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Greville G, Cremen S, O'Neill S, Azarian S, Brady G, McCormack W, Dyer AH, Bourke NM, Touzelet O, Courtney D, Power UF, Dowling P, Gallagher TK, Bamford CGG, Robinson MW. Type 1 interferon auto-antibodies are elevated in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 215:177-189. [PMID: 37917972 PMCID: PMC10847822 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, in particular those classified as Childs-Pugh class C, are at increased risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) upon infection with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The biological mechanisms underlying this are unknown. We aimed to examine the levels of serum intrinsic antiviral proteins as well as alterations in the innate antiviral immune response in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Serum from 53 SARS-CoV-2 unexposed and unvaccinated individuals, with decompensated liver cirrhosis undergoing assessment for liver transplantation, were screened using SARS-CoV-2 pseudoparticle and SARS-CoV-2 virus assays. The ability of serum to inhibit interferon (IFN) signalling was assessed using a cell-based reporter assay. Severity of liver disease was assessed using two clinical scoring systems, the Child-Pugh class and the MELD-Na score. In the presence of serum from SARS-CoV-2 unexposed patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis there was no association between SARS-CoV-2 pseudoparticle infection or live SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and severity of liver disease. Type I IFNs are a key component of the innate antiviral response. Serum from patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis contained elevated levels of auto-antibodies capable of binding IFN-α2b compared to healthy controls. High MELD-Na scores were associated with the ability of these auto-antibodies to neutralize type I IFN signalling by IFN-α2b but not IFN-β1a. Our results demonstrate that neutralizing auto-antibodies targeting IFN-α2b are increased in patients with high MELD-Na scores. The presence of neutralizing type I IFN-specific auto-antibodies may increase the likelihood of viral infections, including severe COVID-19, in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Greville
- Department of Biology, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Sinead Cremen
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shauna O'Neill
- Department of Biology, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Sarah Azarian
- Department of Biology, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Gareth Brady
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William McCormack
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam H Dyer
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nollaig M Bourke
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Olivier Touzelet
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - David Courtney
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ultan F Power
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Tom K Gallagher
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary and Transplant Surgery, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Connor G G Bamford
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Mark W Robinson
- Department of Biology, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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2
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Loria V, Aparicio A, Hildesheim A, Cortés B, Barrientos G, Retana D, Sun K, Ocampo R, Prevots DR, Zúñiga M, Waterboer T, Wong-McClure R, Morera M, Butt J, Binder M, Abdelnour A, Calderón A, Gail MH, Pfeiffer RM, Solís CB, Fantin R, Vanegas JC, Mercado R, Ávila C, Porras C, Herrero R. Cohort profile: evaluation of immune response and household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Costa Rica: the RESPIRA study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071284. [PMID: 38070892 PMCID: PMC10729140 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The RESPIRA cohort aims to describe the nature, magnitude, time course and efficacy of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, population prevalence, and household transmission of COVID-19. PARTICIPANTS From November 2020, we selected age-stratified random samples of COVID-19 cases from Costa Rica confirmed by PCR. For each case, two population-based controls, matched on age, sex and census tract were recruited, supplemented with hospitalised cases and household contacts. Participants were interviewed and blood and saliva collected for antibodies and PCR tests. Participants will be followed for 2 years to assess antibody response and infection incidence. FINDINGS TO DATE Recruitment included 3860 individuals: 1150 COVID-19 cases, 1999 population controls and 719 household contacts from 304 index cases. The age and regional distribution of cases was as planned, including four age strata, 30% rural and 70% urban. The control cohort had similar sex, age and regional distribution as the cases according to the study design. Among the 1999 controls recruited, 6.8% reported at enrolment having had COVID-19 and an additional 12.5% had antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Compliance with visits and specimens has been close to 70% during the first 18 months of follow-up. During the study, national vaccination was implemented and nearly 90% of our cohort participants were vaccinated during follow-up. FUTURE PLANS RESPIRA will enable multiple analyses, including population prevalence of infection, clinical, behavioural, immunological and genetic risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and severity, and determinants of household transmission. We are conducting retrospective and prospective assessment of antibody levels, their determinants and their protective efficacy after infection and vaccination, the impact of long-COVID and a series of ancillary studies. Follow-up continues with bimonthly saliva collection for PCR testing and biannual blood collection for immune response analyses. Follow-up will be completed in early 2024. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04537338.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Loria
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Amada Aparicio
- Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Bernal Cortés
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Gloriana Barrientos
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Daniela Retana
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Kaiyuan Sun
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebeca Ocampo
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - D Rebecca Prevots
- Epidemiology and Population Studies Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Zúñiga
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Melvin Morera
- Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Julia Butt
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arturo Abdelnour
- Hospital Nacional de Niños, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | | | - Mitchell H Gail
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cristina Barboza Solís
- Public Health Dental Department, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sabanilla de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Romain Fantin
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Juan Carlos Vanegas
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Rachel Mercado
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlos Ávila
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Carolina Porras
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Rolando Herrero
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomedicas-Fundacion Inciensa, San Jose, Costa Rica
