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Moon JH, Choe HJ, Lim S. Pancreatic beta-cell mass and function and therapeutic implications of using antidiabetic medications in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2024. [PMID: 38676410 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the focus of diabetes treatment has switched from lowering the glucose level to preserving glycemic homeostasis and slowing the disease progression. The main pathophysiology of both type 1 diabetes and long-standing type 2 diabetes is pancreatic β-cell mass loss and dysfunction. According to recent research, human pancreatic β-cells possess the ability to proliferate in response to elevated insulin demands. It has been demonstrated that in insulin-resistant conditions in humans, such as obesity or pregnancy, the β-cell mass increases. This ability could be helpful in developing novel treatment approaches to restore a functional β-cell mass. Treatment strategies aimed at boosting β-cell function and mass may be a useful tool for managing diabetes mellitus and stopping its progression. This review outlines the processes of β-cell failure and detail the many β-cell abnormalities that manifest in people with diabetes mellitus. We also go over standard techniques for determining the mass and function of β-cells. Lastly, we provide the therapeutic implications of utilizing antidiabetic drugs in controlling the mass and function of pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ho Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hun Jee Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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2
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Jacksi M, Schad E, Tantos A. Morphological Changes Induced by TKS4 Deficiency Can Be Reversed by EZH2 Inhibition in Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Biomolecules 2024; 14:445. [PMID: 38672463 PMCID: PMC11047920 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scaffold protein tyrosine kinase substrate 4 (TKS4) undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway via Src kinase. The TKS4 deficiency in humans is responsible for the manifestation of a genetic disorder known as Frank-Ter Haar syndrome (FTHS). Based on our earlier investigation, the absence of TKS4 triggers migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenomena while concurrently suppressing cell proliferation in HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells. This indicates that TKS4 may play a unique role in the progression of cancer. In this study, we demonstrated that the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and the histone methyltransferase of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) are involved in the migration, invasion, and EMT-like changes in TKS4-deficient cells (KO). EZH2 is responsible for the maintenance of the trimethylated lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3). METHODS We performed transcriptome sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, protein and RNA quantitative studies, cell mobility, invasion, and proliferation studies combined with/without the EZH2 activity inhibitor 3-deazanoplanocine (DZNep). RESULTS We detected an elevation of global H3K27me3 levels in the TKS4 KO cells, which could be reduced with treatment with DZNep, an EZH2 inhibitor. Inhibition of EZH2 activity reversed the phenotypic effects of the knockout of TKS4, reducing the migration speed and wound healing capacity of the cells as well as decreasing the invasion capacity, while the decrease in cell proliferation became stronger. In addition, inhibition of EZH2 activity also reversed most epithelial and mesenchymal markers. We investigated the wider impact of TKS4 deletion on the gene expression profile of colorectal cancer cells using transcriptome sequencing of wild-type and TKS4 knockout cells, particularly before and after treatment with DZNep. Additionally, we observed changes in the expression of several protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs that showed a recovery in expression levels following EZH2 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the removal of TKS4 causes a notable disruption in the gene expression pattern, leading to the disruption of several signal transduction pathways. Inhibiting the activity of EZH2 can restore most of these transcriptomics and phenotypic effects in colorectal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevan Jacksi
- HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.J.); (E.S.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Zakho, Duhok 42002, Iraq
| | - Eva Schad
- HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Agnes Tantos
- HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.J.); (E.S.)
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Ren W, Hua M, Cao F, Zeng W. The Sympathetic-Immune Milieu in Metabolic Health and Diseases: Insights from Pancreas, Liver, Intestine, and Adipose Tissues. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306128. [PMID: 38039489 PMCID: PMC10885671 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic innervation plays a crucial role in maintaining energy balance and contributes to metabolic pathophysiology. Recent evidence has begun to uncover the innervation landscape of sympathetic projections and sheds light on their important functions in metabolic activities. Additionally, the immune system has long been studied for its essential roles in metabolic health and diseases. In this review, the aim is to provide an overview of the current research progress on the sympathetic regulation of key metabolic organs, including the pancreas, liver, intestine, and adipose tissues. In particular, efforts are made to highlight the critical roles of the peripheral nervous system and its potential interplay with immune components. Overall, it is hoped to underscore the importance of studying metabolic organs from a comprehensive and interconnected perspective, which will provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation and may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenran Ren
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua Universityand Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijing100084China
| | - Meng Hua
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua Universityand Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijing100084China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of NeurosurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhou563000China
| | - Wenwen Zeng
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua Universityand Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijing100084China
- SXMU‐Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier MedicineTaiyuan030001China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesBeijing100084China
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Cha J, Aguayo-Mazzucato C, Thompson PJ. Pancreatic β-cell senescence in diabetes: mechanisms, markers and therapies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1212716. [PMID: 37720527 PMCID: PMC10501801 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1212716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a response to a wide variety of stressors, including DNA damage, oncogene activation and physiologic aging, and pathologically accelerated senescence contributes to human disease, including diabetes mellitus. Indeed, recent work in this field has demonstrated a role for pancreatic β-cell senescence in the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes and monogenic diabetes. Small molecule or genetic targeting of senescent β-cells has shown promise as a novel therapeutic approach for preventing and treating diabetes. Despite these advances, major questions remain around the molecular mechanisms driving senescence in the β-cell, identification of molecular markers that distinguish senescent from non-senescent β-cell subpopulations, and translation of proof-of-concept therapies into novel treatments for diabetes in humans. Here, we summarize the current state of the field of β-cell senescence, highlighting insights from mouse models as well as studies on human islets and β-cells. We identify markers that have been used to detect β-cell senescence to unify future research efforts in this field. We discuss emerging concepts of the natural history of senescence in β-cells, heterogeneity of senescent β-cells subpopulations, role of sex differences in senescent responses, and the consequences of senescence on integrated islet function and microenvironment. As a young and developing field, there remain many open research questions which need to be addressed to move senescence-targeted approaches towards clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyeon Cha
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Peter J. Thompson
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Theme, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Urizar AI, Prause M, Ingerslev LR, Wortham M, Sui Y, Sander M, Williams K, Barrès R, Larsen MR, Christensen GL, Billestrup N. Beta cell dysfunction induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 is associated with histone modifications and decreased NeuroD1 chromatin binding. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:399. [PMID: 37407581 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient insulin secretion is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes and has been attributed to beta cell identity loss characterized by decreased expression of several key beta cell genes. The pro-inflammatory factor BMP-2 is upregulated in islets of Langerhans from individuals with diabetes and acts as an inhibitor of beta cell function and proliferation. Exposure to BMP-2 induces expression of Id1-4, Hes-1, and Hey-1 which are transcriptional regulators associated with loss of differentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which BMP-2 induces beta cell dysfunction and loss of cell maturity. Mouse islets exposed to BMP-2 for 10 days showed impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and beta cell proliferation. BMP-2-induced beta cell dysfunction was associated with decreased expression of cell maturity and proliferation markers specific to the beta cell such as Ins1, Ucn3, and Ki67 and increased expression of Id1-4, Hes-1, and Hey-1. The top 30 most regulated proteins significantly correlated with corresponding mRNA expression. BMP-2-induced gene expression changes were associated with a predominant reduction in acetylation of H3K27 and a decrease in NeuroD1 chromatin binding activity. These results show that BMP-2 induces loss of beta cell maturity and suggest that remodeling of H3K27ac and decreased NeuroD1 DNA binding activity participate in the effect of BMP-2 on beta cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michala Prause
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Roed Ingerslev
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew Wortham
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yinghui Sui
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maike Sander
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kristine Williams
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Romain Barrès
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS and Université de Nice Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Nils Billestrup
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zhang ZN, Yang DL, Liu H, Bi J, Bao YB, Ma JY, Zheng QX, Cui DL, Chen W, Xiang P. Effects of TCPP and TCEP exposure on human corneal epithelial cells: Oxidate damage, cell cycle arrest, and pyroptosis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138817. [PMID: 37127200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) are the widely used organophosphorus flame retardants indoors and easily accessible to the eyes as the common adhesive components of dust and particle matter, however, hardly any evidence has demonstrated their corneal toxicity. In this study, the adverse effects of TCPP, TCEP, and TCPP + TCEP exposure on human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were investigated. The cell viability and morphology, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle, and the expressions of cell cycle and pyroptosis-related genes were assessed to explain the underlying mechanisms. Compared to individual exposure, co-exposure to TCPP20+TCEP20 showed higher cytotoxicity with a sharp decrease of >30% in viability and more serious oxidative damage by increasing ROS production to 110.92% compared to the control group. Furthermore, the cell cycle arrested at the S phase (36.20%) was observed after combined treatment, evidenced by the upregulation of cyclin D1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, p21, and p27. Interestingly, pyroptosis-related genes GSDMD, Caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP1, and NLRC4 expressions were promoted with cell swelling and glowing morphology. Oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest probably acted as a key role in TCPP20+TCEP20-induced cytotoxicity and pyroptosis in HCECs. Our results suggested that TCPP20+TCEP20 co-exposure induced severer corneal damage, further illustrating its significance in estimating indoor health hazards to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ning Zhang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Dan-Lei Yang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Hai Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Eye Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jue Bi
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Ya-Bo Bao
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jiao-Yang Ma
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Qin-Xiang Zheng
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Dao-Lei Cui
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Wei Chen
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
| | - Ping Xiang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China.
