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Si YJ, Jang SG, Kim YI, Casel MAB, Kim DJ, Ji HY, Choi JH, Gil JR, Rollon R, Jang H, Cheun SY, Kim EH, Jeong H, Choi YK. Evolutional dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 genotypes in wintering bird habitats: Insights from South Korea's 2020-2021 season. One Health 2024; 18:100719. [PMID: 38585666 PMCID: PMC10995977 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The winter of 2020-2021 in South Korea witnessed severe outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses, specifically multiple genotypes of the H5N8 subtype. These outbreaks prompted an extensive investigation into the genetic characteristics and evolutionary dynamics of these viruses. Under the auspices of the National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), we conducted a nationwide surveillance program, collecting 7588 specimens from diverse wild bird habitats. Influenza A viruses were isolated at a rate of 5.0%, with HPAI H5N8 viruses accounting for 38.5% of isolates, predominantly found in wild bird carcasses (97.3%). Genetic analysis revealed the emergence of novel HPAI genotypes due to genetic reassortment events. G1 and G2 viruses were separately introduced into Korea, with G1 viruses displaying dynamic behavior, resulting in diverse sub-genotypes (G1-1 to G1-5) and mainly isolated from clinical specimens. Conversely, the G2 virus, introduced later, became the dominant strain consistently isolated mainly from bird carcasses (88.9%). These findings underscore the emergence of numerous novel HPAI genotypes shaped by multiple reassortment events in high-density wintering grounds of migratory birds. These sites act as hotspots for genetic exchanges, significantly influencing avian ecology, including resident bird species, and contributing to HPAI H5N8 evolution. The genetic diversity and ongoing evolution of these viruses highlight the need for vigilant surveillance and adaptive control measures. Recognizing the potential spillover to human populations, a One Health approach is essential to mitigate the evolving threats posed by avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Si
- National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B. Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-ju Kim
- National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Ji
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ryeon Gil
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Cheun
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Jeong
- National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
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Lee YJ, Park JY, Shang K, Zhang JF, Choi YR, Kim SW, Cha SY, Kang M, Wei B, Jang HK. Genetic Characterization of Avian Paramyxovirus Isolated from Wild Waterfowl in Korea between 2015 and 2021. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:780. [PMID: 38473165 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) are often carried by wild waterfowl, and the wild waterfowl may play an important role in the maintenance and spread of these viruses. In this study, we investigated APMVs in the population of migratory wild waterfowl from 2015 to 2021 in Korea and analyzed their genetic characteristics. Fourteen viruses were isolated and subsequently identified as APMV-1 (n = 13) and APMV-13 (n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis of the full fusion gene of 13 APMV-1 isolates showed that 10 APMV-1 isolates belonged to the class II sub-genotype I.2, which was epidemiologically linked to viruses from the Eurasian continent, and 3 viruses belonged to class I, which linked to viruses from the USA. The APMV-13 isolates from wild geese in this study were highly homology to the virus isolated from China. Sequence analysis of 14 isolates showed that all isolates had a typical lentogenic motif at the cleavage site. In summary, we identified the wild species likely to be infected with APMV and our data suggest possible intercontinental transmission of APMV by wild waterfowl. Our current study also provides the first evidence for the presence of class I of APMV-1 and APMV-13 in wild waterfowl surveyed in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea-Jin Lee
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Park
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke Shang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Feng Zhang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Choi
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Kim
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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Herfst S, Begeman L, Spronken MI, Poen MJ, Eggink D, de Meulder D, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Koopmans MPG, Kuiken T, Richard M, Fouchier RAM. A Dutch highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus showed remarkable tropism for extra-respiratory organs and caused severe disease but was not transmissible via air in the ferret model. mSphere 2023; 8:e0020023. [PMID: 37428085 PMCID: PMC10449504 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00200-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Continued circulation of A/H5N1 influenza viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage in poultry has resulted in the diversification in multiple genetic and antigenic clades. Since 2009, clade 2.3.4.4 hemagglutinin (HA) containing viruses harboring the internal and neuraminidase (NA) genes of other avian influenza A viruses have been detected. As a result, various HA-NA combinations, such as A/H5N1, A/H5N2, A/H5N3, A/H5N5, A/H5N6, and A/H5N8 have been identified. As of January 2023, 83 humans have been infected with A/H5N6 viruses, thereby posing an apparent risk for public health. Here, as part of a risk assessment, the in vitro and in vivo characterization of A/H5N6 A/black-headed gull/Netherlands/29/2017 is described. This A/H5N6 virus was not transmitted between ferrets via the air but was of unexpectedly high pathogenicity compared to other described A/H5N6 viruses. The virus replicated and caused severe lesions not only in respiratory tissues but also in multiple extra-respiratory tissues, including brain, liver, pancreas, spleen, lymph nodes, and adrenal gland. Sequence analyses demonstrated that the well-known mammalian adaptation substitution D701N was positively selected in almost all ferrets. In the in vitro experiments, no other known viral phenotypic properties associated with mammalian adaptation or increased pathogenicity were identified. The lack of transmission via the air and the absence of mammalian adaptation markers suggest that the public health risk of this virus is low. The high pathogenicity of this virus in ferrets could not be explained by the known mammalian pathogenicity factors and should be further studied. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza A/H5 viruses can cross the species barrier and infect humans. These infections can have a fatal outcome, but fortunately these influenza A/H5 viruses do not spread between humans. However, the extensive circulation and reassortment of A/H5N6 viruses in poultry and wild birds warrant risk assessments of circulating strains. Here an in-depth characterization of the properties of an avian A/H5N6 influenza virus isolated from a black-headed gull in the Netherlands was performed in vitro and in vivo, in ferrets. The virus was not transmissible via the air but caused severe disease and spread to extra-respiratory organs. Apart from the detection in ferrets of a mutation that increased virus replication, no other mammalian adaptation phenotypes were identified. Our results suggest that the risk of this avian A/H5N6 virus for public health is low. The underlying reasons for the high pathogenicity of this virus are unexplained and should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lineke Begeman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J. Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Yoo DS, Kang SI, Lee YN, Lee EK, Kim WY, Lee YJ. Bridging the Local Persistence and Long-Range Dispersal of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIv): A Case Study of HPAIv-Infected Sedentary and Migratory Wildfowls Inhabiting Infected Premises. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010116. [PMID: 35062320 PMCID: PMC8780574 DOI: 10.3390/v14010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have seen the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infections that are characterized as extremely contagious, with a high fatality rate in chickens, and humans; this has sparked considerable concerns for global health. Generally, the new variant of the HPAI virus crossed into various countries through wild bird migration, and persisted in the local environment through the interactions between wild and farmed birds. Nevertheless, no studies have found informative cases associated with connecting local persistence and long-range dispersal. During the 2016–2017 HPAI H5N6 epidemic in South Korea, we observed several waterfowls with avian influenza infection under telemetric monitoring. Based on the telemetry records and surveillance data, we conducted a case study to test hypotheses related to the transmission pathway between wild birds and poultry. One sedentary wildfowl naturally infected with HPAI H5N6, which overlapped with the home range of one migratory bird with H5-specific antibody-positive, showed itself to be phylogenetically close to the isolates from a chicken farm located within its habitat. Our study is the first observational study that provides scientific evidence supporting the hypothesis that the HPAI spillover into poultry farms is caused by local persistence in sedentary birds, in addition to its long-range dispersal by sympatric migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-sung Yoo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea;
| | - Sung-Il Kang
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea;
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (Y.-N.L.); (E.-K.L.)