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Vaughan A, Duffell E, Freidl GS, Lemos DS, Nardone A, Valenciano M, Subissi L, Bergeri I, K Broberg E, Penttinen P, Pebody R, Keramarou M. Systematic review of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and appraisal of evidence, prior to the widespread introduction of vaccine programmes in the WHO European Region, January-December 2020. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e064240. [PMID: 37931969 PMCID: PMC10632881 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies undertaken in the WHO European Region to measure pre-existing and cumulative seropositivity prior to the roll out of vaccination programmes. DESIGN A systematic review of the literature. DATA SOURCES We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the preprint servers MedRxiv and BioRxiv in the WHO 'COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease' database using a predefined search strategy. Articles were supplemented with unpublished WHO-supported Unity-aligned seroprevalence studies and other studies reported directly to WHO Regional Office for Europe and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies published before the widespread implementation of COVID-19 vaccination programmes in January 2021 among the general population and blood donors, at national and regional levels. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS At least two independent researchers extracted the eligible studies; a third researcher resolved any disagreements. Study risk of bias was assessed using a quality scoring system based on sample size, sampling and testing methodologies. RESULTS In total, 111 studies from 26 countries published or conducted between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2020 across the WHO European Region were included. A significant heterogeneity in implementation was noted across the studies, with a paucity of studies from the east of the Region. Sixty-four (58%) studies were assessed to be of medium to high risk of bias. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity prior to widespread community circulation was very low. National seroprevalence estimates after circulation started ranged from 0% to 51.3% (median 2.2% (IQR 0.7-5.2%); n=124), while subnational estimates ranged from 0% to 52% (median 5.8% (IQR 2.3%-12%); n=101), with the highest estimates in areas following widespread local transmission. CONCLUSIONS The low levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibody in most populations prior to the start of vaccine programmes underlines the critical importance of targeted vaccination of priority groups at risk of severe disease, while maintaining reduced levels of transmission to minimise population morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Vaughan
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erika Duffell
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gudrun S Freidl
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diogo Simão Lemos
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Eeva K Broberg
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Pasi Penttinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Richard Pebody
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Keramarou
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
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4
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Jay C, Adland E, Csala A, Dold C, Edmans M, Hackstein CP, Jamsen A, Lim N, Longet S, Ogbe A, Sampson O, Skelly D, Spiller OB, Stafford L, Thompson CP, Turtle L, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Carroll M, Klenerman P, Conlon C, Goulder P, Jones LC. Cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following intrafamilial exposure in seronegative family members. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1248658. [PMID: 37711627 PMCID: PMC10497976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1248658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Family studies of antiviral immunity provide an opportunity to assess virus-specific immunity in infected and highly exposed individuals, as well as to examine the dynamics of viral infection within families. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between family members represented a major route for viral spread during the early stages of the pandemic, due to the nature of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through close contacts. Methods Here, humoral and cellular immunity is explored in 264 SARS-CoV-2 infected, exposed or unexposed individuals from 81 families in the United Kingdom sampled in the winter of 2020 before widespread vaccination and infection. Results We describe robust cellular and humoral immunity into COVID-19 convalescence, albeit with marked heterogeneity between families and between individuals. T-cell response magnitude is associated with male sex and older age by multiple linear regression. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses in seronegative individuals are widespread, particularly in adults and in individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 through an infected family member. The magnitude of this response is associated with the number of seropositive family members, with a greater number of seropositive individuals within a family leading to stronger T-cell immunity in seronegative individuals. Discussion These results support a model whereby exposure to SARS-CoV-2 promotes T-cell immunity in the absence of an antibody response. The source of these seronegative T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested as cross-reactive immunity to endemic coronaviruses that is expanded upon SARS-CoV-2 exposure. However, in this study, no association between HCoV-specific immunity and seronegative T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is identified, suggesting that de novo T-cell immunity may be generated in seronegative SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Jay
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Csala
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anni Jamsen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sampson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Donal Skelly
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Owen B. Spiller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lizzie Stafford
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Turtle
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ellie Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Conlon
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy C. Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Wing PAC, Schmidt NM, Peters R, Erdmann M, Brown R, Wang H, Swadling L, Newman J, Thakur N, Shionoya K, Morgan SB, Hinks TSC, Watashi K, Bailey D, Hansen SB, Davidson AD, Maini MK, McKeating JA. An ACAT inhibitor suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and boosts antiviral T cell activity. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011323. [PMID: 37134108 PMCID: PMC10202285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of disease following infection with SARS-CoV-2 is determined by viral replication kinetics and host immunity, with early T cell responses and/or suppression of viraemia driving a favourable outcome. Recent studies uncovered a role for cholesterol metabolism in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle and in T cell function. Here we show that blockade of the enzyme Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) with Avasimibe inhibits SARS-CoV-2 pseudoparticle infection and disrupts the association of ACE2 and GM1 lipid rafts on the cell membrane, perturbing viral attachment. Imaging SARS-CoV-2 RNAs at the single cell level using a viral replicon model identifies the capacity of Avasimibe to limit the establishment of replication complexes required for RNA replication. Genetic studies to transiently silence or overexpress ACAT isoforms confirmed a role for ACAT in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, Avasimibe boosts the expansion of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells from the blood of patients sampled during the acute phase of infection. Thus, re-purposing of ACAT inhibitors provides a compelling therapeutic strategy for the treatment of COVID-19 to achieve both antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. Trial registration: NCT04318314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. C. Wing
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie M. Schmidt
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Peters
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Erdmann
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Brown
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Wang
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Kaho Shionoya
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Research Centre for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sophie B. Morgan
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy SC Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Research Centre for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Scott B. Hansen
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Harker S, James SE, Murphy J, Davies B, Moore C, Tennant BP, Geen J, Thomas D. Serosurveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Welsh Blood Donors: Establishment of the surveillance system and results up to November 2022. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200473. [PMID: 37166761 PMCID: PMC10176830 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.19.2200473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIn 2020, Wales experienced some of the highest rates of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Europe. We set up a serosurveillance scheme using residual samples from blood donations to inform the pandemic response in Wales.AimTo identify changes in SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Wales by time, demography and location.MethodsResidual samples from blood donations made in Wales between 29 June 2020 and 20 November 2022 were tested for antibodies to the nucleocapsid antigen (anti-N) of SARS-CoV-2, resulting from natural infection. Donations made between 12 April 2021 and 20 November 2022 were also tested for antibodies to the spike antigen (anti-S) occurring as a result of natural infection and vaccination.ResultsAge-standardised seroprevalence of anti-N antibodies in donors remained stable (4.4-5.5%) until November 2020 before increasing to 16.7% by February 2021. Trends remained steady until November 2021 before increasing, peaking in November 2022 (80.2%). For anti-S, seroprevalence increased from 67.1% to 98.6% between May and September 2021, then remained above 99%. Anti-N seroprevalence was highest in younger donors and in donors living in urban South Wales. In contrast, seroprevalence of anti-S was highest in older donors and was similar across regions. No significant difference was observed by sex. Seroprevalence of anti-N antibodies was higher in Black, Asian and other minority ethnicities (self-reported) compared with White donors, with the converse observed for anti-S antibodies.ConclusionWe successfully set up long-term serological surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 using residual samples from blood donations, demonstrating variation based on age, ethnicity and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Harker
