confirms the presence of an altered profile of the miRNAs investigated in ASD versus TD peers that was not modified by supplementation with probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Guiducci
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (M.A.M.); (S.D.R.)
| | - Manuela Cabiati
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (M.A.M.); (S.D.R.)
| | - Elisa Santocchi
- UFSMIA Zona Valle del Serchio, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, 55032 Castelnuovo di Garfagnana, Italy;
| | - Margherita Prosperi
- UFSMIA Valdera-Alta Val di Cecina, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Aurora Morales
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (M.A.M.); (S.D.R.)
| | - Filippo Muratori
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Emioli Randazzo
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.R.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Federico
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.R.); (G.F.)
| | - Sara Calderoni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Del Ry
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (M.A.M.); (S.D.R.)
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Adler S, Olsen W, Rackerby B, Spencer R, Dallas DC. Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation on Inflammatory Marker Concentrations in Older Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:4081. [PMID: 37764864 PMCID: PMC10534557 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although whey protein isolate (WPI) has been shown to be immunomodulatory, its ability to modulate production of a broad array of inflammatory markers has not previously been investigated in healthy adults. We investigated the effects of daily supplementation with 35 g of WPI for 3 weeks on inflammatory marker concentrations in the blood serum and feces of 14 older adult subjects (mean age: 59). Serum was analyzed using a multiplex assay to quantify the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A and TNF-α. Fecal samples were analyzed using an ELISA for the inflammatory markers calprotectin and lactoferrin. Our results yielded high inter-subject variability and a significant proportion of cytokine concentrations that were below our method's limit of quantification. We observed decreases in serum IL-12p70 in the washout phase compared with baseline, as well as the washout stage for fecal lactoferrin relative to the intervention stage. Serum IL-13 was also significantly reduced during the intervention and washout stages. Our data suggest that whey protein supplementation did not significantly alter most inflammatory markers measured but can alter concentrations of some inflammatory markers in healthy older adults. However, our study power of 35% suggests the number of participants was too low to draw strong conclusions from our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Adler
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (W.O.); (B.R.)
| | - Wyatt Olsen
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (W.O.); (B.R.)
| | - Bryna Rackerby
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (W.O.); (B.R.)
| | - Rachel Spencer
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - David C. Dallas
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (W.O.); (B.R.)
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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Huang Y, Zhang P, Han S, He H. Lactoferrin Alleviates Inflammation and Regulates Gut Microbiota Composition in H5N1-Infected Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:3362. [PMID: 37571299 PMCID: PMC10421285 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of lactoferrin, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with iron-binding properties, on the intestinal barrier and microflora of mice infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus remains unclear. To investigate the effects of lactoferrin on the histopathology and intestinal microecological environment, we conducted a study using H5N1-infected mice. H5N1 infection resulted in pulmonary and intestinal damage, as well as an imbalance in gut microbiota, significantly increasing the abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter. The consumption of lactoferrin in the diet alleviated lung injury and restored the downregulation of the INAVA gene and intestinal dysfunction caused by H5N1 infection. Lactoferrin not only reduced lung and intestinal injury, but also alleviated inflammation and reversed the changes in intestinal microflora composition while increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Moreover, lactoferrin rebalanced the gut microbiota and partially restored intestinal homeostasis. This study demonstrated that lactoferrin exerts its effects on the intestinal tract, leading to improvements in gut microbiota and restoration of the integrity of both the intestinal wall and lung tissue. These findings support the notion that lactoferrin may be a promising candidate for systemic treatment of influenza by locally acting on the intestine and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Huang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peiyang Zhang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuyi Han
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Kuleš J, Rubić I, Farkaš V, Barić Rafaj R, Gotić J, Crnogaj M, Burchmore R, Eckersall D, Mrljak V, Leisewitz AL. Serum proteome profiling of naturally acquired Babesia rossi infection in dogs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10249. [PMID: 37353646 PMCID: PMC10290096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is a disease of significant medically and veterinary importance with worldwide distribution. It is caused by intra-erythrocyte protozoal parasites, with Babesia rossi causing the most severe clinical signs of all the large Babesia parasites infecting dogs. The disease can be clinically classified into uncomplicated and complicated forms with a wide range of clinical presentations from a mild, subclinical illness to complicated forms and death. The aim of this study was to assess serum proteomic profiles from dogs with babesiosis and healthy dogs using a label-based proteomics approach. Altogether 32 dogs naturally infected with B. rossi (subdivided into 18 uncomplicated cases and 14 complicated cases of babesiosis) and 20 healthy dogs were included. There were 78 proteins with significantly different abundances between the three groups of dogs. Elucidation of proteins and pathways involved in canine babesiosis caused by B. rossi have revealed key differences associated with haemostasis, innate immune system, lipid metabolism and inflammation. Shotgun proteomic profiling allowed identification of potential serum biomarkers for differentiation of disease severity in canine babesiosis caused by B. rossi. These findings may be applicable to the study of host-parasite interactions and the development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josipa Kuleš
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Rubić
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Diseases Clinic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Farkaš
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Diseases Clinic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Barić Rafaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Gotić
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Diseases Clinic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Crnogaj
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Diseases Clinic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David Eckersall
- College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Diseases Clinic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Andrew L Leisewitz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Murray J, Kok KB, Ayling RM. Fecal Calprotectin in Gastrointestinal Disease. Clin Chem 2023:7179811. [PMID: 37228058 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a group of chronic conditions characterized by relapsing and remitting inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence is increasing worldwide, and the therapeutic options for management are expanding. Endoscopy is the gold standard investigation for diagnosis of IBD and for assessing mucosal healing, which is increasingly being used as a measure of disease control. However, it is an invasive procedure that is unpleasant for patients and expensive and time-consuming for hospitals. Fecal calprotectin has been shown to be an accurate surrogate marker of gastrointestinal inflammation in IBD. CONTENT Fecal calprotectin was initially used for the diagnosis of IBD but is now recognized as having a role in assisting in assessment of disease activity, prediction of relapse, and informing decisions around therapy and may help to minimize requirement for endoscopy. However, there are various preanalytical and analytical factors that can affect interpretation of the results; these need to be understood to optimize clinical care. SUMMARY Preanalytical and analytical factors that can potentially influence fecal calprotectin concentrations are examined, and an overview is provided of clinical situations in which fecal calprotectin is commonly measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Murray
- Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaartje B Kok
- Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth M Ayling
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Elhadad H, Mohamed MA, Mohamed MM, Abdo S. Evaluation of faecal lactoferrin as a morbidity biomarker in Schistosoma mansoni infection. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:1053-1058. [PMID: 36264644 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lactoferrin is an 80 KDa iron-binding glycoprotein that plays a significant role in the innate immune system and is considered to be an important microbicide molecule. This study aimed to assess the concentration of lactoferrin in Schistosoma mansoni-infected cases before and after praziquantel treatment. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out on 250 individuals aged from 5 to 30 years. Stool samples were examined for the presence of parasitic infections using Kato-Katz and formalin ethyl acetate techniques. All S. mansoni-positive cases were treated with praziquantel and stool samples were recollected 21 days later. Faecal lactoferrin level was determined before and after treatment. RESULTS The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 14.4%. Among 36 participants infected with S. mansoni, the cure rate was 91.7%. A statistically significant difference in the mean lactoferrin level before and after treatment was detected (1648.95 pg/ml ± 656.5 vs. 1162.8 pg/ml ± 356.8). This difference was statistically significant in the middle and older age groups, in males and in the absence of coinfection with other parasites. CONCLUSION Lactoferrin could be a promising biomarker associated with S. mansoni infection, however, it could not be used to assess the severity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Elhadad
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Sarah Abdo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr El-Shiekh University, Kafr El-Shiekh, Egypt
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7
