Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Promising Nanomaterial in Drug Delivery

Uncovering the Emerging Prospects of Lipid-based Nanoparticulate Vehicles in Lung Cancer Management: A Recent Perspective

Lung cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, is gaining research interest more than ever before. Owing to the burden of pathogenesis on the quality of life of patients and subsequently the healthcare system, research efforts focus on its management and amelioration. In an effort to improve bioavailability, enhance stability, minimize adverse effects and reduce the incidence of resistance, nanotechnological platforms have been harnessed for drug delivery and improving treatment outcomes. Lipid nanoparticles, in particular, offer an interesting clinical opportunity with respect to the delivery of a variety of agents. These include synthetic chemotherapeutic agents, immunotherapeutic molecules, as well as phytoconstituents with promising anticancer benefits. In addition to this, these systems are being studied for their usage in conjunction with other treatment strategies. However, their applications remain limited owing to a number of challenges, chiefly clinical translation. There is a need to address the scalability of such technologies, in order to improve accessibility. The authors aim to offer a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of lipid nanoparticles and their application in lung cancer, the interplay of disease pathways and their mechanism of action and the potential for delivery of a variety of agents. Additionally, a discussion with respect to results from preclinical studies has also been provided. The authors have also provided a well-rounded insight into the limitations and future perspectives. While the possibilities are endless, there is a need to undertake focused research to expedite clinical translation and offer avenues for wider applications in disease management.

Advances in the use of local anesthetic extended-release systems in pain management

Pain management remains among the most common and largely unmet clinical problems today. Local anesthetics play an indispensable role in pain management. The main limitation of traditional local anesthetics is the limited duration of a single injection. To address this problem, catheters are often placed or combined with other drugs in clinical practice to increase the time that local anesthetics act. However, this method does not meet the needs of clinical analgesics. Therefore, many researchers have worked to develop local anesthetic extended-release types that can be administered in a single dose. In recent years, drug extended-release systems have emerged dramatically due to their long duration and efficacy, providing more possibilities for the application of local anesthetics. This paper summarizes the types of local anesthetic drug delivery systems and their clinical applications, discusses them in the context of relevant studies on local anesthetics, and provides a summary and outlook on the development of local anesthetic extended-release agents.

Tailoring biomaterials for vaccine delivery

Biomaterials are substances that can be injected, implanted, or applied to the surface of tissues in biomedical applications and have the ability to interact with biological systems to initiate therapeutic responses. Biomaterial-based vaccine delivery systems possess robust packaging capabilities, enabling sustained and localized drug release at the target site. Throughout the vaccine delivery process, they can contribute to protecting, stabilizing, and guiding the immunogen while also serving as adjuvants to enhance vaccine efficacy. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the contributions of biomaterials to the advancement of vaccine development. We begin by categorizing biomaterial types and properties, detailing their reprocessing strategies, and exploring several common delivery systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, hydrogels, and microneedles. Additionally, we investigated how the physicochemical properties and delivery routes of biomaterials influence immune responses. Notably, we delve into the design considerations of biomaterials as vaccine adjuvants, showcasing their application in vaccine development for cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, influenza, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), tuberculosis, malaria, and hepatitis B. Throughout this review, we highlight successful instances where biomaterials have enhanced vaccine efficacy and discuss the limitations and future directions of biomaterials in vaccine delivery and immunotherapy. This review aims to offer researchers a comprehensive understanding of the application of biomaterials in vaccine development and stimulate further progress in related fields.

Nanocarrier drug delivery system: promising platform for targeted depression therapy

Depression is a chronic mental disorder characterized by persistent low mood and loss of interest. Treatments for depression are varied but may not be sufficient cure. Drug-based treatment regimens have drawbacks such as slow onset of action, low bioavailability, and drug side effects. Nanocarrier Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) has received increasing attention for brain drug delivery since it assists the drug through the blood-brain barrier and improves bioavailability, which may be beneficial for treating depression. Due to the particle size and physicochemical properties of nanocarriers, it presents a promise to improve the stability and solubility of antidepressants, thereby enhancing the drug concentration. Moreover, ligand-modified nanocarriers can be taken as a target direct medicines release system and reduce drug side effects. The purpose of the present review is to provide an up-to-date understanding of the Nanocarrier drug delivery system and relevant antidepressants in different routes of ingestion, to lay a foundation for the treatment of patients with depression.

Lipid-based nanosystems: the next generation of cancer immune therapy

Immunotherapy has become an important part of the oncotherapy arsenal. Its applicability in various cancer types is impressive, as well as its use of endogenous mechanisms to achieve desired ends. However, off-target or on-target-off-tumor toxicity, limited activity, lack of control in combination treatments and, especially for solid tumors, low local accumulation, have collectively limited clinical use thereof. These limitations are partially alleviated by delivery systems. Lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as revolutionary carriers due to favorable physicochemical characteristics, with specific applications and strengths particularly useful in immunotherapeutic agent delivery. The aim of this review is to highlight the challenges faced by immunotherapy and how lipid-based NPs have been, and may be further utilized to address such challenges. We discuss recent fundamental and clinical applications of NPs in a range of areas and provide a detailed discussion of the main obstacles in immune checkpoint inhibition therapies, adoptive cellular therapies, and cytokine therapies. We highlight how lipid-based nanosystems could address these through either delivery, direct modulation of the immune system, or targeting of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We explore advanced and emerging liposomal and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) systems for nucleic acid delivery, intrinsic and extrinsic stimulus-responsive formulations, and biomimetic lipid-based nanosystems in immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the key challenges relating to the clinical use of lipid-based NP immunotherapies, suggesting future research directions for the near term to realize the potential of these innovative lipid-based nanosystems, as they become the crucial steppingstone towards the necessary enhancement of the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Oral Nanoformulations in Cardiovascular Medicine: Advances in Atherosclerosis Treatment

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the formation of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of the arteries, causing them to narrow. If this occurs in the coronary arteries, the blood vessels may be completely blocked, resulting in myocardial infarction; if it occurs in the blood vessels of the brain, the blood vessels may be blocked, resulting in cerebral infarction, i.e., stroke. Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves the processes of inflammation, lipid infiltration, oxidative stress, and endothelial damage, etc. SIRT, as a key factor regulating the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging, has an important impact on the pathogenesis of plaque formation, progression, and vulnerability. Statistics show that AS accounts for about 50 per cent of deaths in Western countries. Currently, oral medication is the mainstay of AS treatment, but its development is limited by side effects, low bioavailability and other unfavourable factors. In recent years, with the rapid development of nano-preparations, researchers have combined statins and natural product drugs within nanopreparations to improve their bioavailability. Based on this, this paper summarises the main pathogenesis of AS and also proposes new oral nanoformulations such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanocapsules to improve their application in the treatment of AS.

Unleashing the potential: integrating nano-delivery systems with traditional Chinese medicine

This review explores the potential of integrating nano-delivery systems with traditional Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture, and Chinese medical theory. It highlights the intersections and potential of nano-delivery systems in enhancing the effectiveness of traditional herbal medicine and acupuncture treatments. In addition, it discusses how the integration of nano-delivery systems with Chinese medical theory can modernize herbal medicine and make it more readily accessible on a global scale. Finally, it analyzes the challenges and future directions in this field.

