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Li P, Koziel JA, Paris RV, Macedo N, Zimmerman JJ, Wrzesinski D, Sobotka E, Balderas M, Walz WB, Liu D, Yedilbayev B, Ramirez BC, Jenks WS. Indoor air quality improvement with filtration and UV-C on mitigation of particulate matter and airborne bacteria: Monitoring and modeling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119764. [PMID: 38100867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air, especially with suspended particulate matter (PM), can be a carrier of airborne infectious pathogens. Without sufficient ventilation, airborne infectious diseases can be transmitted from one person to another. Indoor air quality (IAQ) significantly impacts people's daily lives as people spend 90% of their time indoors. An industrial-grade air cleaner prototype (filtration + ultraviolet light) was previously upgraded to clean indoor air to improve IAQ on two metrics: particulate matter (PM) and viable airborne bacteria. Previous experiments were conducted to test its removal efficiency on PM and airborne bacteria between the inlet and treated air. However, the longer-term improvement on IAQ would be more informative. Therefore, this research focused on quantifying longer-term improvement in a testing environment (poultry facility) loaded with high and variable PM and airborne bacteria concentrations. A 25-day experiment was conducted to treat indoor air using an air cleaner prototype with intermittent ON and OFF days in which PM and viable airborne bacteria were measured to quantify the treatment effect. The results showed an average of 55% reduction of total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration between OFF days (110 μg/m3) and ON days (49 μg/m3). An average of 47% reduction of total airborne viable bacteria concentrations was achieved between OFF days (∼3200 CFU/m3) and ON days (∼2000 CFU/m3). A cross-validation (CV) model was established to predict PM concentrations with five input variables, including the status of the air cleaner, time (h), ambient temperature, indoor relative humidity, and day of the week to help simulate the air-cleaning effect of this prototype. The model can approximately predict the air quality trend, and future improvements may be made to improve its accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Li
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jacek A Koziel
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Livestock Nutrient Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS Conservation & Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX, USA.
| | | | - Nubia Macedo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Danielle Wrzesinski
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Erin Sobotka
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mateo Balderas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - William B Walz
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dongjie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bauyrzhan Yedilbayev
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Brett C Ramirez
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - William S Jenks
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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2
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Bessière P, Hayes B, Filaire F, Lèbre L, Vergne T, Pinson M, Croville G, Guérin JL. Optimizing environmental viral surveillance: bovine serum albumin increases RT-qPCR sensitivity for high pathogenicity avian influenza H5Nx virus detection from dust samples. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0305523. [PMID: 37982626 PMCID: PMC10715206 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03055-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE With the circulation of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses having intensified considerably in recent years, the European Union is considering the vaccination of farmed birds. A prerequisite for this vaccination is the implementation of drastic surveillance protocols. Environmental sampling is a relevant alternative to animal sampling. However, environmental samples often contain inhibitory compounds in large enough quantities to inhibit RT-qPCR reactions. As bovine serum albumin is a molecule used in many fields to overcome this inhibitory effect, we tested its use on dust samples from poultry farms in areas heavily affected by HPAIV epizootics. Our results show that its use significantly increases the sensitivity of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Hayes
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Filaire
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- THESEO France, LanXess Biosecurity, LanXess Group, Laval, France
| | - Laetitia Lèbre
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Ouyang H, Wang L, Sapkota D, Yang M, Morán J, Li L, Olson BA, Schwartz M, Hogan CJ, Torremorell M. Control technologies to prevent aerosol-based disease transmission in animal agriculture production settings: a review of established and emerging approaches. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1291312. [PMID: 38033641 PMCID: PMC10682736 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1291312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of infectious agents via aerosols is an ever-present concern in animal agriculture production settings, as the aerosol route to disease transmission can lead to difficult-to-control and costly diseases, such as porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus and influenza A virus. It is increasingly necessary to implement control technologies to mitigate aerosol-based disease transmission. Here, we review currently utilized and prospective future aerosol control technologies to collect and potentially inactivate pathogens in aerosols, with an emphasis on technologies that can be incorporated into mechanically driven (forced air) ventilation systems to prevent aerosol-based disease spread from facility to facility. Broadly, we find that control technologies can be grouped into three categories: (1) currently implemented technologies; (2) scaled technologies used in industrial and medical settings; and (3) emerging technologies. Category (1) solely consists of fibrous filter media, which have been demonstrated to reduce the spread of PRRSV between swine production facilities. We review the mechanisms by which filters function and are rated (minimum efficiency reporting values). Category (2) consists of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), used industrially to collect aerosol particles in higher flow rate systems, and ultraviolet C (UV-C) systems, used in medical settings to inactivate pathogens. Finally, category (3) consists of a variety of technologies, including ionization-based systems, microwaves, and those generating reactive oxygen species, often with the goal of pathogen inactivation in aerosols. As such technologies are typically first tested through varied means at the laboratory scale, we additionally review control technology testing techniques at various stages of development, from laboratory studies to field demonstration, and in doing so, suggest uniform testing and report standards are needed. Testing standards should consider the cost-benefit of implementing the technologies applicable to the livestock species of interest. Finally, we examine economic models for implementing aerosol control technologies, defining the collected infectious particles per unit energy demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ouyang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Deepak Sapkota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - My Yang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - José Morán
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bernard A. Olson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mark Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Schwartz Farms, Sleepy Eye, MN, United States
| | - Christopher J. Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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4