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Estefanía M, Aldana G, Marianela M, Agustina LC, José MM, Fabián P, Sergio G. Lactoferrin affects in vitro and in vivo fertilization and implantation in rats. Biometals 2022; 36:575-585. [PMID: 36326924 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is present in the oviduct, reduces in vitro gamete interaction, and affects sperm capacitation parameters in humans. Our aim was to investigate LF actions on further stages of the reproductive process in the Wistar rat model. Motile sperm were obtained from cauda epididymis to assess LF binding by direct immunofluorescence and LF effect on acrosome reaction (AR) using a Coomassie blue staining. After ovarian hyperstimulation of female rats, oocytes were surgically recovered and coincubated with motile sperm and different doses of LF to estimate the in vitro fertilization (IVF) rate. To evaluate the LF effect on pregnancy and embryo implantation, female rats (80 days old) were placed with males and received daily intraperitoneal injections of LF during one complete estrous cycle (pregnancy experiments) or during the first 8 gestational days (implantation experiments). The number of pregnant females and live born pups was recorded after labor. Moreover, the number of implantation sites was registered during the implantation period. LF was able to bind to the sperm head, midpiece, and tail. 10 and 100 μg/ml LF stimulated the AR but reduced the IVF rate. The administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg LF significantly decreased the number of implantation sites and the litter size, whereas 100 mg/kg LF declined the pregnancy rate. The results suggest that LF might interfere with the reproductive process, possibly interfering with gamete interaction or inducing a premature AR; nevertheless, the mechanisms involved are yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massa Estefanía
- Area of Clinical Biochemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, 2000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gola Aldana
- Area of Clinical Biochemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, 2000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Moriconi Marianela
- Area of Clinical Biochemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, 2000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lo Celso Agustina
- Area of Clinical Biochemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, 2000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Madariaga María José
- Area of Morphology, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531, Rosario, 2000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pelusa Fabián
- Area of Clinical Biochemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, 2000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ghersevich Sergio
- Area of Clinical Biochemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, 2000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Abstract
According to the new classification, periodontitis is defined as a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. This definition, based on the current scientific evidence, clearly indicates and emphasizes, beside the microbial component dental biofilm, the importance of the inflammatory reaction in the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. The idea to modulate this inflammatory reaction in order to decrease or even cease the progressive destruction was, therefore, a logical consequence. Attempts to achieve this goal involve various kinds of anti-inflammatory drugs or medications. However, there is also an increasing effort in using food supplements or so-called natural food ingredients to modulate patients' immune responses and maybe even improve the healing of periodontal tissues. The aim of this chapter of Periodontology 2000 is to review the evidence of various food supplements and ingredients regarding their possible effects on periodontal inflammation and wound healing. This review may help researchers and clinicians to evaluate the current evidence and to stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Spahr
- Discipline of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Tihana Divnic‐Resnik
- Discipline of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Madkour AH, Helal MG, Said E, Salem HA. Dose-dependent renoprotective impact of Lactoferrin against glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. Life Sci 2022; 302:120646. [PMID: 35595070 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical disorder with a serious impact on the quality of patients' lives. Considering its increased worldwide prevalence, investigating novel therapeutic approaches for the management of AKI has been inevitable. Lactoferrin (LF), a glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin family, is known to play an important role in regulating iron homeostasis. This study aimed to evaluate the renoprotective effect of LF (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg orally) against glycerol (GLY)-induced rhabdomyolysis (RM) in rats. RM was induced by a single intramuscular injection of GLY 50% (10 mL/kg) after 24-h water deprivation in male Sprague-Dawley rats. LF administration conferred significant dose-dependent renoprotective impact against GLY-induced RM as evidenced by the decreased renal/somatic index and the significant improvement in renal functions as confirmed by the significant increase in creatinine clearance, decrease in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, and improvement in albuminuria and proteinuria. Redox homeostasis was significantly restored in a dose-dependent manner as well. Moreover, serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was significantly decreased with a parallel significant decrease in renal NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), caspase-3 expression, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cluster of differentiation (CD68) expression, and a significant increase in renal nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression. Ultimately, LF administration was associated with a significant amelioration of GLY-induced renal necrotic and inflammatory alterations. In conclusion, the observed dose-dependent nephroprotective effect of LF can be attributed to its modulatory impact on inflammatory/apoptotic/oxidative signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Madkour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Manar G Helal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, New Mansoura University, 7723730 New Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Hatem A Salem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
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Zheng Q, Chen Y, Zhai Y, Meng L, Liu H, Tian H, Feng R, Wang J, Zhang R, Sun K, Gao L, Wang Y, Wang X, Wu E, Teng J, Ding X. Gut Dysbiosis Is Associated With the Severity of Cryptogenic Stroke and Enhanced Systemic Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:836820. [PMID: 35603160 PMCID: PMC9120915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies implicate that gut dysbiosis is related with many neurological diseases. However, the potential role of gut dysbiosis in cryptogenic stroke (CS) has not been elucidated yet. In this study, a high prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction and gut inflammation with increased intestinal permeability have been found in CS patients compared with normal controls (NCs). The systemic inflammation in CS patients was also identified by measuring the levels of plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LBP), and white blood cells (WBC) count. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we found increased alpha diversity, accompanied by a higher abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Lactobacillaceae at the family level and Escherichia–Shigella, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Klebsilla at the genus level in the intestinal microbiota of CS patients compared to NCs. Our results showed that the abundance of Klebsilla was positively correlated with the systemic inflammation, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, and the infarct volumes. In conclusion, gut dysbiosis in CS patients was associated with the severity of CS and the systemic inflammation. Maintaining the intestinal homeostasis may be a potential strategy for the treatment of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongkang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanping Zhai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Meng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Renyi Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiuqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kedi Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lina Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Erxi Wu
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States.,College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuebing Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Abstract
Viral diseases have always played an important role in public and individual health. Since December 2019, the world is facing a pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus that results in a syndrome known as COVID-19. Several studies were conducted to implement antiviral drug therapy, until the arrival of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Numerous scientific investigations have considered some nutraceuticals as an additional treatment of COVID-19 patients to improve their clinical picture. In this review, we would like to emphasize the studies conducted to date about this issue and try to understand whether the use of nutraceuticals as a supplementary therapy to COVID-19 may be a valid and viable avenue. Based on the results obtained so far, quercetin, astaxanthin, luteolin, glycyrrhizin, lactoferrin, hesperidin and curcumin have shown encouraging data suggesting their use to prevent and counteract the symptoms of this pandemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Radosavljević J, Stanić-Vučinić D, Stojadinović M, Radomirović M, Simović A, Radibratović M, Veličković TĆ. Application of Ion Exchange and Adsorption Techniques for Separation of
Whey Proteins from Bovine Milk. CURR ANAL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411017666210108092338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The world production of whey was estimated to be more than 200 million tons per year.
Although whey is an important source of proteins with high nutritional value and biotechnological importance, it is still
considered as a by-product of the dairy industry with low economic value due to low industrial exploitation. There are
several challenges in the separation of whey proteins: low concentration, the complexity of the material and similar
properties (pI, molecular mass) of some proteins.
Methods:
A narrative review of all the relevant papers on the present methodologies based on ion-exchange and
adsorption principles for isolation of whey proteins, known to the authors, was conducted.
Results:
Traditional ion-exchange techniques are widely used for the separation and purification of the bovine whey
proteins. These methodologies, based on the anion or cation chromatographic procedures, as well as combination of
aforementioned techniques are still preferential methods for the isolation of the whey proteins on the laboratory scale.
However, more recent research on ion exchange membranes for this purpose has been introduced, with promising
potential to be applied on the pilot industrial scale. Newly developed methodologies based either on the ion-exchange
separation (for example: simulated moving bed chromatography, expanded bed adsorption, magnetic ion exchangers, etc.)
or adsorption (for example: adsorption on hydroxyapatite or activated carbon, or molecular imprinting) are promising
approaches for scaling up of the whey proteins’ purification processes.