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (Y.-N.L.); (E.-K.L.)
| | - Woo-yuel Kim
- Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Korea;
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (Y.-N.L.); (E.-K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Yoo DS, Chun BC, Kim Y, Lee KN, Moon OK. Dynamics of inter-farm transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 integrating vehicle movements and phylogenetic information. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24163. [PMID: 34921165 PMCID: PMC8683487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry holdings commonly spreads through animal trade, and poultry production and health-associated vehicle (PPHaV) movement. To effectively control the spread of disease, it is essential that the contact structure via those movements among farms is thoroughly explored. However, few attempts have been made to scrutinize PPHaV movement compared to poultry trade. Therefore, our study aimed to elucidate the role of PPHaV movement on HPAI transmission. We performed network analysis using PPHaV movement data based on a global positioning system, with phylogenetic information of the isolates during the 2016–2017 HPAI H5N6 epidemic in the Republic of Korea. Moreover, the contribution of PPHaV movement to the spread of HPAI was estimated by Bayesian modeling. The network analysis revealed that there was the relationship between phylogenetic clusters and the contact network via PPHaV movement. Furthermore, the similarity of farm poultry species and the shared integrators between inter-linked infected premises (IPs) were associated with ties within the same phylogenetic clusters. Additionally, PPHaV movement among phylogenetically clustered IPs was estimated to contribute to approximately 30% of HPAI H5N6 infections in IPs on average. This study provides insight into how HPAI spread via PPHaV movement and scientific basis for control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Sung Yoo
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Chul Chun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younjung Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Oun-Kyoung Moon
- Import Risk Assessment Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
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6
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Preventive effect of on-farm biosecurity practices against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 infection on commercial layer farms in the Republic of Korea during the 2016-17 epidemic: A case-control study. Prev Vet Med 2021; 199:105556. [PMID: 34896940 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIv) H5N6 has destructive consequences on the global poultry production system. Recently, a growing number of layer farms have been heavily damaged from the HPAIv epidemic due to the increased virulence of the virus and the intensification of the production system. Therefore, stakeholders should implement effective preventive practices at the farm level that are aligned with contingency measures at the national level to minimize poultry losses. However, numerous biosecurity protocols for layer farm workers to follow have been developed, impeding efficient prevention and control. Furthermore, the effectiveness of biosecurity practices varies with the geographical condition and inter-farm contact structures. Hence, the objective of our study was to examine the preventive effect of five biosecurity actions commonly practiced at layer farms in the Republic of Korea against HPAIv H5N6: (i) fence installation around a farm, ii) rodent control inside a farm; iii) disinfection booth for visitors for disinfection protocols, iv) an anterior room in the sheds before entering the bird area and v) boots changes when moving between sheds in the same farm. We conducted a case-control study on 114 layer case farms and 129 layer control farms during the 2016-17 HPAI epidemic. The odds ratios for five on-farm biosecurity practices implemented in those study groups were estimated as a preventive effect on the HPAI infection with covariates, including seven geographical conditions and three network metrics using Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression and geographical location weighted logistic regression. The results showed that the use of a disinfection booth for personnel reduced the odds of HPAIv H5N6 infection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.002, 95 % credible interval [CrI] = 0.00007 - 0.025) with relatively small spatial variation (minimum AOR - maximum AOR: 0.084-0.263). Changing boots between sheds on the same farm reduced the odds of HPAIv H5N6 infection (AOR = 0.160, 95 % CrI = 0.024-0.852) with relatively wide spatial variation (minimum AOR - maximum AOR = 0.270-0.688). Therefore, enhanced personnel biosecurity protocols at the farm of entry for layer farms is recommended to effectively prevent and respond to HPAIv H5N6 infection under different local condition. Our study provides an important message for layer farmers to effectively implement on-farm biosecurity actions against HPAIv H5N6 infection at their farms by setting priorities based on their spatial condition and network position.
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Xiang B, Song J, Chen L, Liang J, Li X, Yu D, Lin Q, Liao M, Ren T, Xu C. Duck-origin H5N6 avian influenza viruses induce different pathogenic and inflammatory effects in mice. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3509-3518. [PMID: 33316151 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and have caused 24 laboratory-confirmed human cases. In this study, we isolated nine (B1-B9) H5N6 viruses from healthy ducks in Guangdong Province, Southern China from December 2018 to April 2019. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B7, B8, and B9 clustered into the G1.1 genotype and shared high sequence similarity with human H5N6 isolates from Southern China in 2017 and 2018. Meanwhile, B6 clustered into the G1.1.9 genotype. The hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and nonstructural protein (NS) gene segments of B6 were closely related to the human H5N6 isolates, while the other genomic segments were closely related to H5N6 viruses isolated from waterfowl in Southern China. Compared to B7, B6 had higher pathogenicity and induced stronger inflammatory responses in mice. B6 carried a full-length PB1-F2 protein (90 aa), while the rest carried an 11-amino acid C-terminal-truncated PB1-F2. The PB1-F2 protein may increase the virulence of B6 compared to that of B7. Our findings provide insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of H5N6 viruses in mammals and emphasize the need for continued surveillance of circulating H5N6 viruses in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianpeng Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Matsuu A, Tanikawa T, Fujimoto Y, Yabuki M, Tsunekuni R, Sakuma S, Uchida Y, Saito T. Different Sensitivity of Japanese Native-Bred Chickens to H5 Subtypes of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses. Avian Dis 2021; 65:508-515. [PMID: 34699150 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of three breeds of Japanese native chickens, commercial broilers, and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorns to three strains of the H5 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). Chickens were experimentally inoculated with doses of 102, 104, and 106 50% egg infective dose of A/mandarin duck/Miyazaki/22M-765/2011 (duck-11), A/chicken/Miyazaki/7/2014 (chicken-14), and A/chicken/Kumamoto/1-2C/2016 (chicken-16). The 50% chicken lethal dose of each virus, mean death time, and viral shedding patterns were compared. The Japanese native chickens showed varied susceptibility to the three H5 HPAIV isolates. Although two of the breeds showed some degree of resistance to duck-11 and chicken-14, all three were more sensitive to chicken-16 than commercial broiler chickens. We have shown that Japanese native chickens do not necessarily have resistance to HPAIV and that the pathogenic characteristics of HPAIVs are quite different between native and commercial chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Matsuu
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan,
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Fujimoto
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mihoko Yabuki
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Saki Sakuma
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
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9
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Kang YM, Cho HK, Kim JH, Lee SJ, Park SJ, Kim DY, Kim SY, Park JW, Lee MH, Kim MC, Kang HM. Single dose of multi-clade virus-like particle vaccine protects chickens against clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13786. [PMID: 34215796 PMCID: PMC8253753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are recognized as an alternative vaccine platform that provide effective protection against various highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). Here, we developed multi-clade VLPs expressing two HAs (a chimera of clade 2.3.2.1c and clade 2.3.4.4c HA) within a single vector. We then compared its protective efficacy with that of a monovalent VLP and evaluated its potency against each homologous strain. Chickens vaccinated with the multi-clade VLP shed less virus and were better protected against challenge than birds receiving monovalent vaccines. Single vaccination with a multi-clade VLP resulted in 100% survival, with no clinical symptoms and high levels of pre-challenge protective immunity (7.6–8.5 log2). Moreover, the multi-clade VLP showed high productivity (128–256 HAU) both in the laboratory and on a large scale, making it cheaper than whole inactivated vaccines produced in eggs. However, the PD50 (protective dose 50%) of the multi-clade VLP against clades 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4c was < 50 PD50 (28 and 42 PD50, respectively), and effective antibody response was maintained for 2–3 months. This multi-clade VLP protects against both clades of HPAI viruses and can be produced in high amounts at low cost. Thus, the vaccine has potential as a pandemic preparedness vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hun Kim