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Nguyen XD, Zhao Y, Lin J, Purswell JL, Tabler T, Voy B, Hawkins S, Evans JD. Modeling long-distance airborne transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza carried by dust particles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16255. [PMID: 37758739 PMCID: PMC10533824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is continuously causing significant economic losses with massive poultry depopulations. Airborne transmission of HPAI was suspected, as initial bird mortalities were reported near air inlets of poultry houses. In addition, infected farms were distant, indicating that the viruses carried by dust particles might help the viruses travel for long distances in the environment. The objective of this study focused on simulating the airborne transmission of HPAI by using computational modeling to assess the risk of airborne and deposited avian influenza (AI) carried by poultry-litter dust particles. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) modeling was used in this study. Data from 168 infected cases in the Mid-Western area of U.S. were obtained from the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and Watt Poultry. The concentration simulation modeling was performed to estimate the airborne and deposited AI concentration carried by PM2.5 dust particles. Results showed that concentrations of airborne AI, deposited AI, and combined AI transmitted to other farms in a day were lower than the minimal infective dose for poultry. In most of the scenarios, the predicted probability of infection showed that Iowa-infected farms and turkey poultry houses had the highest infection probability. The findings may provide an understanding of the risk of airborne HPAI virus carried by dust particles and suggest the factors that influence long-distance airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Nguyen
- Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Y Zhao
- Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
| | - J Lin
- Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - J L Purswell
- Poultry Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - T Tabler
- Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - B Voy
- Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - S Hawkins
- Biosystems Engineering and Soil Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - J D Evans
- Poultry Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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James J, Warren CJ, De Silva D, Lewis T, Grace K, Reid SM, Falchieri M, Brown IH, Banyard AC. The Role of Airborne Particles in the Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Commercial Poultry Production Units. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041002. [PMID: 37112981 PMCID: PMC10142477 DOI: 10.3390/v15041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since October 2021, Europe has experienced the largest avian influenza virus (AIV) epizootic, caused by clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV), with over 284 poultry infected premises (IPs) and 2480 dead H5N1-positive wild birds detected in Great Britain alone. Many IPs have presented as geographical clusters, raising questions about the lateral spread between premises by airborne particles. Airborne transmission over short distances has been observed for some AIV strains. However, the risk of airborne spread of this strain remains to be elucidated. We conducted extensive sampling from IPs where clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIVs were confirmed during the 2022/23 epizootic, each representing a major poultry species (ducks, turkeys, and chickens). A range of environmental samples were collected inside and outside houses, including deposited dust, feathers, and other potential fomites. Viral RNA (vRNA) and infectious viruses were detected in air samples collected from inside and outside but in close proximity to infected houses, with vRNA alone being detected at greater distances (≤10 m) outside. Some dust samples collected outside of the affected houses contained infectious viruses, while feathers from the affected houses, located up to 80 m away, only contained vRNA. Together, these data suggest that airborne particles harboring infectious HPAIV can be translocated short distances (<10 m) through the air, while macroscopic particles containing vRNA might travel further (≤80 m). Therefore, the potential for airborne transmission of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV between premises is considered low. Other factors, including indirect contact with wild birds and the efficiency of biosecurity, represent greater importance in disease incursion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dilhani De Silva
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Thomas Lewis
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Katherine Grace
- Epidemiology and Risk Policy Advice, Advice Services, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marco Falchieri
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
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6
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Elbers ARW, Gonzales JL, Koene MGJ, Germeraad EA, Hakze-van der Honing RW, van der Most M, Rodenboog H, Velkers FC. Monitoring Wind-Borne Particle Matter Entering Poultry Farms via the Air-Inlet: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus and Other Pathogens Risk. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121534. [PMID: 36558868 PMCID: PMC9788232 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wind-supported transport of particle matter (PM) contaminated with excreta from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIv)-infected wild birds may be a HPAIv-introduction pathway, which may explain infections in indoor-housed poultry. The primary objective of our study was therefore to measure the nature and quantity of PM entering poultry houses via air-inlets. The air-inlets of two recently HPAIv-infected poultry farms (a broiler farm and a layer farm) were equipped with mosquito-net collection bags. PM was harvested every 5 days for 25 days. Video-camera monitoring registered wild bird visits. PM was tested for avian influenza viruses (AIV), Campylobacter and Salmonella with PCR. Insects, predominantly mosquitoes, were tested for AIV, West Nile, Usutu and Schmallenberg virus. A considerable number of mosquitoes and small PM amounts entered the air-inlets, mostly cobweb and plant material, but no wild bird feathers. Substantial variation in PM entering between air-inlets existed. In stormy periods, significantly larger PM amounts may enter wind-directed air-inlets. PM samples were AIV and Salmonella negative and insect samples were negative for all viruses and bacteria, but several broiler and layer farm PM samples tested Campylobacter positive. Regular wild (water) bird visits were observed near to the poultry houses. Air-borne PM and insects-potentially contaminated with HPAIv or other pathogens-can enter poultry air-inlets. Implementation of measures limiting this potential introduction route are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin R. W. Elbers
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-320-238687
| | - José L. Gonzales
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francisca C. Velkers