Conclusion:
Many procedures based on ion exchange are successfully implemented for separation and purification of
whey proteins, providing protein preparations of moderate-to-high yield and satisfactory purity. However, the authors
anticipate further development of adsorption-based methodologies for separation of whey proteins by targeting the
differences in proteins’ structures rather than targeting the differences in molecular masses and pI. The complex
composite multilayered matrices, including also inorganic components, are promising materials for simultaneous
exploiting of the differences in the masses, pI and structures of whey proteins for the separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Radosavljević
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Dragana Stanić-Vučinić
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Marija Stojadinović
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Mirjana Radomirović
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Ana Simović
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Milica Radibratović
- Center for Chemistry, University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Tanja Ćirković Veličković
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
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Ramírez-Rico G, Drago-Serrano ME, León-Sicairos N, de la Garza M. Lactoferrin: A Nutraceutical with Activity against Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:855852. [PMID: 35264972 PMCID: PMC8899398 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.855852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis in the human body results from the tight regulation of several events, since too little inflammation disrupts the process of tissue repair and remodeling, whereas too much exerts a collateral effect by causing tissue damage with life-threatening consequences. In some clinical conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), inflammation functions as a double-edged sword by either enabling or inhibiting cancer development and progression. Generally, cancer develops through evasion mechanisms that regulate cell growth, causing a high rate of uncontrolled proliferation, and mechanisms for evading cell death, such as apoptosis. Moreover, chronic inflammation is a factor that contributes to colorectal cancer (CRC), as observed in individuals with IBD; all these conditions favor an increased rate of angiogenesis and eventual metastasis. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a mammalian iron-binding multifunctional glycoprotein regarded as a natural compound that up- and downregulates both humoral and cellular components of immunity involved in regulating the inflammatory response and maintaining gut homeostasis. Human and bovine Lf share high sequence homology and have very similar antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. Bovine Lf from milk is considered a safe molecule and is commercially available in large quantities. This review mainly focuses on the regulatory effects of orally administered bovine Lf on the inflammatory response associated with CRC; this approach indicates that CRC is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and affects the intestinal tract with high clinical and epidemiologic relevance. Thus, this review may provide foundations for the potential use of bovine Lf alone or as a natural adjunct agent to increase the effectiveness and reduce the side effects of anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ramírez-Rico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México City, Mexico
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada a La Salud Pública (CIASaP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
- Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Mireya de la Garza,
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14
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Ranjbar R, Ghasemian M, Maniati M, Hossein Khatami S, Jamali N, Taheri-Anganeh M. Gastrointestinal disorder biomarkers. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 530:13-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Li B, Zhang B, Liu X, Zheng Y, Han K, Liu H, Wu C, Li J, Fan S, Peng W, Zhang F, Liu X. The effect of lactoferrin in aging: role and potential. Food Funct 2021; 13:501-513. [PMID: 34928288 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02750f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging is frequently accompanied by various types of physiological deterioration, which increases the risk of human pathologies. Global public health efforts to increase human lifespan have increasingly focused on lowering the risk of aging-related diseases, such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. Dietary intervention is a promising approach to maintaining human health during aging. Lactoferrin (LF) is known for its physiologically pleiotropic properties. Anti-aging interventions of LF have proven to be safe and effective for various pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cellular senescence, anti-inflammation, and anti-carcinogenic. Moreover, LF has a pivotal role in modulating the major signaling pathways that influence the longevity of organisms. Thus, LF is expected to be able to attenuate the process of aging and greatly ameliorate its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, The Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Applications, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Yidan Zheng
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Kuntong Han
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Henan Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Changjing Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Jin Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Shuhua Fan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Weifeng Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Fuli Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
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16
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Darmawan KK, Karagiannis TC, Hughes JG, Small DM, Hung A. Effects of low temperatures on the conformation of apo-lactoferrin and its interactions with α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin: Application of in silico approaches. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Disease tolerance has emerged as an alternative way, in addition to host resistance, to survive viral-bacterial co-infections. Disease tolerance plays an important role not in reducing pathogen burden, but in maintaining tissue integrity and controlling organ damage. A common co-infection is the synergy observed between influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae that results in superinfection and lethality. Several host cytokines and cells have shown promise in promoting tissue protection and damage control while others induce severe immunopathology leading to high levels of morbidity and mortality. The focus of this review is to describe the host cytokines and innate immune cells that mediate disease tolerance and lead to a return to host homeostasis and ultimately, survival during viral-bacterial co-infection.
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18
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Olszewska P, Pazdrak B, Kruzel ML. A Novel Human Recombinant Lactoferrin Inhibits Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Growth and Migration with No Cytotoxic Effect on Normal Human Epithelial Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:33. [PMID: 34748082 PMCID: PMC8575758 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite the recent advances in cancer treatment, only a subset of patients responds to targeted and immune therapies, and many patients developing resistance after an initial response. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a natural glycoprotein with immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. We produced a novel recombinant human Lf (rhLf) that exhibits glycosylation profile compatible with the natural hLf for potential parenteral therapeutic applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effects of this novel rhLf in human lung adenocarcinoma cells and its mechanisms of action. The results showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of A549 cancer cell growth in response to rhLf. Treatment with 1 mg/ml of rhLf for 24 h and 72 h resulted in a significant inhibition of cancer cell growth by 32% and 25%, respectively. Moreover, rhLf increased fourfold the percentage of early and late apoptotic cells compared to the control. This effect was accompanied by increased levels of caspase-3 activity and cell cycle arrest at the S phase in rhLf-treated cancer cells. Furthermore, rhLf significantly attenuated A549 cell migration. Importantly, treatment of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells with rhLf showed the cell viability and morphology comparable to the control. In contrast, chemotherapeutic etoposide induced cytotoxicity in NHBE cells and reduced the cell viability by 40%. These results demonstrate the selective anticancer effects of rhLf against lung adenocarcinoma cells without cytotoxicity on normal human cells. This study highlights a potential for clinical utility of this novel rhLf in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Olszewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pazdrak
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Xiang BJ, Jiang M, Sun MJ, Dai C. Optimal Range of Fecal Calprotectin for Predicting Mucosal Healing in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Visc Med 2021; 37:338-348. [PMID: 34722717 DOI: 10.1159/000514196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fecal calprotectin (FC) is a promising marker for assessment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity. However, the utility of FC for predicting mucosal healing (MH) of IBD patients has yet to be clearly demonstrated. The objective of our study was to perform a meta-analysis evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of FC in predicting MH of IBD patients. Methods We systematically searched the databases for studies from inception to April 2020 that evaluated MH in IBD. The methodological quality of each study was assessed according to the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies checklist. The extracted data were pooled using a summary receiver operating characteristic curve model. Random-effects model was used to summarize the diagnostic odds ratio, sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio. Results Sixteen studies comprising 1,682 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and 4 studies comprising 221 Crohn's disease (CD) patients were included. The best performance of FC for predicting MH in UC was at cut-off range of 60-75 μg/g with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88 and pooled sensitivity and specificity of 0.87 and 0.79, respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity values of cutoff range 180-250 μg/g for predicting MH in CD were 0.67 and 0.76, respectively. The AUC of 0.79 also revealed improved discrimination for identifying MH in CD with FC concentration. Conclusion Our meta-analysis has found that FC is a simple, reliable noninvasive marker for predicting MH in IBD patients. FC cutoff range 60-75 μg/g appears to have the best overall accuracy in UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Jie Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Jun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cong Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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20
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Jadi PK, Sharma P, Bhogapurapu B, Roy S. Alternative Therapeutic Interventions: Antimicrobial Peptides and Small Molecules to Treat Microbial Keratitis. Front Chem 2021; 9:694998. [PMID: 34458234 PMCID: PMC8386189 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.694998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratitis is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and results in unilateral vision loss in an estimated 2 million people per year. Bacteria and fungus are two main etiological agents that cause corneal ulcers. Although antibiotics and antifungals are commonly used to treat corneal infections, a clear trend with increasing resistance to these antimicrobials is emerging at rapid pace. Extensive research has been carried out to determine alternative therapeutic interventions, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are increasingly recognized for their clinical potential in treating infections. Small molecules targeted against virulence factors of the pathogens and natural compounds are also explored to meet the challenges and growing demand for therapeutic agents. Here we review the potential of AMPs, small molecules, and natural compounds as alternative therapeutic interventions for the treatment of corneal infections to combat antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, we have also discussed about the different formats of drug delivery systems for optimal administration of drugs to treat microbial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Jadi
- Prof, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Prerana Sharma
- Prof, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bharathi Bhogapurapu
- Prof, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanhita Roy
- Prof, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is one of the major functional proteins in maintaining human health due to its antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. Abnormal levels of LF in the human body are related to some serious diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer’s disease and dry eye disease. Recent studies indicate that LF can be used as a biomarker for diagnosis of these diseases. Many methods have been developed to detect the level of LF. In this review, the biofunctions of LF and its potential to work as a biomarker are introduced. In addition, the current methods of detecting lactoferrin have been presented and discussed. We hope that this review will inspire efforts in the development of new sensing systems for LF detection.