- Komipharm Institute, 17 Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15094, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Komipharm Institute, 17 Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15094, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Jeong Park
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Kim
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yup Kim
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Komipharm Institute, 17 Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15094, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kim WH, Cho S. Estimation of the Basic Reproduction Numbers of the Subtypes H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 During the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Epidemic Spread Between Farms. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:597630. [PMID: 34250054 PMCID: PMC8264784 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.597630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand pathogen transmissibility in a population to establish an effective disease prevention policy. The basic reproduction number (R 0) is an epidemiologic parameter for understanding the characterization of disease and its dynamics in a population. We aimed to estimate the R 0 of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtypes H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6, which were associated with nine outbreaks in Korea between 2003 and 2018, to understand the epidemic transmission of each subtype. According to HPAI outbreak reports of the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, we estimated the generation time by calculating the time of infection between confirmed HPAI-positive farms. We constructed exponential growth and maximum likelihood (ML) models to estimate the basic reproduction number, which assumes the number of secondary cases infected by the index case. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the epidemic statistics between subtypes. The estimated generation time of H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 were 4.80 days [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.23-5.38] days, 7.58 (95% CI 6.63-8.46), and 5.09 days (95% CI 4.44-5.74), respectively. A pairwise comparison showed that the generation time of H5N8 was significantly longer than that of the subtype H5N1 (P = 0.04). Based on the ML model, R 0 was estimated as 1.69 (95% CI 1.48-2.39) for subtype H5N1, 1.60 (95%CI 0.97-2.23) for subtype H5N8, and 1.49 (95%CI 0.94-2.04) for subtype H5N6. We concluded that R 0 estimates may be associated with the poultry product system, climate, species specificity based on the HPAI virus subtype, and prevention policy. This study provides an insight on the transmission and dynamics patterns of various subtypes of HPAI occurring worldwide. Furthermore, the results are useful as scientific evidence for establishing a disease control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Elucidating the Local Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N6 in the Republic of Korea by Integrating Phylogenetic Information. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060691. [PMID: 34199439 PMCID: PMC8230294 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus is one of the most virulent and infectious pathogens of poultry. As a response to HPAI epidemics, veterinary authorities implement preemptive depopulation as a controlling strategy. However, mass culling within a uniform radius of the infection site can result in unnecessary depopulation. Therefore, it is useful to quantify the transmission distance from infected premises (IPs) before determining the optimal area for preemptive depopulation. Accordingly, we analyzed the transmission risk within spatiotemporal clusters of IPs using transmission kernel estimates derived from phylogenetic clustering information on 311 HPAI H5N6 IPs identified during the 2016–2017 epidemic, Republic of Korea. Subsequently, we explored the impact of varying the culling radius on the local transmission of HPAI given the transmission risk estimates. The domestic duck farm density was positively associated with higher transmissibility. Ring culling over a radius of 3 km may be effective for areas with high dense duck holdings, but this approach does not appear to significantly reduce the risk for local transmission in areas with chicken farms. This study provides the first estimation of the local transmission dynamics of HPAI in the Republic of Korea as well as insight into determining an effective ring culling radius.
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12
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Ge Z, Gu M, Cai T, Liu K, Gao R, Liu D, Sun W, Li X, Shi L, Liu J, Wang X, Hu J, Liu X, Hu S, Chen S, Peng D, Jiao X, Liu X. Phylogenetic tracing and biological characterization of a novel clade 2.3.2.1 reassortant of H5N6 subtype avian influenza virus in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:730-741. [PMID: 32677729 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years in China, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 plus clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have gradually become endemic in poultry, and their co-circulation could inevitably facilitate the gene reassortment between each other. During our routine surveillance in live poultry markets (LPMs) in eastern China in 2017-2018, a novel reassortant H5N6 strain with the HA gene derived from clade 2.3.2.1 was isolated from the cloacal swabs of apparently healthy ducks. Phylogenetic tracing analysis indicated that another two clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 strains with divergent lineages of PB1 gene and one clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 isolate of the dominant genotype sharing spatio-temporal proximity were intimately involved in the generation of this rarely reported clade 2.3.2.1 H5N6 reassortant. Distinct with the other three HPAI H5 viruses showing moderate virulence in mice, the H5N1 strain of the homologous internal gene constellation against the clade 2.3.2.1 H5N6 reassortant was highly pathogenic, which might probably attribute to the H3 subtype-derived PB1 gene. However, as compared to the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 ancestor, the clade 2.3.2.1 H5N6 reassortant displayed a broader tissue distribution and higher viral titres in mice, which could likely facilitate the viral maintenance and spread in nature. Therefore, our results highlight that continuous epidemiological survey of H5 subtype HPAI viruses in LPMs needs to be strengthened to prevent the potential poultry or even public health threat of the novel reassortants from endemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichuang Ge
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Cai
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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13
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Protection of layers and breeders against homologous or heterologous HPAIv by vaccines from Korean national antigen bank. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9436. [PMID: 32523096 PMCID: PMC7287076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean government has selected and stocked five type antigens of two clades as Korean national antigen bank having high possibility of introduction to Korea. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the clade 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4c H5Nx vaccines from the Korean avian influenza (AI) national antigen bank for emergency preparedness for their potency and protective efficacy against lethal homologous and heterologous viruses in layer and breeder chickens practically. The PD50 (dose of vaccine that protects 50% of chickens from viral challenge) of all vaccinated groups was >50, which was satisfied with minimum antigen requirement of OIE, and the PD50 levels of the two vaccines differed depending on strain and chicken breed. In homologous challenge, all vaccinated groups exhibited 100% survival with no clinical symptoms and high levels of pre-challenge protective immunity (7.2–8.5 log2), although they did not completely prevent virus shedding. On the other hand, against heterologous virus challenge, vaccinated animals exhibited 62.5–80% survival with lower antibody titers (2.3–3.4 log2) and a longer period of virus shedding (14 days post infection [dpi]). Our results suggest that the clade 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4c H5Nx vaccines are good candidates for emergency vaccination of commercial chickens and support the idea that close genetic matching between vaccine and challenge virus provides the best protection.