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zhang JL, Chen ZY, Lin SL, King CC, Chen CC, Chen PS. Airborne Avian Influenza Virus in Ambient Air in the Winter Habitats of Migratory Birds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15365-15376. [PMID: 36288568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza virus (AIV) have raised public concerns recently. Airborne AIV has been evaluated in live poultry markets and case farms; however, no study has discussed airborne AIV in ambient air in the winter habitats of migratory birds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate airborne AIV, specifically H5, H7, and H9, in a critical winter habitat of migratory birds and assess the factors influencing airborne AIV transmission in ambient air to provide novel insights into the epidemiology of avian influenza. A total of 357 ambient air samples were collected in the Aogu Wetland, Taiwan, Republic of China, between October 2017 and December 2019 and analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effects of environmental factors including air pollutants, meteorological factors, and the species of the observed migratory birds on the concentration of airborne AIV were also analyzed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the relationship between airborne AIV in ambient air and the influence factors in the winter habitats of migratory birds, demonstrating the benefits of environmental sampling for infectious disease epidemiology. The positive rate of airborne H7 (12%) was higher than that of H5 (8%) and H9 (10%). The daily mean temperature and daily maximum temperature had a significant negative correlation with influenza A, H7, and H9. Cold air masses and bird migration were significantly associated with airborne H9 and H7, respectively. In addition, we observed a significant correlation between AIV and the number of pintails, common teals, Indian spot-billed ducks, northern shovelers, Eurasian wigeons, tufted ducks, pied avocets, black-faced spoonbills, and great cormorants. In conclusion, we demonstrated the potential for alternative surveillance approaches (monitoring bird species) as an indicator for influenza-related risks and identified cold air masses and the presence of specific bird species as potential drivers of the presence and/or the airborne concentration of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin Zhang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yu Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Si-Ling Lin
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chwan-Chuen King
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Chih Chen
- Animal Biologics Pilot Production Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City912, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City912, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City912, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Shih Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Grant M, Bröjer C, Zohari S, Nöremark M, Uhlhorn H, Jansson DS. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI H5Nx, Clade 2.3.4.4.b) in Poultry and Wild Birds in Sweden: Synopsis of the 2020-2021 Season. Vet Sci 2022; 9:344. [PMID: 35878361 PMCID: PMC9318561 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI, Gs/Gd lineage) was introduced to Europe in 2005 and has since caused numerous outbreaks in birds. The 2020-2021 season was the hitherto most devastating when considering bird numbers and duration in Europe. Surveillance data, virologic results and epidemiologic investigations from the 2020-2021 outbreaks in Sweden were analysed. Subtypes H5N8 and H5N5 were detected on 24 farms with poultry or other captive birds. In wild birds, subtypes H5N8, H5N5, H5N1, H5N4, H5Nx were detected in 130 out of 811 sampled birds. There was a spatiotemporal association between cases in wild birds and poultry. Based on phylogeny and epidemiology, most of the introductions of HPAI to commercial poultry were likely a result of indirect contact with wild birds. A definite route of introduction to poultry could not be established although some biosecurity breaches were observed. No spread between farms was identified but airborne spread between flocks on the same farm was suspected. Our findings exemplify the challenges posed by the continuously changing influenza viruses that seem to adapt to a broader species spectrum. This points to the importance of wild bird surveillance, compliance to biosecurity, and identification of risk factors for introduction on poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Grant
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.B.); (H.U.)
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Maria Nöremark
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Henrik Uhlhorn
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.B.); (H.U.)
| | - Désirée S. Jansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Quantification and characterisation of commensal wild birds and their interactions with domestic ducks on a free-range farm in southwest France. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9764. [PMID: 35697735 PMCID: PMC9192735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of commensal birds in the epidemiology of pathogens in poultry farms remains unclear. Our study aimed to identify potential key species for interactions with domestic ducks on one free-range duck farm in southwest France. Methods combined direct individual observations on duck outdoor foraging areas, network analysis, and general linear mixed models of abundances. Results showed a wide diversity of wild bird species visiting foraging areas, heavily dominated in frequency by White wagtails (Motacilla alba) and Sparrows (Passer domesticus and Passer montanus). These also were the only species seen entering duck premises or perching on drinkers in the presence of ducks. Moreover, White wagtails were the species most frequently observed on the ground and in close proximity to ducks. Network analysis suggested the role of White wagtails and Sparrows in linking ducks to other wild birds on the farm. The abundance of White wagtails was positively associated with open vegetation, with the presence of ducks and particularly in the afternoon, while the abundance of Sparrows was positively associated only with the fall-winter season. By precisely characterising interactions, the study was able to identify few wild bird species which should be prioritized in infectious investigations at the interface with poultry.
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Survival of Escherichia coli in Airborne and Settled Poultry Litter Particles. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030284. [PMID: 35158607 PMCID: PMC8833766 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the poultry environment can migrate inside and outside houses through air movement. The airborne E. coli, after settling on surfaces, could be re-aerosolized or picked up by vectors (e.g., caretakers, rodents, transport trucks) for further transmission. To assess the impacts of airborne E. coli transmission among poultry farms, understanding the survivability of the bacteria is necessary. The objective of this study is to determine the survivability of airborne E. coli, settled E. coli, and E. coli in poultry litter under laboratory environmental conditions (22–28 °C with relative humidity of 54–63%). To determine the survivability of airborne E. coli, an AGI-30 bioaerosol sampler (AGI-30) was used to collect the E. coli at 0 and 20 min after the aerosolization. The half-life time of airborne E. coli was then determined by comparing the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of the two samplings. To determine the survivability of settled E. coli, four sterile Petri dishes were placed on the chamber floor right after the aerosolization to collect settled E. coli. The Petri dishes were then divided into two groups, with each group being quantified for culturable E. coli concentrations and dust particle weight at 24-h intervals. The survivability of settled E. coli was then determined by comparing the number of viable E. coli per milligram settled dust collected in the Petri dishes in the two groups. The survivability of E. coli in the poultry litter sample (for aerosolization) was also determined. Results show that the half-life time of airborne E. coli was 5.7 ± 1.2 min. The survivability of E. coli in poultry litter and settled E. coli were much longer with the half-life time of 15.9 ± 1.3 h and 9.6 ± 1.6 h, respectively. In addition, the size distribution of airborne E. coli attached to dust particles and the size distribution of airborne dust particles were measured by using an Andersen impactor and a dust concentration monitor (DustTrak). Results show that most airborne E. coli (98.89% of total E. coli) were carried by the dust particles with aerodynamic diameter larger than 2.1 µm. The findings of this study may help better understand the fate of E. coli transmitted through the air and settled on surfaces and evaluate the impact of airborne transmission in poultry production.