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22
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Zimecki M, Actor JK, Kruzel ML. The potential for Lactoferrin to reduce SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107571. [PMID: 33765614 PMCID: PMC7953442 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious global health threat caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Symptoms of COVID-19 are highly variable with common hyperactivity of immune responses known as a "cytokine storm". In fact, this massive release of inflammatory cytokines into in the pulmonary alveolar structure is a main cause of mortality during COVID-19 infection. Current management of COVID-19 is supportive and there is no common clinical protocol applied to suppress this pathological state. Lactoferrin (LF), an iron binding protein, is a first line defense protein that is present in neutrophils and excretory fluids of all mammals, and is well recognized for its role in maturation and regulation of immune system function. Also, due to its ability to sequester free iron, LF is known to protect against insult-induced oxidative stress and subsequent "cytokine storm" that results in dramatic necrosis within the affected tissue. Review of the literature strongly suggests utility of LF to silence the "cytokine storm", giving credence to both prophylactic and therapeutic approaches towards combating COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zimecki
- The Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- University of Texas, Health Science Center Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Marian L Kruzel
- University of Texas, Health Science Center Houston, Texas, USA
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23
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Tonguc Altin K, Topcuoglu N, Duman G, Unsal M, Celik A, Selvi Kuvvetli S, Kasikci E, Sahin F, Kulekci G. Antibacterial effects of saliva substitutes containing lysozyme or lactoferrin against Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 129:105183. [PMID: 34091207 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the antibacterial effects of different saliva-substitutes-containing-lysozyme(LYZ) or-lactoferrin(LF) on Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans) in comparison with human saliva. DESIGN In vitro wound-healing assay was performed with L929 mouse fibroblast cell line by using various concentrations of LYZ and LF to determine optimum concentrations and to confirm do not show any cytotoxicity of proteins according to cell culture studies. Antibacterial effect was assessed by determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for all groups on S.mutans. Bacterial adhesion of S. mutans for 4 h on hydroxyapatite(HAP) discs after application of different saliva substitutes was evaluated. The formulations were:saliva-substitute(Group SS);saliva-substitute-containing-Lactoferrin(Group SSLF);saliva-substitute-containing-Lysozyme(Group SSLYZ). Human saliva was control group(Group HS). RESULTS In vitro wound healing assay results showed that, when added into the cell culture media, LYZ and LF significantly increase 48 -h scratch wound closure compared to the cell culture media(p < 0.0001). At the end of second day, samples treated with both between 2.5-100 μg/mL LF and 5-200 μg/mL LYZ were found to have significant wound healing effect(p < 001). It was observed that saliva-substitutes-containing-LYZ or-LF had antibacterial effects on S.mutans. Bacterial adhesion on HAP discs was observed significantly higher in control group than in study groups. The amount of adhered S. mutans was significantly higher in Group SS than other study groups(p < 0.0001). However, no statistically significant difference was found between the number of bacteria adhered to HAP discs between SSLYZ and SSLF groups(p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study of cell viability and wound healing was great significance in the optimum concentrations of LYZ and LF. Among formulations, saliva-substitutes-containing-LYZ or-LF exhibited higher inhibitory effect on S.mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Tonguc Altin
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bağdat Caddesi, No: 238, 34728 Göztepe - Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nursen Topcuoglu
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Microbiology, Turgut Özal Caddesi (Millet Cd.), 34390 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulengul Duman
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 26 Ağustos Kampusu, Kayisdağı Caddesi, 34755 Atasehir - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melis Unsal
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bağdat Caddesi, No: 238, 34728 Göztepe - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Celik
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bağdat Caddesi, No: 238, 34728 Göztepe - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Senem Selvi Kuvvetli
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bağdat Caddesi, No: 238, 34728 Göztepe - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Kasikci
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, 26 Ağustos Kampusu, Kayisdağı Caddesi, 34755 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York 10461, USA
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, 26 Ağustos Kampusu, Kayisdağı Caddesi, 34755 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Guven Kulekci
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Microbiology, Turgut Özal Caddesi (Millet Cd.), 34390 Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Brink LR, Chichlowski M, Pastor N, Thimmasandra Narayanappa A, Shah N. In the Age of Viral Pandemic, Can Ingredients Inspired by Human Milk and Infant Nutrition Be Repurposed to Support the Immune System? Nutrients 2021; 13:870. [PMID: 33800961 PMCID: PMC7999376 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, with the advent of a pandemic touching all aspects of global life, there is a renewed interest in nutrition solutions to support the immune system. Infants are vulnerable to infection and breastfeeding has been demonstrated to provide protection. As such, human milk is a great model for sources of functional nutrition ingredients, which may play direct roles in protection against viral diseases. This review aims to summarize the literature around human milk (lactoferrin, milk fat globule membrane, osteopontin, glycerol monolaurate and human milk oligosaccharides) and infant nutrition (polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics and postbiotics) inspired ingredients for support against viral infections and the immune system more broadly. We believe that the application of these ingredients can span across all life stages and thus apply to both pediatric and adult nutrition. We highlight the opportunities for further research in this field to help provide tangible nutrition solutions to support one's immune system and fight against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Brink
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Nitida Pastor
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | | | - Neil Shah
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Slough SL1 3UH, UK;
- University College London, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Salaris C, Scarpa M, Elli M, Bertolini A, Guglielmetti S, Pregliasco F, Blandizzi C, Brun P, Castagliuolo I. Protective Effects of Lactoferrin against SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020328. [PMID: 33498631 PMCID: PMC7911668 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerging virus that currently lacks curative treatments. Lactoferrin (LF) is a naturally occurring non-toxic glycoprotein with broad-spectrum antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we assessed the potential of LF in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Antiviral immune response gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR in uninfected Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells treated with LF. An infection assay for SARS-CoV-2 was performed in Caco-2 cells treated or not with LF. SARS-CoV-2 titer was determined by qRT-PCR, plaque assay and immunostaining. Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production was determined by qRT-PCR. LF significantly induced the expression of IFNA1, IFNB1, TLR3, TLR7, IRF3, IRF7 and MAVS genes. Furthermore, LF partially inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Our in vitro data support LF as an immune modulator of the antiviral immune response with moderate effects against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Salaris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (C.S.); (A.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Melania Scarpa
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Marina Elli
- AAT-Advanced Analytical Technologies S.r.l., Fiorenzuola d’Arda, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Alice Bertolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (C.S.); (A.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Pregliasco
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milan, 20136 Milan, Italy;
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (C.S.); (A.B.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ignazio Castagliuolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (C.S.); (A.B.); (I.C.)
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumour prevalent in humans, that exhibits aggressive cell proliferation and rapid invasion of normal brain tissue. Despite aggressive therapeutic approaches consisting of maximum safe surgical resection followed by radio-chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), more than 95% of GBM patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. In most cases, the therapy is not able to counteract the growth and invasiveness of the tumour, which relapses after an interval of time that varies from patient to patient. An increasing number of evidence indicates that natural substances exhibited effective anti-tumour functions and might be successfully used in the treatment of GBM. This review summarizes some natural substances: lactoferrin, hispolon, aloe-emodin and tea tree oil; all these show a growth inhibition and synergistic effect when together with TMZ, (the most commonly used alkylating drug for the treatment of glioblastoma) were administered to U87MG glioblastoma cell line in vitro and in murine animal model. U87MG cell growth was monitored by daily cell count after treatments with the substances mentioned above and growth analysis showed that all drugs significantly decrease proliferation of U87MG in a time- and dose-dependent manner. FACS analysis demonstrates a block of cell cycle in S, G2/M or G0/G1 phases. These substances mediate multiple processes including apoptosis by releasing the inducing factor: PARP. Natural compounds, in combination with conventional chemotherapy TMZ, are a powerful approach to improve the effectiveness of brain cancer treatment.