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14
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Shin J, Kang S, Byeon H, Cho SM, Kim SY, Chung YJ, Jung SH. Highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus subtype clade 2.3.4.4 indigenous in South Korea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7241. [PMID: 32350323 PMCID: PMC7190616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, caused by novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses, resulted in the loss of one billion birds in South Korea. Here, we characterized the H5N6 viruses isolated from wild birds in South Korea from December 2017 to August 2019 by next-generation sequencing. The results indicated that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 shared almost identical nucleotide sequences with the HPAI H5N6 viruses from 2016 in South Korea. This repeated detection of evolutionarily identical H5N6 viruses in same region for more than three years may suggest indigenization of the HPAI H5N6 virus in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 were evolutionarily distinct from those isolated in 2018. Molecular analysis revealed that the H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 had features associated with an increased risk of human infection (e.g. a deletion at position 133 of HA and glutamic acid residue at position 92 of NS1). Overall, these genomic features of HPAI H5N6 viruses highlight the need for continuous monitoring of avian influenza viruses in wild migratory birds as well as in domestic birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoun Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinseok Kang
- Chungbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseop Byeon
- Chungbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Cho
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Kim
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Hu C, Li X, Zhu C, Zhou F, Tang W, Wu D, Li Z, Zhou L, Liu J, Wei X, Cui J, Wang T, He G. Co-circulation of multiple reassortant H6 subtype avian influenza viruses in wild birds in eastern China, 2016-2017. Virol J 2020; 17:62. [PMID: 32349760 PMCID: PMC7189434 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H6 subtype influenza viruses were prevalent in domestic poultry and wild birds, which also could pose potential threat to humans. However, little is known about the prevalence of H6 subtype viruses in wild birds in eastern China, a crucial stopover or wintering site for migratory wild birds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. Methods During the routine surveillance in 2016–2017, H6 subtype AIVs positive samples were identified, and the representative strains were selected for further sequence and phylogenetic analysis and the pathogenicity in mice were evaluated. Results Among the 30 H6 positive samples, there were at least four subtypes H6N1, H6N2, H6N5 and H6N8 co-circulated in Shanghai, China. Genetic analysis showed the 8 representative isolates shared homology with different AIV sub-lineages isolated from domestic ducks or wild birds in different countries along the East Asian-Australasian flyways, and were classified into 7 new genotypes. The pathogenicity to mice showed that these H6 viruses could replicate efficiently in the lungs without prior adaptation, but could not cause mice death. Conclusions Eight novel strains belonged to H6N1, H6N2, H6N5 and H6N8 subtypes were isolated. Phylogenetic analyses revealed multiple origins of internal genes indicative of robust reassortment events and frequent wild birds-poultry interaction encouraging the evolution and emergence of new genotypes. The pathogenicity to mammals should be closely monitored to prevent the emergence of novel pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxia Hu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caihui Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Jinshan Forest Working-Station, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangjun Tang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Wu
- Shanghai Wildlife Conservation and Management Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoman Wei
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Unit of Pathogen Bioinformatics, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Unit of Pathogen Bioinformatics, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Tianhou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guimei He
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Abstract
In 1918, a strain of influenza A virus caused a human pandemic resulting in the deaths of 50 million people. A century later, with the advent of sequencing technology and corresponding phylogenetic methods, we know much more about the origins, evolution and epidemiology of influenza epidemics. Here we review the history of avian influenza viruses through the lens of their genetic makeup: from their relationship to human pandemic viruses, starting with the 1918 H1N1 strain, through to the highly pathogenic epidemics in birds and zoonoses up to 2018. We describe the genesis of novel influenza A virus strains by reassortment and evolution in wild and domestic bird populations, as well as the role of wild bird migration in their long-range spread. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, and the zoonotic incursions of avian H5 and H7 viruses into humans over the last couple of decades are also described. The threat of a new avian influenza virus causing a human pandemic is still present today, although control in domestic avian populations can minimize the risk to human health. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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17
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Kang YM, Cho HK, Kim HM, Lee MH, To TL, Kang HM. Protective efficacy of vaccines of the Korea national antigen bank against the homologous H5Nx clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Vaccine 2019; 38:663-672. [PMID: 31669062 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Korea led to establishment of a national antigen bank for emergency preparedness. Here, we developed five vaccines for this bank (clade 2.3.2.1C, clade 2.3.4.4A, B, C, and D) by reverse genetics, inactivated them with formalin, and evaluated the protective efficacy and potency of serial dilutions against lethal homologous challenge in specific-pathogen-free chickens. After vaccination with one dose, each vaccine resulted in 100% survival, with no clinical symptoms, or lack of detectable virus shedding, and high levels of pre-challenge protective immunity (8.4-10.2 log2). After vaccination with one-tenth of the full dose, protection was similar to that with the full dose. After vaccination with one-hundredth of the initial dose, survival was 20-80%, and all vaccines showed virus shedding. Four vaccines (excluding clade 2.3.2.1C) had satisfactory potency. In antibody-persistence tests, all vaccines maintained long-lasting protective immunity. Our results suggest that inactivated reverse-genetics vaccines genetically matched to outbreak viruses provide adequate protection after a single vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Myung Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Long To
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, No. 11, 78th Lane, GiaiPhong Road, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Sun J, Zhao L, Li X, Meng W, Chu D, Yang X, Peng P, Zhi M, Qin S, Fu T, Li J, Lu S, Wang W, He X, Yu M, Lv X, Ma W, Liao M, Liu Z, Zhang G, Wang Y, Li Y, Chai H, Lu J, Hua Y. Novel H5N6 avian influenza virus reassortants with European H5N8 isolated in migratory birds, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:648-660. [PMID: 31580519 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Five novel H5N6 influenza viruses, including four highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and one low pathogenic avian influenza virus, were isolated from migratory birds in Ningxia, China, in November 2017. To understand the genetic origination of the novel H5N6 virus, and the infectivity and pathogenicity of the four highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in mammals, phylogeographic analyses and infection studies in mice were performed. The phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses showed that the H5N6 isolates, which are closely related to the viruses from Korea, Japan and the Netherlands, originated from reassortant virus between H5N8 and HxN6 viruses from western Russia. The animal study revealed that the SBD-87 isolate presented moderate virulence in mice, suggesting a potential public risk to humans and a potential threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiyue Meng
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Chu
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Peng
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Zhi
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian Fu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinghao Li
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaoxia Lu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Monitoring Center for Terrestrial Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xin He
- Monitoring Center for Terrestrial Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mengqi Yu
- Monitoring Center for Terrestrial Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xinru Lv
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenge Ma
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengying Liao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhensheng Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin, China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Hua
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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19
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Cui P, Wang C, Zeng X, Deng G, Wang X. Development of a duplex TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of newly emerged H5N6 influenza viruses. Virol J 2019; 16:119. [PMID: 31640801 PMCID: PMC6805314 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2017–2018, a new highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) variant appeared in poultry and wild birds in Asian and European countries and caused multiple outbreaks. These variant strains are different from the H5N6 virus associated with human infection in previous years, and their genetic taxonomic status and antigenicity have changed. Therefore, revision of the primers and probes of fluorescent RT-PCR is important to detect the new H5N6 subtype AIV in poultry and reduce the risk of an epidemic in birds or humans. Methods In this study, the primers and probes including three groups of HA and four groups of NA for H5N6 influenza virus were evaluated. Then a set of ideal primer and probes were selected to further optimize the reaction system and established a method of double rRT-PCR assay. The specificity of this method was determined by using H1~H16 subtype AIV. Results The results showed that fluorescence signals were obtained for H5 virus in FAM channel and N6 virus in VIC channel, and no fluorescent signal was observed in other subtypes of avian influenza viruses. The detection limit of this assay was 69 copies for H5 and 83 copies for N6 gene. And, the variability tests of intra- and inter-assay showed excellent reproducibility. Moreover, this assay showed 100% agreement with virus isolation method in detecting samples from poultry. Conclusion The duplex rRT-PCR assay presented here has high specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility, and can be used for laboratory surveillance and rapid diagnosis of newly emerged H5N6 subtype avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
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20