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Shaikh A, Wesner AA, Abuhattab M, Kutty RG, Premnath P. Cell cycle regulators and bone: development and regeneration. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:35. [PMID: 36810262 PMCID: PMC9942316 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle regulators act as inhibitors or activators to prevent cancerogenesis. It has also been established that they can play an active role in differentiation, apoptosis, senescence, and other cell processes. Emerging evidence has demonstrated a role for cell cycle regulators in bone healing/development cascade. We demonstrated that deletion of p21, a cell cycle regulator acting at the G1/S transition enhanced bone repair capacity after a burr-hole injury in the proximal tibia of mice. Similarly, another study has shown that inhibition of p27 can increase bone mineral density and bone formation. Here, we provide a concise review of cell cycle regulators that influence cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes, during development and/or healing of bone. It is imperative to understand the regulatory processes that govern cell cycle during bone healing and development as this will pave the way to develop novel therapies to improve bone healing after injury in instances of aged or osteoporotic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Shaikh
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA
| | - Austin A. Wesner
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA
| | - Mohanad Abuhattab
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA
| | - Raman G. Kutty
- Department of Internal Medicine, White River Health System, Batesville, AR USA
| | - Priyatha Premnath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
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Ching C, Iich E, Teo AKK. Harnessing Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic In Vitro Models for High-Throughput Toxicity Testing and Diabetes Drug Discovery. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 281:301-332. [PMID: 37306817 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The long-standing goals in diabetes research are to improve β-cell survival, functionality and increase β-cell mass. Current strategies to manage diabetes progression are still not ideal for sustained maintenance of normoglycemia, thereby increasing demand for the development of novel drugs. Available pancreatic cell lines, cadaveric islets, and their culture methods and formats, either 2D or 3D, allow for multiple avenues of experimental design to address diverse aims in the research setting. More specifically, these pancreatic cells have been employed in toxicity testing, diabetes drug screens, and with careful curation, can be optimized for use in efficient high-throughput screenings (HTS). This has since spearheaded the understanding of disease progression and related mechanisms, as well as the discovery of potential drug candidates which could be the cornerstone for diabetes treatment. This book chapter will touch on the pros and cons of the most widely used pancreatic cells, including the more recent human pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic cells, and HTS strategies (cell models, design, readouts) that can be used for the purpose of toxicity testing and diabetes drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ching
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elhadi Iich
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Yu Y, Li M, Zhao Y, Fan F, Wu W, Gao Y, Bai C. Immune cell-derived extracellular vesicular microRNAs induce pancreatic beta cell apoptosis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11995. [PMID: 36561684 PMCID: PMC9763775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease caused by an autoimmune response against pancreatic islet β cells. Increasing evidence indicates that specific microRNAs (miRNAs) from immune cells extracellular vesicles are involved in islet β cells apoptosis. Methods In this study, the microarray datasets GSE27997 and GSE137637 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. miRNAs that promote islet β cells apoptosis in T1DM were searched in PubMed. We used the FunRich tool to determine the miRNA expression in extracellular vesicles derived from immune cells associated with islet β cell apoptosis, of which we selected candidate miRNAs based on fold change expression. Potential upstream transcription factors and downstream target genes of candidate miRNAs were predicted using TransmiR V2.0 and starBase database, respectively. Results Candidate miRNAs expressed in extracellular vesicles derived from T cells, pro-inflammatory macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells were analyzed to identify the miRNAs involved in β cells apoptosis. Based on these candidate miRNAs, 25 downstream candidate genes, which positively regulate β cell functions, were predicted and screened; 17 transcription factors that positively regulate the candidate miRNAs were also identified. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that immune cell-derived extracellular vesicular miRNAs could promote islet β cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Based on these findings, we have constructed a transcription factor-miRNA-gene regulatory network, which provides a theoretical basis for clinical management of T1DM. This study provides novel insights into the mechanism underlying immune cell-derived extracellular vesicle-mediated islet β cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Yu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China
| | - Mengyin Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, 272067, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China
| | - Fangzhou Fan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China
| | - Wenxiang Wu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China
| | - Yuhua Gao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Chunyu Bai
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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Li D, Shen L, Zhang X, Chen Z, Huang P, Huang C, Qin S. LncRNA ELF3-AS1 inhibits gastric cancer by forming a negative feedback loop with SNAI2 and regulates ELF3 mRNA stability via interacting with ILF2/ILF3 complex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:332. [PMID: 36457025 PMCID: PMC9716751 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological function of lncRNA ELF3-AS1 remains largely unknown in cancers. The cause of SNAI2 overexpression in tumor metastasis remains largely unclear. The molecular mechanisms underlying the high co-expression of antisense lncRNAs and adjacent protein-coding genes remains unclear. METHODS RNA-seq, CHIP and dual-luciferase reporter assay were performed to identify lncRNAs regulated by SNAI2. MicroRNA-seq and RNA-seq studies were conducted to reveal the biological function of ELF3-AS1 in GC. RNA pulldown and CHIRP assays were conducted to identify the protein that interacts with ELF3-AS1. RESULTS A total of 123 lncRNAs were identified to be regulated by SNAI2 in GC by RNA sequencing. The ELF3 gene and antisense lncRNA ELF3-AS1 were both transcriptionally repressed by SNAI2 or SNAI1. Down-regulation of ELF3-AS1 and ELF3 predicted poor prognosis in GC. Nuclear localized lncRNA ELF3-AS1 negatively regulated GC cell cycle progression via suppressing G1/S transition and histone synthesis. ELF3-AS1 mainly inhibited GC metastasis by repressing SNAI2 signaling. Additionally, ELF3-AS1 modulated ELF3 mRNA stability by RNA-RNA interaction. The RNA duplexes formed by ELF3 mRNA and lncRNA ELF3-AS1 directly interacted with the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding protein complex ILF2/ILF3 (NF45/NF90). In turn, the ILF2/ILF3 complex dynamically regulated the expression of ELF3-AS1 and ELF3 by affecting the dsRNA stability. CONCLUSIONS The SNAI2-ELF3-AS1 feedback loop regulates ELF3 expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and drives gastric cancer metastasis by maintaining SNAI2 overexpression. The ILF2/ILF3 complex plays a critical role in regulating dsRNA stability. In addition, our work provides a direct evidence that head-to-head antisense lncRNAs can share promoters with neighboring coding genes, which make their expression subject to similar transcriptional regulation, leading to high co-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Department of Stomatology, Taihe Hospital and Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei P.R. China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Tumor biology, Academy of Bio-Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei P.R. China
| | - Li Shen
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Department of Stomatology, Taihe Hospital and Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei P.R. China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Department of Clinical Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Tumor biology, Academy of Bio-Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei P.R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Tumor biology, Academy of Bio-Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei P.R. China
| | - Pan Huang
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Tumor biology, Academy of Bio-Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei P.R. China
| | - Congcong Huang
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Tumor biology, Academy of Bio-Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Department of Stomatology, Taihe Hospital and Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei P.R. China ,grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Laboratory of Tumor biology, Academy of Bio-Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei P.R. China
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Feng S, Wang H, Li X, Li W, Bai Z. Gene identification and functional analysis of a D-type cyclin (CCND2) in freshwater pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii). Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6601-6611. [PMID: 35616759 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin D (CCND) plays an important role in the cell cycle and is a rate-limiting factor that facilitates the G1/S transition. METHODS In this study, the full-length cDNA of Hc-CCND2 was isolated from freshwater pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii; Hc) and amplified using the 3´/5´ RACE system. The Hc-CCND2 expression profiles were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Functional analysis of the Hc-CCND2 genes was examined by both RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression in H. cumingii. RESULTS Hc-CCND2 protein sequences were 295 amino acids long, possessed D-type cyclin signature motifs and contained conserved cyclin box domains. Hc-CCND2 was expressed in all examined tissues (adductor, foot, visceral mass, gill, outer mantle, inner mantle and gonad), with the highest expression levels found in the gill (P < 0.05). During the different developmental periods of the embryo, the relative expression of Hc-CCND2 increased with embryonic development, peaking at the blastula stage and decreasing significantly in the gastrula stage. After knockdown of Hc-CCND2 by RNAi, a significant decrease in CDK6 expression levels was found, while the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase significantly increased. Overexpression of Hc-CCND2 in mantle cells led to increased proliferation of cultured cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that Hc-CCND2 may promote cell cycle progression in H. cumingii, and that overexpression of Hc-CCND2 promotes mantle cell proliferation. These findings may provide a novel approach for improving the slow proliferation rate of shellfish cells in in vitro cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShangLe Feng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - XueNan Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - WenJuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China. .,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-Culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - ZhiYi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China. .,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-Culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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12
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Yousuf M, Shamsi A, Anjum F, Shafie A, Islam A, Haque QMR, Elasbali AM, Yadav DK, Hassan MI. Effect of pH on the structure and function of cyclin-dependent kinase 6. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263693. [PMID: 35148332 PMCID: PMC8836317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) is an important protein kinase that regulates cell growth, development, cell metabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis. Its overexpression is associated with reprogramming glucose metabolism through alternative pathways and apoptosis, which ultimately plays a significant role in cancer development. In the present study, we have investigated the structural and conformational changes in CDK6 at varying pH employing a multi-spectroscopic approach. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed at extremely acidic conditions (pH 2.0–4.0), the secondary structure of CDK6 got significantly disrupted, leading to aggregates formation. These aggregates were further characterized by employing Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence. No significant secondary structural changes were observed over the alkaline pH range (pH 7.0–11.0). Further, fluorescence and UV spectroscopy revealed that the tertiary structure of CDK6 was disrupted under extremely acidic conditions, with slight alteration occurring in mild acidic conditions. The tertiary structure remains intact over the entire alkaline range. Additionally, enzyme assay provided an insight into the functional aspect of CDK at varying pH; CDK6 activity was optimal in the pH range of 7.0–8.0. This study will provide a platform that provides newer insights into the pH-dependent dynamics and functional behavior of CDK6 in different CDK6 directed diseased conditions, viz. different types of cancers where changes in pH contribute to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Yousuf
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Farah Anjum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali
- Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon City, South Korea
- * E-mail: (DKY); (MIH)
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (DKY); (MIH)
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13
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Eguchi N, Toribio AJ, Alexander M, Xu I, Whaley DL, Hernandez LF, Dafoe D, Ichii H. Dysregulation of β-Cell Proliferation in Diabetes: Possibilities of Combination Therapy in the Development of a Comprehensive Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020472. [PMID: 35203680 PMCID: PMC8962301 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia as a result of insufficient insulin levels and/or impaired function as a result of autoimmune destruction or insulin resistance. While Type 1 DM (T1DM) and Type 2 DM (T2DM) occur through different pathological processes, both result in β-cell destruction and/or dysfunction, which ultimately lead to insufficient β-cell mass to maintain normoglycemia. Therefore, therapeutic agents capable of inducing β-cell proliferation is crucial in treating and reversing diabetes; unfortunately, adult human β-cell proliferation has been shown to be very limited (~0.2% of β-cells/24 h) and poorly responsive to many mitogens. Furthermore, diabetogenic insults result in damage to β cells, making it ever more difficult to induce proliferation. In this review, we discuss β-cell mass/proliferation pathways dysregulated in diabetes and current therapeutic agents studied to induce β-cell proliferation. Furthermore, we discuss possible combination therapies of proliferation agents with immunosuppressants and antioxidative therapy to improve overall long-term outcomes of diabetes.