Solid lipid nanoparticles and their application in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases

Nano pharmacology is considered an effective, safe, and applicable approach for drug delivery applications. Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLNs) colloids contain biocompatible lipids which are capable of encapsulating and maintaining hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs in the solid matrix followed by releasing the drug in a sustained manner in the target site. SLNs have more promising potential than other drug delivery systems for various purposes. Nowadays, the SLNs are used as a carrier for antibiotics, chemotherapeutic drugs, nucleic acids, herbal compounds, etc. The SLNs have been widely applied in biomedicine because of their non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and simple production procedures. In this review, the complications related to the optimization, preparation process, routes of transplantation, uptake and delivery system, and release of the loaded drug along with the advantages of SLNs as therapeutic agents were discussed.

Emerging application of nanomedicine-based therapy in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are serious lung injuries caused by various factors, leading to increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier, reduced stability of the alveoli, inflammatory response, and hypoxemia. Despite several decades of research since ARDS was first formally described in 1967, reliable clinical treatment options are still lacking. Currently, supportive therapy and mechanical ventilation are prioritized, and there is no medication that can be completely effective in clinical treatment. In recent years, nanomedicine has developed rapidly and has exciting preclinical treatment capabilities. Using a drug delivery system based on nanobiotechnology, local drugs can be continuously released in lung tissue at therapeutic levels, reducing the frequency of administration and improving patient compliance. Furthermore, this novel drug delivery system can target specific sites and reduce systemic side effects. Currently, many nanomedicine treatment options for ARDS have demonstrated efficacy. This review briefly introduces the pathophysiology of ARDS, discusses various research progress on using nanomedicine to treat ARDS, and anticipates future developments in related fields.

EGCG-based nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, and applications

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a natural phenolic substance found in foods and beverages (especially tea) that exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Its potential in cardiovascular and brain health has garnered significant attention. However, its clinical application remains limited due to its poor physicochemical stability and low oral bioavailability. Nanotechnology can be used to improve the stability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile of EGCG by encapsulating it within nanoparticles. This article reviews the interactions of EGCG with various compounds, the synthesis of EGCG-based nanoparticles, the functional attributes of these nanoparticles, and their prospective applications in drug delivery, diagnosis, and therapy. The potential application of nanoencapsulated EGCG in functional foods and beverages is also emphasized. Top-down and bottom-up approaches can be used to construct EGCG-based nanoparticles. EGCG-based nanoparticles exhibit enhanced stability and bioavailability compared to free EGCG, making them promising candidates for biomedical and food applications. Notably, the non-covalent and covalent interactions of EGCG with other substances significantly contribute to the improved properties of these nanoparticles. EGCG-based nanoparticles appear to have a wide range of applications in different industries, but further research is required to enhance their efficacy and ensure their safety.

Lymph-targeted high-density lipoprotein-mimetic nanovaccine for multi-antigenic personalized cancer immunotherapy

Cancer vaccines show huge potential for cancer prevention and treatment. However, their efficacy remains limited due to weak immunogenicity regarding inefficient stimulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Inspired by the unique characteristic and biological function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), we here develop an HDL-mimicking nanovaccine with the commendable lymph-targeted capacity to potently elicit antitumor immunity using lipid nanoparticle that is co-loaded with specific cancer cytomembrane harboring a collection of tumor-associated antigens and an immune adjuvant. The nanoparticulate impact is explored on the efficiency of lymphatic targeting and dendritic cell uptake. The optimized nanovaccine promotes the co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants to lymph nodes and maintains antigen presentation of dendritic cells, resulting in long-term immune surveillance as the elevated frequency of CTLs within lymphoid organs and tumor tissue. Immunization of nanovaccine suppresses tumor formation and growth and augments the therapeutic efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors notably on the high-stemness melanoma in the mouse models.

A Preliminary Report Regarding the Morphological Changes of Nano-Enabled Pharmaceutical Formulation on Human Lung Carcinoma Monolayer and 3D Bronchial Microtissue

Background and Objectives: Nowadays, the development of enabled pharmaceutical nanoparticles of solid lipid type is continuously growing, because they have the potential to be used for targeted drug release leading to an increased effect of chemotherapy, being used in lung cancer nano-diagnosis and nano-therapy. The current study reports the preliminary results obtained regarding the biological effect of a new nano-enabled pharmaceutical formulation in terms of its cytotoxic and biosafety profile. Materials and Methods: The pharmaceutical formulations consist of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) obtained via the emulsification-diffusion method by loading green iron oxide nanoparticles (green-IONPs) with a pentacyclic triterpene (oleanolic acid-OA). Further, a complex biological assessment was performed, employing three-dimensional (3D) bronchial microtissues (EpiAirwayTM) to determine the biosafety profile of the SLN samples. The cytotoxic potential of the samples was evaluated on human lung carcinoma, using an in vitro model (A549 human lung carcinoma monolayer). Results: The data revealed that the A549 cell line was strongly affected after treatment with SLN samples, especially those that contained OA-loaded green-IONPs obtained with Ocimum basilicum extract (under 30% viability rates). The biosafety profile investigation of the 3D normal in vitro bronchial model showed that all the SLN samples negatively affected the viability of the bronchial microtissues (below 50%). As regards the morphological changes, all the samples induce major changes such as loss of the surface epithelium integrity, loss of epithelial junctions, loss of cilia, hyperkeratosis, and cell death caused by apoptosis. Conclusions: In summary, the culprit for the negative impact on viability and morphology of 3D normal bronchial microtissues could be the too-high dose (500 µg/mL) of the SLN sample used. Nevertheless, further adjustments in the SLN synthesis process and another complex in vitro evaluation will be considered for future research.

Spontaneous unbinding transition of nanoparticles adsorbing onto biomembranes: interplay of electrostatics and crowding

Cellular membranes are constantly bombarded with biomolecules and nanoscale particles, and cell functionality depends on the fraction of the bound/internalized entities. Understanding the biophysical parameters underlying this complex process is very difficult in live cells. Model membranes provide an ideal platform to obtain insight into the minimal and essential parameters involved in determining cell membrane-nanoparticle (NP) interaction. Here we report spontaneous binding and unbinding of semiconductor NPs, carrying different net charges and interacting with model biomembranes, using in situ neutron reflectivity (NR) and fluorescence microscopy studies. We observe a critical concentration of NPs above which they spontaneously unbind along with lipids from lipid monolayer membranes, leaving behind fewer bound NPs. This critical concentration varies depending on whether the NPs carry a net charge or are neutral, and is also governed by the extent of NP crowding for a fixed NP charge. The observations suggest a subtle interplay between electrostatics, membrane fluidity, and NP crowding effects, which eventually determines the adsorbed concentration for unbinding transition. Our study provides valuable microscopic insight into the parameters that could determine the biophysical process underlying NP uptake and ejection by cells which, in turn, can be utilized for their potential applications in bioimaging and drug delivery.