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Chen P, Xie JF, Lin Q, Zhao L, Zhang YH, Chen HB, Weng YW, Huang Z, Zheng KC. A study of the relationship between human infection with avian influenza a (H5N6) and environmental avian influenza viruses in Fujian, China. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:762. [PMID: 31477028 PMCID: PMC6719373 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza A (H5N6) virus poses a great threat to the human health since it is capable to cross the species barrier and infect humans. Although human infections are believed to largely originate from poultry contaminations, the transmissibility is unclear and only limited information was available on poultry environment contaminations, especially in Fujian Province. METHODS A total of 4901 environmental samples were collected and tested for Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) from six cities in Fujian Province through the Fujian Influenza Surveillance System from 2013 to 2017. Two patient-related samples were taken from Fujian's first confirmed H5N6 human case and his backyard chicken feces in 2017. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact probability test was used to compare the AIV and the viral subtype positive rates among samples from different Surveillance cities, surveillance sites, sample types, and seasons. Phylogenetic tree analysis and molecular analysis were conducted to track the viral transmission route of the human infection and to map out the evolutions of H5N6 in Fujian. RESULTS The overall positive rate of the H5 subtype AIVs was 4.24% (208/4903). There were distinctive differences (p < 0.05) in the positive rates in samples from different cities, sample sites, sample types and seasons. The viruses from the patient and his backyard chicken feces shared high homologies (99.9-100%) in all the eight gene segments. Phylogenetic trees also showed that these two H5N6 viruses were closely related to each other, and were classified into the same genetic clade 2.3.4.4 with another six H5N6 isolates from the environmental samples. The patient's H5N6 virus carried genes from H6N6, H5N8 and H5N6 viruses originated from different areas. The R294K or N294S substitution was not detected in the neuraminidase (NA). The S31 N substitution in the matrix2 (M2) gene was detected but only in one strain from the environmental samples. CONCLUSIONS The H5 subtype of AIVs has started circulating in the poultry environments in Fujian Province. The patient's viral strain originated from the chicken feces in his backyard. Genetic reassortment in H5N6 viruses in Fujian Province was indicated. The H5N6 viruses currently circulating in Fujian Province were still commonly sensitive to Oseltamivir and Zanamivir, but the resistance against Amantadine has emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- College of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 88, Jiaotong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Jian-Feng Xie
- College of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 88, Jiaotong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, China.,Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yan-Hua Zhang
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Hong-Bin Chen
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yu-Wei Weng
- College of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 88, Jiaotong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, China.,Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Kui-Cheng Zheng
- College of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 88, Jiaotong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, China. .,Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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21
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Mine J, Uchida Y, Nakayama M, Tanikawa T, Tsunekuni R, Sharshov K, Takemae N, Sobolev I, Shestpalov A, Saito T. Genetics and pathogenicity of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and a chicken in Japan during winter 2017-2018. Virology 2019; 533:1-11. [PMID: 31071540 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreak occurred in poultry in Japan during January 2018, and H5N6 HPAIVs killed several wild birds in 3 prefectures during Winter 2017-2018. Time-measured phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the Hemagglutinin (HA) and internal genes of these isolates were genetically similar to clade 2.3.4.4.B H5N8 HPAIVs in Europe during Winter 2016-2017, and Neuraminidase (NA) genes of the poultry and wild bird isolates were gained through distinct reassortments with AIVs that were estimated to have circulated possibly in Siberia during Summer 2017 and Summer 2016, respectively. Lethal infectious dose to chickens was similar between the poultry and wild-bird isolates. H5N6 HPAIVs during Winter 2017-2018 in Japan had higher 50% chicken lethal doses and lower transmission efficiency than the H5Nx HPAIVs that caused previous outbreaks in Japan, thus explaining in part why cases during the 2017-2018 outbreak were sporadic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Momoko Nakayama
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestpalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagito, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1112, Japan.
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22
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Kim YI, Si YJ, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Park SJ, Robles NJ, Nguyen HD, Yu MA, Yu KM, Lee YJ, Lee MH, Choi YK. Pathogenicity and genetic characterisation of a novel reassortant, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 virus isolated in Korea, 2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 29463346 PMCID: PMC5824127 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.7.18-00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated influenza A(H5N6) viruses from migratory birds in Chungnam and Gyeonggi Provinces, South Korea following a reported die-off of poultry in nearby provinces in November 2017. Genetic analysis and virulence studies in chickens and ducks identified our isolate from December 2017 as a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. It resulted from reassortment between the highly virulent H5N8 strain from Korea with the N6 gene from a low-pathogenic H3N6 virus from the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Kim
- These authors contributed equally to this article.,College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- These authors contributed equally to this article.,College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Norbert John Robles
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Min-Ah Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- These authors contributed equally to this article.,College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, South Korea
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23
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Uchida Y, Mine J, Takemae N, Tanikawa T, Tsunekuni R, Saito T. Comparative pathogenicity of H5N6 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chicken, Pekin duck and Muscovy duck. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1227-1251. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Uchida
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Junki Mine
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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24
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Choi J, Jeun M, Yuk SS, Park S, Choi J, Lee D, Shin H, Kim H, Cho IJ, Kim SK, Lee S, Song CS, Lee KH. Fully Packaged Portable Thin Film Biosensor for the Direct Detection of Highly Pathogenic Viruses from On-Site Samples. ACS NANO 2019; 13:812-820. [PMID: 30596428 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The thin film transistor (TFT) is a promising biosensor system with great sensitivity, label-free detection, and a quick response time. However, even though the TFT sensor has such advantageous characteristics, the disadvantages hamper the TFT sensor's application in the clinical field. The TFT is susceptible to light, noise, vibration, and limited usage, and this significantly limits its on-site potential as a practical biosensor. Herein, we developed a fully packaged, portable TFT electrochemical biosensor into a chip form, providing both portability through minimizing the laboratory equipment size and multiple safe usages by protecting the semiconductor sensor. Additionally, a safe environment that serves as a miniature probe station minimizes the previously mentioned disadvantages, while providing the means to properly link the TFT biosensor with a portable analyzer. The biosensor was taken into a biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory setting to analyze highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) samples. This virus quickly accumulates within a host, and therefore, early stage detection is critical to deterring the further spread of the deadly disease to other areas. However, current on-site methods have poor limits of detection (105-106 EID50/mL), and because the virus has low concentration in its early stages, it cannot be detected easily. We have compared the sample measurements from our device with virus concentration data obtained from a RT-PCR (virus range: 100-104 EID50/mL) and have identified an increasing voltage signal which corresponds to increasing virus concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Choi
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology , KIST School - Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Minhong Jeun
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Department of Veterinary Medicine , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Park
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology , KIST School - Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebin Choi
- Sensor System Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Donggeun Lee
- Sensor System Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogeun Shin
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology , KIST School - Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Center for BioMicrosystems , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Kim
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology , KIST School - Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Center for BioMicrosystems , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyung Kim
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology , KIST School - Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Center for BioMicrosystems , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Lee
- Sensor System Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seon Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Hyi Lee
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology , KIST School - Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
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25
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Creating Disease Resistant Chickens: A Viable Solution to Avian Influenza? Viruses 2018; 10:v10100561. [PMID: 30326625 PMCID: PMC6213529 DOI: 10.3390/v10100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) represents an ongoing threat to human and animal health worldwide. The generation of IAV-resistant chickens through genetic modification and/or selective breeding may help prevent viral spread. The feasibility of creating genetically modified birds has already been demonstrated with the insertion of transgenes that target IAV into the genomes of chickens. This approach has been met with some success in minimising the spread of IAV but has limitations in terms of its ability to prevent the emergence of disease. An alternate approach is the use of genetic engineering to improve host resistance by targeting the antiviral immune responses of poultry to IAV. Harnessing such resistance mechanisms in a “genetic restoration” approach may hold the greatest promise yet for generating disease resistant chickens. Continuing to identify genes associated with natural resistance in poultry provides the opportunity to identify new targets for genetic modification and/or selective breeding. However, as with any new technology, economic, societal, and legislative barriers will need to be overcome before we are likely to see commercialisation of genetically modified birds.