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14
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Shcheglova E, Blaszczyk K, Borowiak M. Mitogen Synergy: An Emerging Route to Boosting Human Beta Cell Proliferation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:734597. [PMID: 35155441 PMCID: PMC8829426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.734597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased number and function of beta cells are a key aspect of diabetes mellitus (diabetes), a disease that remains an onerous global health problem. Means of restoring beta cell mass are urgently being sought as a potential cure for diabetes. Several strategies, such as de novo beta cell derivation via pluripotent stem cell differentiation or mature somatic cell transdifferentiation, have yielded promising results. Beta cell expansion is another promising strategy, rendered challenging by the very low proliferative capacity of beta cells. Many effective mitogens have been identified in rodents, but the vast majority do not have similar mitogenic effects in human beta cells. Extensive research has led to the identification of several human beta cell mitogens, but their efficacy and specificity remain insufficient. An approach based on the simultaneous application of several mitogens has recently emerged and can yield human beta cell proliferation rates of up to 8%. Here, we discuss recent advances in restoration of the beta cell population, focusing on mitogen synergy, and the contribution of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to accelerating the elucidation of signaling pathways in proliferating beta cells and the discovery of novel mitogens. Together, these approaches have taken beta cell research up a level, bringing us closer to a cure for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shcheglova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Blaszczyk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Malgorzata Borowiak, ;
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15
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Walker EM, Cha J, Tong X, Guo M, Liu JH, Yu S, Iacovazzo D, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Flanagan SE, Korbonits M, Stafford J, Jacobson DA, Stein R. Sex-biased islet β cell dysfunction is caused by the MODY MAFA S64F variant by inducing premature aging and senescence in males. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109813. [PMID: 34644565 PMCID: PMC8845126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A heterozygous missense mutation of the islet β cell-enriched MAFA transcription factor (p.Ser64Phe [S64F]) is found in patients with adult-onset β cell dysfunction (diabetes or insulinomatosis), with men more prone to diabetes than women. This mutation engenders increased stability to the unstable MAFA protein. Here, we develop a S64F MafA mouse model to determine how β cell function is affected and find sex-dependent phenotypes. Heterozygous mutant males (MafAS64F/+) display impaired glucose tolerance, while females are slightly hypoglycemic with improved blood glucose clearance. Only MafAS64F/+ males show transiently higher MafA protein levels preceding glucose intolerance and sex-dependent changes to genes involved in Ca2+ signaling, DNA damage, aging, and senescence. MAFAS64F production in male human β cells also accelerate cellular senescence and increase senescence-associated secretory proteins compared to cells expressing MAFAWT. These results implicate a conserved mechanism of accelerated islet aging and senescence in promoting diabetes in MAFAS64F carriers in a sex-biased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeeyeon Cha
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jin-Hua Liu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sophia Yu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Donato Iacovazzo
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John Stafford
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David A Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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16
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Walker JT, Saunders DC, Brissova M, Powers AC. The Human Islet: Mini-Organ With Mega-Impact. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:605-657. [PMID: 33844836 PMCID: PMC8476939 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet-including its structure, cell composition, development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key discoveries about human islets over the past century, we describe new research approaches and technologies that are being used to study human islets and how these are providing insight into human islet physiology and pathophysiology. We also describe changes or adaptations in human islets in response to physiologic challenges such as pregnancy, aging, and insulin resistance and discuss islet changes in human diabetes of many forms. We outline current and future interventions being developed to protect, restore, or replace human islets. The review also highlights unresolved questions about human islets and proposes areas where additional research on human islets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Diane C Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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17
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Choi JW, Joo JD, In JH, Kim D, Kim Y, Choi ST, Kim JH, Jung HS. The small molecule kobusone can stimulate islet β-cell replication in vivo. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211032849. [PMID: 34320857 PMCID: PMC8330483 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211032849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of kobusone to reduce high glucose levels and promote β-cell proliferation. METHODS Four-week-old female db/db mice were assigned to the kobusone (25 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally twice a day) or control group (same volume of PBS). Glucose levels and body weight were measured twice a week. After 6 weeks, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and immunohistochemical studies were performed, and insulin levels were determined. The expression of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, such as PI3K, Akt, cyclin D3 and p57Kip2, was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Kobusone reduced blood glucose levels after 3 weeks and more strongly increased serum insulin levels than the vehicle. Immunohistochemistry illustrated that kobusone increased 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation into islet β-cells, suggesting that it can stimulate islet β-cell replication in vivo. RT-qPCR indicated that kobusone upregulated the mRNA expression of PI3K, Akt, and cyclin D3 and downregulated that of p57Kip2. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that kobusone is a potent pancreatic islet β-cell inducer that has the potential to be developed as an anti-diabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Deok Joo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jang Hyeok In
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Daewoo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yongshin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung Tae Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hong Soo Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
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18
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Ahmed SM, Elshenawy SE, Sedky S, Elmehrath AO, El-Badri N. Pancreatic β-Cell Senescence: Mechanisms and Association with Diabetes. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/20-00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence occurs as a part of the cellular response to different stressors. With increasing age, continuous exposure to stressors leads to age-induced senescence. Pancreatic β-cell proliferation and glucose homeostasis also decrease with age, which results in a decrease in β cell mass and, eventually, the possible development of diabetes. This process is mediated through impaired cell cycle regulators, along with specific increases in cell cycle inhibitors, telomere shortening, and defective DNA repair mechanisms. Diabetes contributes to β-cell senescence through hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. β cells isolated from patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus have been shown to have senescence markers, such as senescence-associated secretory phenotype genes and β-galactosidase. In this paper, the authors discuss the mechanisms of cellular senescence, how senescence is impacted by the diabetic microenvironment, and the possible mechanisms and factors contributing to β-cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Ahmed
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shimaa E Elshenawy
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara Sedky
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Elmehrath
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa El-Badri
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
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19
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Rosselot C, Baumel-Alterzon S, Li Y, Brill G, Lambertini L, Katz LS, Lu G, Garcia-Ocaña A, Scott DK. The many lives of Myc in the pancreatic β-cell. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100122. [PMID: 33239359 PMCID: PMC7949031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes results from insufficient numbers of functional pancreatic β-cells. Thus, increasing the number of available functional β-cells ex vivo for transplantation, or regenerating them in situ in diabetic patients, is a major focus of diabetes research. The transcription factor, Myc, discovered decades ago lies at the nexus of most, if not all, known proliferative pathways. Based on this, many studies in the 1990s and early 2000s explored the potential of harnessing Myc expression to expand β-cells for diabetes treatment. Nearly all these studies in β-cells used pathophysiological or supraphysiological levels of Myc and reported enhanced β-cell death, dedifferentiation, or the formation of insulinomas if cooverexpressed with Bcl-xL, an inhibitor of apoptosis. This obviously reduced the enthusiasm for Myc as a therapeutic target for β-cell regeneration. However, recent studies indicate that "gentle" induction of Myc expression enhances β-cell replication without induction of cell death or loss of insulin secretion, suggesting that appropriate levels of Myc could have therapeutic potential for β-cell regeneration. Furthermore, although it has been known for decades that Myc is induced by glucose in β-cells, very little is known about how this essential anabolic transcription factor perceives and responds to nutrients and increased insulin demand in vivo. Here we summarize the previous and recent knowledge of Myc in the β-cell, its potential for β-cell regeneration, and its physiological importance for neonatal and adaptive β-cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosselot
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sharon Baumel-Alterzon
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yansui Li
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel Brill
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liora S Katz
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Geming Lu
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Bosi E, Marselli L, De Luca C, Suleiman M, Tesi M, Ibberson M, Eizirik DL, Cnop M, Marchetti P. Integration of single-cell datasets reveals novel transcriptomic signatures of β-cells in human type 2 diabetes. NAR Genom Bioinform 2020; 2:lqaa097. [PMID: 33575641 PMCID: PMC7679065 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet β-cell failure is key to the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The advent of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has opened the possibility to determine transcriptional signatures specifically relevant for T2D at the β-cell level. Yet, applications of this technique have been underwhelming, as three independent studies failed to show shared differentially expressed genes in T2D β-cells. We performed an integrative analysis of the available datasets from these studies to overcome confounding sources of variability and better highlight common T2D β-cell transcriptomic signatures. After removing low-quality transcriptomes, we retained 3046 single cells expressing 27 931 genes. Cells were integrated to attenuate dataset-specific biases, and clustered into cell type groups. In T2D β-cells (n = 801), we found 210 upregulated and 16 downregulated genes, identifying key pathways for T2D pathogenesis, including defective insulin secretion, SREBP signaling and oxidative stress. We also compared these results with previous data of human T2D β-cells from laser capture microdissection and diabetic rat islets, revealing shared β-cell genes. Overall, the present study encourages the pursuit of single β-cell RNA-seq analysis, preventing presently identified sources of variability, to identify transcriptomic changes associated with human T2D and underscores specific traits of dysfunctional β-cells across different models and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Bosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic Islets Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic Islets Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Carmela De Luca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic Islets Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic Islets Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Marta Tesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic Islets Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, B-1070, Belgium
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, B-1070, Belgium
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic Islets Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
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21
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Hwang YJ, Jung GS, Jeon WB, Lee KM. Arg-Gly-Asp-modified elastin-like polypeptide regulates cell proliferation and cell cycle proteins via the phosphorylation of Erk and Akt in pancreatic β-cell. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04918. [PMID: 32995613 PMCID: PMC7501433 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Enhancement of β-cell proliferation plays an important role in maintaining β-cell mass and function, and in improving pancreatic β-cell survival before transplantation. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components increase the adhesion and proliferation of β-cells, and the RGD-modified elastin-like polypeptide (RGD-ELP, REP) has been described as a bioactive matrix. In this study, we investigated whether REP could enhance β-cell adhesion and proliferation and elucidated the signaling pathways involved. Methods We investigated the effect of REP on cell adhesion, proliferation and insulin secretion via assays using Rin-m and rat islets. Crystal violet, CCK-8, and BrdU assay, FACS, western blot, real time q-PCR analyses and insulin ELISA were examined. To explain the associated mechanisms, phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) were measured. Results REP more increased the adhesion, proliferation and survival of Rin-m cells compared to elastin-like poly peptide (ELP) without RGD-motif. The enhancement of β-cell proliferation by REP was associated with increased cyclin D1, cyclin D2 and cdk6, and decreased p27 levels. When β-cells were cultured on REP, Erk and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) downstream effector, Akt was stimulated. Treatment with the Erk pathway inhibitor and PI3-kinase inhibitor decreased REP-induced β-cell adhesion and proliferation, and regulated REP-induced cell cycle proteins. Additionally, REP increased the mRNA and protein levels of insulin and its transcription factor, PDX-1, and insulin secretion. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the up-regulation of the PI3K/Akt and Erk signaling pathways and the regulation of cell cycle proteins by REP could serve as effective strategies for improving pancreatic β-cell adhesion and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo Jin Hwang
- Division of Electronics & Information System, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwon-Soo Jung
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bae Jeon
- Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Min Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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22
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CDK8 Regulates Insulin Secretion and Mediates Postnatal and Stress-Induced Expression of Neuropeptides in Pancreatic β Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2892-2904.e7. [PMID: 31509750 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) contribute to vital cellular processes including cell cycle regulation. Loss of CDKs is associated with impaired insulin secretion and β cell survival; however, the function of CDK8 in β cells remains elusive. Here, we report that genetic ablation of Cdk8 improves glucose tolerance by increasing insulin secretion. We identify OSBPL3 as a CDK8-dependent phosphoprotein, which acts as a negative regulator of insulin secretion in response to glucose. We also show that embryonic gene silencing of neuropeptide Y in β cells is compromised in Cdk8-null mice, leading to continued expression into adulthood. Cdk8 ablation in β cells aggravates apoptosis and induces de novo expression of neuropeptides upon oxidative stress. Moreover, pancreatic islets exposed to stress display augmented apoptosis in the presence of these same neuropeptides. Our results reveal critical roles for CDK8 in β cell function and survival during metabolic stress that are in part mediated through de novo expression of neuropeptides.