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El-Goly AMM. Lines of Treatment of COVID-19 Infection. Covid-19 Infections and Pregnancy 2021. [PMCID: PMC8298380 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90595-4.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical outcomes of elderly individuals and those with underlying diseases affected by COVID-19 are serious, and may result in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and even mortality. Currently, the clinical treatments for COVID-19 mostly involve symptom alleviation measures and non-specific broad spectrum antiviral drugs, as highly effective antiviral drugs and vaccines are not yet available. Lactoferrin (LF) is a safe iron-binding glycoprotein that is present in the milk of the majority of mammals and exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity, including against coronaviruses. In addition, LF also exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-infective and immune-regulating properties, which are in line with the treatment requirements for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, the use of LF may be of value in the prevention and/or management of COVID-19. The aim of the present review was to summarize the previous reports on the antiviral properties of LF and compare these with the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in order to determine whether LF could be used to assist in the prevention of COVID-19 and to investigate the possible underlying mechanisms governing its mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Puxiu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Neoland Bioscience, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Long Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Mingyan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
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Nakamura-Bencomo S, Gutierrez DA, Robles-Escajeda E, Iglesias-Figueroa B, Siqueiros-Cendón TS, Espinoza-Sánchez EA, Arévalo-Gallegos S, Aguilera RJ, Rascón-Cruz Q, Varela-Ramirez A. Recombinant human lactoferrin carrying humanized glycosylation exhibits antileukemia selective cytotoxicity, microfilament disruption, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis activities. Invest New Drugs 2021; 39:400-15. [PMID: 33063290 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-01020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin has gained extensive attention due to its ample biological properties. In this study, recombinant human lactoferrin carrying humanized glycosylation (rhLf-h-glycan) expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris SuperMan5, which is genetically glycoengineered to efficiently produce functional humanized glycoproteins inclosing (Man)5(GlcNAc)2 Asn-linked glycans, was analyzed, inspecting its potential toxicity against cancer cells. The live-cell differential nuclear staining assay was used to quantify the rhLf-h-glycan cytotoxicity, which was examined in four human cell lines: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) CCRF-CEM, T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma SUP-T1, cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa, and as control, non-cancerous Hs27 cells. The defined CC50 values of rhLf-h-glycan in CCRF-CEM, SUP-T1, HeLa, and Hs27 cells were 144.45 ± 4.44, 548.47 ± 64.41, 350 ± 14.82, and 3359.07 ± 164 µg/mL, respectively. The rhLf-h-glycan exhibited a favorable selective cytotoxicity index (SCI), preferentially killing cancer cells: 23.25 for CCRF-CEM, 9.59 for HeLa, and 6.12 for SUP-T1, as compared with Hs27 cells. Also, rhLf-h-glycan showed significant antiproliferative activity (P < 0.0001) at 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation on CCRF-CEM cells. Additionally, it was observed via fluorescent staining and confocal microscopy that rhLf-h-glycan elicited apoptosis-associated morphological changes, such as blebbing, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and apoptotic bodies in ALL cells. Furthermore, rhLf-h-glycan-treated HeLa cells revealed shrinkage of the microfilament structures, generating a speckled/punctuated pattern and also caused PARP-1 cleavage, a hallmark of apoptosis. Moreover, in ALL cells, rhLf-h-glycan altered cell cycle progression inducing the G2/M phase arrest, and caused apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Overall, our findings revealed that rhLf-h-glycan has potential as an anticancer agent and therefore deserves further in vivo evaluation.
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Purba FY, Nii T, Yoshimura Y, Isobe N. Translocation of intrauterine-infused bacterial lipopolysaccharides to the mammary gland in dexamethasone-treated goats. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:1688-1697. [PMID: 32930423 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that intrauterine-infused lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can be translocated to the mammary gland to induce weak inflammation. This study aimed to determine whether dexamethasone treatment facilitated the translocation of LPS from the uterus to the mammary gland to induce a heavy inflammatory response. Sixteen goats were divided into control and LPS groups, subjected to daily dexamethasone administration before saline or LPS infusion. Milk and blood samples were collected before and after LPS infusion to determine the milk yield and somatic cell count (SCC) and blood leucocyte count (BLC), cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations. Mammary gland tissues were collected from two goats before and 24 hr after LPS infusion for immunohistochemical analysis of LPS. The mean SCC in the LPS group was significantly higher, whereas the milk yield was significantly lower than that in the control group after LPS infusion. The mean BLC in the LPS group was significantly lower than in the control group after LPS infusion. Furthermore, milk concentrations of IL-1β, S100A8 and lactoferrin were higher in the LPS group than in the control group after infusion. LPS was detected in the connective tissues and inner alveolar spaces of the mammary glands 24 hr after LPS infusion. We concluded that dexamethasone administration facilitated the translocation of intrauterine-infused LPS to the mammary gland, where it induced an inflammatory response. Therefore, LPS translocated from other organs, such as the uterus, can induce heavy inflammation in the mammary gland under immunosuppressive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fika Yuliza Purba
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Takahiro Nii
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukinori Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Kim DG, Kwon YM, Kang IS, Kim C. Taurine chloramine selectively regulates neutrophil degranulation through the inhibition of myeloperoxidase and upregulation of lactoferrin. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1191-1199. [PMID: 32865666 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Taurine is a free amino acid rich in neutrophils, and neutrophils play an important role in the forefront defense against infection. Upon neutrophil activation, taurine reacts with hypochlorous acid (HOCl/OCl-) produced by the myeloperoxidase (MPO) system and gets converted to taurine chloramine (Tau-Cl). Neutrophils have three types of granules, of which the primary granule MPO, secondary granule lactoferrin, and tertiary granule matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 are released into the extracellular space by a process called degranulation. MPO produces hypochlorous acid to kill microorganisms, and the released MPO forms neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) with released chromatin. Excessive secretion of MPO causes oxidative damage to the surrounding tissues. Lactoferrin exerts antioxidant activity, prevents pro-inflammatory pathway activation, sepsis, and tissue damages, and delays neutrophil apoptosis. Our experimental results show that neutrophils released small amount of granules in an inactive state, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and N-formyl-methionine-leucyl-phenylalanine induced neutrophil degranulation. Tau-Cl inhibited the PMA-induced degranulation of MPO and formation of NETs. While Tau-Cl increased the degranulation of lactoferrin, it had no effect on MMP-9 degranulation. MPO negatively regulated the production of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, which stimulates the degranulation and migration of neutrophils. Tau-Cl abrogated MIP-2 expression, suggestive of its inhibitory effect on MPO release. The increase in the intracellular level of MPO may negatively regulates MIP-2 expression, thereby contributing to the further regulation of neutrophil degranulation and migration. Here, we suggest that Tau-Cl selectively inhibits MPO degranulation and stimulates lactoferrin degranulation from neutrophils, thereby protecting inflamed tissues from oxidative damage induced by excessively released MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gye Kim
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - In Soon Kang
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Chaekyun Kim
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Korea.