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Li Z, Zheng W, Wang Y, Li B, Wang Y. Spatiotemporal variations in the association between particulate matter and airborne bacteria based on the size-resolved respiratory tract deposition in concentrated layer feeding operations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 150:106413. [PMID: 33582563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial loading aggravates the health and environmental hazards of particulate matter (PM), particularly in concentrated animal feeding operations. Understanding the association between PM and airborne bacteria is conducive to accurately assessing occupational exposure, providing fundamental data for exposure mitigation via engineering solutions, and providing information regarding the physical properties influencing the transmission of airborne microorganisms at emission sources. In this work, we conducted a joint study to systematically determine the concentrations and size distributions of PM and airborne bacteria, and establish the quantitative relationship between PM and airborne bacteria in laying hen houses. The association between PM and airborne bacteria was expressed as the load of airborne bacteria on PM in terms of the identical particle size interval based on the size-resolved respiratory tract deposition. The concentrations and size distributions of PM and airborne bacteria in laying hen houses were affected by the in-house space (upper and lower), chicken activity (day and night), and outside temperature. The size distributions of PM and airborne bacteria indicated that the mass concentration of large particles decreased with increasing outside temperature, while the concentration of airborne bacteria loaded on the small particles increased with increasing outside temperature. The results indicated that particles with diameters ranging from 2.1 to 4.7 μm carried the most airborne bacteria. Therefore, particles with diameters ranging from 2.1 to 4.7 μm should be the focus of future experimental research on occupational exposure, air quality improvement, and the airborne transmission of PM and airborne microorganisms originating from concentrated layer feeding operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonggang Li
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weichao Zheng
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoming Li
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
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12
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Raynor PC, Adesina A, Aboubakr HA, Yang M, Torremorell M, Goyal SM. Comparison of samplers collecting airborne influenza viruses: 1. Primarily impingers and cyclones. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244977. [PMID: 33507951 PMCID: PMC7842955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers must be able to measure concentrations, sizes, and infectivity of virus-containing particles in animal agriculture facilities to know how far infectious virus-containing particles may travel through air, where they may deposit in the human or animal respiratory tract, and the most effective ways to limit exposures to them. The objective of this study was to evaluate a variety of impinger and cyclone aerosol or bioaerosol samplers to determine approaches most suitable for detecting and measuring concentrations of virus-containing particles in air. Six impinger/cyclone air samplers, a filter-based sampler, and a cascade impactor were used in separate tests to collect artificially generated aerosols of MS2 bacteriophage and swine and avian influenza viruses. Quantification of infectious MS2 coliphage was carried out using a double agar layer procedure. The influenza viruses were titrated in cell cultures to determine quantities of infectious virus. Viral RNA was extracted and used for quantitative real time RT-PCR, to provide total virus concentrations for all three viruses. The amounts of virus recovered and the measured airborne virus concentrations were calculated and compared among the samplers. Not surprisingly, high flow rate samplers generally collected greater quantities of virus than low flow samplers. However, low flow rate samplers generally measured higher, and likely more accurate, airborne concentrations of Infectious virus and viral RNA than high flow samplers. To assess airborne viruses in the field, a two-sampler approach may work well. A suitable high flow sampler may provide low limits of detection to determine if any virus is present in the air. If virus is detected, a suitable lower flow sampler may measure airborne virus concentrations accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Raynor
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Adepeju Adesina
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hamada A. Aboubakr
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - My Yang
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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13
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Harvey WT, Mulatti P, Fusaro A, Scolamacchia F, Zecchin B, Monne I, Marangon S. Spatiotemporal reconstruction and transmission dynamics during the 2016-17 H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic in Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:37-50. [PMID: 31788978 PMCID: PMC8048528 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Effective control of avian diseases in domestic populations requires understanding of the transmission dynamics facilitating viral emergence and spread. In 2016-17, Italy experienced a significant avian influenza epidemic caused by a highly pathogenic A(H5N8) virus, which affected domestic premises housing around 2.7 million birds, primarily in the north-eastern regions with the highest density of poultry farms (Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto). We perform integrated analyses of genetic, spatiotemporal and host data within a Bayesian phylogenetic framework. Using continuous and discrete phylogeography, we estimate the locations of movements responsible for the spread and persistence of the epidemic. The information derived from these analyses on rates of transmission between regions through time can be used to assess the success of control measures. Using an approach based on phylogenetic-temporal distances between domestic cases, we infer the presence of cryptic wild bird-mediated transmission, information that can be used to complement existing epidemiological methods for distinguishing transmission within the domestic population from incursions across the wildlife-domestic interface, a common challenge in veterinary epidemiology. Spatiotemporal reconstruction of the epidemic reveals a highly skewed distribution of virus movements with a high proportion of shorter distance local movements interspersed with occasional long-distance dispersal events associated with wild birds. We also show how such inference be used to identify possible instances of human-mediated movements where distances between phylogenetically linked domestic cases are unusually high.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Harvey
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem HealthInstitute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Paolo Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro (Padua)Italy
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro (Padua)Italy
| | | | - Bianca Zecchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro (Padua)Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro (Padua)Italy
| | - Stefano Marangon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro (Padua)Italy
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14