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23
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Pahlavanneshan S, Behmanesh M, Oropeza D, Furuyama K, Tahamtani Y, Basiri M, Herrera PL, Baharvand H. Combined inhibition of menin-MLL interaction and TGF-β signaling induces replication of human pancreatic beta cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151094. [PMID: 32646642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with hyperglycemia and loss of functional beta cell mass. Inducing proliferation of preexisting beta cells is an approach to increase the numbers of beta cells. In this study, we examined a panel of selected small molecules for their proliferation-inducing effects on human pancreatic beta cells. Our results demonstrated that a small molecule inhibitor of the menin-MLL interaction (MI-2) and small molecule inhibitors of TGF-β signaling (SB431542, LY2157299, or LY364947) synergistically increased ex vivo replication of human beta cells. We showed that this increased proliferation did not affect insulin production, as a pivotal indication of beta cell function. We further provided evidence which suggested that menin-MLL and TGF-β inhibition cooperated through downregulation of cell cycle inhibitors CDKN1A, CDKN1B, and CDKN2C. Our findings might provide a new option for extending the pharmacological repertoire for induction of beta cell proliferation as a potential therapeutic approach for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Pahlavanneshan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Daniel Oropeza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kenichiro Furuyama
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Liu YA, Jin Q, Zou Y, Ding Q, Yan S, Wang Z, Hao X, Nguyen B, Zhang X, Pan J, Mo T, Jacobsen K, Lam T, Wu TYH, Petrassi HM, Bursulaya B, DiDonato M, Gordon WP, Liu B, Baaten J, Hill R, Nguyen-Tran V, Qiu M, Zhang YQ, Kamireddy A, Espinola S, Deaton L, Ha S, Harb G, Jia Y, Li J, Shen W, Schumacher AM, Colman K, Glynne R, Pan S, McNamara P, Laffitte B, Meeusen S, Molteni V, Loren J. Selective DYRK1A Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes: Discovery of 6-Azaindole Derivative GNF2133. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2958-2973. [PMID: 32077280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune deficiency and destruction in either β-cell mass or function can cause insufficient insulin levels and, as a result, hyperglycemia and diabetes. Thus, promoting β-cell proliferation could be one approach toward diabetes intervention. In this report we describe the discovery of a potent and selective DYRK1A inhibitor GNF2133, which was identified through optimization of a 6-azaindole screening hit. In vitro, GNF2133 is able to proliferate both rodent and human β-cells. In vivo, GNF2133 demonstrated significant dose-dependent glucose disposal capacity and insulin secretion in response to glucose-potentiated arginine-induced insulin secretion (GPAIS) challenge in rat insulin promoter and diphtheria toxin A (RIP-DTA) mice. The work described here provides new avenues to disease altering therapeutic interventions in the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahu A Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Qihui Jin
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yefen Zou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Qiang Ding
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shanshan Yan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xueshi Hao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bao Nguyen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jianfeng Pan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tingting Mo
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kate Jacobsen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thanh Lam
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tom Y-H Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - H Michael Petrassi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael DiDonato
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - W Perry Gordon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Janine Baaten
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert Hill
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Vân Nguyen-Tran
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Minhua Qiu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - You-Qing Zhang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anwesh Kamireddy
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sheryll Espinola
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lisa Deaton
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sukwon Ha
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - George Harb
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yong Jia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Weijun Shen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andrew M Schumacher
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Karyn Colman
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Richard Glynne
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shifeng Pan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peter McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bryan Laffitte
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shelly Meeusen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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25
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Prado MSG, de Jesus ML, de Goes TC, Mendonça LSO, Kaneto CM. Downregulation of circulating miR-320a and target gene prediction in patients with diabetic retinopathy. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:155. [PMID: 32178730 PMCID: PMC7077016 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the expression of a set of miRNAs to identify differentially expressed miRNAs that might be considered reliable biomarkers on Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) blood samples. Results Expression levels of MiR-320a, MiR-342-3p, MiR-155, MiR-99a, MiR-29a and MiR-27b were analyzed in 60 healthy controls, 48 Diabetes Melitus (DM) without DR patients and 62 DR patients by qRT-PCR. MiR-320a was shown to be downregulated in the plasma of DR patients compared with DM patients without DR and healthy subjects. Target genes were predicted using miRWalk3.0, miR targeting data and target gene interaction data were imported to Cytoscape to visualize and merge networks and top ranked predicted genes were run through Ontology Genes to perform enrichment analysis on gene sets and classification system to identify biological processes and reactome pathways associated with DR. Highly scored target genes of miR-320a were categorized for various biological processes, including negative regulation of cell aging, negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process and regulation of cellular response to stress that are critical to the development of DR. Our findings suggest that MiR-320a may have a role in the pathogenesis of DR and may represent novel biomarkers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirthz Lemos de Jesus
- Department of Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Thaline Cunha de Goes
- Department of Biological Science, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Lucilla Silva Oliveira Mendonça
- Department of Biological Science, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Martins Kaneto
- Department of Biological Science, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
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26
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Hohmeier HE, Zhang L, Taylor B, Stephens S, Lu D, McNamara P, Laffitte B, Newgard CB. Identification of a small molecule that stimulates human β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion, and protects against cytotoxic stress in rat insulinoma cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224344. [PMID: 32176701 PMCID: PMC7075568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A key event in the development of both major forms of diabetes is the loss of functional pancreatic islet β-cell mass. Strategies aimed at enhancing β-cell regeneration have long been pursued, but methods for reliably inducing human β-cell proliferation with full retention of key functions such as glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) are still very limited. We have previously reported that overexpression of the homeobox transcription factor NKX6.1 stimulates β-cell proliferation, while also enhancing GSIS and providing protection against β-cell cytotoxicity through induction of the VGF prohormone. We developed an NKX6.1 pathway screen by stably transfecting 832/13 rat insulinoma cells with a VGF promoter-luciferase reporter construct, using the resultant cell line to screen a 630,000 compound chemical library. We isolated three compounds with consistent effects to stimulate human islet cell proliferation, but not expression of NKX6.1 or VGF, suggesting an alternative mechanism of action. Further studies of the most potent of these compounds, GNF-9228, revealed that it selectively activates human β-cell relative to α-cell proliferation and has no effect on δ-cell replication. In addition, pre-treatment, but not short term exposure of human islets to GNF-9228 enhances GSIS. GNF-9228 also protects 832/13 insulinoma cells against ER stress- and inflammatory cytokine-induced cytotoxicity. GNF-9228 stimulates proliferation via a mechanism distinct from recently emergent DYRK1A inhibitors, as it is unaffected by DYRK1A overexpression and does not activate NFAT translocation. In conclusion, we have identified a small molecule with pleiotropic positive effects on islet biology, including stimulation of human β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion, and protection against multiple agents of cytotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E. Hohmeier
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lu Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brandon Taylor
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel Stephens
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Danhong Lu
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan Laffitte
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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27
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Ackeifi C, Wang P, Karakose E, Manning Fox JE, González BJ, Liu H, Wilson J, Swartz E, Berrouet C, Li Y, Kumar K, MacDonald PE, Sanchez R, Thorens B, DeVita R, Homann D, Egli D, Scott DK, Garcia-Ocaña A, Stewart AF. GLP-1 receptor agonists synergize with DYRK1A inhibitors to potentiate functional human β cell regeneration. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaaw9996. [PMID: 32051230 PMCID: PMC9945936 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw9996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors are widely prescribed diabetes drugs due to their ability to stimulate insulin secretion from remaining β cells and to reduce caloric intake. Unfortunately, they fail to increase human β cell proliferation. Small-molecule inhibitors of dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) are able to induce adult human β cell proliferation, but rates are modest (~2%), and their specificity to β cells is limited. Here, we provide evidence that combining any member of the GLP1R agonist class with any member of the DYRK1A inhibitor class induces a synergistic increase in human β cell replication (5 to 6%) accompanied by an actual increase in numbers of human β cells. GLP1R agonist-DYRK1A inhibitor synergy required combined inhibition of DYRK1A and an increase in cAMP and did not lead to β cell dedifferentiation. These beneficial effects on proliferation were seen in both normal human β cells and β cells derived from individuals with type 2 diabetes. The ability of the GLP1R agonist-DYRK1A inhibitor combination to enhance human β cell proliferation, human insulin secretion, and blood glucose control extended in vivo to studies of human islets transplanted into euglycemic and streptozotocin-diabetic immunodeficient mice. No adverse events were observed in the mouse studies during a 1-week period. Because of the relative β cell specificity of GLP1R agonists, the combination provides an improved, although not complete, degree of human β cell specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Ackeifi
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Esra Karakose
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Bryan J González
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Columbia Stem Cell Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jessica Wilson
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ethan Swartz
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cecilia Berrouet
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yansui Li
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kunal Kumar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Roberto Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Robert DeVita
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dirk Homann
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Columbia Stem Cell Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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28