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26
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Isolation and characterization of H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 in Russia. Virology 2018; 525:216-223. [PMID: 30296682 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2016-2017, several subtypes of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus were isolated on the territory of Russia. In the autumn of 2016, during the avian influenza virus surveillance in the territory of the Kamchatka region of Russia the HPAI A(H5N5) influenza virus was isolated. Then, during 2016-2017, multiple outbreaks among wild birds and poultry caused by HPAI A(H5N8) avian influenza virus were recorded in European part of Russia. At the end of 2017, an outbreak among poultry caused by HPAI A(H5N2) influenza virus was recorded in the European part of Russia. Phylogenetic analysis of HA of the A(H5N5), A(H5N8), A(H5N2) showed the strains belong to the clade 2.3.4.4 b. All isolated strains were antigenically closely related to candidate vaccine viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 and showed high virulence in mice. Genetic analysis revealed presence of genetic markers potentially related to high virulence in mice in all studied viruses.
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27
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Comparison of the pathogenic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6, and H5N8 viruses isolated in South Korea during the 2016-2017 winter season. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018. [PMID: 29535296 PMCID: PMC5849756 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N6) and A(H5N8) virus infections resulted in the culling of more than 37 million poultry in the Republic of Korea during the 2016/17 winter season. Here we characterize two representative viruses, A/Environment/Korea/W541/2016 [Em/W541(H5N6)] and A/Common Teal/Korea/W555/2017 [CT/W555(H5N8)], and evaluate their zoonotic potential in various animal models. Both Em/W541(H5N6) and CT /W555(H5N8) are novel reassortants derived from various gene pools of wild bird viruses present in migratory waterfowl arising from eastern China. Despite strong preferential binding to avian virus–type receptors, the viruses were able to grow in human respiratory tract tissues. Em/W541(H5N6) was found to be highly pathogenic in both chickens and ducks, while CT/W555(H5N8) caused lethal infections in chickens but did not induce remarkable clinical illness in ducks. In mice, both viruses appeared to be moderately pathogenic and displayed limited tissue tropism relative to HPAI H5N1 viruses. Em/W541(H5N6) replicated to moderate levels in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets and was detected in the lungs, brain, spleen, liver, and colon. Unexpectedly, two of three ferrets in direct contact with Em/W541(H5N6)-infected animals shed virus and seroconverted at 14 dpi. CT/W555(H5N8) was less pathogenic than the H5N6 virus in ferrets and no transmission was detected. Given the co-circulation of different, phenotypically distinct, subtypes of HPAI H5Nx viruses for the first time in South Korea, detailed virologic investigations are imperative given the capacity of these viruses to evolve and cause human infections.
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28
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Tsunekuni R, Yaguchi Y, Kashima Y, Yamashita K, Takemae N, Mine J, Tanikawa T, Uchida Y, Saito T. Spatial transmission of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among wild birds in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, 2016-2017. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1195-1207. [PMID: 29392495 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
From 29 November 2016 to 24 January 2017, sixty-three cases of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infections were detected in wild birds in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Here, we analyzed the genetic, temporal, and geographic correlations of these 63 HPAIVs to elucidate their dissemination throughout the prefecture. Full-genome sequence analysis of the Ibaraki isolates showed that 7 segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, NS) were derived from G1.1.9 strains while the M segment was from G1.1 strains; both groups of strains circulated in south China. Pathological studies revealed severe systemic infection in dead swans (the majority of dead birds and the only species necropsied), thus indicating high susceptibility to H5N6 HPAIVs. Coalescent phylogenetic analysis using the 7 G1.1.9-derived segments enabled detailed analysis of the short-term evolution of these highly homologous HPAIVs. This analysis revealed that the H5N6 HPAIVs isolated from wild birds in Ibaraki Prefecture were divided into 7 groups. Spatial analysis demonstrated that most of the cases concentrated around Senba Lake originated from a single source, and progeny viruses were transmitted to other locations after the infection expanded in mute swans. In contrast, within just a 5-km radius of the area in which cases were concentrated, three different intrusions of H5N6 HPAIVs were evident. Multi-segment analysis of short-term evolution showed that not only was the invading virus spread throughout Ibaraki Prefecture but also that, despite the small size of this region, multiple invasions had occurred during winter 2016-2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
| | - Yuji Yaguchi
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 966-1 Nakagachityo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Yuki Kashima
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 966-1 Nakagachityo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamashita
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 966-1 Nakagachityo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
| | - Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan.
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Thanh HD, Tran VT, Nguyen DT, Hung VK, Kim W. Novel reassortant H5N6 highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in Vietnamese quail outbreaks. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 56:45-57. [PMID: 29406283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza A H5N6 virus is a highly contagious infectious agent that affects domestic poultry and humans in South Asian countries. Vietnam may be an evolutionary hotspot for influenza viruses and therefore could serve as a source of pandemic strains. In 2015, two novel reassortant H5N6 influenza viruses designated as A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI01/2015 and A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI03/2015 were isolated from dead quails during avian influenza outbreaks in central Vietnam, and the whole genome sequences were analyzed. The genetic analysis indicated that hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and polymerase basic protein 2 genes of the two H5N6 viruses are most closely related to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Zhejiang/727079/2014) and H10N6 virus (A/chicken/Jiangxi/12782/2014) from China and an H6N6 virus (A/duck/Yamagata/061004/2014) from Japan. The HA gene of the isolates belongs to clade 2.3.4.4, which caused human fatalities in China during 2014-2016. The five other internal genes showed high identity to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Heilongjiang/S7/2014) from China. A whole-genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two outbreak strains are novel H6N6-like PB2 gene reassortants that are most closely related to influenza virus strain A/environment/Guangdong/ZS558/2015, which was detected in a live poultry market in China. This report describes the first detection of novel H5N6 reassortants in poultry during an outbreak as well as genetic characterization of these strains to better understand the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Dang Thanh
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Central Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Van Trung Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Duc Tan Nguyen
- Central Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Vu-Khac Hung
- Central Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Wonyong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Human Clade 2.3.4.4 A/H5N6 Influenza Virus Lacks Mammalian Adaptation Markers and Does Not Transmit via the Airborne Route between Ferrets. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00405-17. [PMID: 29299528 PMCID: PMC5750386 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00405-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their emergence in 1997, A/H5N1 influenza viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage have diversified in multiple genetic and antigenic clades upon continued circulation in poultry in several countries in Eurasia and Africa. Since 2009, reassortant viruses carrying clade 2.3.4.4 hemagglutinin (HA) and internal and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza A viruses of different avian origin have been detected, yielding various HA-NA combinations, such as A/H5N1, A/H5N2, A/H5N3, A/H5N5, A/H5N6, and A/H5N8. Previous studies reported on the low pathogenicity and lack of airborne transmission of A/H5N2 and A/H5N8 viruses in the ferret model. However, although A/H5N6 viruses are the only clade 2.3.4.4 viruses that crossed the species barrier and infected humans, the risk they pose for human health remains poorly characterized. Here, the characterization of A/H5N6 A/Guangzhou/39715/2014 virus in vitro and in ferrets is described. This A/H5N6 virus possessed high polymerase activity, mediated by the E627K substitution in the PB2 protein, which corresponds to only one biological trait out of the three that were previously shown to confer airborne transmissibility to A/H5N1 viruses between ferrets. This might explain its lack of airborne transmission between ferrets. After intranasal inoculation, A/H5N6 virus replicated to high titers in the respiratory tracts of ferrets and was excreted for at least 6 days. Moreover, A/H5N6 virus caused severe pneumonia in ferrets upon intratracheal inoculation. Thus, A/H5N6 virus causes a more severe disease in ferrets than previously investigated clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, but our results demonstrate that the risk from airborne spread is currently low. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza A viruses are a threat to human health, as they cross the species barrier and infect humans occasionally, often with severe outcome. The antigenic and genetic diversity of A/H5 viruses from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage is increasing, due to continued circulation and reassortment in poultry, posing a constant risk for public health and requiring regular risk assessments. Here we performed an in-depth characterization of the properties of the newly emerged zoonotic A/H5N6 virus in vitro and in ferrets. The lack of airborne transmission in the ferret model indicates that A/H5N6 virus does not pose a direct public health threat, despite the fact that it can replicate to high titers throughout the respiratory tracts of ferrets and cause more severe disease than other clade 2.3.4.4 viruses.