Cervical Cancer Therapeutics: An In-depth Significance of Herbal and Chemical Approaches of Nanoparticles

Cervical cancer emerges as a prominent health issue, demanding attention on a global level for women's well-being, which frequently calls for more specialized and efficient treatment alternatives. Traditional therapies may have limited tumour targeting and adverse side effects. Recent breakthroughs have induced a transformative shift in the strategies employed against cervical cancer. biocompatible herbal nanoparticles and metallic particles made of gold, silver, and iron have become promising friends in the effort to fight against this serious disease and understand the possibility of these nanoparticles for targeted medication administration. this review article delves into the latest advancements in cervical cancer research. The safety and fabrication of these nanomaterials and their remarkable efficacy against cervical tumour spots are addressed. This review study, in short, provides an extensive introduction to the fascinating field of metallic and herbal nanoparticles in cervical cancer treatment. The information that has been examined points to a bright future in which women with cervical cancer may experience fewer side effects, more effective therapy, and an improved quality of life. This review holds promise and has the potential to fundamentally reshape the future of cervical cancer treatment by addressing urgent issues and unmet needs in the field.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension nanotherapeutics: New pharmacological targets and drug delivery strategies

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, serious, and incurable disease characterized by high lung pressure. PAH-approved drugs based on conventional pathways are still not exhibiting favorable therapeutic outcomes. Drawbacks like short half-lives, toxicity, and teratogenicity hamper effectiveness, clinical conventionality, and long-term safety. Hence, approaches like repurposing drugs targeting various and new pharmacological cascades and/or loaded in non-toxic/efficient nanocarrier systems are being investigated lately. This review summarizes the status of conventional, repurposed, either in vitro, in vivo, and/or in clinical trials of PAH treatment. In-depth description, discussion, and classification of the new pharmacological targets and nanomedicine strategies with a description of all the nanocarriers that showed promising efficiency in delivering drugs are discussed. Ultimately, an illustration of the different nucleic acids tailored and nanoencapsulated within different types of nanocarriers to restore the pathways affected by this disease is presented.

Solid lipid nanoparticles of lutein with improved dissolution behavior and oral absorption

The present study aimed to develop solid lipid nanoparticles of lutein (SLN/LT) with improved dissolution behavior and oral absorption. SLN/LT were prepared by a flash nanoprecipitation method using a multi-inlet vortex mixer, and their physicochemical, photochemical, and pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated. The mean particle size of SLN/LT re-dispersed in water was 237 nm, and small spherical particles with no significant aggregation were observed. LT significantly generated singlet oxygen upon exposure to pseudo-sunlight (250 W/m2, 1 h), suggesting its high photoreactivity. The remaining LT in LT solution, crystalline LT, and SLN/LT after irradiation with pseudo-sunlight (250 W/m2, 2 h) were 56.3, 86.7, and 101%, respectively. SLN/LT showed improved dissolution behavior of LT in simulated intestinal fluid, and the dissolved amounts of LT at 2 h were at least 50 times higher than that of crystalline LT. Orally administered SLN/LT (100 mg-LT/kg) exhibited enhanced oral absorption of LT, as evidenced by a relative bioavailability of 3.7 to crystalline LT in rats. SLN/LT may be a promising dosage form for orally available LT supplements, possibly leading to enhanced nutritional functions of LT.

Development of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Controlled Amiodarone Delivery

In various drug delivery systems, solid lipid nanoparticles are dominantly lipid-based nanocarriers. Amiodarone hydrochloride is an antiarrhythmic agent used to treat severe rhythm disturbances. It has variable and hard-to-predict absorption in the gastrointestinal tract because of its low solubility and high permeability. The aims of this study were to improve its solubility by encapsulating amiodarone into solid lipid nanoparticles using two excipients-Compritol® 888 ATO (pellets) (C888) as a lipid matrix and Transcutol® (T) as a surfactant. Six types of amiodarone-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (AMD-SLNs) were obtained using a hot homogenization technique followed by ultrasonication with varying sonication parameters. AMD-SLNs were characterized by their size distribution, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and drug loading. Based on the initial evaluation of the entrapment efficiency, only three solid lipid nanoparticle formulations (P1, P3, and P5) were further tested. They were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, near-infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and in vitro dissolution tests. The P5 formulation showed optimum pharmaco-technical properties, and it had the greatest potential to be used in oral pharmaceutical products for the controlled delivery of amiodarone.

Nanodelivery systems: An efficient and target-specific approach for drug-resistant cancers

BACKGROUND

Cancer treatment is still a global health challenge. Nowadays, chemotherapy is widely applied for treating cancer and reducing its burden. However, its application might be in accordance with various adverse effects by exposing the healthy tissues and multidrug resistance (MDR), leading to disease relapse or metastasis. In addition, due to tumor heterogeneity and the varied pharmacokinetic features of prescribed drugs, combination therapy has only shown modestly improved results in MDR malignancies. Nanotechnology has been explored as a potential tool for cancer treatment, due to the efficiency of nanoparticles to function as a vehicle for drug delivery.

METHODS

With this viewpoint, functionalized nanosystems have been investigated as a potential strategy to overcome drug resistance.

RESULTS

This approach aims to improve the efficacy of anticancer medicines while decreasing their associated side effects through a range of mechanisms, such as bypassing drug efflux, controlling drug release, and disrupting metabolism. This review discusses the MDR mechanisms contributing to therapeutic failure, the most cutting-edge approaches used in nanomedicine to create and assess nanocarriers, and designed nanomedicine to counteract MDR with emphasis on recent developments, their potential, and limitations.

CONCLUSIONS

Studies have shown that nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery confers distinct benefits over traditional pharmaceuticals, including improved biocompatibility, stability, permeability, retention effect, and targeting capabilities.

Novel wine in an old bottle: Preventive and therapeutic potentials of andrographolide in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) frequently results in sudden death and poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. The drugs approved for the prevention and treatment of ASCVD are usually used in combination but are inefficient owing to their side effects and single therapeutic targets. Therefore, the use of natural products in developing drugs for the prevention and treatment of ASCVD has received great scholarly attention. Andrographolide (AG) is a diterpenoid lactone compound extracted from Andrographis paniculata. In addition to its use in conditions such as sore throat, AG can be used to prevent and treat ASCVD. It is different from drugs that are commonly used in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD and can not only treat obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and ASCVD but also inhibit the pathological process of atherosclerosis (AS) including lipid accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular abnormalities by regulating various targets and pathways. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of AG underlying the prevention and treatment of ASCVD have not been corroborated, which may hinder its clinical development and application. Therefore, this review summarizes the physiological and pathological mechanisms underlying the development of ASCVD and the in vivo and in vitro pharmacological effects of AG on the relative risk factors of AS and ASCVD. The findings support the use of the old pharmacological compound ('old bottle') as a novel drug ('novel wine') for the prevention and treatment of ASCVD. Additionally, this review summarizes studies on the availability as well as pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties of AG, aiming to provide more information regarding the clinical application and further research and development of AG.

Mulla J, Imam Rabbani S. Evaluation of solid-lipid nanoparticles formulation of methotrexate for anti-psoriatic activity

Background & Objectives

Methotrexate (MTX) is commonly used to manage psoriasis. The drug has erratic absorption characteristics and shows several complications. The present study uses different experimental models to evaluate the solid-lipid nanoparticles of MTX (SLN-MTX) for the anti-psoriatic effect.