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Totomoch-Serra A, Muñoz MDL, Burgueño J, Revilla-Monsalve MC, Diaz-Badillo A. Association of common polymorphisms in the VEGFA and SIRT1 genes with type 2 diabetes-related traits in Mexicans. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:1361-1373. [PMID: 30393491 PMCID: PMC6209716 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.74757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic variants have been replicated for association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and many of them with diabetes-related traits. Because T2D is highly prevalent in Mexico, this study aimed to test the association of CDKN2A/B, PPARGC1A, VEGFA, SIRT1 and UCP2 gene polymorphisms (rs10811661, rs8192678, rs2010963, rs7896005 and rs659366 respectively) with metabolic traits in 415 unrelated Mexican mestizos with T2D under three models of inheritance. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 415 unrelated Mexican mestizos were genotyped by TaqMan assays. Triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), insulin and anthropometric measurements were determined and the HOMA-IR was calculated. Association studies were tested by the Kruskal-Wallis test, linear regression, statistical power analysis, Bonferroni correction, paired SNP analysis, and physical interaction by GeneMANIA. RESULTS All polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the association by genotype with T2D-related traits displayed nominal significance for rs8192678 with glucose (p = 0.023) and triglycerides (p = 0.013); rs2010963 with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p = 0.012) and cholesterol (p = 0.013); rs7896005 with DBP (p = 0.012) and insulin (p = 0.011); and rs659366 with cholesterol (p = 0.034), glucose (p = 0.031) and triglycerides (p = 0.028); and the association of rs2010963 with HDL-C (p = 0.0007) was significant. Linear regression performed with three models of inheritance, adjusted by age + sex + BMI and corrected with Bonferroni, showed a significant association of rs2010963 with HDL-C in an additive model (p = 0.007); and rs7896005 was significantly associated with DBP in the recessive model (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Rigorous analysis evidenced the association of VEGFA rs2010963 and SIRT1 rs7896005 with HDL-C and DBP respectively; these traits are known predictors of cardiovascular complications, which increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan Burgueño
- Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Alvaro Diaz-Badillo
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (STDOI), School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Mexico, Mexico
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29
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Sun J, Mao L, Yang H, Ren D. Critical role for the Tsc1-mTORC1 pathway in β-cell mass in Pdx1-deficient mice. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:151-163. [PMID: 29875165 PMCID: PMC6030447 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the pancreatic duodenal homeobox (PDX1) gene are associated with diabetes in humans. Pdx1-haploinsufficient mice also develop diabetes, but the molecular mechanism is unknown. To this end, we knocked down Pdx1 gene expression in mouse MIN6 insulinoma cells. Pdx1 suppression not only increased apoptotic cell death but also decreased cell proliferation, which was associated with a decrease in activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). We found that in Pdx1-deficient mice, tuberous sclerosis 1 (Tsc1) ablation in pancreatic β-cells restores β-cell mass, increases β-cell proliferation and size, decreases the number of TUNEL-positive cells and restores glucose tolerance after glucose challenge. In addition, Tsc1 ablation in pancreatic β-cells increases phosphorylation of initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) phosphorylation and 40S ribosomal protein S6, two downstream targets of mTORC1 indicating that Tsc1 mediates mTORC1 downregulation induced by Pdx1 suppression. These results suggest that the Tsc1-mTORC1 pathway plays an important role in mediating the decrease in β-cell proliferation and growth and the reduction in β-cell mass that occurs in Pdx1-deficient diabetes. Thus, mTORC1 may be target for therapeutic interventions in diabetes associated with reductions in β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- Department of MedicineThe University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Liqun Mao
- Department of MedicineThe University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hongyan Yang
- Department of GynecologyKey Research Laboratory of Gynecology, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Decheng Ren
- Department of MedicineThe University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of GynecologyKey Research Laboratory of Gynecology, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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30
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Tschen SI, Zeng C, Field L, Dhawan S, Bhushan A, Georgia S. Cyclin D2 is sufficient to drive β cell self-renewal and regeneration. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:2183-2191. [PMID: 28763258 PMCID: PMC5736344 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1319999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes results from an inadequate mass of functional β cells, due to either β cell loss caused by autoimmune destruction (type I diabetes) or β cell failure in response to insulin resistance (type II diabetes). Elucidating the mechanisms that regulate β cell mass may be key to developing new techniques that foster β cell regeneration as a cellular therapy to treat diabetes. While previous studies concluded that cyclin D2 is required for postnatal β cell self-renewal in mice, it is not clear if cyclin D2 is sufficient to drive β cell self-renewal. Using transgenic mice that overexpress cyclin D2 specifically in β cells, we show that cyclin D2 overexpression increases β cell self-renewal post-weaning and results in increased β cell mass. β cells that overexpress cyclin D2 are responsive to glucose stimulation, suggesting they are functionally mature. β cells that overexpress cyclin D2 demonstrate an enhanced regenerative capacity after injury induced by streptozotocin toxicity. To understand if cyclin D2 overexpression is sufficient to drive β cell self-renewal, we generated a novel mouse model where cyclin D2 is only expressed in β cells of cyclin D2−/− mice. Transgenic overexpression of cyclin D2 in cyclin D2−/− β cells was sufficient to restore β cell mass, maintain normoglycaemia, and improve regenerative capacity when compared with cyclin D2−/− littermates. Taken together, our results indicate that cyclin D2 is sufficient to regulate β cell self-renewal and that manipulation of its expression could be used to enhance β cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuen-Ing Tschen
- a Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA
| | - Chun Zeng
- b Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA
| | - Loren Field
- c Krannert Institute of Cardiology, and the Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- a Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA
| | - Anil Bhushan
- d Diabetes Center , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA
| | - Senta Georgia
- e Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California; Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California
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31
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Wang H, Bender A, Wang P, Karakose E, Inabnet WB, Libutti SK, Arnold A, Lambertini L, Stang M, Chen H, Kasai Y, Mahajan M, Kinoshita Y, Fernandez-Ranvier G, Becker TC, Takane KK, Walker LA, Saul S, Chen R, Scott DK, Ferrer J, Antipin Y, Donovan M, Uzilov AV, Reva B, Schadt EE, Losic B, Argmann C, Stewart AF. Insights into beta cell regeneration for diabetes via integration of molecular landscapes in human insulinomas. Nat Commun 2017; 8:767. [PMID: 28974674 PMCID: PMC5626682 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diabetes results in part from a deficiency of normal pancreatic beta cells, inducing human beta cells to regenerate is difficult. Reasoning that insulinomas hold the “genomic recipe” for beta cell expansion, we surveyed 38 human insulinomas to obtain insights into therapeutic pathways for beta cell regeneration. An integrative analysis of whole-exome and RNA-sequencing data was employed to extensively characterize the genomic and molecular landscape of insulinomas relative to normal beta cells. Here, we show at the pathway level that the majority of the insulinomas display mutations, copy number variants and/or dysregulation of epigenetic modifying genes, most prominently in the polycomb and trithorax families. Importantly, these processes are coupled to co-expression network modules associated with cell proliferation, revealing candidates for inducing beta cell regeneration. Validation of key computational predictions supports the concept that understanding the molecular complexity of insulinoma may be a valuable approach to diabetes drug discovery. Diabetes results in part from a deficiency of functional pancreatic beta cells. Here, the authors study the genomic and epigenetic landscapes of human insulinomas to gain insight into possible pathways for therapeutic beta cell regeneration, highlighting epigenetic genes and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- The Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,The Graduate School, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA
| | - Aaron Bender
- The Graduate School, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,The Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- The Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Esra Karakose
- The Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - William B Inabnet
- The Department of Surgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Steven K Libutti
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- The Departments of Environmental Medicine and Public Health and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Micheal Stang
- The Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Herbert Chen
- The Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Yumi Kasai
- The New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Milind Mahajan
- The Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yayoi Kinoshita
- The Department of Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Thomas C Becker
- The Sarah W. Stedman Center for Nutrition and Metabolism, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Karen K Takane
- The Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Laura A Walker
- The Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Shira Saul
- The Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- The Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA
| | - Donald K Scott
- The Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- The Department of Genetics in Medicine, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Yevgeniy Antipin
- The Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA
| | - Michael Donovan
- The Department of Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Andrew V Uzilov
- The Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA
| | - Boris Reva
- The Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- The Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA
| | - Bojan Losic
- The Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Carmen Argmann
- The Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- The Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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32
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Xu EE, Sasaki S, Speckmann T, Nian C, Lynn FC. SOX4 Allows Facultative β-Cell Proliferation Through Repression of Cdkn1a. Diabetes 2017; 66:2213-2219. [PMID: 28495880 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The high-mobility group box transcription factor SOX4 is the most highly expressed SOX family protein in pancreatic islets, and mutations in Sox4 are associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We used an inducible β-cell knockout mouse model to test the hypothesis that Sox4 is essential for the maintenance of β-cell number during the development of type 2 diabetes. Knockout of Sox4 at 6 weeks of age resulted in time-dependent worsening of glucose tolerance, impairment of insulin secretion, and diabetes by 30 weeks of age. Immunostaining revealed a decrease in β-cell mass in knockout mice that was caused by a 39% reduction in β-cell proliferation. Gene expression studies revealed that induction of the cell cycle inhibitor Cdkn1a was responsible for the decreased proliferation in the knockout animals. Altogether, this study demonstrates that SOX4 is necessary for adult β-cell replication through direct regulation of the β-cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Xu
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shugo Sasaki
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Departments of Surgery and Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thilo Speckmann
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cuilan Nian
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Francis C Lynn
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Departments of Surgery and Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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33
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Sordi V, Pellegrini S, Krampera M, Marchetti P, Pessina A, Ciardelli G, Fadini G, Pintus C, Pantè G, Piemonti L. Stem cells to restore insulin production and cure diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:583-600. [PMID: 28545927 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advancement of knowledge in the field of regenerative medicine is increasing the therapeutic expectations of patients and clinicians on cell therapy approaches. Within these, stem cell therapies are often evoked as a possible therapeutic option for diabetes, already ongoing or possible in the near future. AIM The purpose of this document is to make a point of the situation on existing knowledge and therapies with stem cells to treat patients with diabetes by focusing on some of the aspects that most frequently raise curiosity and discussion in clinical practice and in the interaction with the patient. In fact, at present there are no clinically approved treatments based on the use of stem cells for the treatment of diabetes, but several therapeutic approaches have already been evaluated or are being evaluated in clinical trials. DATA SYNTHESIS It is possible to identify three large potential application fields: 1) the reconstruction of the β cell mass; 2) the immunomodulation in type 1 diabetes (T1D); 3) the treatment of complications. In this study we will limit the discussion to approaches that have the potential for clinical translation, deliberately omitting aspects of basic biology and preclinical data. Also, we intentionally omit the treatment of the complications that will be the subject of a future document. Finally, an overview of the Italian situation regarding the storage of cord blood cells for the therapy of diabetes will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sordi