- Communicable Diseases Surveillance Centre, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Siân Elizabeth James
- Research Development and Innovation, Welsh Blood Service, Pontyclun, United Kingdom
| | - James Murphy
- Laboratory Medicine, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Davies
- Laboratory Medicine, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Moore
- Wales Specialist Virology Centre, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Brian P Tennant
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Llantrisant, United Kingdom
| | - John Geen
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Llantrisant, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Communicable Diseases Surveillance Centre, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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7
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Vilca-Alosilla JJ, Candia-Puma MA, Coronel-Monje K, Goyzueta-Mamani LD, Galdino AS, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Giunchetti RC, Ferraz Coelho EA, Chávez-Fumagalli MA. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing the Diagnostic Accuracy Tests of COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091549. [PMID: 37174941 PMCID: PMC10177430 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis that aims to evaluate the reliability of coronavirus disease diagnostic tests in 2019 (COVID-19). This article seeks to describe the scientific discoveries made because of diagnostic tests conducted in recent years during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Between 2020 and 2021, searches for published papers on the COVID-19 diagnostic were made in the PubMed database. Ninety-nine scientific articles that satisfied the requirements were analyzed and included in the meta-analysis, and the specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic accuracy were assessed. When compared to serological tests such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), molecular tests such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) performed better in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the area under the curve restricted to the false-positive rates (AUCFPR) of 0.984 obtained by the antiviral neutralization bioassay (ANB) diagnostic test revealed significant potential for the identification of COVID-19. It has been established that the various diagnostic tests have been effectively adapted for the detection of SARS-CoV-2; nevertheless, their performance still must be enhanced to contain potential COVID-19 outbreaks, which will also help contain potential infectious agent outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jeferson Vilca-Alosilla
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Katiusca Coronel-Monje
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Sustainable Innovative Biomaterials Department, Le Qara Research Center, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador 40015-970, BA, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
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8
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Metzger C, Leroy T, Bochnakian A, Jeulin H, Gegout-Petit A, Legrand K, Schvoerer E, Guillemin F. Seroprevalence and SARS-CoV-2 invasion in general populations: A scoping review over the first year of the pandemic. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0269104. [PMID: 37075077 PMCID: PMC10118383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, counting infected people has underestimated asymptomatic cases. This literature scoping review assessed the seroprevalence progression in general populations worldwide over the first year of the pandemic. Seroprevalence studies were searched in PubMed, Web of Science and medRxiv databases up to early April 2021. Inclusion criteria were a general population of all ages or blood donors as a proxy. All articles were screened for the title and abstract by two readers, and data were extracted from selected articles. Discrepancies were resolved with a third reader. From 139 articles (including 6 reviews), the seroprevalence estimated in 41 countries ranged from 0 to 69%, with a heterogenous increase over time and continents, unevenly distributed among countries (differences up to 69%) and sometimes among regions within a country (up to 10%). The seroprevalence of asymptomatic cases ranged from 0% to 31.5%. Seropositivity risk factors included low income, low education, low smoking frequency, deprived area residency, high number of children, densely populated centres, and presence of a case in a household. This review of seroprevalence studies over the first year of the pandemic documented the progression of this virus across the world in time and space and the risk factors that influenced its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Metzger
- CHRU -Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC Epidémiologie clinique,
F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Taylor Leroy
- CHRU -Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC Epidémiologie clinique,
F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Agathe Bochnakian
- CHRU -Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC Epidémiologie clinique,
F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Hélène Jeulin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F‐54000, Nancy,
France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F‐54500, Nancy,
France
| | | | - Karine Legrand
- CHRU -Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC Epidémiologie clinique,
F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Evelyne Schvoerer
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F‐54000, Nancy,
France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F‐54500, Nancy,
France
| | - Francis Guillemin
- CHRU -Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC Epidémiologie clinique,
F-54000, Nancy, France
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9
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Nyagwange J, Kutima B, Mwai K, Karanja HK, Gitonga JN, Mugo D, Sein Y, Wright D, Omuoyo DO, Nyiro JU, Tuju J, Nokes DJ, Agweyu A, Bejon P, Ochola-Oyier LI, Scott JAG, Lambe T, Nduati E, Agoti C, Warimwe GM. Serum immunoglobulin G and mucosal immunoglobulin A antibodies from prepandemic samples collected in Kilifi, Kenya, neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 127:11-16. [PMID: 36476349 PMCID: PMC9721188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many regions of Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 morbidity and mortality than Europe. Pre-existing humoral responses to endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) may cross-protect against SARS-CoV-2. We investigated the neutralizing capacity of SARS-CoV-2 spike reactive and nonreactive immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA antibodies in prepandemic samples. METHODS To investigate the presence of pre-existing immunity, we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using spike antigens from reference SARS-CoV-2, HCoV HKU1, OC43, NL63, and 229E using prepandemic samples from Kilifi in coastal Kenya. In addition, we performed neutralization assays using pseudotyped reference SARS-CoV-2 to determine the functionality of the identified reactive antibodies. RESULTS We demonstrate the presence of HCoV serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies, which cross-react with the SARS-CoV-2 spike. We show pseudotyped reference SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by prepandemic serum, with a mean infective dose 50 of 1: 251, which is 10-fold less than that of the pooled convalescent sera from patients with COVID-19 but still within predicted protection levels. The prepandemic naso-oropharyngeal fluid neutralized pseudo-SARS-CoV-2 at a mean infective dose 50 of 1: 5.9 in the neutralization assay. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence for pre-existing functional humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Kilifi, coastal Kenya and adds to data showing pre-existing immunity for COVID-19 from other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nyagwange