Methods

A prepared SLN-MTX formulation was used and its permeability studies were conducted on Wistar rat abdominal skin. The organ-level distribution of the drug in the formulation was tested in mice and the in-vitro anti-psoriatic activity was determined in CL-177; XB-2 keratinocytes cell lines. The efficacy of SLN-MTX formulation was compared with standard MTX and marketed MTX preparations. The results are analyzed statistically using the student's t-test.

Results

The data suggested that MTX from the formulation was slowly released and completely (80.36%) permeated through the skin. The flux and permeation data were found to be maximum for SLN-MTX compared to marketed and standard preparations. MTX in the formulation was found to be distributed more in the liver (67.5%) and kidney (2.34%). Further, SLN-MTX formulation showed dose-dependent inhibition on the growth of keratinocytes, and the cytotoxic concentration (CTC50) was found to be the least (518 mcg/ml).

Interpretation & Conclusion

The findings suggested that MTX in solid-lipid nanoparticles could be a promising formulation for the management of psoriasis since the drug was slowly released, progressively inhibited the growth of keratinocytes, and distributed mostly in organs meant for elimination. More studies in this direction might establish the precise safety and efficacy of SLN-MTX formulation in psoriasis.

Dry Nutrition Delivery System Based on Defatted Soybean Particles and Its Application with β-Carotene

Many nutrition delivery systems (NDSs) have been developed for the encapsulation, protection, and delivery of bioactive compounds, such as β-carotene. Most of those systems were prepared in solution, which is inconvenient for transportation and storage in the food industry. In the present work, we constructed an environmentally friendly dry NDS based on defatted soybean particles (DSPs) by milling a β-carotene-DSP mixture. The loading efficiency of the NDS reached 89.0%, and the cumulative release rate decreased from 15.1% (free β-carotene) to 6.0% within 8 h. The stability of β-carotene in the dry NDS was found to have increased in a thermogravimetric analysis. Stored for 14 days at 55 °C or under UV irradiation, the retaining rates of β-carotene in the NDS increased to 50.7% and 63.6%, respectively, while they were 24.2% and 54.6% for the free samples. The bioavailability of β-carotene was improved by the NDS too. The apparent permeability coefficient of the NDS reached 1.37 × 10^-6 cm/s, which is 12 times that of free β-carotene (0.11 × 10^-6 cm/s). Besides being environmentally friendly, the dry NDS can facilitate carriage, transportation, or storage in the food industry, and similar to other NDSs, it improves the stability and bioavailability of nutrients.

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Potential Nanoplatform: Therapeutic Applications and Considerations

With advances in nanotechnology, nanoparticles have come to be regarded as carriers of therapeutic agents and have been widely studied to overcome various diseases in the biomedical field. Among these particles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been investigated as potential nanocarriers to deliver drug molecules to various target sites in the body. This review introduces the physicochemical properties of MSNs and synthesis procedures of MSN-based nanoplatforms. Moreover, we focus on updating biomedical applications of MSNs as a carrier of therapeutic or diagnostic cargo and review clinical trials using silica-nanoparticle-based systems. Herein, on the one hand, we pay attention to the pharmaceutical advantages of MSNs, including nanometer particle size, high surface area, and porous structures, thus enabling efficient delivery of high drug-loading content. On the other hand, we look through biosafety and toxicity issues associated with MSN-based platforms. Based on many reports so far, MSNs have been widely applied to construct tissue engineering platforms as well as treat various diseases, including cancer, by surface functionalization or incorporation of stimuli-responsive components. However, even with the advantageous aspects that MSNs possess, there are still considerations, such as optimizing physicochemical properties or dosage regimens, regarding use of MSNs in clinics. Progress in synthesis procedures and scale-up production as well as a thorough investigation into the biosafety of MSNs would enable design of innovative and safe MSN-based platforms in biomedical fields.

An Overview of Drug Delivery Nanosystems for Sepsis-Related Liver Injury Treatment

Sepsis, which is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by infection, has high morbidity and mortality. Sepsis-related liver injury is one of the manifestations of sepsis-induced multiple organ syndrome. To date, an increasing number of studies have shown that the hepatic inflammatory response, oxidative stress, microcirculation coagulation dysfunction, and bacterial translocation play extremely vital roles in the occurrence and development of sepsis-related liver injury. In the clinic, sepsis-related liver injury is mainly treated by routine empirical methods on the basis of the primary disease. However, these therapies have some shortcomings, such as serious side effects, short duration of drug effects and lack of specificity. The emergence of drug delivery nanosystems can significantly improve drug bioavailability and reduce toxic side effects. In this paper, we reviewed drug delivery nanosystems designed for the treatment of sepsis-related liver injury according to their mechanisms (hepatic inflammation response, oxidative stress, coagulation dysfunction in the microcirculation, and bacterial translocation). Although much promising progress has been achieved, translation into clinical practice is still difficult. To this end, we also discussed the key issues currently facing this field, including immune system rejection and single treatment modalities. Finally, with the rigorous optimization of nanotechnology and the deepening of research, drug delivery nanosystems have great potential for the treatment of sepsis-related liver injury.

Exploring various novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in treating diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is regarded as a common manifestation of diabetes mellitus, being a prominent cause of visual impairment and blindness. This microvascular complication is marked by the appearance of microaneurysms, elevated vascular permeability, capillary blockage, and proliferation of neovasculature. The etiology behind retinopathy is ambiguous and the efficacy of current treatment strategies is minimal. Early diagnosis of this complication using a biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity is very essential for providing better therapeutic strategies. The current available therapeutic options are limited with various adverse effects. Laser treatment is not beneficial in all the situations, economic constraints being the major challenge. Surgical interventions are employed when pharmacotherapy and laser treatment fail. New pharmacological treatments are becoming a necessity for treating the condition. This review highlights the use of various diagnostic tools, emerging biomarkers for early detection of diabetic retinopathy, pathological mechanisms associated with the disease, current therapeutic approaches used and future strategies for more enhanced treatment options and more potent pharmacological actions.

Methods for CRISPR-Cas as Ribonucleoprotein Complex Delivery In Vivo

The efficient delivery of CRISPR-Cas components is still a key and unsolved problem. CRISPR-Cas delivery in the form of a Cas protein+sgRNA (ribonucleoprotein complex, RNP complex), has proven to be extremely effective, since it allows to increase on-target activity, while reducing nonspecific activity. The key point for in vivo genome editing is the direct delivery of artificial nucleases and donor DNA molecules into the somatic cells of an adult organism. At the same time, control of the dose of artificial nucleases is impossible, which affects the efficiency of genome editing in the affected cells. Poor delivery efficiency and low editing efficacy reduce the overall potency of the in vivo genome editing process. Here we review how this problem is currently being solved in scientific works and what types of in vivo delivery methods of Cas9/sgRNA RNPs have been developed.