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Hood G, Roche X, Brioudes A, von Dobschuetz S, Fasina FO, Kalpravidh W, Makonnen Y, Lubroth J, Sims L. A literature review of the use of environmental sampling in the surveillance of avian influenza viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:110-126. [PMID: 32652790 PMCID: PMC8048529 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs, focussing on effectiveness, advantages and gaps in knowledge. ES have been used effectively for AI surveillance since the 1970s. Results from ES have enhanced understanding of the biology of AI viruses in wild birds and in markets, of links between human and avian influenza, provided early warning of viral incursions, allowed assessment of effectiveness of control and preventive measures, and assisted epidemiological studies in outbreaks, both avian and human. Variation exists in the methods and protocols used, and no internationally recognized guidelines exist on the use of ES and data management. Few studies have performed direct comparisons of ES versus live bird samples (LBS). Results reported so far demonstrate reliance on ES will not be sufficient to detect virus in all cases when it is present, especially when the prevalence of infection/contamination is low. Multiple sample types should be collected. In live bird markets, ES from processing/selling areas are more likely to test positive than samples from bird holding areas. When compared to LBS, ES is considered a cost-effective, simple, rapid, flexible, convenient and acceptable way of achieving surveillance objectives. As a non-invasive technique, it can minimize effects on animal welfare and trade in markets and reduce impacts on wild bird communities. Some limitations of environmental sampling methods have been identified, such as the loss of species-specific or information on the source of virus, and taxonomic-level analyses, unless additional methods are applied. Some studies employing ES have not provided detailed methods. In others, where ES and LBS are collected from the same site, positive results have not been assigned to specific sample types. These gaps should be remedied in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hood
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Xavier Roche
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Aurélie Brioudes
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRegional Office for Asia and the PacificBangkokThailand
| | | | | | | | - Yilma Makonnen
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern AfricaAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Juan Lubroth
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Leslie Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information ServicesMelbourneAustralia
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15
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Using geospatial methods to measure the risk of environmental persistence of avian influenza virus in South Carolina. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2020; 34:100342. [PMID: 32807394 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2020.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AIV) is a highly contagious virus that can infect both wild birds and domestic poultry. This study aimed to define areas within the state of South Carolina (SC) at heightened risk for environmental persistence of AIV using geospatial methods. Environmental factors known to influence AIV survival were identified through the published literature and using a multi-criteria decision analysis with GIS was performed. Risk was defined using five categories following the World Organization for Animal Health Risk Assessment Guidelines. Less than 1% of 1km grid cells in SC showed a high risk of AIV persistence. Approximately 2% - 17% of counties with high or very high environmental risk also had medium to very high numbers of commercial poultry operations. Results can be used to improve surveillance activities and to inform biosecurity practices and emergency preparedness efforts.
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16
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Muñoz-Aguayo J, Flores-Figueroa C, VanBeusekom E, McComb B, Wileman B, Anderson J, Halvorson DA, Kromm M, Lauer D, Marusak R, Nezworski J, Voss S, Cardona C. Environmental Sampling for Influenza A Viruses in Turkey Barns. Avian Dis 2020; 63:17-23. [PMID: 31251515 DOI: 10.1637/11892-050418-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have examined a variety of sampling strategies for detecting pathogens in turkey flocks undergoing infections with low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV). We found that viral RNA was widely distributed in the barn environment of turkey flocks undergoing an active LPAIV infection and was in both water and drinker biofilm samples. Viral RNA was concentrated in drinker biofilm and sediment and was detectable using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) and by virus isolation. Drinker biofilm sample results correlated with concurrently collected oropharyngeal (OP) sample results from flocks on a farm with LPAI in which the two sampling strategies were directly compared. To evaluate the utility of biofilm sampling for the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), biofilm and OP swabs from mortality pools were collected daily from negative turkey flocks on an HPAI-positive premise. The biofilm swabs were positive 1-2 days prior to positives appearing in the OP sample pools. The drinker biofilm sampling strategy overcame the difficulty of finding a subclinical infectious bird in a population by collecting material from a large number of individuals and testing a sample in which a positive signal persists for several days to weeks. The sampling method is convenient for use in turkey barns and has been reliably used in both active and passive surveillance programs for LPAIV and HPAIV using RRT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Muñoz-Aguayo
- University of Minnesota, Mid Central Research and Outreach Center, Minnwest Technology Campus, Willmar, MN 56201
| | - Cristian Flores-Figueroa
- University of Minnesota, Mid Central Research and Outreach Center, Minnwest Technology Campus, Willmar, MN 56201
| | | | | | - Ben Wileman
- Select Genetics, Minnwest Technology Campus, Willmar, MN 56201
| | - Janet Anderson
- University of Minnesota, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - David A Halvorson
- University of Minnesota, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | | | - Dale Lauer
- Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN 56201-0126
| | | | - Jill Nezworski
- Blue House Veterinary, 145 West Yellowstone Trail, Buffalo, MN 55314
| | - Shauna Voss
- Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN 56201-0126
| | - Carol Cardona
- University of Minnesota, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN 55108,
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17
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Abstract
The earliest recorded cases of what was likely high-pathogenicity AIV in poultry were reported in Italy in the 1870s. Avian influenza infection has been recognized in domestic poultry through the modern era of poultry production. Infection of poultry with either low pathogenic (LP) or highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can result in substantial economic consequences. Productivity can be reduced directly and indirectly because of disease leading to decreased egg or meat yield, mortality, vaccination costs, and restricted trade. Aquatic birds are the natural hosts for AIV, and infection tends to be subclinical, although some strains of HPAIV can cause losses in domestic ducks. Biosecurity and vaccination are the most common methods of preventing infection of poultry. Approaches to AIV control vary widely, but elimination of the disease in poultry is a common goal. The basics of AIV biology, clinical disease, molecular aspects, and AIV detection are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA.