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) - IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - S Pellegrini
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) - IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M Krampera
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - P Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Pessina
- CRC-StaMeTec (Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cell Therapy), Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Ciardelli
- DIMEAS - Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - G Fadini
- Medicine Department (DIMED), University of Padua, Italy
| | - C Pintus
- Italian National Transplant Center (CNT), Italy
| | - G Pantè
- Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), Italy
| | - L Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) - IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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34
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A Pdx-1-Regulated Soluble Factor Activates Rat and Human Islet Cell Proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2918-2930. [PMID: 27620967 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00103-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor Pdx-1 has important roles in pancreas and islet development as well as in β-cell function and survival. We previously reported that Pdx-1 overexpression stimulates islet cell proliferation, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of Pdx-1 triggers proliferation largely by a non-cell-autonomous mechanism mediated by soluble factors. Consistent with this idea, overexpression of Pdx-1 under the control of a β-cell-specific promoter (rat insulin promoter [RIP]) stimulates proliferation of both α and β cells, and overexpression of Pdx-1 in islets separated by a Transwell membrane from islets lacking Pdx-1 overexpression activates proliferation in the untreated islets. Microarray and gene ontology (GO) analysis identified inhibin beta-B (Inhbb), an activin subunit and member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, as a Pdx-1-responsive gene. Overexpression of Inhbb or addition of activin B stimulates rat islet cell and β-cell proliferation, and the activin receptors RIIA and RIIB are required for the full proliferative effects of Pdx-1 in rat islets. In human islets, Inhbb overexpression stimulates total islet cell proliferation and potentiates Pdx-1-stimulated proliferation of total islet cells and β cells. In sum, this study identifies a mechanism by which Pdx-1 induces a soluble factor that is sufficient to stimulate both rat and human islet cell proliferation.
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35
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Aamodt KI, Aramandla R, Brown JJ, Fiaschi-Taesch N, Wang P, Stewart AF, Brissova M, Powers AC. Development of a reliable automated screening system to identify small molecules and biologics that promote human β-cell regeneration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E859-E868. [PMID: 27624103 PMCID: PMC5130356 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00515.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous compounds stimulate rodent β-cell proliferation; however, translating these findings to human β-cells remains a challenge. To examine human β-cell proliferation in response to such compounds, we developed a medium-throughput in vitro method of quantifying adult human β-cell proliferation markers. This method is based on high-content imaging of dispersed islet cells seeded in 384-well plates and automated cell counting that identifies fluorescently labeled β-cells with high specificity using both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers. β-Cells from each donor were assessed for their function and ability to enter the cell cycle by cotransduction with adenoviruses encoding cell cycle regulators cdk6 and cyclin D3. Using this approach, we tested 12 previously identified mitogens, including neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, and molecules, involved in adenosine and Tgf-1β signaling. Each compound was tested in a wide concentration range either in the presence of basal (5 mM) or high (11 mM) glucose. Treatment with the control compound harmine, a Dyrk1a inhibitor, led to a significant increase in Ki-67+ β-cells, whereas treatment with other compounds had limited to no effect on human β-cell proliferation. This new scalable approach reduces the time and effort required for sensitive and specific evaluation of human β-cell proliferation, thus allowing for increased testing of candidate human β-cell mitogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie I Aamodt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Radhika Aramandla
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Judy J Brown
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nathalie Fiaschi-Taesch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Peng Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
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36
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Tadesse S, Yu M, Kumarasiri M, Le BT, Wang S. Targeting CDK6 in cancer: State of the art and new insights. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3220-30. [PMID: 26315616 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1084445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) plays a vital role in regulating the progression of the cell cycle. More recently, CDK6 has also been shown to have a transcriptional role in tumor angiogenesis. Up-regulated CDK6 activity is associated with the development of several types of cancers. While CDK6 is over-expressed in cancer cells, it has a low detectable level in non-cancerous cells and CDK6-null mice develop normally, suggesting a specific oncogenic role of CDK6, and that its inhibition may represent an ideal mechanism-based and low toxic therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Identification of selective small molecule inhibitors of CDK6 is thus needed for drug development. Herein, we review the latest understandings of the biological regulation and oncogenic roles of CDK6. The potential clinical relevance of CDK6 inhibition, the progress in the development of small-molecule CDK6 inhibitors and the rational design of potential selective CDK6 inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tadesse
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Malika Kumarasiri
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Bich Thuy Le
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
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37
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Kong Y, Sharma RB, Nwosu BU, Alonso LC. Islet biology, the CDKN2A/B locus and type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1579-93. [PMID: 27155872 PMCID: PMC4930689 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes, fuelled by the obesity epidemic, is an escalating worldwide cause of personal hardship and public cost. Diabetes incidence increases with age, and many studies link the classic senescence and ageing protein p16(INK4A) to diabetes pathophysiology via pancreatic islet biology. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have unequivocally linked the CDKN2A/B locus, which encodes p16 inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (p16(INK4A)) and three other gene products, p14 alternate reading frame (p14(ARF)), p15(INK4B) and antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL), with human diabetes risk. However, the mechanism by which the CDKN2A/B locus influences diabetes risk remains uncertain. Here, we weigh the evidence that CDKN2A/B polymorphisms impact metabolic health via islet biology vs effects in other tissues. Structured in a bedside-to-bench-to-bedside approach, we begin with a summary of the evidence that the CDKN2A/B locus impacts diabetes risk and a brief review of the basic biology of CDKN2A/B gene products. The main emphasis of this work is an in-depth look at the nuanced roles that CDKN2A/B gene products and related proteins play in the regulation of beta cell mass, proliferation and insulin secretory function, as well as roles in other metabolic tissues. We finish with a synthesis of basic biology and clinical observations, incorporating human physiology data. We conclude that it is likely that the CDKN2A/B locus influences diabetes risk through both islet and non-islet mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Kong
- AS7-2047, Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Rohit B Sharma
- AS7-2047, Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Benjamin U Nwosu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Laura C Alonso
- AS7-2047, Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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38
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Dirice E, Walpita D, Vetere A, Meier BC, Kahraman S, Hu J, Dančík V, Burns SM, Gilbert TJ, Olson DE, Clemons PA, Kulkarni RN, Wagner BK. Inhibition of DYRK1A Stimulates Human β-Cell Proliferation. Diabetes 2016; 65:1660-71. [PMID: 26953159 PMCID: PMC4878416 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Restoring functional β-cell mass is an important therapeutic goal for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (1). While proliferation of existing β-cells is the primary means of β-cell replacement in rodents (2), it is unclear whether a similar principle applies to humans, as human β-cells are remarkably resistant to stimulation of division (3,4). Here, we show that 5-iodotubercidin (5-IT), an annotated adenosine kinase inhibitor previously reported to increase proliferation in rodent and porcine islets (5), strongly and selectively increases human β-cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, 5-IT also increased glucose-dependent insulin secretion after prolonged treatment. Kinome profiling revealed 5-IT to be a potent and selective inhibitor of the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) and cell division cycle-like kinase families. Induction of β-cell proliferation by either 5-IT or harmine, another natural product DYRK1A inhibitor, was suppressed by coincubation with the calcineurin inhibitor FK506, suggesting involvement of DYRK1A and nuclear factor of activated T cells signaling. Gene expression profiling in whole islets treated with 5-IT revealed induction of proliferation- and cell cycle-related genes, suggesting that true proliferation is induced by 5-IT. Furthermore, 5-IT promotes β-cell proliferation in human islets grafted under the kidney capsule of NOD-scid IL2Rg(null) mice. These results point to inhibition of DYRK1A as a therapeutic strategy to increase human β-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercument Dirice
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Deepika Walpita
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Amedeo Vetere
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Bennett C Meier
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sevim Kahraman
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Vlado Dančík
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sean M Burns
- Chemical Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Diabetes Unit, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tamara J Gilbert
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - David E Olson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Paul A Clemons
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Bridget K Wagner
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
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39
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Ueberberg S, Tannapfel A, Schenker P, Viebahn R, Uhl W, Schneider S, Meier JJ. Differential expression of cell-cycle regulators in human beta-cells derived from insulinoma tissue. Metabolism 2016; 65:736-746. [PMID: 27085780 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The low frequency of beta-cell replication in the adult human pancreas limits beta-cell regeneration. A better understanding of the regulation of human beta-cell proliferation is crucial to develop therapeutic strategies aiming to enhance beta-cell mass. METHODS To identify factors that control beta-cell proliferation, cell-cycle regulation was examined in human insulinomas as a model of increased beta-cell proliferation (n=11) and healthy pancreatic tissue from patients with benign pancreatic tumors (n=9). Tissue sections were co-stained for insulin and cell-cycle proteins. Transcript levels of selected cell-cycle factors in beta-cells were determined by qRT-PCR after performing laser-capture microdissection. RESULTS The frequency of beta-cell replication was 3.74±0.92% in the insulinomas and 0.11±0.04% in controls (p=0.0016). p21 expression was higher in insulinomas (p=0.0058), and Rb expression was higher by trend (p=0.085), whereas p16 (p<0.0001), Cyclin C (p<0.0001), and p57 (p=0.018) expression levels were lower. The abundance of Cyclin D3 (p=0.62) and p27 (p=0.68) was not different between the groups. The reduced expression of p16 (p<0.0001) and p57 (p=0.012) in insulinomas and the unchanged expression of Cyclin D3 (p=0.77) and p27 (p=0.55) were confirmed using qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS The expression of certain cell-cycle factors in beta-cells derived from insulinomas and healthy adults differs markedly. Targeting such differentially regulated cell-cycle proteins may evolve as a future strategy to enhance beta-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ueberberg
- Diabetes Division, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, Bochum 44791, Germany
| | - Andrea Tannapfel
- Department of Pathology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle de la Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Peter Schenker
- Department of Surgery, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, Bochum 44892, Germany
| | - Richard Viebahn
- Department of Surgery, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, Bochum 44892, Germany
| | - Waldemar Uhl
- Department of Surgery, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, Bochum 44791, Germany
| | - Stephan Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, St. Vinzenz Hospital, Merheimer Str. 221-223, Cologne 50733, Germany
| | - Juris J Meier
- Diabetes Division, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, Bochum 44791, Germany.