Role of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Doxorubicin in Improving Cancer Management: A Mini Review

Cancer is one of the significant issues with public health and the second leading cause of death worldwide. The three most lethal cancers in the general population are stomach, lung, and liver cancers, in which lung and breast cancers cause the majority of cancer-associated deaths among men and women, respectively. CeO2 nanoparticles have a cytoprotectant effect in normal cells and a cytotoxic effect in cancer cells that enables them to induce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production within cancer cells, which in turn develops reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that interfere with intracellular activities, and this property makes them an excellent anticancer agent. Because of its biofilm suppression, free radical scavenging ability, redox activity, and other unique properties, attention has been bestowed on cerium oxide nanoparticles as a potential alternative to solve many biomedical issues in the future. This review mainly focuses on the combinatorial effect of cerium dioxide nanoparticles and Doxorubicin in cancer management.

A new core–shell-type nanoparticle loaded with paclitaxel/norcantharidin and modified with APRPG enhances anti-tumor effects in hepatocellular carcinoma

Nanoparticle delivery systems have been shown to improve the therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer drugs, including a variety of drugs for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the current systems show some limitations, and the delivery of more effective nanoparticle systems for anti-HCC drugs with better targeting ability are needed. Here, we created paclitaxel (PTX)/norcantharidin (NCTD)-loaded core–shell lipid nanoparticles modified with a tumor neovasculature-targeted peptide (Ala-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly, APRPG) and investigated their anti-tumor effects in HCC. Core–shell-type lipid nanoparticles (PTX/NCTD-APRPG-NPs) were established by combining poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-wrapped PTX with phospholipid-wrapped NCTD, followed by modification with APRPG. For comparison, PTX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (PTX-NPs) and PTX/NCTD-loaded core–shell-type nanoparticles without APRPG (PTX/NCTD-NPs) were prepared. The in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects were examined in HepG2 cells and tumor-bearing mice, respectively. Morphological and release characterization showed that PTX/NCTD-APRPG-NPs were prepared successfully and achieved up to 90% release of PTX in a sustained manner. Compared with PTX/NCTD-NPs, PTX/NCTD-APRPG-NPs significantly enhanced the uptake of PTX. Notably, the inhibition of proliferation and migration of hepatoma cells was significantly higher in the PTX/NCTD-APRPG-NP group than those in the PTX-NP and PTX/NCTD-NP groups, which reflected significantly greater anti-tumor properties as well. Furthermore, key molecules in cell proliferation and apoptosis signaling pathways were altered most in the PTX/NCTD-APRPG-NP group, compared with the PTX-NP and PTX/NCTD-NP groups. Collectively, PTX/NCTD-loaded core–shell lipid nanoparticles modified with APRPG enhance the effectiveness of anti-HCC drugs and may be an effective system for the delivery of anti-HCC drugs.

Verapamil hydrochloride loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Preparation, optimization, characterisation, and assessment of cardioprotective effect in experimental model of myocardial infarcted rats

Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker has poor bioavailability (20-30%) owing to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. Hence, the major objective of this research was to improve the oral bioavailability of Verapamil by Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (V-SLNs) using high shear homogenization and ultrasonication technology. A 3² factorial design was employed to statistically optimize the formulation to get minimum particle size with maximum entrapment efficiency. The average particle size was 218 nm and the entrapment efficiency was 80.32%. The V-SLN formulation exhibited biphasic behavior with a rapid release at first, then a steady release (75-80%) up to 24 h following the Korsmeyer Peppas release model. In the Isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis model, oral administration of V-SLNs positively modulated almost all the studied hemodynamic parameters such as left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac injury markers, and tissue architecture. The cardioprotective effect was also confirmed with histopathological studies. When compared with free drugs, in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated a rise in t_1/2, AUC_0-∞, and Cmax, indicating that bioavailability has improved. These encouraging results demonstrate the promising potential of developed V-SLNs for oral delivery and thereby improve the therapeutic outcome.

Emerging advances in nanomedicine for breast cancer immunotherapy: opportunities and challenges

Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Early diagnosis and an appropriate therapeutic approach for all cancers are climacterics for a favorable prognosis. Targeting the immune system in breast cancer is already a clinical reality with notable successes, specifically with checkpoint blockade antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. However, there have been inevitable setbacks in the clinical application of cancer immunotherapy, including inadequate immune responses due to insufficient delivery of immunostimulants to immune cells and uncontrolled immune system modulation. Rapid advancements and new evidence have suggested that nanomedicine-based immunotherapy may be a viable option for treating breast cancer.

Nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular aging and related diseases

Aging-induced alternations of vasculature structures, phenotypes, and functions are key in the occurrence and development of vascular aging-related diseases. Multiple molecular and cellular events, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, cellular senescence, and epigenetic alterations are highly associated with vascular aging physiopathology. Advances in nanoparticles and nanotechnology, which can realize sensitive diagnostic modalities, efficient medical treatment, and better prognosis as well as less adverse effects on non-target tissues, provide an amazing window in the field of vascular aging and related diseases. Throughout this review, we presented current knowledge on classification of nanoparticles and the relationship between vascular aging and related diseases. Importantly, we comprehensively summarized the potential of nanoparticles-based diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in vascular aging and related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, as well as chronic kidney diseases, and discussed the advantages and limitations of their clinical applications.

The effects of combination therapy by solid lipid nanoparticle and dental stem cells on different degenerative diseases

Stem cells have multiple therapeutic applications, as well as solid lipid nanoparticles. Solid lipid nanoparticle has appeared as a field of nano lipid technology with various potential applications in drug delivery, clinical medicine and research. Besides, the stem cells have a high proliferation rate and could differentiate into a variety of tissues. Stem cells derived from human dental pulp tissue differ from other sources of mesenchymal stem cells due to their embryonic neural crest source and neurotrophic potential. These consist of both dental pulp stem cells from dental pulp tissues of human permanent teeth and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. With the emergence of stem cell banks, stem cells are considering for tissue engineering with respect to therapies attitude and regenerative medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the solid lipid nanoparticle and stem cells combination therapy in different therapeutic applications. The solid lipid nanoparticles have anticancer activity against tumors, induce neural differentiation in pluripotent stem cells, and regulate the mesenchymal stem cells. They also have immunomodulatory effects on human mesenchymal stem cells, the gene transfection efficiency, osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration. But, the crucial health hazards related to stem cell transplantation such as immune rejection reactions and the interaction with other tissues and the effect of solid lipid nanoparticles must not be neglected. Overall, more experiments need to approve the synergism and antagonism effects of the stem cells and solid lipid nanoparticle combination therapy on different degenerative diseases.

Nanostructured particles assembled from natural building blocks for advanced therapies

Advanced treatments based on immune system manipulation, gene transcription and regulation, specific organ and cell targeting, and/or photon energy conversion have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies against a range of challenging diseases. Naturally derived macromolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols) have increasingly found use as fundamental building blocks for nanostructured particles as their advantageous properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, inherent bioactivity, and diverse chemical properties make them suitable for advanced therapeutic applications. This review provides a timely and comprehensive summary of the use of a broad range of natural building blocks in the rapidly developing field of advanced therapeutics with insights specific to nanostructured particles. We focus on an up-to-date overview of the assembly of nanostructured particles using natural building blocks and summarize their key scientific and preclinical milestones for advanced therapies, including adoptive cell therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, active targeted drug delivery, photoacoustic therapy and imaging, photothermal therapy, and combinational therapy. A cross-comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of different natural building blocks are highlighted to elucidate the key design principles for such bio-derived nanoparticles toward improving their performance and adoption. Current challenges and future research directions are also discussed, which will accelerate our understanding of designing, engineering, and applying nanostructured particles for advanced therapies.