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Trybek G, Jedliński M, Jaroń A, Preuss O, Mazur M, Grzywacz A. Impact of lactoferrin on bone regenerative processes and its possible implementation in oral surgery - a systematic review of novel studies with metanalysis and metaregression. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:232. [PMID: 32843024 PMCID: PMC7448436 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactoferrin is an iron – binding glycoprotein with anti-inflammatory and anabolic properties found in many internal fluids. It is worth looking at novel studies, because of their methodology and observations that may once be applicable in modern implantology. The aim of the study is to answer the question if lactoferrin is a promising factor for bone regenerative process in oral surgery. Method An electronic search was conducted on 14th October 2019 on the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The keywords used in the search strategy were: lactoferrin AND bone regeneration AND oral surgery. The qualitative evaluation was conducted using the Jadad and Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form. Then a metanalysis of a new bone growth and percentage of the resorbed graft were performed with the metaregression of lactoferrin dose to its outcome effects on bone regeneration. Results The search strategy identified potential articles: 133 from PubMed, 2 from Scopus, 4 from Web of science. After removal of duplicates, 136 articles were analyzed. Subsequently, 131 papers were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. The remaining 5 papers were included in the qualitative synthesis. The use of lactoferrin clearly increases the growth of a newly formed bone (2.58, CI:[0.79, 4.37]), as well as shortens the time of the graft resorption (− 1.70, Cl:[3.43, 0.03]) and replaces it with a species-specific bone. Heterogeneity is significant at p < 0.001 level. Metaregression indicates that one unit increase in the log (Treatment dose), i.e. a 2.78 times increase of the Treatment dose, results in an increase of the Effect size by 0.682. Conclusions The use of lactoferrin both systemically and locally promotes anabolic processes (new bone formation). There is a relationship between the increase in administered dose of lactoferrin and the intensity of new bone formation. However, it is not only necessary to continue experimental research, but also to extend it to the clinical studies on patients, due to the limitations of different animal model research and different methodology, to introduce lactoferrin as a standard procedure for the treatment of bone defects, because it is a promising product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Trybek
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72/18, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Jedliński
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Caserta 6, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Student Scientific Society at the Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72/18, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jaroń
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72/18, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Olga Preuss
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72/18, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Mazur
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Caserta 6, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Grzywacz
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Gen. Dezyderego Chłapowskiego 11, 70-103, Szczecin, Poland
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Darmawan KK, Karagiannis TC, Hughes JG, Small DM, Hung A. High temperature induced structural changes of apo-lactoferrin and interactions with β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin for potential encapsulation strategies. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chang R, Ng TB, Sun WZ. Lactoferrin as potential preventative and adjunct treatment for COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106118. [PMID: 32738305 PMCID: PMC7390755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a naturally occurring, pleiotropic, non-toxic glycoprotein. Lf has broad-spectrum antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Lf shows in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV, which is likely similar against SARS-CoV-2 via the same mechanism. Lf's immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects may be especially relevant as a potential adjunct for severe COVID-19.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is rapidly advancing across the globe despite drastic public and personal health measures. Antivirals and nutritional supplements have been proposed as potentially useful against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, but few have been clinically established. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a naturally occurring, non-toxic glycoprotein that is orally available as a nutritional supplement and has established in vitro antiviral efficacy against a wide range of viruses, including SARS-CoV, a closely related coronavirus to SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, Lf possesses unique immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects that may be especially relevant to the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19 cases. Here we review the underlying biological mechanisms of Lf as an antiviral and immune regulator, and propose its unique potential as a preventative and adjunct treatment for COVID-19. We hope that further research and development of Lf nutritional supplementation would establish its role for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Chang
- Institute of East-West Medicine, 102 E 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Wei-Zen Sun
- Institute of East-West Medicine, 102 E 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S. Road., Taipei, Taiwan
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Dai C, Jiang M, Sun MJ, Cao Q. Fecal Lactoferrin for Assessment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2020; 54:545-53. [PMID: 30994521 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persistent disease activity is associated with a poor prognosis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Therefore, monitoring of IBD activity can avoid the poor prognosis. Serum biomarkers reflect a summation of systemic host responses rather than being specific for intestinal inflammation. And endoscopic monitoring is invasive, costly, and time consuming. The objective of our study was to perform a meta-analysis evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of fecal lactoferrin (FL) in assessing IBD activity. METHODS We systematically searched the databases from inception to May 2018 that evaluated IBD activity. The methodological quality of each study was assessed according to the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies checklist. The extracted data were pooled using a summary receiver operating characteristic curve model. Random-effects model was used to summarize the diagnostic odds ratio, sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio. RESULTS Ten studies comprising 773 IBD patients were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity values for assessing ulcerative colitis (UC) activity were 0.81 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.64-0.92] and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.61-0.93), respectively. And the pooled sensitivity and specificity values for assessing Crohn's disease (CD) activity were 0.82 (95% CI, 0.73-0.88) and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.63-0.78), respectively. The diagnostic performance of the FL assay in the UC patients appeared to be superior to that in the CD patients. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis has found that FL is an inexpensive, simple, stable, and useful screening marker with high sensitivity and modest specificity for assessing IBD activity, appearing to have greater ability to evaluate UC rather than CD.
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Kruzel ML, Olszewska P, Pazdrak B, Krupinska AM, Actor JK. New insights into the systemic effects of oral lactoferrin: transcriptome profiling. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 99:47-53. [PMID: 32476452 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory nature of lactoferrin (LF) derives from its ability to bridge innate and adaptive immunity in obtaining physiological equilibrium. LF is an attractive molecule for treatment of diseases that compromise immune homeostasis. Oral delivery is a preferable method for LF administration; however, its bioavailability is affected by protein degradation and absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the systemic effects of orally and intravenously (IV) administered recombinant human LF (rhLF) on blood cell transcriptome profiling. Rats were administered a single dose of rhLF by gavage or IV. The transcriptome profiles from the control and the rhLF-treated rats after 3, 6, and 24 h were analyzed using a Clariom D microarray. The results showed differentially expressed genes in response to IV as well as oral administered rhLF including coding and noncoding RNAs. Moreover, a comparison of the differentially expressed genes between oral and IV administration of LF, after 6 h, revealed that the majority (72.8%) of the genes altered in response to oral administration of rhLF were the same as for the IV treatment. The pathway profiles showed similarities in up-regulation of specific genes involved in oxidative stress and inflammatory responses for both routes of treatments. These findings provide evidence of the systemic signal transduction effects of orally administered rhLF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulina Olszewska
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Anna M Krupinska
- Medical University of Wroclaw, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Wroclaw, Poland
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Kell DB, Heyden EL, Pretorius E. The Biology of Lactoferrin, an Iron-Binding Protein That Can Help Defend Against Viruses and Bacteria. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1221. [PMID: 32574271 PMCID: PMC7271924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a nutrient classically found in mammalian milk. It binds iron and is transferred via a variety of receptors into and between cells, serum, bile, and cerebrospinal fluid. It has important immunological properties, and is both antibacterial and antiviral. In particular, there is evidence that it can bind to at least some of the receptors used by coronaviruses and thereby block their entry. Of importance are Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) and the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as based on other activities lactoferrin might prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from attaching to the host cells. Lactoferrin (and more specifically enteric-coated LF because of increased bioavailability) may consequently be of preventive and therapeutic value during the present COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Lee J, Lee JE, Choi JW, Han MH, Seong SY, Park KH, Park JW. Proteomic Analysis of Amniotic Fluid Proteins for Predicting the Outcome of Emergency Cerclage in Women with Cervical Insufficiency. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:1318-1329. [PMID: 32046453 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-019-00110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to identify novel biomarkers in amniotic fluid (AF) that predict the outcome of emergency cerclage in women with cervical insufficiency. This retrospective cohort study included 40 singleton pregnant women who received emergency cerclage for cervical insufficiency (17-25 weeks) and underwent amniocentesis. Label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify AF proteins in pooled samples (n = 16) using a nested case-control approach. The six candidate biomarkers of interest were validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in the final cohort (n = 40). The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were analyzed by pathway analysis software. The primary outcome measure was failure of emergency cerclage [defined as spontaneous preterm delivery (SPTD) at < 34 weeks of gestation after cerclage placement]. Sixty-eight proteins were differentially expressed (P < 0.001) in AF from SPTD cases and near-term controls, of which 44 (64.7%) were upregulated and 24 (35.3%) were downregulated. Validation by ELISA confirmed that AF from women with cerclage failure contained significantly higher levels of myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, lipocalin-2, and lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1, the first four of which were independent of cervical dilatation at presentation. The five pathways with the most differentially regulated proteins were actin cytoskeleton signaling, acute phase response signaling, ILK signaling, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis. Proteomic analyses of AF in this study identified DEPs and specific protein pathways related to poor prognosis after emergency cerclage for cervical insufficiency. Four novel independent biomarkers in AF for cerclage failure have been identified using proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoonHo Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Choi