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18
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Li Z, Wang H, Zheng W, Li B, Wei Y, Zeng J, Lei C. A tracing method of airborne bacteria transmission across built environments. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2019; 164:106335. [PMID: 32287991 PMCID: PMC7116910 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Disease transmission across built environments has been found to be a serious health risk. Airborne transmission is a vital route of disease infection caused by bacteria and virus. However, tracing methods of airborne bacteria in both lab and field research failed to veritably express the transporting process of microorganism in the air. A new tracing method of airborne bacteria used for airborne transmission was put forward and demonstrated its feasibility by conducting a field evaluation on the basis of genetic modification and bioaerosol technology. A specific gene fragment (pFPV-mCherry fluorescent protein plasmid) was introduced into nonpathogenic E. coli DH5α as tracer bacteria by high-voltage electroporation. Gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing proved the success of the synthesis. Genetic stability, effect of aerosolization on the survival rate of tracer bacteria, and the application of the tracer bacteria to the airborne bacteria transmission were examined in both lab and field. Both the introduced plasmid stability rates of tracer E. coli in pre-aerosolization and post-aerosolization were above 95% in five test days. Survival rate of tracer E. coli at 97.5% ± 1.2% through aerosolization was obtained by an air-atomizer operated at an air pressure of 30 Psi. In the field experiment, the airborne transmission of E. coli between poultry houses was proved and emitted E. coli was more easily transmitted into self-house than adjacent house due to the ventilation design and weather condition. Our results suggested that the tracing method of airborne bacteria was available for the investigation of airborne microbial transmission across built environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonggang Li
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan, China
| | - Weichao Zheng
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Baoming Li
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan, China
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19
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Zhao Y, Richardson B, Takle E, Chai L, Schmitt D, Xin H. Airborne transmission may have played a role in the spread of 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the United States. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11755. [PMID: 31409807 PMCID: PMC6692305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented 2015 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 in the U.S. devastated its poultry industry and resulted in over $3 billion economic impacts. Today HPAI continues eroding poultry operations and disrupting animal protein supply chains around the world. Anecdotal evidence in 2015 suggested that in some cases the AI virus was aerially introduced into poultry houses, as abnormal bird mortality started near air inlets of the infected houses. This study modeled air movement trajectories and virus concentrations that were used to assess the probability or risk of airborne transmission for the 77 HPAI cases in Iowa. The results show that majority of the positive cases in Iowa might have received airborne virus, carried by fine particulate matter, from infected farms within the state (i.e., intrastate) and infected farms from the neighboring states (i.e., interstate). The modeled airborne virus concentrations at the Iowa recipient sites never exceeded the minimal infective doses for poultry; however, the continuous exposure might have increased airborne infection risks. In the worst-case scenario (i.e., maximum virus shedding rate, highest emission rate, and longest half-life), 33 Iowa cases had > 10% (three cases > 50%) infection probability, indicating a medium to high risk of airborne transmission for these cases. Probability of airborne HPAI infection could be affected by farm type, flock size, and distance to previously infected farms; and more importantly, it can be markedly reduced by swift depopulation and inlet air filtration. The research results provide insights into the risk of airborne transmission of HPAI virus via fine dust particles and the importance of preventative and containment strategies such as air filtration and quick depopulation of infected flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Brad Richardson
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Eugene Takle
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Lilong Chai
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - David Schmitt
- Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Des Moines, IA, 50319, USA
| | - Hongwei Xin
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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20
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Aerosol Detection and Transmission of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): What Is the Evidence, and What Are the Knowledge Gaps? Viruses 2019; 11:v11080712. [PMID: 31382628 PMCID: PMC6723176 DOI: 10.3390/v11080712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In human and veterinary medicine, there have been multiple reports of pathogens being airborne under experimental and field conditions, highlighting the importance of this transmission route. These studies shed light on different aspects related to airborne transmission such as the capability of pathogens becoming airborne, the ability of pathogens to remain infectious while airborne, the role played by environmental conditions in pathogen dissemination, and pathogen strain as an interfering factor in airborne transmission. Data showing that airborne pathogens originating from an infectious individual or population can infect susceptible hosts are scarce, especially under field conditions. Furthermore, even though disease outbreak investigations have generated important information identifying potential ports of entry of pathogens into populations, these investigations do not necessarily yield clear answers on mechanisms by which pathogens have been introduced into populations. In swine, the aerosol transmission route gained popularity during the late 1990’s as suspicions of airborne transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were growing. Several studies were conducted within the last 15 years contributing to the understanding of this transmission route; however, questions still remain. This paper reviews the current knowledge and identifies knowledge gaps related to PRRSV airborne transmission.