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Poen MJ, Bestebroer TM, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, van der Jeugd HP, Kleyheeg E, Eggink D, Lexmond P, van den Brand JMA, Begeman L, van der Vliet S, Müskens GJDM, Majoor FA, Koopmans MPG, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM. Local amplification of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 viruses in wild birds in the Netherlands, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill 2018; 23:17-00449. [PMID: 29382414 PMCID: PMC5801337 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.4.17-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionHighly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5N8 were re-introduced into the Netherlands by late 2016, after detections in south-east Asia and Russia. This second H5N8 wave resulted in a large number of outbreaks in poultry farms and the deaths of large numbers of wild birds in multiple European countries. Methods: Here we report on the detection of HPAI H5N8 virus in 57 wild birds of 12 species sampled during active (32/5,167) and passive (25/36) surveillance activities, i.e. in healthy and dead animals respectively, in the Netherlands between 8 November 2016 and 31 March 2017. Moreover, we further investigate the experimental approach of wild bird serology as a contributing tool in HPAI outbreak investigations. Results: In contrast to the first H5N8 wave, local virus amplification with associated wild bird mortality has occurred in the Netherlands in 2016/17, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Discussion: These apparent differences between outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern. With the current circulation of zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia, increased understanding of the drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian poultry viruses via wild birds is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Poen
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Oanh Vuong
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel D Scheuer
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk P van der Jeugd
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Animal Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation - Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Kleyheeg
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Animal Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation - Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lineke Begeman
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gerhard J D M Müskens
- Alterra, Center for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A Majoor
- Sovon, Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Park SJ, Kim EH, Kwon HI, Song MS, Kim SM, Kim YI, Si YJ, Lee IW, Nguyen HD, Shin OS, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Altered virulence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N8 reassortant viruses in mammalian models. Virulence 2018; 9:133-148. [PMID: 28873012 PMCID: PMC5955454 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1366408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently identified highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses (clade 2.3.4.4) are relatively low to moderately pathogenic in mammalian hosts compared with HPAI H5N1 viruses. In this study, we generated reassortant viruses comprised of A/MD/Korea/W452/2014(H5N8) with substitution of individual genes from A/EM/Korea/W149/2006(H5N1) to understand the contribution of each viral gene to virulence in mammals. Substituting the PB2 gene segment or the NA gene segment of the H5N8 virus by that from the H5N1 virus resulted in significantly enhanced pathogenicity compared with the parental H5N8 virus in mice. Of note, substitution of the PB2 gene segment of the H5N8 virus by that from the H5N1 virus resulted in a 1000-fold increase in virulence for mice compared with the parental virus (MLD50 decreased from 105.8 to 102.5 EID50). Further, the W452W149PB2 virus also induced the highest virus titers in lungs at all time points and the highest levels of inflammatory cytokine responses among all viruses tested. This high virulence phenotype was also confirmed by high viral titers in the respiratory tracts of infected ferrets. Further, a mini-genome assay revealed that W452W149PB2 has significantly increased polymerase activity (p < 0.001). Taken together, our study demonstrates that a single gene substitution from other avian influenza viruses can alter the pathogenicity of recent H5N8 viruses, and therefore emphasizes the need for intensive monitoring of reassortment events among co-circulating avian and mammalian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Se Mi Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - In-Won Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Brain Korea 21 Plus for Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Brown I, Kuiken T, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Stroud D, Therkildsen OR, Willeberg P, Baldinelli F, Verdonck F, Adlhoch C. Avian influenza overview September - November 2017. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05141. [PMID: 32625395 PMCID: PMC7010192 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 1 September and 15 November 2017, 48 A(H5N8) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in poultry holdings and 9 H5 HPAI wild bird events were reported within Europe. A second epidemic HPAI A(H5N8) wave started in Italy on the third week of July and is still ongoing on 15 November 2017. The Italian epidemiological investigations indicated that sharing of vehicles, sharing of personnel and close proximity to infected holdings are the more likely sources of secondary spread in a densely populated poultry area. Despite the ongoing human exposures to infected poultry during the outbreaks, no transmission to humans has been identified in the EU. The report includes an update of the list of wild bird target species for passive surveillance activities that is based on reported AI‐infected wild birds since 2006. The purpose of this list is to provide information on which bird species to focus in order to achieve the most effective testing of dead birds for detection of H5 HPAI viruses. Monitoring the avian influenza situation in other continents revealed the same risks as in the previous report (October 2016‐August 2017): the recent human case of HPAI A(H5N6) in China underlines the continuing threat of this avian influenza virus to human health and possible introduction via migratory wild birds into Europe. Close monitoring is required of the situation in Africa with regards to HPAI of the subtypes A(H5N1) and A(H5N8), given the rapidity of the evolution and the uncertainty on the geographical distribution of these viruses. Interactions between EFSA and member states have taken place to initiate discussions on improving the quality of data collections and to find a step‐wise approach to exchange relevant (denominator) data without causing an additional resource burden.