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | | | - Kennedy Mwai
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Henry K Karanja
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - John N Gitonga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Mugo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Yiakon Sein
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Wright
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joyce U Nyiro
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James Tuju
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - D James Nokes
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya; The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ambrose Agweyu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | | | - J Anthony G Scott
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street WC1E 7HT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Eunice Nduati
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles Agoti
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - George M Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme,PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
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10
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Kurshan A, Snell LB, Prior L, Tam JCH, Graham C, Thangarajah R, Edgeworth JD, Nebbia G, Doores KJ. Endogenous antibody responses in REGN-COV2-treated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Oxf Open Immunol 2023; 4:iqac012. [PMID: 36844257 PMCID: PMC9914479 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike glycoprotein have been developed for the treatment of COVID-19. Whilst antibody therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of COVID-19-associated hospitalization and death, there is limited understanding of the endogenous immunity to SARS-CoV-2 generated in mAb-treated patients and therefore ongoing susceptibility to future infections. Here we measure the endogenous antibody response in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals treated with REGN-COV2 (Ronapreve). We show that in the majority of unvaccinated, delta-infected REGN-COV2-treated individuals, an endogenous antibody response is generated, but, like untreated, delta-infected individuals, there was a limited neutralization breadth. However, some vaccinated individuals who were seronegative at SARS-CoV-2 infection baseline and some unvaccinated individuals failed to produce an endogenous immune response following infection and REGN-COV2 treatment demonstrating the importance of mAb therapy in some patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kurshan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Luke B Snell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucie Prior
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jerry C H Tam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Rajeni Thangarajah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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11
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Rakshit S, Adiga V, Ahmed A, Parthiban C, Chetan Kumar N, Dwarkanath P, Shivalingaiah S, Rao S, D’Souza G, Dias M, Maguire TJA, Doores KJ, Zoodsma M, Geckin B, Dasgupta P, Babji S, van Meijgaarden KE, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM, Li Y, Netea MG, Stuart KD, De Rosa SC, McElrath MJ, Vyakarnam A. Evidence for the heterologous benefits of prior BCG vaccination on COVISHIELD™ vaccine-induced immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative young Indian adults. Front Immunol 2022; 13:985938. [PMID: 36268023 PMCID: PMC9577398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.985938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This proof-of-concept study tested if prior BCG revaccination can qualitatively and quantitively enhance antibody and T-cell responses induced by Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1nCoV-19 or COVISHIELD™, an efficacious and the most widely distributed vaccine in India. We compared COVISHIELD™ induced longitudinal immune responses in 21 BCG re-vaccinees (BCG-RV) and 13 BCG-non-revaccinees (BCG-NRV), all of whom were BCG vaccinated at birth; latent tuberculosis negative and SARS-CoV-2 seronegative prior to COVISHIELD™ vaccination. Compared to BCG-NRV, BCG-RV displayed significantly higher and persistent spike-specific neutralizing (n) Ab titers and polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells for eight months post COVISHIELD™ booster, including distinct CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD4+IFN-γ- effector memory (EM) subsets co-expressing IL-2, TNF-α and activation induced markers (AIM) CD154/CD137 as well as CD8+IFN-γ+ EM,TEMRA (T cell EM expressing RA) subset combinations co-expressing TNF-α and AIM CD137/CD69. Additionally, elevated nAb and T-cell responses to the Delta mutant in BCG-RV highlighted greater immune response breadth. Mechanistically, these BCG adjuvant effects were associated with elevated markers of trained immunity, including higher IL-1β and TNF-α expression in CD14+HLA-DR+monocytes and changes in chromatin accessibility highlighting BCG-induced epigenetic changes. This study provides first in-depth analysis of both antibody and memory T-cell responses induced by COVISHIELD™ in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative young adults in India with strong evidence of a BCG-induced booster effect and therefore a rational basis to validate BCG, a low-cost and globally available vaccine, as an adjuvant to enhance heterologous adaptive immune responses to current and emerging COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Rakshit
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biotechnology, PES University, Bangalore, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Nirutha Chetan Kumar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Srishti Rao
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - George D’Souza
- Division of Nutrition, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Mary Dias
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Martijn Zoodsma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualized Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Busranur Geckin
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sudhir Babji
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Liver Renal Urology Transplant Gastro/Gastrointestinal Surgery, Inflammation Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simone A. Joosten
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualized Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Kenneth D. Stuart
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Centre for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Centre for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Annapurna Vyakarnam, ;
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12
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Graham C, Lechmere T, Rehman A, Seow J, Kurshan A, Huettner I, Maguire TJA, Tam JCH, Cox D, Ward C, Racz M, Waters A, Mant C, Malim MH, Fox J, Doores KJ. The effect of Omicron breakthrough infection and extended BNT162b2 booster dosing on neutralization breadth against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010882. [PMID: 36191037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines are playing a vital role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. As SARS-CoV-2 variants encoding mutations in the surface glycoprotein, Spike, continue to emerge, there is increased need to identify immunogens and vaccination regimens that provide the broadest and most durable immune responses. We compared the magnitude and breadth of the neutralizing antibody response, as well as levels of Spike-reactive memory B cells, in individuals receiving a second dose of BNT162b2 at a short (3–4 week) or extended interval (8–12 weeks) and following a third vaccination approximately 6–8 months later. We show that whilst an extended interval between the first two vaccinations can greatly increase the breadth of the immune response and generate a higher proportion of Spike reactive memory B cells, a third vaccination leads to similar levels between the two groups. Furthermore, we show that the third vaccine dose enhances neutralization activity against omicron lineage members BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 and this is further increased following breakthrough infection during the UK omicron wave. These findings are relevant for vaccination strategies in populations where COVID-19 vaccine coverage remains low. COVID-19 vaccines have been vital in controlling the current pandemic. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 viral variants, it is important to understand factors that influence the neutralization breadth of vaccine responses. Here we study the impact of the interval between the 1st and 2nd BNT162b2 vaccine dose on neutralization breadth and how this is further affected by vaccine boosters and breakthrough infections.