Nano-traditional Chinese medicine: a promising strategy and its recent advances

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been applied to the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases and has an irreplaceable role in rehabilitation and health care. However, the application of TCMs is drastically limited by their defects, such as single administration, poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and weak targeting capability. Recently, nanoparticles have been extensively used in resolving pharmaceutical obstacles in consideration of their large specific surface area, strong targeting capability, good sustained-release effect, etc. In this review, we first describe the limitations of TCM ingredients and two significant forms of nanotechnology applied in TCM, nanometerization of TCMs and nano-drug delivery systems for TCMs. Then, we discuss the preparation methods of nanometerization: mechanical crushing, spray drying, and high-pressure homogenization, which have been utilized to conquer the various weaknesses of TCMs. Then, recent advances in nano-drug delivery systems for TCM ingredients are discussed, including lipid-based nanocarriers, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanocarriers, hybrid nanoparticles, and TCM self-assembled nanoparticles. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives of TCM formula complexity and the limitations of nanocarriers are also discussed. Better understanding the function of nanotechnology in TCM will help to modernize Chinese medicine and broaden the application of nano-TCM in the clinic.

Recent Developments of Nanostructures for the Ocular Delivery of Natural Compounds

Ocular disorders comprising various diseases of the anterior and posterior segments are considered as the main reasons for blindness. Natural products have been identified as potential treatments for ocular diseases due to their anti-oxidative, antiangiogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Unfortunately, most of these beneficial compounds are characterised by low solubility which results in low bioavailability and rapid systemic clearance thus requiring frequent administration or requiring high doses, which hinders their therapeutic applications. Additionally, the therapeutic efficiency of ocular drug delivery as a popular route of drug administration for the treatment of ocular diseases is restricted by various anatomical and physiological barriers. Recently, nanotechnology-based strategies including polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, nanofibers, dendrimers, lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and niosomes have emerged as promising approaches to overcome limitations and enhance ocular drug bioavailability by effective delivery to the target sites. This review provides an overview of nano-drug delivery systems of natural compounds such as thymoquinone, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, berberine, pilocarpine, genistein, resveratrol, quercetin, naringenin, lutein, kaempferol, baicalin, and tetrandrine for ocular applications. This approach involves increasing drug concentration in the carriers to enhance drug movement into and through the ocular barriers.

Protective effect of l-carnitine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against H2O2-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis

L-carnitine (LC) is a highly water-soluble compound involved in the β-oxidation of lipids and transportation of long-chain fatty acids across the membrane of mitochondria. However, the higher hydrophilicity of LC limits its free diffusion across the bilayer lipid membrane of intestinal epithelium in oral administration, decreasing oral bioavailability. Drug delivery with nanoparticles enhances cargo bioavailability and cellular uptake and improves therapeutic outcomes while decreasing unwanted side effects. Here, we proposed solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a hydrophobic carrier for LC delivery, aiming at increasing LC bioavailability and its protective role against intracellular oxidative stress damages. The LC-SLNs were prepared using the hot homogenization technique, and different physicochemical properties were investigated. The inhibition of H₂O₂-induced ROS generation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with plain LC and LC-SLNs was investigated. Moreover, various in vitro experiments were performed to assess whether LC-SLNs can protect HUVECs from H₂O₂-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis. The monodispersed and spherical blank SLNs and LC-SLNs were 104 ± 1.8 and 128 ± 1.5 nm, respectively with a drug loading (DL) of 11.49 ± 0.78 mg/mL and acceptable encapsulation efficiency (EE%) (69.09 ± 1.12) of LC-SLNs. The formulation process did not affect the antioxidant properties of LC. MTT assay and comet assay demonstrated that the LC-SLNs decreased cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of H₂O₂, respectively on HUVECs. Besides, LC-SLNs more inhibited ROS generation, along with apoptotic events in H₂O₂-treated HUVECs compared to the plain LC. Altogether, our findings affirmed the protective effects of LC-SLNs against H₂O₂-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in HUVECs. In conclusion, LC-SLN formulation is a promising drug delivery system to overcome the bioavailability issue of hydrophilic LC, enhancing the antioxidant and biological properties of the plain LC.

In-Vivo Induced CAR-T Cell for the Potential Breakthrough to Overcome the Barriers of Current CAR-T Cell Therapy

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy has shown impressive success in the treatment of hematological malignancies, but the systemic toxicity and complex manufacturing process of current autologous CAR-T cell therapy hinder its broader applications. Universal CAR-T cells have been developed to simplify the production process through isolation and editing of allogeneic T cells from healthy persons, but the allogeneic CAR-T cells have recently encountered safety concerns, and clinical trials have been halted by the FDA. Thus, there is an urgent need to seek new ways to overcome the barriers of current CAR-T cell therapy. In-vivo CAR-T cells induced by nanocarriers loaded with CAR-genes and gene-editing tools have shown efficiency for regressing leukemia and reducing systemic toxicity in a mouse model. The in-situ programming of autologous T-cells avoids the safety concerns of allogeneic T cells, and the manufacture of nanocarriers can be easily standardized. Therefore, the in-vivo induced CAR-T cells can potentially overcome the abovementioned limitations of current CAR-T cell therapy. Here, we provide a review on CAR structures, gene-editing tools, and gene delivery techniques applied in immunotherapy to help design and develop new in-vivo induced CAR-T cells.

Lipid Nanoparticles as a Promising Drug Delivery Carrier for Topical Ocular Therapy-An Overview on Recent Advances

Due to complicated anatomical and physical properties, targeted drug delivery to ocular tissues continues to be a key challenge for formulation scientists. Various attempts are currently being made to improve the in vivo performance of therapeutic molecules by encapsulating them in various nanocarrier systems or devices and administering them via invasive/non-invasive or minimally invasive drug administration methods. Biocompatible and biodegradable lipid nanoparticles have emerged as a potential alternative to conventional ocular drug delivery systems to overcome various ocular barriers. Lipid-based nanocarrier systems led to major technological advancements and therapeutic advantages during the last few decades of ocular therapy, such as high precorneal residence time, sustained drug release profile, minimum dosing frequency, decreased drug toxicity, targeted site delivery, and, therefore, an improvement in ocular bioavailability. In addition, such formulations can be given as fine dispersion in patient-friendly droppable preparation without causing blurred vision and ocular sensitivity reactions. The unique advantages of lipid nanoparticles, namely, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, and liposomes in intraocular targeted administration of various therapeutic drugs are extensively discussed. Ongoing and completed clinical trials of various liposome-based formulations and various characterization techniques designed for nanoemulsion in ocular delivery are tabulated. This review also describes diverse solid lipid nanoparticle preparation methods, procedures, advantages, and limitations. Functionalization approaches to overcome the drawbacks of lipid nanoparticles, as well as the exploration of new functional additives with the potential to improve the penetration of macromolecular pharmaceuticals, would quickly progress the challenging field of ocular drug delivery systems.