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21
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Tada H, Nohara A, Kawashiri MA. Monogenic, polygenic, and oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2019; 30:300-306. [PMID: 31290811 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Familial hypercholesterolemia has long been considered a monogenic disorder. However, recent advances in genetic analyses have revealed various forms of this disorder, including polygenic and oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia. We review the current understanding of the genetic background of this disease. RECENT FINDINGS Mutations in multiple alleles responsible for low-density lipoprotein regulation could contribute to the development of familial hypercholesterolemia, especially among patients with mutation-negative familial hypercholesterolemia. In oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, multiple rare genetic variations contributed to more severe familial hypercholesterolemia. SUMMARY Familial hypercholesterolemia is a relatively common 'genetic' disorder associated with an extremely high risk of developing coronary artery disease. In addition to monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, different types of familial hypercholesterolemia, including polygenic and oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, exist and have varying degrees of severity. Clinical and genetic assessments for familial hypercholesterolemia and clinical risk stratifications should be performed for accurate diagnosis, as should cascade screening and risk stratification for the offspring of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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22
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Mulatti P, Fusaro A, Scolamacchia F, Zecchin B, Azzolini A, Zamperin G, Terregino C, Cunial G, Monne I, Marangon S. Integration of genetic and epidemiological data to infer H5N8 HPAI virus transmission dynamics during the 2016-2017 epidemic in Italy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18037. [PMID: 30575785 PMCID: PMC6303474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Between October 2016 and December 2017, several European Countries had been involved in a massive Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) epidemic sustained by H5N8 subtype virus. Starting on December 2016, also Italy was affected by H5N8 HPAI virus, with cases occurring in two epidemic waves: the first between December 2016 and May 2017, and the second in July-December 2017. Eighty-three outbreaks were recorded in poultry, 67 of which (80.72%) occurring in the second wave. A total of 14 cases were reported in wild birds. Epidemiological information and genetic analyses were conjointly used to get insight on the spread dynamics. Analyses indicated multiple introductions from wild birds to the poultry sector in the first epidemic wave, and noteworthy lateral spread from October 2017 in a limited geographical area with high poultry densities. Turkeys, layers and backyards were the mainly affected types of poultry production. Two genetic sub-groups were detected in the second wave in non-overlapping geographical areas, leading to speculate on the involvement of different wild bird populations. The integration of epidemiological data and genetic analyses allowed to unravel the transmission dynamics of H5N8 virus in Italy, and could be exploited to timely support in implementing tailored control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, (Padua), Italy.
| | - A Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, (Padua), Italy
| | - F Scolamacchia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, (Padua), Italy
| | - B Zecchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, (Padua), Italy
| | - A Azzolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, (Padua), Italy
| | - G Zamperin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, (Padua), Italy
| | - C Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, (Padua), Italy
| | - G Cunial
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, (Padua), Italy
| | - I Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, (Padua), Italy
| | - S Marangon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, (Padua), Italy
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23
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Borkenhagen LK, Mallinson KA, Tsao RW, Ha SJ, Lim WH, Toh TH, Anderson BD, Fieldhouse JK, Philo SE, Chong KS, Lindsley WG, Ramirez A, Lowe JF, Coleman KK, Gray GC. Surveillance for respiratory and diarrheal pathogens at the human-pig interface in Sarawak, Malaysia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201295. [PMID: 30052648 PMCID: PMC6063427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The large livestock operations and dense human population of Southeast Asia are considered a hot-spot for emerging viruses. OBJECTIVES To determine if the pathogens adenovirus (ADV), coronavirus (CoV), encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), enterovirus (EV), influenza A-D (IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), and porcine rotaviruses A and C (RVA and RVC), are aerosolized at the animal-interface, and if humans working in these environments are carrying these viruses in their nasal airways. STUDY This cross-sectional study took place in Sarawak, Malaysia among 11 pig farms, 2 abattoirs, and 3 animal markets in June and July of 2017. Pig feces, pig oral secretions, bioaerosols, and worker nasal wash samples were collected and analyzed via rPCR and rRT-PCR for respiratory and diarrheal viruses. RESULTS In all, 55 pig fecal, 49 pig oral or water, 45 bioaerosol, and 78 worker nasal wash samples were collected across 16 sites. PCV2 was detected in 21 pig fecal, 43 pig oral or water, 3 bioaerosol, and 4 worker nasal wash samples. In addition, one or more bioaerosol or pig samples were positive for EV, IAV, and RVC, and one or more worker samples were positive for ADV, CoV, IBV, and IDV. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that nucleic acids from a number of targeted viruses were present in pig oral secretions and pig fecal samples, and that several viruses were detected in bioaerosol samples or in the nasal passages of humans with occupational exposure to pigs. These results demonstrate the need for future research in strengthening viral surveillance at the human-animal interface, specifically through expanded bioaerosol sampling efforts and a seroepidemiological study of individuals with exposure to pigs in this region for PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Borkenhagen
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kerry A. Mallinson
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rick W. Tsao
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Siaw-Jing Ha
- SEGi University Sibu Clinical Campus, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Department of Paediatrics, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Honn Lim
- Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Teck-Hock Toh
- SEGi University Sibu Clinical Campus, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Department of Paediatrics, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Benjamin D. Anderson
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jane K. Fieldhouse
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Philo
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kuek-Sen Chong
- SEGi University Sibu Clinical Campus, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Divisional Health Office, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - William G. Lindsley
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Ramirez
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - James F. Lowe
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Gregory C. Gray
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Gustafson L, Jones R, Dufour-Zavala L, Jensen E, Malinak C, McCarter S, Opengart K, Quinn J, Slater T, Delgado A, Talbert M, Garber L, Remmenga M, Smeltzer M. Expert Elicitation Provides a Rapid Alternative to Formal Case-Control Study of an H7N9 Avian Influenza Outbreak in the United States. Avian Dis 2018; 62:201-209. [DOI: 10.1637/11801-011818-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Gustafson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - R. Jones