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Hee Han
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Seong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyo Hoon Park
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
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Purba FY, Ueda J, Nii T, Yoshimura Y, Isobe N. Effects of intrauterine infusion of bacterial lipopolysaccharides on the mammary gland inflammatory response in goats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 219:109972. [PMID: 31733501 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if intrauterine-infused lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can be translocated to the mammary glands and induce an inflammatory response. Thirty-seven goats were divided into two experiments. Nineteen goats (control group, n = 9; LPS group, n = 10) were subjected to intravenous injection of LPS, and eighteen goats (control group, n = 8; LPS group, n = 10) were subjected to intrauterine infusion of LPS. Milk and blood samples were collected before and after the LPS challenge, to measure the blood leukocyte count (BLC), plasma LPS-binding protein (LBP), milk yield, milk somatic cell count (SCC), lactoferrin (LF), milk lactoperoxidase (LPO) activity, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in plasma and milk. Mammary gland tissues were collected from the parenchyma before and after the LPS challenge, for immunohistochemistry of LPS. In the intravenous injection experiment, the BLC (P < 0.001) and milk yield (P = 0.009) were lower, whereas the LF concentration (P < 0.001) and milk LPO activity (P < 0.001) were higher in the LPS group compared to that in the control group. LPS was detected in the mammary gland 3 and 24 h after intravenous injection of LPS. In the intrauterine infusion experiment, the mean concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 in milk were higher in the LPS group compared to that in the control group (P = 0.004 and P = 0.017, respectively), whereas there were no changes in milk yield or SCC. LPS was detected in the connective tissues and interepithelial spaces of the alveoli of the mammary glands 24 h after intrauterine infusion of LPS. We conclude that intrauterine-infused LPS can be translocated to the mammary glands from the uterus, however, the amount of translocated LPS might not be enough to induce symptoms of clinical or subclinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fika Yuliza Purba
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan; Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Jo Ueda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nii
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Yukinori Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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Anderson JR, Smagul A, Simpson D, Clegg PD, Rubio-Martinez LM, Peffers MJ. The synovial fluid proteome differentiates between septic and nonseptic articular pathologies. J Proteomics 2019; 202:103370. [PMID: 31028944 PMCID: PMC6549134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Articular conditions are common in horses and can result in loss of function, chronic pain and/or inability to work. Common conditions include osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis and synovial sepsis, which can be life-threatening, but despite the high clinical prevalence of these conditions, rapid and specific diagnosis, monitoring and prognostication remains a challenge for practicing veterinarians. Synovial fluid from a range of arthropathies was enriched for low abundance proteins using combinatorial peptide ligand ProteoMiner™ beads and analysed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Changes in protein abundances were analysed using label-free quantification. Principle component analysis of differentially expressed proteins identified groupings associated with joint pathology. Findings were validated using ELISA. Lactotransferrin (LTF) abundance was increased in sepsis compared to all other groups and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6 (IGFBP6) abundance decreased in sepsis compared to other disease groups. Pathway analysis identified upregulation of the complement system in synovial joint sepsis and the downregulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factors and mTOR signalling pathways in both OA and OC compared to the healthy group. Overall, we have identified a catalogue of proteins which we propose to be involved in osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis and synovial sepsis pathogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE: Osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis and synovial sepsis, which can be life-threatening, are common articular conditions in which rapid and specific diagnosis, monitoring and prognostication remains a challenge for practicing veterinarians. This study has identified that the equine synovial fluid proteome exhibits distinctive profile changes between osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis, synovial sepsis and healthy joints. Elevated synovial abundance of lactotransferrin and decreased insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6 were both found to distinguish synovial sepsis from all other study groups. Thus, these protein markers may have a future role in clinical practice to enable an earlier and reliable diagnosis of synovial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Anderson
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Aibek Smagul
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Deborah Simpson
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Luis M Rubio-Martinez
- Department of Equine Clinical Studies, Institute of Veterinary Science, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Mandy J Peffers
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
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Grzywacz K, Butcher J, Romain G, Li J, Stintzi A. The impact of probiotics and lactoferrin supplementation on piglet gastrointestinal microbial communities. Biometals 2019; 32:533-543. [PMID: 31041632 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics and lactoferrin are currently being used in neonatal intensive care units in the hopes of reducing rates of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). While studies have shown that these measures can be clinically beneficial to premature babies, and there are ongoing trials to measure their impact on NEC and sepsis rates, little is known about how they may impact microbiota development. We thus employed a newborn piglet model to assess the impact of feeding probiotics or a combination of probiotics and lactoferrin on development of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Healthy full-term piglets were fed either probiotics alone or probiotics and a bovine lactoferrin supplement over the first weeks of life, and their microbiota profiles were compared with unsupplemented controls. We found that both probiotic and probiotic plus lactoferrin treatments impacted the microbial composition within the gastrointestinal tract, with differing impacts on various regions within the gut. In addition, the impact of probiotics was often reversed by the presence of lactoferrin and both feeding interventions altered the microbiota's genetic propensity to use ferric versus ferrous ions. These results suggest that iron availability may be a key factor to consider when designing feeding interventions that target the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Grzywacz
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, CHU Sainte Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James Butcher
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Guillaume Romain
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jennifer Li
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Mohamed WA, Salama RM, Schaalan MF. A pilot study on the effect of lactoferrin on Alzheimer's disease pathological sequelae: Impact of the p-Akt/PTEN pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:714-723. [PMID: 30611996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in which the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) pathway is deregulated in response to phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) overexpression. Lactoferrin (LF), a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein, is involved in AD pathology; however, direct evidence of its impact upon AD remains unclear. To elucidate LF's role in AD, the possible protective mechanism post-LF administration for 3 months was investigated in AD patients by observing changes in the p-Akt/PTEN pathway. AD patients showed decreased serum acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5-HT), antioxidant and anti-inflammatory markers, and decreased expression of Akt in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), as well as PI3K, and p-Akt levels in PBL lysate; all these parameters were significantly improved after daily LF administration for 3 months. Similarly, elevated serum amyloid β (Aβ) 42, cholesterol, oxidative stress markers, IL-6, heat shock protein (HSP) 90, caspase-3, and p-tau, as well as increased expression of tau, MAPK1 and PTEN in AD patients, were significantly reduced upon LF intake. Improvement in the aforementioned AD surrogate markers post-LF treatment was reflected in enhanced cognitive function assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale 11-item (ADAS-COG 11) questionnaires as clinical endpoints. These results provide a basis for a possible protective mechanism of LF in AD through its ability to alleviate the AD pathological cascade and cognitive decline via modulation of the p-Akt/PTEN pathway, which affects the key players of inflammation and oxidative stress that are involved in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rania M Salama
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Translational and Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona F Schaalan
- Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Translational and Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
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Wang K, Zhou X, Li W, Zhang L. Human salivary proteins and their peptidomimetics: Values of function, early diagnosis, and therapeutic potential in combating dental caries. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 99:31-42. [PMID: 30599395 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva contains a large number of proteins that play various crucial roles to maintain the oral health and tooth integrity. This oral fluid is proposed to be one of the most important host factors, serving as a special medium for monitoring aspects of microorganisms, diet and host susceptibility involved in the caries process. Extensive salivary proteomic and peptidomic studies have resulted in considerable advances in the field of biomarkers discovery for dental caries. These salivary biomarkers may be exploited for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of dental caries, many of which could also provide the potential templates for bioactive peptides used for the biomimetic management of dental caries, rather than repairing caries lesions with artificial materials. A comprehensive understanding of the biological function of salivary proteins as well as their derived biomimetic peptides with promising potential against dental caries has been long awaited. This review overviewed a collection of current literature and addressed the majority of different functions of salivary proteins and peptides with their potential as functional biomarkers for caries risk assessment and clinical prospects for the anti-caries application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Egea Valenzuela J, Antón Ródenas G, Sánchez Martínez A. Use of biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Med Clin (Barc) 2018; 152:310-316. [PMID: 30502302 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There are many useful biomarkers for initial diagnosis and the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Serologic biomarkers have been traditionally used because they are widely disposable, but recently faecal biomarkers, especially faecal calprotectin, have acquired great importance as they have shown to be more precise when establishing suspicion of the disease and also as predictors of mucosal healing or persistence of inflammatory activity. Faecal calprotectin is a good tool for predicting abnormal endoscopic studies, but has limited specificity because its levels can be altered in many digestive diseases presenting with similar symptoms. The precision of faecal calprotectin is higher when associated with other altered parameters, especially with C-reactive protein, or with clinical scores of inflammatory activity. Finally, there are many new generation serologic and faecal biomarkers. Despite there not being much evidence about these yet, some of them have shown promising results in different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Egea Valenzuela
- Servicio de Medicina del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España.