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13
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Sheikh Ali S, Kheirallah KA, Sharkas G, Al-Nusair M, Al-Mistarehi AH, Ghazo M, Zeitawi A, Bellizzi S, Ramadan M, Alsulaiman JW, Alzoubi H, Belbesi A, Allouh MZ. SARS-CoV-2 Seroepidemiological Investigation in Jordan: Seroprevalence, Herd Immunity, and Vaccination Coverage. A Population-Based National Study. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:7053-7062. [PMID: 36090704 PMCID: PMC9462546 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s371711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Population-based serosurveillance is a cornerstone to furthering our understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic at the community levels. In Jordan, four waves (phases) of seroprevalence epidemiological investigations were conducted using representative population-based national samples. This study aims to estimate the population-based seropositivity, herd immunity, and vaccination coverage at the fourth wave. Methods Multistage sampling technique was implemented to recruit a nationally representative sample for the fourth wave of the seroprevalence investigation (June to August 2021). Electronically collected data utilized a questionnaire on background demographics, chronic diseases, and COVID-19 vaccination history. Also, blood samples were collected to detect the presence of total Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG using Wantai/ELISA assays. Prevalence estimates were presented using percentage and 95% Confidence Intervals (C.I.). Results There were 8821 participants included in this study, with a mean age of 31.3 years, and 61.7% were females. COVID-19 national seroprevalence and vaccination coverage estimates were 74.1% (95% C.I.: 73.1–74.9%) and 38.4% (95% C.I.: 37.1–39.6%), respectively. Among children, seroprevalence estimates were similar to unvaccinated adults. Among COVID-19 adults, 57.2% were vaccinated. Among vaccinated participants, 91.5% were seropositive, while among unvaccinated, 63.2% were seropositive. By age group, seroprevalence ranged between 53.0% and 86.9%. Seroprevalence estimates were significantly different by gender, vaccination status and dose, and residence. Conclusion The reported interplay between seropositivity and vaccination coverage estimate seems insufficient to provide herd immunity levels to combat new variants of SARS-CoV-2. Children and healthcare workers seem to be an epidemiologically influential group in spreading COVID-19. As the globe is still grappling with SARS-CoV-2 infection, national seroepidemiological evidence from Jordan calls for more focus on vaccination coverage, especially among epidemiologically vulnerable groups, to optimize herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Sheikh Ali
- Epidemics Management, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | - Khalid A Kheirallah
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Correspondence: Khalid A Kheirallah, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan, Tel +962 7 9611 9094, Email
| | - Ghazi Sharkas
- Epidemics Management, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Al-Nusair
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Abdel-Hameed Al-Mistarehi
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Ghazo
- Epidemics Management, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ali Zeitawi
- Epidemics Management, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | - Saverio Bellizzi
- Emergency Program, World Health Organization, Jordan Country Office, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohannad Ramadan
- Emergency Program, World Health Organization, Jordan Country Office, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jomana W Alsulaiman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hamed Alzoubi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Mutah, Jordan
| | - Adel Belbesi
- Epidemics Management, Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Z Allouh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Mohammed Z Allouh, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P. O. Box: 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, Tel +971 3 713 7551, Email
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14
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Wellens J, Edmans M, Obolski U, McGregor CG, Simmonds P, Turner M, Jarvis L, Skelly D, Dunachie S, Barnes E, Eyre DW, Colombel JF, Wong SY, Klenerman P, Lindsay JO, Satsangi J, Thompson CP. Combination therapy of infliximab and thiopurines, but not monotherapy with infliximab or vedolizumab, is associated with attenuated IgA and neutralisation responses to SARS-CoV-2 in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2022; 71:1919-1922. [PMID: 34911744 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Wellens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uri Obolski
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Porter School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Turner
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa Jarvis
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donal Skelly
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David W Eyre
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Serre-Yu Wong
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James O Lindsay
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jack Satsangi
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig P Thompson
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK .,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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15
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Seow J, Khan H, Rosa A, Calvaresi V, Graham C, Pickering S, Pye VE, Cronin NB, Huettner I, Malim MH, Politis A, Cherepanov P, Doores KJ. A neutralizing epitope on the SD1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike targeted following infection and vaccination. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111276. [PMID: 35981534 PMCID: PMC9365860 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike is the target for neutralizing antibodies elicited following both infection and vaccination. While extensive research has shown that the receptor binding domain (RBD) and, to a lesser extent, the N-terminal domain (NTD) are the predominant targets for neutralizing antibodies, identification of neutralizing epitopes beyond these regions is important for informing vaccine development and understanding antibody-mediated immune escape. Here, we identify a class of broadly neutralizing antibodies that bind an epitope on the spike subdomain 1 (SD1) and that have arisen from infection or vaccination. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), we show that SD1-specific antibody P008_60 binds an epitope that is not accessible within the canonical prefusion states of the SARS-CoV-2 spike, suggesting a transient conformation of the viral glycoprotein that is vulnerable to neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hataf Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Annachiara Rosa
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valerie E Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nora B Cronin
- LonCEM Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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16
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Bian L, Li Z, He A, Wu B, Yang H, Wu Y, Hu F, Lin G, Zhang D. Ultrabright nanoparticle-labeled lateral flow immunoassay for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in human serum. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121694. [PMID: 35977850 PMCID: PMC9360774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAb) is an indispensable reference for evaluating the acquired protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we established an ultrabright nanoparticles-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for one-step rapid semi-quantitative detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb in vaccinee's serum. Once embedded in polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles, the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen, AIE490, exhibited ultrabright fluorescence due to the rigidity of PS and severe inhibition of intramolecular motions. The ultrabright AIE490-PS nanoparticle was used as a fluorescent marker of LFIA. Upon optimized conditions including incubation time, concentrations of coated proteins and conjugated nanoparticles, amounts of antigens modified on the surface of nanoparticles, dilution rate of serum samples, and so on, the ultrabright nanoparticles-based LFIA could accurately identify 70 negative samples and 63 positive samples from human serum (p < 0.0001). The intra- and inter-assay precisions of the established method are above 13% and 16%, respectively. The established LFIA has tremendous practical value of generalization as a rapid semi-quantitative detection method of anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb. Meanwhile, the AIE490-PS nanoparticle is also promising to detect many other analytes by altering the protein on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Bian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - An He