Physicochemical Characterizations and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Pentazocine Solid Lipid Nanoparticles against Inflammatory Pain Model

Pentazocine (PTZ), a narcotic-antagonist analgesic, has been extensively used in the treatment of initial carcinogenic or postoperative pain. Hepatic first-pass metabolism results in low oral bioavailability and high dose wastage. Herein, 10 mg (-)-Pentazocine (HPLC-grade) was incorporated to solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using a double water-oil-water (w/o/w) emulsion by solvent emulsification-evaporation technique, followed by high shear homogenization to augment its oral bioavailability, considering the lymphatic uptake. The resulting SLNs were characterized for zeta potential (ZP), particle size (PS), and polydispersity index (PDI) using a zetasizer. The entrapment efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) were calculated. Chemical interactions, through the identification of active functional groups, were assessed by Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The nature (crystallinity) of the SLNs was determined by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The surface morphology was depicted by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro (in Caco-2 cells) and in vivo (in male Wistar rats) investigations were carried out to evaluate the PTZ release behavior and stability, as well as the cellular permeation, cytotoxicity, systemic pharmacokinetics, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative activities of PTZ-loaded SLNs, mainly compared to free PTZ (marketed conventional dosage form). The optimized PTZ-loaded SLN2 showed significantly higher in vitro cellular permeation and negligible cytotoxicity. The in vivo bioavailability and pharmacokinetics parameters (t1/2, Cmax) of the PTZ-loaded SLNs were also significantly improved, and the nociception and inflammation, following carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain, were markedly reduced. Concordantly, PTZ-loaded SLNs showed drastic reduction in the oxidative stress (e.g., malonaldehyde (MDA)) and proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., Interleukin (IL)-1β, -6, and TNF-α). The histological features of the paw tissue following, carrageenan-induced inflammation, were significantly improved. Taken together, the results demonstrated that PTZ-loaded SLNs can improve the bioavailability of PTZ by bypassing the hepatic metabolism via the lymphatic uptake, for controlled and sustained drug delivery.

The Potential of Drug Delivery Nanosystems for Sepsis Treatment

Sepsis is a major immune response disorder caused by infection, with very high incidence and mortality rates. In the clinic, sepsis and its complications are mainly controlled and treated with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant drugs. However, these treatments have some shortcomings, such as rapid metabolism and severe side effects. The emergence of drug delivery nanosystems can significantly improve tissue permeability, prolong drugs' circulation time, and reduce side effects. In this paper, we reviewed recent drug delivery nanosystems designed for sepsis treatment based on their mechanisms (anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant). Although great progress has been made recently, clinical practice transformation is still very difficult. Therefore, we also discussed key obstacles, including tissue distribution, overcoming bacterial resistance, and single treatment modes. Finally, a rigorous optimization of drug delivery nanosystems is expected to present great potential for sepsis therapy.

Experimental Study on the Resistance of Synthetic Penicillin Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Clinically Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Background

With the increasing resistance of antibiotics to bacteria, new and effective methods are needed to transform existing antibiotics to solve the problem of long development cycles for new drugs. The antibiotic nanodelivery system has proven to be a promising strategy.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to synthesize penicillin solid lipid nanoparticles (penicillin SLNs) to enhance the antibacterial activity of penicillin against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Materials and Methods

Penicillin SLNs were synthesized. And particle size, the polydispersity index (PI), and zeta potential (ZP) of penicillin SLNs were measured. The surface morphology of penicillin SLNs was observed using a transmission electron microscope.

Results

The particle size of penicillin SLNs is 112.3 ± 11.9 nm, the polydispersity index (PI) and zeta potential (ZP) of penicillin SLNs are 0.212 ± 0.03 and -27.6 ± 5.5 mV. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were 98.31 ± 1.2% and 4.98 ± 0.05 (%w/w), respectively. Penicillin SLNs had a more significant inhibitory effect on the growth of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) after the drug and the bacteria were incubated for 12 hours. The number of MRSA colonies in the penicillin group increased after 12 hours, while the number of MRSA colonies in the penicillin SLNs group did not change significantly.

Conclusion

Penicillin SLNs enhance the ability of penicillin to enter cells and increase the concentration of penicillin in the cell and also extend the residence time of penicillin in the cell. Our findings indicated that penicillin SLNs enhance the inhibitory effect of penicillin on drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Lipid Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Advances in the Treatment of Skin Disorders

The multifunctional role of the human skin is well known. It acts as a sensory and immune organ that protects the human body from harmful environmental impacts such as chemical, mechanical, and physical threats, reduces UV radiation effects, prevents moisture loss, and helps thermoregulation. In this regard, skin disorders related to skin integrity require adequate treatment. Lipid nanoparticles (LN) are recognized as promising drug delivery systems (DDS) in treating skin disorders. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) together with nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) exhibit excellent tolerability as these are produced from physiological and biodegradable lipids. Moreover, LN applied to the skin can improve stability, drug targeting, occlusion, penetration enhancement, and increased skin hydration compared with other drug nanocarriers. Furthermore, the features of LN can be enhanced by inclusion in suitable bases such as creams, ointments, gels (i.e., hydrogel, emulgel, bigel), lotions, etc. This review focuses on recent developments in lipid nanoparticle systems and their application to treating skin diseases. We point out and consider the reasons for their creation, pay attention to their advantages and disadvantages, list the main production techniques for obtaining them, and examine the place assigned to them in solving the problems caused by skin disorders.

Biosynthesis and characterisation of solid lipid nanoparticles and investigation of toxicity against breast cancer cell line

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) comprise non-toxic surface-active lipidic agents combined with appropriate ratios of drugs or essential oils. The goal of this research was to investigate the effects of the SLN synthesised using essential oils of Foeniculum vulgare on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. SLNs were prepared by homogenisation and ultrasound techniques and characterised by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential assessment, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT assay), flow-cytometry, and Acridine-Orange assay were employed for assessing the biological activities of the SLNs. The average particle size was 55.43 nm and the net surface charge was -29.54 ± 11.67 mV. TEM showed that the mean particle size was 33.55 nm and the synthesised SLNs had a uniform round morphology. The MTT assay showed that the prepared SLNs had high toxicity against MCF-7 cells and low toxicity against normal HUVECs cells. Flow-cytometry revealed a noteworthy rise in the subG1 peak of the cell cycle in the cancer cells treated with SLNs compared to the controls, indicating apoptosis in cancer cells. The results also showed discolouration in SLNs-treated cells, which further confirmed the induction of apoptosis and the toxicity of the SLNs against MCF-7 cells.

High anticancer efficacy of solid lipid nanoparticles containing Zataria multiflora essential oil against breast cancer and melanoma cell lines

Background

The cancer burden is rising rapidly worldwide, and it annually causes about 8.8 million deaths worldwide. Due to chemical drugs’ side effects and the emergence of resistance, the development of new green drugs has received much attention. We aimed to investigate whether solid-lipid nanoparticles containing essential oil of Zataria multiflora (ZMSLN) enhanced the anticancer efficacy of the essential oil against breast cancer (MDA-MB-468) and melanoma (A-375) cells.