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Lakshmipathi J, Alvarez-Perez JC, Rosselot C, Casinelli GP, Stamateris RE, Rausell-Palamos F, O'Donnell CP, Vasavada RC, Scott DK, Alonso LC, Garcia-Ocaña A. PKCζ Is Essential for Pancreatic β-Cell Replication During Insulin Resistance by Regulating mTOR and Cyclin-D2. Diabetes 2016; 65:1283-96. [PMID: 26868297 PMCID: PMC4839210 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive β-cell replication occurs in response to increased metabolic demand during insulin resistance. The intracellular mediators of this compensatory response are poorly defined and their identification could provide significant targets for β-cell regeneration therapies. Here we show that glucose and insulin in vitro and insulin resistance in vivo activate protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) in pancreatic islets and β-cells. PKCζ is required for glucose- and glucokinase activator-induced proliferation of rodent and human β-cells in vitro. Furthermore, either kinase-dead PKCζ expression (KD-PKCζ) or disruption of PKCζ in mouse β-cells blocks compensatory β-cell replication when acute hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia is induced. Importantly, KD-PKCζ inhibits insulin resistance-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and cyclin-D2 upregulation independent of Akt activation. In summary, PKCζ activation is key for early compensatory β-cell replication in insulin resistance by regulating the downstream signals mTOR and cyclin-D2. This suggests that alterations in PKCζ expression or activity might contribute to inadequate β-cell mass expansion and β-cell failure leading to type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Lakshmipathi
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Juan Carlos Alvarez-Perez
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Carolina Rosselot
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Gabriella P Casinelli
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rachel E Stamateris
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Francisco Rausell-Palamos
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Christopher P O'Donnell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rupangi C Vasavada
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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41
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Saunders D, Powers AC. Replicative capacity of β-cells and type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2016; 71:59-68. [PMID: 27133598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to restore β-cell number or mass in type 1 diabetes (T1D) must combine an intervention to stimulate proliferation of remaining β-cells and an intervention to mitigate or control the β-cell-directed autoimmunity. This review highlights features of the β-cell, including it being part of a pancreatic islet, a mini-organ that is highly vascularized and highly innervated, and efforts to promote β-cell proliferation. In addition, the β-cell in T1D exists in a microenvironment with interactions and input from other islet cell types, extracellular matrix, vascular endothelial cells, neuronal projections, and immune cells, all of which likely influence the β-cell's capacity for replication. Physiologic β-cell proliferation occurs in human and rodents in the neonatal period and early in life, after which there is an age-dependent decline in β-cell proliferation, and also as part of the β-cell's compensatory response to the metabolic challenges of pregnancy and insulin resistance. This review reviews the molecular pathways involved in this β-cell proliferation and highlights recent work in two areas: 1) Investigators, using high-throughput screening to discover small molecules that promote human β-cell proliferation, are now focusing on the dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase-1a and cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN2C/p18 or CDKN1A/p21as targets of compounds to stimulate adult human β-cell proliferation. 2) Local inflammation, macrophages, and the local β-cell microenvironment promote β-cell proliferation. Future efforts to harness the responsible mechanisms may lead to new approaches to promote β-cell proliferation in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Saunders
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.
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42
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Stamateris RE, Sharma RB, Kong Y, Ebrahimpour P, Panday D, Ranganath P, Zou B, Levitt H, Parambil NA, O'Donnell CP, García-Ocaña A, Alonso LC. Glucose Induces Mouse β-Cell Proliferation via IRS2, MTOR, and Cyclin D2 but Not the Insulin Receptor. Diabetes 2016; 65:981-95. [PMID: 26740601 PMCID: PMC5314707 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An important goal in diabetes research is to understand the processes that trigger endogenous β-cell proliferation. Hyperglycemia induces β-cell replication, but the mechanism remains debated. A prime candidate is insulin, which acts locally through the insulin receptor. Having previously developed an in vivo mouse hyperglycemia model, we tested whether glucose induces β-cell proliferation through insulin signaling. By using mice lacking insulin signaling intermediate insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), we confirmed that hyperglycemia-induced β-cell proliferation requires IRS2 both in vivo and ex vivo. Of note, insulin receptor activation was not required for glucose-induced proliferation, and insulin itself was not sufficient to drive replication. Glucose and insulin caused similar acute signaling in mouse islets, but chronic signaling differed markedly, with mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) activation by glucose and AKT activation by insulin. MTOR but not ERK activation was required for glucose-induced proliferation. Cyclin D2 was necessary for glucose-induced β-cell proliferation. Cyclin D2 expression was reduced when either IRS2 or MTOR signaling was lost, and restoring cyclin D2 expression rescued the proliferation defect. Human islets shared many of these regulatory pathways. Taken together, these results support a model in which IRS2, MTOR, and cyclin D2, but not the insulin receptor, mediate glucose-induced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Stamateris
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Rohit B Sharma
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Yahui Kong
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Pantea Ebrahimpour
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Deepika Panday
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Pavana Ranganath
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Baobo Zou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Helena Levitt
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Christopher P O'Donnell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Adolfo García-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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Lin Z, Zhao Y, Song L, Mu K, Zhang M, Liu H, Li X, Zhao J, Wang C, Jia W. Deletion of β-Arrestin2 in Mice Limited Pancreatic β-Cell Expansion under Metabolic Stress through Activation of the JNK Pathway. Mol Med 2016; 22:74-84. [PMID: 26954469 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestin2 (βarr2) is an adaptor protein that interacts with numerous signaling molecules and regulates insulin sensitivity. We reported previously that βarr2 was abundantly expressed in mouse pancreatic β-cells, and loss of βarr2 leads to impairment of acute- and late-phase insulin secretion. In the present study, we examined the dynamic changes of β-cell mass in βarr2-deficient (βarr2-/-) mice in vivo and explored the underlying mechanisms involved. βarr2-/- mice with exclusively luciferase overexpression in β-cells were generated and fed a high-fat diet (HFD). β-Cell mass was determined by in vivo noninvasive bioluminescence imaging from 4 to 20 wks of age. Proliferation was measured by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunoblotting were conducted for gene and protein expression. We found that β-cell mass was reduced dramatically in βarr2-/- mice at 12 wks old compared with that of their respective HFD-fed controls. The percentage of BrdU- and Ki67-positive cells reduced in islets from βarr2-/- mice. Exposure of βarr2-/- islets to high levels of glucose and free fatty acids (FFAs) exacerbated cell death, which was associated with upregulation of the JNK pathway in these islets. Conversely, overexpression of βarr2 amplified β-cell proliferation with a concomitant increase in cyclinD2 expression and a decrease in p21 expression and protected β-cells from glucose- and FFA-induced cell death through JNK-activation inhibition. In conclusion, βarr2 plays roles in regulation of pancreatic β-cell mass through the modulation of cell cycle regulatory genes and the inhibition of JNK activation induced by glucolipotoxity, which implicates a role for βarr2 in the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lige Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaida Mu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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44
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Robitaille K, Rourke JL, McBane JE, Fu A, Baird S, Du Q, Kin T, Shapiro AMJ, Screaton RA. High-throughput Functional Genomics Identifies Regulators of Primary Human Beta Cell Proliferation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4614-25. [PMID: 26740620 PMCID: PMC4813485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of cells for regenerative therapy will require the genetic dissection of complex regulatory mechanisms governing the proliferation of non-transformed human cells. Here, we report the development of a high-throughput RNAi screening strategy specifically for use in primary cells and demonstrate that silencing the cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN2C/p18 or CDKN1A/p21 facilitates cell cycle entry of quiescent adult human pancreatic beta cells. This work identifies p18 and p21 as novel targets for promoting proliferation of human beta cells and demonstrates the promise of functional genetic screens for dissecting therapeutically relevant state changes in primary human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Robitaille
- From the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1
| | | | - Joanne E McBane
- From the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1
| | - Accalia Fu
- From the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5
| | - Stephen Baird
- From the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1
| | - Qiujiang Du
- the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5
| | - Tatsuya Kin
- the Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 8215-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2C8, and
| | - A M James Shapiro
- the Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 8215-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2C8, and
| | - Robert A Screaton
- the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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45
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Pal A, Potjer TP, Thomsen SK, Ng HJ, Barrett A, Scharfmann R, James TJ, Bishop DT, Karpe F, Godsland IF, Vasen HFA, Newton-Bishop J, Pijl H, McCarthy MI, Gloyn AL. Loss-of-Function Mutations in the Cell-Cycle Control Gene CDKN2A Impact on Glucose Homeostasis in Humans. Diabetes 2016; 65:527-33. [PMID: 26542317 PMCID: PMC4724950 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
At the CDKN2A/B locus, three independent signals for type 2 diabetes risk are located in a noncoding region near CDKN2A. The disease-associated alleles have been implicated in reduced β-cell function, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In mice, β-cell-specific loss of Cdkn2a causes hyperplasia, while overexpression leads to diabetes, highlighting CDKN2A as a candidate effector transcript. Rare CDKN2A loss-of-function mutations are a cause of familial melanoma and offer the opportunity to determine the impact of CDKN2A haploinsufficiency on glucose homeostasis in humans. To test the hypothesis that such individuals have improved β-cell function, we performed oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests on mutation carriers and matched control subjects. Compared with control subjects, carriers displayed increased insulin secretion, impaired insulin sensitivity, and reduced hepatic insulin clearance. These results are consistent with a model whereby CDKN2A loss affects a range of different tissues, including pancreatic β-cells and liver. To test for direct effects of CDKN2A-loss on β-cell function, we performed knockdown in a human β-cell line, EndoC-bH1. This revealed increased insulin secretion independent of proliferation. Overall, we demonstrated that CDKN2A is an important regulator of glucose homeostasis in humans, thus supporting its candidacy as an effector transcript for type 2 diabetes-associated alleles in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Pal
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Thomas P Potjer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Soren K Thomsen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Hui Jin Ng
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Amy Barrett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Tim J James
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Ian F Godsland
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Hans F A Vasen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hanno Pijl
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K.