| | - Gonzalo Antón Ródenas
- Servicio de Medicina del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España
| | - Ana Sánchez Martínez
- Servicio de Medicina del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España
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Mine S, Takeshima F, Akazawa Y, Matsushima K, Minami H, Yamaguchi N, Ohnita K, Isomoto H, Nakao K. Correlation of Fecal Markers with Magnifying Endoscopic Stratification in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Who Are in Clinical Remission. Digestion 2018; 97:82-89. [PMID: 29393146 DOI: 10.1159/000484223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of mucosal healing is recommended during the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). However, symptoms of UC often do not reflect mucosal disease activity. Fecal markers such as calprotectin, lactoferrin, and hemoglobin have been reported to correlate well with the Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES) and are being considered alternative monitoring tools in endoscopy. Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) is a new and more detailed endoscopic scoring system compared to MES. Furthermore, magnifying endoscopic stratification (ME) based on alterations in the mucosal surface pit patterns is noted in UC. However, the association between fecal markers and UCIES and magnifying endoscopy is relatively unexplored. SUMMARY This study investigated the association between the aforementioned fecal markers and MES, UCEIS, and ME in patients with UC in clinical remission. This prospective study included 60 patients with UC in clinical remission who underwent colonoscopy at the Nagasaki University Hospital between June 2015 and November 2016. A significant correlation was observed between MES and all fecal markers. Notably, the fecal markers correlated well with UCEIS (calprotectin Spearman's correlation coefficient [r] = 0.54, p < 0.0001; lactoferrin r = 0.56, p < 0.0001; and hemoglobin r = 0.43, p < 0.001). Furthermore, ME findings correlated significantly with calprotectin (r = 0.50, p = 0.0002) and lactoferrin (r = 0.46, p = 0.0006) levels and slightly with hemoglobin (r = 0.28, p = 0.043) levels. Moreover, each cutoff level of fecal calprotectin, lactoferrin, or hemoglobin had a high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of MES = 0, UCEIS = 0, ME = A, for predicting mucosa healing. Key Messages: Fecal markers correlated not only with MES but also with UCEIS and ME and should be useful for monitoring patients with UC in clinical remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Mine
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fuminao Takeshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Akazawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsushima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hitomi Minami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ken Ohnita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hajime Isomoto
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Dix C, Wright O. Bioavailability of a Novel Form of Microencapsulated Bovine Lactoferrin and Its Effect on Inflammatory Markers and the Gut Microbiome: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1115. [PMID: 30126153 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin, extracted from milk or whey, is used in a range of products to enhance immunity and support digestive health, iron absorption, and homeostasis. This study examined the absorption and effect of Progel (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) microencapsulated bovine lactoferrin (InferrinTM, Bega Bionutrients, Victoria, Australia) on immune markers and the microbiome. A double-blind randomised, cross-over trial was conducted with 12 healthy males randomised to one of two doses, equivalent to 200 mg or 600 mg lactoferrin, for two four-week supplementation arms, with a two-week washout period. Subjects received either standard bovine lactoferrin or InferrinTM for each arm. Baseline and post each trial arm, CD69+ activation on CD4+ and CD8+ cells was analysed, bovine and human lactoferrin contents of faecal and serum samples were reported, and the gut microbiome was analysed using 16S sequencing and metagenomic sequencing. The mean level of CD69+ activation on the CD4+ cells was lower after supplementation regardless of the form or dose of lactoferrin. This was statistically significant for the 200 mg dose. A higher level of bovine lactoferrin was found post-supplementation in those taking InferrinTM, although this was not statistically significant. Changes in phylum-level microbial community profiling were detected post-supplementation in the second trial arm, particularly in those receiving InferrinTM. Metagenomic sequencing showed changes in the volumes of the top 100 species of bacteria present before and after all treatment arms. Results suggest that lactoferrin supplementation may have beneficial effects on the microbiome and immune system, and that the use of InferrinTM improves absorption. Larger detailed studies are needed to ascertain the potential positive effects of bovine lactoferrin supplementation.
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Feng L, Li J, Qin L, Guo D, Ding H, Deng D. Radioprotective effect of lactoferrin in mice exposed to sublethal X-ray irradiation. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3143-3148. [PMID: 30214537 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The radioprotective effect of lactoferrin (LF) was studied in mice subjected to sublethal X-ray irradiation. The mice were randomly divided into the Control (non-irradiated mice fed a standard diet without LF), IR (irradiated mice fed a standard diet) and IR+LF (irradiated mice fed LF) groups. The mice were fed daily for 7 days prior to irradiation and for 30 continuous days following irradiation. The survival ratio of the mice in the IR+LF group was significantly increased compared with the IR group between days 15 and 30 after irradiation. The body weight of the mice in the IR+LF group was increased compared with the IR group, and the difference was statistically significant. Blood was collected from the mice via the tail vein on days 2, 7, 14, 21 and 30 following irradiation. The laboratory indicators, including leukocyte, erythrocyte and platelet counts recovered more rapidly following irradiation in the IR+LF group compared with the IR group. Treatment of the irradiated mice with LF significantly reduced the DNA damage. In the hepatic tissue the level of superoxide dismutase in the IR+LF group was significantly increased, while malondialdehyde was significantly decreased compared with the IR group. These findings indicate that LF may prevent radiation damage and may have potential as a treatment for patients with cancer who receive radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- Ultrasound Department, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028041, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qin
- Ultrasound Department, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Dan Guo
- Clinical Medicine Department, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271016, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Ding
- Ultrasound Department, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Daping Deng
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, The Radiation Medical Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Jun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Ribaldone DG, Pellicano R, Actis GC. Inflammation: a highly conserved, Janus-like phenomenon—a gastroenterologist’ perspective. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:861-871. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Nagaoka K, Ito T, Ogino K, Eguchi E, Fujikura Y. Human lactoferrin induces asthmatic symptoms in NC/Nga mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/15/e13365. [PMID: 28774951 PMCID: PMC5555891 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin in commercial supplements is known to exert anti‐viral and anti‐allergic effects. However, this is the first study to evaluate the induction of allergic airway inflammation in NC/Nga mice. Human lactoferrin was administered intraperitoneally with aluminum oxide for sensitization. Five days later, lactoferrin was inoculated intranasally for 5 days, and then on the 12th day, the single inoculation of lactoferrin intranasally was performed as a challenge. On the 13th day, airway hypersensitivity was assessed (AHR), a bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) cell analysis was conducted, serum IgE and serum lactoferrin‐specific IgG and IgE levels as well as the mRNA expression levels of cytokines and chemokines in the lung were measured, and a histopathological analysis of the lung was performed. Human lactoferrin increased AHR, the number of eosinophils in BALF, serum lactoferrin‐specific IgG levels, and the mRNA levels of IL‐13, eotaxin 1, and eotaxin 2. Moreover, the accumulation of inflammatory cells around the bronchus and the immunohistochemical localization of arginase I and human lactoferrin were detected. Collectively, these results indicate that human lactoferrin induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. Therefore, the commercial use of human lactoferrin in supplements warrants more intensive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Nagaoka
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ito
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiki Ogino
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eri Eguchi
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujikura
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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