Results

ZMSLN was prepared by the high-pressure homogenizer method; particle size 176 ± 8 nm, polydispersity index 0.22 ± 0.1, entrapment efficiency 67 ± 5%. The essential oil showed a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on MDA-MB-468 and A-375 cells at all examined concentrations (75, 150, 300, 600, and 1200 μg/mL). Interestingly, after treating both cells with 75 μg/mL of ZMSLN, their viabilities were reduced to under 13%.

Conclusion

The finding showed that ZMSLN had a distinct antiproliferative efficacy; it could thus be considered a green anticancer candidate for further in vivo and in vivo studies.

Nanoencapsulation of Polyphenols as Drugs and Supplements for Enhancing Therapeutic Profile - A Review

Polyphenolic phytoconstituents have been widely in use worldwide since ages and are categorised as secondary metabolites of plants. The application of polyphenols such as quercetin, resveratrol. curcumin as nutritional supplement has been researched widely. The use of polyphenols, and specifically quercetin for improving the memory and mental endurance have shown significant effects among rats. Even though similar results has not been resonated among human but encouraging preclinical results have encouraged researchers to explore other polyphenols to study the effects as supplements among athletes. The phytopharmacological research has elucidated the use of natural polyphenols to prevent and treat various physiological and metabolic disorders owing to its free radical scavenging properties, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and immunomodulatory effects. In spite of the tremendous pharmacological profile, one of the most dominant problem regarding the use of polyphenolic compounds is their low bioavailability. Nanonization is considered as one of the most prominent approaches among many. This article aims to review and discuss the molecular mechanisms of recently developed nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems for polyphenols and its application as drugs and supplements. Nanoformulations of natural polyphenols are bioactive agents, such as quercetin, kaempferol, fisetin, rutin, hesperetin, and naringenin epigalloccatechin-3-gallate, genistein, ellagic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, curcuminoids and stilbenes is expected to have better efficacy. These delivery systems are expected to provide higher penetrability of polyphenols at cellular levels and exhibit a controlled release of the drugs. It is widely accepted that natural polyphenols do demonstrate significant therapeutic effect. However, the hindrances in their absorption, specificity and bioavailability can be overcome using nanotechnology.

Challenges and Opportunities of Nanotechnological based Approach for the Treatment of Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, because of its unique biochemical behavior and a complex host relationship, successfully evades the host immune system. Therefore, chemotherapy appears to be the first-line option for patients with tuberculosis. However, poor patient compliance with anti-tubercular treatment and variability in anti-tubercular drug pharmacokinetics are among the major driving factors for the emergence of drug resistance. The rising cases of extrapulmonary TB, cross-resistance patterns, high prevalence of tuberculosis and HIV co-infections make tuberculosis treatment more complicated than conventional multidrug therapy. Due to their distinct advantages like higher solubility, increased payload, controlled release profiles, tissue-specific accumulation, and lack of toxicity, nanoscale materials have immense potential for drug delivery applications. An appropriate selection of polymer and careful particle engineering further improves therapeutic outcomes with opportunities to overcome conventional anti-tubercular drugs' challenges. The present review introduces the prospect of using nanotechnology in tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy and provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in nanocarriers implied for delivering anti-tubercular drugs.

Gelatin methacrylate hydrogel scaffold carrying resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for enhancement of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and effective bone regeneration

Critical-sized bone defects caused by traumatic fractures, tumour resection and congenital malformation are unlikely to heal spontaneously. Bone tissue engineering is a promising strategy aimed at developing in vitro replacements for bone transplantation and overcoming the limitations of natural bone grafts. In this study, we developed an innovative bone engineering scaffold based on gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel, obtained via a two-step procedure: first, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were loaded with resveratrol (Res), a drug that can promote osteogenic differentiation and bone formation; these particles were then encapsulated at different concentrations (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.08%) in GelMA to obtain the final Res-SLNs/GelMA scaffolds. The effects of these scaffolds on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and bone regeneration in rat cranial defects were evaluated using various characterization assays. Our in vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrated that the different Res-SLNs/GelMA scaffolds improved the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, with the ideally slow and steady release of Res; the optimal scaffold was 0.02 Res-SLNs/GelMA. Therefore, the 0.02 Res-SLNs/GelMA hydrogel is an appropriate release system for Res with good biocompatibility, osteoconduction and osteoinduction, thereby showing potential for application in bone tissue engineering.

Nanocarriers for Photodynamic Therapy Intended to Cutaneous Tumors

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality used for several malignant and premalignant skin disorders, including Bowen's disease skin cancers and Superficial Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC). Several photosensitizers (PSs) have been explored for tumor destruction of skin cancers, after their activation by a light source of appropriate wavelength. Topical release of PSs avoids prolonged photosensitization reactions associated with systemic administration; however, its clinical usefulness is influenced by its poor tissue penetration and the stability of the active agent. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems are promising tool to enhance the efficiency for PDT of cancer. This review focuses on PSs encapsulated in nanocarriers explored for PDT of skin tumors.

A Survey on Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Green Synthesized Nanomaterials

Nowadays, nanotechnologies are well established and the uses of a great variety of nanomaterials show exponential growth. The development of green synthesis procedures experienced a great development thanks to the contribution of researchers of diverse origins. The versatility of green chemistry allows producing a wide range of organic and inorganic nanomaterials with numerous promising applications. In all cases, it is of paramount importance to carefully characterize the resulting nanomaterials because their properties will determine their correct performance to accomplish the function to which they were synthesized or even their detrimental effects like nanotoxicological behavior. This review provides an overview of frequently employed characterization methods and their applications for green synthesized nanomaterials. However, while several different nanoscale materials and their associated green construction methodology are being developed, other important techniques would be extensively incorporated into this field soon. The aim is to encourage researchers in the field to employ a variety of these techniques for achieving an exhaustive characterization of new nanomaterials and for contributing to the development of validated green synthesis procedures.

Challenges in Oral Drug Delivery and Applications of Lipid Nanoparticles as Potent Oral Drug Carriers for Managing Cardiovascular Risk Factors

BACKGROUND

The oral application of drugs is the most popular route through which the systemic effect can be achieved. Nevertheless, oral administration is limited by difficulties related to the physicochemical properties of the drug molecule, including low aqueous solubility, instability, low permeability, and rapid metabolism, all of which result in low and irregular oral bioavailability.

OBJECTIVE

The enhancement of oral bioavailability of drug molecules with such properties could lead to extreme complications in drug preparations. Oral lipid-based nanoparticles seem to possess extensive advantages due to their ability to increase the solubility, simplifying intestinal absorption and decrease or eradicate the effect of food on the absorption of low soluble, lipophilic drugs and therefore improving the oral bioavailability.

METHODS

The present review provides a summary of the general theory of lipid-based nanoparticles, their preparation methods, as well as their oral applications. Moreover, oral drug delivery challenges are discussed.

RESULTS

According to this review, the most frequent types of lipid-based nanoparticle, the solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers are potent oral carriers due to their ability to penetrate the oral drug adsorption barriers. Moreover, such lipid nanoparticles can be beneficial drug carriers against cardiovascular risk disorders as diabetes, hypertension, etc. Conclusion: In this review, the most current and promising studies involving Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as oral drug carriers are reported aiming to assist researchers who focus their research on lipid-based nanoparticles.