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Zhang P, Kumar A, Katz LS, Li L, Paulynice M, Herman MA, Scott DK. Induction of the ChREBPβ Isoform Is Essential for Glucose-Stimulated β-Cell Proliferation. Diabetes 2015; 64:4158-70. [PMID: 26384380 PMCID: PMC4657577 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a glucose-sensing transcription factor required for glucose-stimulated proliferation of pancreatic β-cells in rodents and humans. The full-length isoform (ChREBPα) has a low glucose inhibitory domain (LID) that restrains the transactivation domain when glucose catabolism is minimal. A novel isoform of ChREBP (ChREBPβ) was recently described that lacks the LID domain and is therefore constitutively and more potently active. ChREBPβ has not been described in β-cells nor has its role in glucose-stimulated proliferation been determined. We found that ChREBPβ is highly expressed in response to glucose, particularly with prolonged culture in hyperglycemic conditions. In addition, small interfering RNAs that knocked down ChREBPβ transcripts without affecting ChREBPα expression or activity decreased glucose-stimulated expression of carbohydrate response element-containing genes and glucose-stimulated proliferation in INS-1 cells and in isolated rat islets. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and luciferase reporter assays were used to demonstrate that ChREBP binds to a newly identified powerful carbohydrate response element in β-cells and hepatocytes, distinct from that in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We conclude that ChREBPβ contributes to glucose-stimulated gene expression and proliferation in β-cells, with recruitment of ChREBPα to tissue-specific elements of the ChREBPβ isoform promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pili Zhang
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anil Kumar
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Liora S Katz
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Lucy Li
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Martine Paulynice
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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47
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Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide, and while numerous treatments exist, none of the current pharmacologic therapies is curative. Pharmacologic approaches that increase beta cell mass may present an avenue for actual cure. There have been numerous reports on factors that can induce beta cell proliferation in rodents, whereas there are still very limited data on the occurrence of beta cell proliferation in humans. The recent discovery of the hormone betatrophin, which in mice counteracted glucose intolerance induced by insulin resistance by potently stimulating beta cell proliferation, has boosted the hope for a new target for drug development for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in humans. With the encouraging preclinical findings as a background, this review presents the available clinical data on betatrophin and discusses its possible role in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Espes
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 571, Uppsala, SE-75123, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mats Martinell
- Department of Public Health Care, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 564, Uppsala, 75122, Sweden.
| | - Hanna Liljebäck
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 571, Uppsala, SE-75123, Sweden.
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 571, Uppsala, SE-75123, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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48
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Chen H, Kleinberger JW, Takane KK, Salim F, Fiaschi-Taesch N, Pappas K, Parsons R, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wang P, Bender AS, Frank SJ, Stewart AF. Augmented Stat5 Signaling Bypasses Multiple Impediments to Lactogen-Mediated Proliferation in Human β-Cells. Diabetes 2015; 64:3784-97. [PMID: 26159175 PMCID: PMC4613973 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy in rodents is associated with a two- to threefold increase in β-cell mass, which is attributable to large increases in β-cell proliferation, complimented by increases in β-cell size, survival, and function and mediated mainly by the lactogenic hormones prolactin (PRL) and placental lactogens. In humans, however, β-cell mass does not increase as dramatically during pregnancy, and PRL fails to activate proliferation in human islets in vitro. To determine why, we explored the human PRL-prolactin receptor (hPRLR)-Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5)-cyclin-cdk signaling cascade in human β-cells. Surprisingly, adult human β-cells express little or no PRLR. As expected, restoration of the hPRLR in human β-cells rescued JAK2-STAT5 signaling in response to PRL. However, rescuing hPRLR-STAT5 signaling nevertheless failed to confer proliferative ability on adult human β-cells in response to PRL. Surprisingly, mouse (but not human) Stat5a overexpression led to upregulation of cyclins D1-3 and cdk4, as well as their nuclear translocation, all of which are associated with β-cell cycle entry. Collectively, the findings show that human β-cells fail to proliferate in response to PRL for multiple reasons, one of which is a paucity of functional PRL receptors, and that murine Stat5 overexpression is able to bypass these impediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Chen
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Karen K Takane
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Fatimah Salim
- Duquesne University School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nathalie Fiaschi-Taesch
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kyrie Pappas
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ramon Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jing Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Peng Wang
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Aaron S Bender
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Stuart J Frank
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Endocrinology Section, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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49
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Shen W, Taylor B, Jin Q, Nguyen-Tran V, Meeusen S, Zhang YQ, Kamireddy A, Swafford A, Powers AF, Walker J, Lamb J, Bursalaya B, DiDonato M, Harb G, Qiu M, Filippi CM, Deaton L, Turk CN, Suarez-Pinzon WL, Liu Y, Hao X, Mo T, Yan S, Li J, Herman AE, Hering BJ, Wu T, Martin Seidel H, McNamara P, Glynne R, Laffitte B. Inhibition of DYRK1A and GSK3B induces human β-cell proliferation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8372. [PMID: 26496802 PMCID: PMC4639830 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient pancreatic β-cell mass or function results in diabetes mellitus. While significant progress has been made in regulating insulin secretion from β-cells in diabetic patients, no pharmacological agents have been described that increase β-cell replication in humans. Here we report aminopyrazine compounds that stimulate robust β-cell proliferation in adult primary islets, most likely as a result of combined inhibition of DYRK1A and GSK3B. Aminopyrazine-treated human islets retain functionality in vitro and after transplantation into diabetic mice. Oral dosing of these compounds in diabetic mice induces β-cell proliferation, increases β-cell mass and insulin content, and improves glycaemic control. Biochemical, genetic and cell biology data point to Dyrk1a as the key molecular target. This study supports the feasibility of treating diabetes with an oral therapy to restore β-cell mass, and highlights a tractable pathway for future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Shen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Brandon Taylor
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Qihui Jin
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Van Nguyen-Tran
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Shelly Meeusen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - You-Qing Zhang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Anwesh Kamireddy
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Austin Swafford
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Andrew F. Powers
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - John Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - John Lamb
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Badry Bursalaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Michael DiDonato
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - George Harb
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Minhua Qiu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Christophe M. Filippi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Lisa Deaton
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Carolina N. Turk
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Wilma L. Suarez-Pinzon
- Department of Surgery and Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Yahu Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Xueshi Hao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Tingting Mo
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Shanshan Yan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Ann E. Herman
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Bernhard J. Hering
- Department of Surgery and Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Tom Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Peter McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Richard Glynne
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Bryan Laffitte
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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50
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Tiwari S, Roel C, Wills R, Casinelli G, Tanwir M, Takane KK, Fiaschi-Taesch NM. Early and Late G1/S Cyclins and Cdks Act Complementarily to Enhance Authentic Human β-Cell Proliferation and Expansion. Diabetes 2015; 64:3485-98. [PMID: 26159177 PMCID: PMC4876788 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Cell regeneration is a key goal of diabetes research. Progression through the cell cycle is associated with retinoblastoma protein (pRb) inactivation via sequential phosphorylation by the "early" cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) (d-cyclins cdk4/6) and the "late" cyclins and cdks (cyclin A/E and cdk1/2). In β-cells, activation of either early or late G1/S cyclins and/or cdks is an efficient approach to induce cycle entry, but it is unknown whether the combined expression of early and late cyclins and cdks might have synergistic or additive effects. Thus, we explored whether a combination of both early and late cyclins and cdks might more effectively drive human β-cell cell cycle entry than either group alone. We also sought to determine whether authentic replication with the expansion of adult human β-cells could be demonstrated. Late cyclins and cdks do not traffic in response to the induction of replication by early cyclins and cdks in human β-cells but are capable of nuclear translocation when overexpressed. Early plus late cyclins and cdks, acting via pRb phosphorylation on distinct residues, complementarily induce greater proliferation in human β-cells than either group alone. Importantly, the combination of early and late cyclins and cdks clearly increased human β-cell numbers in vitro. These findings provide additional insight into human β-cell expansion. They also provide a novel tool for assessing β-cell expansion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwani Tiwari
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Chris Roel
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Rachel Wills
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gabriella Casinelli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mansoor Tanwir
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Karen K Takane
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nathalie M Fiaschi-Taesch
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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