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - L. Dufour-Zavala
- Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, 3235 Abit Massey Way, Gainesville, GA 30507
| | - E. Jensen
- Aviagen North America, 920 Explorer Boulevard NW, Huntsville, AL 35806
| | - C. Malinak
- Peco Foods, Inc., 145 2nd Avenue NW, Gordo, AL 35466
| | - S. McCarter
- Tyson Foods, Inc., 649 Sherwood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30324
| | - K. Opengart
- Global Sustainability & Animal Welfare, Keystone Foods, 6767 Old Madison Pike, Huntsville, AL 35806
| | - J. Quinn
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, District 1 Field Office for North Carolina–West Virginia, 920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 200, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - T. Slater
- Hinton Mitchem Poultry Diagnostic Laboratory, Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, P.O. Box 409, Hanceville, AL 35077
| | - A. Delgado
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - M. Talbert
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - L. Garber
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - M. Remmenga
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - M. Smeltzer
- Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, 3235 Abit Massay Way, Gainesville, GA 30507
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25
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Bertran K, Balzli C, Kwon YK, Tumpey TM, Clark A, Swayne DE. Airborne Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus during Processing of Infected Poultry. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1806-1814. [PMID: 29047426 PMCID: PMC5652435 DOI: 10.3201/eid2311.170672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to infected poultry is a suspected cause of avian influenza (H5N1) virus infections in humans. We detected infectious droplets and aerosols during laboratory-simulated processing of asymptomatic chickens infected with human- (clades 1 and 2.2.1) and avian- (clades 1.1, 2.2, and 2.1) origin H5N1 viruses. We detected fewer airborne infectious particles in simulated processing of infected ducks. Influenza virus–naive chickens and ferrets exposed to the air space in which virus-infected chickens were processed became infected and died, suggesting that the slaughter of infected chickens is an efficient source of airborne virus that can infect birds and mammals. We did not detect consistent infections in ducks and ferrets exposed to the air space in which virus-infected ducks were processed. Our results support the hypothesis that airborne transmission of HPAI viruses can occur among poultry and from poultry to humans during home or live-poultry market slaughter of infected poultry.
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26
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Beckham TR, Brake DA, Fine JB. Strengthening One Health Through Investments in Agricultural Preparedness. Health Secur 2018; 16:92-107. [DOI: 10.1089/hs.2017.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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27
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Scoizec A, Niqueux E, Thomas R, Daniel P, Schmitz A, Le Bouquin S. Airborne Detection of H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Genome in Poultry Farms, France. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:15. [PMID: 29487857 PMCID: PMC5816786 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In southwestern France, during the winter of 2016-2017, the rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 outbreaks despite the implementation of routine control measures, raised the question about the potential role of airborne transmission in viral spread. As a first step to investigate the plausibility of that transmission, air samples were collected inside, outside and downwind from infected duck and chicken facilities. H5 avian influenza virus RNA was detected in all samples collected inside poultry houses, at external exhaust fans and at 5 m distance from poultry houses. For three of the five flocks studied, in the sample collected at 50-110 m distance, viral genomic RNA was detected. The measured viral air concentrations ranged between 4.3 and 6.4 log10 RNA copies per m3, and their geometric mean decreased from external exhaust fans to the downwind measurement point. These findings are in accordance with the possibility of airborne transmission and question the procedures for outbreak depopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Scoizec
- Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Eric Niqueux
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Rodolphe Thomas
- Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Patrick Daniel
- Laboratoire des Pyrénées et des Landes, Mont de Marsan, France
| | - Audrey Schmitz
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
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28
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Anderson BD, Lednicky JA, Torremorell M, Gray GC. The Use of Bioaerosol Sampling for Airborne Virus Surveillance in Swine Production Facilities: A Mini Review. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:121. [PMID: 28798919 PMCID: PMC5529434 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern swine production facilities typically house dense populations of pigs and may harbor a variety of potentially zoonotic viruses that can pass from one pig generation to another and periodically infect human caretakers. Bioaerosol sampling is a common technique that has been used to conduct microbial risk assessments in swine production, and other similar settings, for a number of years. However, much of this work seems to have been focused on the detection of non-viral microbial agents (i.e., bacteria, fungi, endotoxins, etc.), and efforts to detect viral aerosols in pig farms seem sparse. Data generated by such studies would be particularly useful for assessments of virus transmission and ecology. Here, we summarize the results of a literature review conducted to identify published articles related to bioaerosol generation and detection within swine production facilities, with a focus on airborne viruses. We identified 73 scientific reports, published between 1991 and 2017, which were included in this review. Of these, 19 (26.7%) used sampling methodology for the detection of viruses. Our findings show that bioaerosol sampling methodologies in swine production settings have predominately focused on the detection of bacteria and fungi, with no apparent standardization between different approaches. Information, specifically regarding virus aerosol burden in swine production settings, appears to be limited. However, the number of viral aerosol studies has markedly increased in the past 5 years. With the advent of new sampling technologies and improved diagnostics, viral bioaerosol sampling could be a promising way to conduct non-invasive viral surveillance among swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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29
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Kim HK, Jeong DG, Yoon SW. Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in South Korea. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:95-103. [PMID: 28775973 PMCID: PMC5540969 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have caused economic loss for the poultry industry and posed a threat to public health. In South Korea, novel reassortants of HPAIVs such as H5N6 and H5N8 had been circulating in poultry. Here, we will discuss the identity of recent novel reassortants of Korean H5 HPAIVs and the recent advances in vaccine development, which will be useful for controlling HPAIV transmission in poultry and for effectively preventing future epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kwon Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
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