- The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou City, Chenzhou, China
| | - Biru Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Fang Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guanfeng Lin
- Experimental Center of Teaching and Scientific Research, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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McNaughton AL, Paton RS, Edmans M, Youngs J, Wellens J, Phalora P, Fyfe A, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Bolton JS, Ball J, Carnell GW, Dejnirattisai W, Dold C, Eyre DW, Hopkins P, Howarth A, Kooblall K, Klim H, Leaver S, Lee LN, López-Camacho C, Lumley SF, Macallan DC, Mentzer AJ, Provine NM, Ratcliff J, Slon-Compos J, Skelly D, Stolle L, Supasa P, Temperton N, Walker C, Wang B, Wyncoll D, Simmonds P, Lambe T, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Openshaw PJ, Obolski U, Turner M, Carroll M, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton G, Kennedy SH, Jarvis L, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Lourenço J, Matthews PC, Bicanic T, Klenerman P, Gupta S, Thompson CP. Fatal COVID-19 outcomes are associated with an antibody response targeting epitopes shared with endemic coronaviruses. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156372. [PMID: 35608920 PMCID: PMC9310533 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immune responses to previously seen endemic coronavirus epitopes in severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and disease progression has not yet been determined. Here, we show that a key characteristic of fatal outcomes with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is that the immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is enriched for antibodies directed against epitopes shared with endemic beta-coronaviruses and has a lower proportion of antibodies targeting the more protective variable regions of the spike. The magnitude of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein, its domains and subunits, and the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid also correlated strongly with responses to the endemic beta-coronavirus spike proteins in individuals admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with fatal COVID-19 outcomes, but not in individuals with nonfatal outcomes. This correlation was found to be due to the antibody response directed at the S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which has the highest degree of conservation between the beta-coronavirus spike proteins. Intriguingly, antibody responses to the less cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid were not significantly different in individuals who were admitted to an ICU with fatal and nonfatal outcomes, suggesting an antibody profile in individuals with fatal outcomes consistent with an "original antigenic sin" type response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. McNaughton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Youngs
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Wellens
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Alex Fyfe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jai S. Bolton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Ball
- General Intensive Care service, St George’s University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - George W. Carnell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David W. Eyre
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hopkins
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Howarth
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kreepa Kooblall
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, and
| | - Hannah Klim
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Future of Humanity Institute, Department of Philosophy, and
| | - Susannah Leaver
- General Intensive Care service, St George’s University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lian Ni Lee
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Sheila F. Lumley
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Derek C. Macallan
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jose Slon-Compos
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Donal Skelly
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Stolle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Walker
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Beibei Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Duncan Wyncoll
- Intensive Care Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter Simmonds
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm G. Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Uri Obolski
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marc Turner
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- Siriraj Center of Research for Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H. Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Jarvis
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - José Lourenço
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tihana Bicanic
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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18
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Seow J, Graham C, Hallett SR, Lechmere T, Maguire TJA, Huettner I, Cox D, Khan H, Pickering S, Roberts R, Waters A, Ward CC, Mant C, Pitcher MJ, Spencer J, Fox J, Malim MH, Doores KJ. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine elicits monoclonal antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 viral variants. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110757. [PMID: 35477023 PMCID: PMC9010245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination has been studied extensively at the polyclonal level using immune sera, little has been reported on the antibody response at the monoclonal level. Here, we isolate a panel of 44 anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from an individual who received two doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine at a 12-week interval. We show that, despite a relatively low serum neutralization titer, Spike-reactive IgG+ B cells are still detectable 9 months post-boost. Furthermore, mAbs with potent neutralizing activity against the current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (Alpha, Gamma, Beta, Delta, and Omicron) are present. The vaccine-elicited neutralizing mAbs form eight distinct competition groups and bind epitopes overlapping with neutralizing mAbs elicited following SARS-CoV-2 infection. AZD1222-elicited mAbs are more mutated than mAbs isolated from convalescent donors 1-2 months post-infection. These findings provide molecular insights into the AZD1222 vaccine-elicited antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sadie R Hallett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lechmere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J A Maguire
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Cox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hataf Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anele Waters
- Harrison Wing, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Christopher C Ward
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Mant
- Infectious Diseases Biobank, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Pitcher
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jo Spencer
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Harrison Wing, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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19