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Son K, Kim YK, Oem JK, Jheong WH, Sleeman JM, Jeong J. Experimental infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 and H5N8, in Mandarin ducks from South Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:899-903. [PMID: 29266850 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have been reported worldwide. Wild waterfowl play a major role in the maintenance and transmission of HPAI. Highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N6 and H5N8 viruses simultaneously emerged in South Korea. In this study, the comparative pathogenicity and infectivity of Clade 2.3.4.4 Group B H5N8 and Group C H5N6 viruses were evaluated in Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata). None of the ducks infected with H5N6 or H5N8 viruses showed clinical signs or mortality. Serological assays revealed that the HA antigenicity of H5N8 and H5N6 viruses was similar to each other. Moreover, both the viruses did not replicate after cross-challenging with H5N8 and H5N6 viruses, respectively, as the second infection. Although both the viruses replicated in most of the internal organs of the ducks, viral replication and shedding through cloaca were higher in H5N8-infected ducks than in H5N6-infected ducks. The findings of this study provide preliminary information to help estimate the risks involved in further evolution and dissemination of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses among wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Son
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seo-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - Y-K Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seo-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - J-K Oem
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - W-H Jheong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seo-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - J M Sleeman
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Jeong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seo-gu, Incheon, Korea
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Zhang J, Lao G, Zhang R, Wei Z, Wang H, Su G, Shan N, Li B, Li H, Yu Y, Jia W, Liao M, Qi W. Genetic diversity and dissemination pathways of highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza viruses from birds in Southwestern China along the East Asian-Australian migration flyway. J Infect 2017; 76:418-422. [PMID: 29246638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhang
- CNational and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Guangjie Lao
- CNational and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Honghe, Yunnan 654400, PR China
| | - Zhengji Wei
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, PR China
| | - Hexing Wang
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Honghe, Yunnan 654400, PR China
| | - Guanming Su
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Nan Shan
- Nanjing Institution of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Huanan Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yuandi Yu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
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Brown I, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Willeberg P, Adlhoch C, Candiani D, Fabris C, Zancanaro G, Morgado J, Verdonck F. Avian influenza overview October 2016-August 2017. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05018. [PMID: 32625308 PMCID: PMC7009863 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The A(H5N8) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic occurred in 29 European countries in 2016/2017 and has been the largest ever recorded in the EU in terms of number of poultry outbreaks, geographical extent and number of dead wild birds. Multiple primary incursions temporally related with all major poultry sectors affected but secondary spread was most commonly associated with domestic waterfowl species. A massive effort of all the affected EU Member States (MSs) allowed a descriptive epidemiological overview of the cases in poultry, captive birds and wild birds, providing also information on measures applied at the individual MS level. Data on poultry population structure are required to facilitate data and risk factor analysis, hence to strengthen science-based advice to risk managers. It is suggested to promote common understanding and application of definitions related to control activities and their reporting across MSs. Despite a large number of human exposures to infected poultry occurred during the ongoing outbreaks, no transmission to humans has been identified. Monitoring the avian influenza (AI) situation in other continents indicated a potential risk of long-distance spread of HPAI virus (HPAIV) A(H5N6) from Asia to wintering grounds towards Western Europe, similarly to what happened with HPAIV A(H5N8) and HPAIV A(H5N1) in previous years. Furthermore, the HPAI situation in Africa with A(H5N8) and A(H5N1) is rapidly evolving. Strengthening collaborations at National, EU and Global levels would allow close monitoring of the AI situation, ultimately helping to increase preparedness. No human case was reported in the EU due to AIVs subtypes A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N9) and A(H9N2). Direct transmission of these viruses to humans has only been reported in areas, mainly in Asia and Egypt, with a substantial involvement of wild bird and/or poultry populations. It is suggested to improve the collection and reporting of exposure events of people to AI.
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Woo C, Kwon JH, Lee DH, Kim Y, Lee K, Jo SD, Son KD, Oem JK, Wang SJ, Kim Y, Shin J, Song CS, Jheong W, Jeong J. Novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A (H5N8) virus in a grey heron in South Korea in 2017. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3887-3891. [PMID: 28900762 PMCID: PMC5671518 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the identification of a novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 virus from a dead grey heron in Korea in 2017. Outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs have been reported worldwide, and they have evolved into multiple genotypes among wild birds. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this virus likely originated from Qinghai Lake and Western Siberia and further evolved through reassortment with Eurasian LPAI during the 2016 fall migration of wild birds. Enhanced surveillance and comparative genetic analysis will help to monitor the further evolution and dissemination of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjin Woo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Youngsik Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Deok Jo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Dong Son
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ku Oem
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Wang
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkwan Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghwa Shin
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Weonhwa Jheong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jipseol Jeong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen LT, Nakaishi K, Motojima K, Ohkawara A, Minato E, Maruyama J, Hiono T, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Kimura T, Takada A, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Rapid and broad detection of H5 hemagglutinin by an immunochromatographic kit using novel monoclonal antibody against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus belonging to the genetic clade 2.3.4.4. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182228. [PMID: 28787440 PMCID: PMC5546692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of H5 subtype have persistently caused outbreaks in domestic poultry and wild birds worldwide and sporadically infected humans. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is one of the key strategies for the control of H5 HPAIVs. However, the sensitivity of the diagnosis of H5 HPAIVs has gradually reduced due to extensive antigenic variation during their evolution. Particularly, the previously developed immunochromatographic diagnosis kit for H5 viruses, Linjudge Flu A/H5, exhibits reduced detection of H5 HPAIVs isolated in recent years. In the present study, we established a new advanced H5 rapid immunochromatographic detection kit (New Linjudge Flu A/H5) by a combination of two anti-H5 hemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies, A64/1 previously applied in the Linjudge Flu A/H5 and A32/2, a novel monoclonal antibody generated from a clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIV. The new kit broadly detected all classical and recent H5 influenza viruses and showed a higher specificity and sensitivity than the original Linjudge Flu A/H5 with recently circulating H5 HPAIVs. Furthermore, the applicability of the New Linjudge Flu A/H5 was demonstrated by detecting antigens from the swabs and tissue homogenates of naturally infected birds and experimentally infected chickens with H5N6 HPAIVs belonging to the genetic clade 2.3.4.4. Our study, therefore, can provide an effective point-of-care rapid antigen detection kit for the surveillance of H5 avian influenza viruses and as a prompt countermeasure against the current widespread of the clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs in domestic and wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Thanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | | | - Ayako Ohkawara
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Erina Minato
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Kim HK, Jeong DG, Yoon SW. Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in South Korea. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:95-103. [PMID: 28775973 PMCID: PMC5540969 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have caused economic loss for the poultry industry and posed a threat to public health. In South Korea, novel reassortants of HPAIVs such as H5N6 and H5N8 had been circulating in poultry. Here, we will discuss the identity of recent novel reassortants of Korean H5 HPAIVs and the recent advances in vaccine development, which will be useful for controlling HPAIV transmission in poultry and for effectively preventing future epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kwon Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
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He G, Zhou L, Zhu C, Shi H, Li X, Wu D, Liu J, Lv J, Hu C, Li Z, Wang Z, Wang T. Identification of two novel avian influenza a (H5N6) viruses in wild birds, Shanghai, in 2016. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:53-57. [PMID: 28888649 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been continuously reported in wild birds, which may contribute to further geographical spread during their long-distance migrations. Active AIV surveillance in wild birds was conducted during October and November 2016 in Shanghai, China. Two novel influenza A (H5N6) viruses were detected in samples from migratory waterfowl that are genetically similar to recent South Korea and Japan H5N6 viruses collected in 2016 and 2017, highlighting the role of migratory waterfowl in the dissemination of H5N6 viruses along migratory flyways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei He
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lichen Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Zoo, Shanghai, China
| | - Caihui Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Wu
- Shanghai Wildlife Conservation and Management Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamin Lv
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanxia Hu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Kang Y, Liu L, Feng M, Yuan R, Huang C, Tan Y, Gao P, Xiang D, Zhao X, Li Y, Irwin DM, Shen Y, Ren T. Highly pathogenic H5N6 influenza A viruses recovered from wild birds in Guangdong, southern China, 2014-2015. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44410. [PMID: 28294126 PMCID: PMC5353559 DOI: 10.1038/srep44410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, highly pathogenic (HP) H5N6 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have emerged in poultry in Asia, especially Southeast Asia. These viruses have also caused sporadic infections in humans within the same geographic areas. Active IAV surveillance in wild birds sampled in Guangdong province, China from August 2014 through February 2015 resulted in the recovery of three H5N6 IAVs. These H5N6 IAV isolates possess the basic amino acid motif at the HA1-HA2 cleavage site that is associated with highly pathogenic IAVs infecting chickens. Noteworthy findings include: (1) the HP H5N6 IAV isolates were recovered from three species of apparently healthy wild birds (most other isolates of HP H5N6 IAV in Asia are recovered from dead wild birds or fecal samples in the environment) and (2) these isolates were apparently the first recoveries of HP H5N6 IAV for two of the three species thus expanding the demonstrated natural host range for these lineages of virus. This investigation provides additional insight into the natural history of HP H5N6 IAVs and identifies the occurrence of non-lethal, HP H5N6 IAV infections in wild birds thereby demonstrating the value of active IAV surveillance in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Minsha Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Runyu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Can Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yangtong Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dan Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaqiong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - David M. Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yongyi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
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