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Lechmere T, Snell LB, Graham C, Seow J, Shalim ZA, Charalampous T, Alcolea-Medina A, Batra R, Nebbia G, Edgeworth JD, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Broad Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Including Omicron, following Breakthrough Infection with Delta in COVID-19-Vaccinated Individuals. mBio 2022; 13:e0379821. [PMID: 35297676 PMCID: PMC9040729 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03798-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection can greatly enhance the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination, with this so called "hybrid immunity" leading to greater neutralization breadth against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. However, little is known about how breakthrough infection (BTI) in COVID-19-vaccinated individuals will impact the magnitude and breadth of the neutralizing antibody response. Here, we compared neutralizing antibody responses between unvaccinated and COVID-19-double-vaccinated individuals (including both AZD1222 and BNT162b2 vaccinees) who have been infected with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. Rapid production of spike-reactive IgG was observed in the vaccinated group, providing evidence of effective vaccine priming. Overall, potent cross-neutralizing activity against current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern was observed in the BTI group compared to the infection group, including neutralization of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. This study provides important insights into population immunity where transmission levels remain high and in the context of new or emerging variants of concern. IMPORTANCE COVID-19 vaccines have been vital in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections and reducing hospitalizations. However, breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections (BTI) occur in some vaccinated individuals. Here, we study how BTI impacts on the potency and the breadth of the neutralizing antibody response. We show that a Delta infection in COVID-19-vaccinated individuals provides potent neutralization against the current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lechmere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke B. Snell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zayed A. Shalim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Themoula Charalampous
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adela Alcolea-Medina
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Abidi SH, Imtiaz K, Kanji A, Qaiser S, Khan E, Iqbal K, Veldhoen M, Ghias K, Simas JP, Hasan Z. A rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction-based live virus microneutralization assay for detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in blood/serum. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259551. [PMID: 34890401 PMCID: PMC8664206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals recovering from COVID-19 are known to have antibodies against the Spike and other structural proteins. Antibodies against Spike have been shown to display viral neutralization. However, not all antibodies against Spike have neutralizing ability although they may be cross-reactive. There is a need for easy-to-use SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing assays for the determination of virus-neutralizing activity in sera of individuals. Here we describe a PCR-based micro-neutralization assay that can be used to evaluate the viral neutralization titers of serum from SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. METHODS The SARS-CoV-2 strain used was isolated from a nasopharyngeal specimen of a COVID-19 case. The limiting dilution method was used to obtain a 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of Vero cells. For the micro-neutralization assay, 19 serum samples, with positive IgG titers against Spike Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) were tested. After 24 hours, infected cells were inspected for the presence of a cytopathic effect, lysed and RNA RT-PCR conducted for SARS-CoV-2. PCR target Ct values were used to calculate percent neutralization/inhibition of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS Out of 19 samples, 13 samples gave 100% neutralization at all dilutions, 1 sample showed neutralization at the first dilution, 4 samples showed neutralization at lower dilutions, while one sample did not demonstrate any neutralization. The RBD ODs and neutralization potential percentages were found to be positively correlated. CONCLUSION We describe a rapid RT-PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization assay for the detection of neutralizing antibodies. This can effectively be used to test the antiviral activity of serum antibodies for the investigation of both disease-driven and vaccine-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hani Abidi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kehkashan Imtiaz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Akbar Kanji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shama Qaiser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Erum Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Iqbal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kulsoom Ghias
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - J. Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Católica Biomedical Research; Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Zahra Hasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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21
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Saeed S, Uzicanin S, Lewin A, Lieshout-Krikke R, Faddy H, Erikstrup C, Osiowy C, Seed CR, Steele WR, Davison K, Custer B, O'Brien SF. Current challenges of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 seroprevalence studies among blood donors: A scoping review. Vox Sang 2021; 117:476-487. [PMID: 34862614 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Blood donors are increasingly being recognized as an informative resource for surveillance. We aimed to review severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 seroprevalence studies conducted among blood donors to investigate methodological biases and provide guidance for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed and preprint publications between January 2020 and January 2021. Two reviewers used standardized forms to extract seroprevalence estimates and data on methodology pertaining to population sampling, periodicity, assay characteristics, and antibody kinetics. National data on cumulative incidence and social distancing policies were extracted from publicly available sources and summarized. RESULTS Thirty-three studies representing 1,323,307 blood donations from 20 countries worldwide were included (sample sizes ranged from 22 to 953,926 donations). The majority of the studies (79%) reported seroprevalence rates <10% (ranging from 0% to 76% [after adjusting for waning antibodies]). Overall, less than 1 in 5 studies reported standardized seroprevalence rates to reflect the demographics of the general population. Stratification by age and sex were most common (64% of studies), followed by region (48%). A total of 52% of studies reported seroprevalence at a single time point. Overall, 27 unique assay combinations were identified, 55% of studies used a single assay and only 39% adjusted seroprevalence rates for imperfect test characteristics. Among the nationally representative studies, case detection was most underrepresented in Kenya (1:1264). CONCLUSION By the end of 2020, seroprevalence rates were far from reaching herd immunity. In addition to differences in community transmission and diverse public health policies, study designs and methodology were likely contributing factors to seroprevalence heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Saeed
- Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samra Uzicanin
- Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antoine Lewin
- Surveillance and Biological Risk Assessment, Héma-Québec, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ryanne Lieshout-Krikke
- Department of Medical Affairs, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Faddy
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Petrie, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carla Osiowy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Clive R Seed
- Donor and Product Safety Policy Unit, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Whitney R Steele
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Group, Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Katy Davison
- NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit, London, UK
| | - Brian Custer
- Research and Scientific Programs, Vitalant, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sheila F O'Brien
- Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Di Genova C, Sampson A, Scott S, Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Bentley E, Mattiuzzo G, Wright E, Derveni M, Auld B, Ferrara BT, Harrison D, Said M, Selim A, Thompson E, Thompson C, Carnell G, Temperton N. Production, Titration, Neutralisation, Storage and Lyophilisation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Lentiviral Pseudotypes. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4236. [PMID: 34859134 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol details a rapid and reliable method for the production and titration of high-titre viral pseudotype particles with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (and D614G or other variants of concern, VOC) on a lentiviral vector core, and use for neutralisation assays in target cells expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). It additionally provides detailed instructions on substituting in new spike variants via gene cloning, lyophilisation and storage/shipping considerations for wide deployment potential. Results obtained with this protocol show that SARS-CoV-2 pseudotypes can be produced at equivalent titres to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) pseudotypes, neutralised by human convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies, and stored at a range of laboratory temperatures and lyophilised for distribution and subsequent application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Di Genova
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Kent), Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Alex Sampson
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Kent), Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Kent), Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Kent), Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Emma Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Sussex), School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Mariliza Derveni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Sussex), School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Bethany Auld
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Sussex), School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Bill T Ferrara
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Dale Harrison
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Mohamed Said
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Arwa Selim
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Elinor Thompson
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | | | - George Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Kent), Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
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23
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Vaselli NM, Hungerford D, Shenton B, Khashkhusha A, Cunliffe NA, French N. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave in Europe 2020: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250541. [PMID: 34727115 PMCID: PMC8562786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A year following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, new infections and deaths continue to increase in Europe. Serological studies, through providing evidence of past infection, can aid understanding of the population dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection. OBJECTIVES This systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies in Europe was undertaken to inform public health strategies including vaccination, that aim to accelerate population immunity. METHODS We searched the databases Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and grey literature sources for studies reporting seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Europe published between 01/12/2019-30/09/20. We provide a narrative synthesis of included studies. Studies were categorized into subgroups including healthcare workers (HCWs), community, outbreaks, pregnancy and children/school. Due to heterogeneity in other subgroups, we only performed a random effects meta-analysis of the seroprevalence amongst HCWs stratified by their country. RESULTS 115 studies were included spanning 17 European countries, that estimated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 from samples obtained between November 2019 -August 2020. A total of 54/115 studies included HCWs with a reported seroprevalence among HCWs ranging from 0.7% to 45.3%, which did not differ significantly by country. In community studies significant heterogeneity was reported in the seroprevalence between different age groups and the majority of studies reported there was no significant difference by gender. CONCLUSION This review demonstrates a wide heterogeneity in reported seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies between populations. Continued evaluation of seroprevalence is required to understand the impact of public health measures and inform interventions including vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Marcella Vaselli
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Hungerford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal Infections at the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Shenton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Arwa Khashkhusha
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel A. Cunliffe
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal Infections at the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Neil French
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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24
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Dupont L, Snell LB, Graham C, Seow J, Merrick B, Lechmere T, Maguire TJA, Hallett SR, Pickering S, Charalampous T, Alcolea-Medina A, Huettner I, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Acors S, Almeida N, Cox D, Dickenson RE, Galao RP, Kouphou N, Lista MJ, Ortega-Prieto AM, Wilson H, Winstone H, Fairhead C, Su JZ, Nebbia G, Batra R, Neil S, Shankar-Hari M, Edgeworth JD, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Neutralizing antibody activity in convalescent sera from infection in humans with SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1433-1442. [PMID: 34654917 PMCID: PMC8556155 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccine design and vaccination rollout need to take into account a detailed understanding of antibody durability and cross-neutralizing potential against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants of concern (VOCs). Analyses of convalescent sera provide unique insights into antibody longevity and cross-neutralizing activity induced by variant spike proteins, which are putative vaccine candidates. Using sera from 38 individuals infected in wave 1, we show that cross-neutralizing activity can be detected up to 305 days pos onset of symptoms, although sera were less potent against B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and B1.351 (Beta). Over time, despite a reduction in overall neutralization activity, differences in sera neutralization potency against SARS-CoV-2 and the Alpha and Beta variants decreased, which suggests that continued antibody maturation improves tolerance to spike mutations. We also compared the cross-neutralizing activity of wave 1 sera with sera from individuals infected with the Alpha, the Beta or the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants up to 79 days post onset of symptoms. While these sera neutralize the infecting VOC and parental virus to similar levels, cross-neutralization of different SARS-CoV-2 VOC lineages is reduced. These findings will inform the optimization of vaccines to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Dupont
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luke B Snell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Blair Merrick
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lechmere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J A Maguire
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sadie R Hallett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Themoula Charalampous
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Adela Alcolea-Medina
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Acors
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalia Almeida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Cox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth E Dickenson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neophytos Kouphou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Jose Lista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Harry Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Winstone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cassandra Fairhead
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jia Zhe Su
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stuart Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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25
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Zhuang X, Tsukuda S, Wrensch F, Wing PA, Schilling M, Harris JM, Borrmann H, Morgan SB, Cane JL, Mailly L, Thakur N, Conceicao C, Sanghani H, Heydmann L, Bach C, Ashton A, Walsh S, Tan TK, Schimanski L, Huang KYA, Schuster C, Watashi K, Hinks TS, Jagannath A, Vausdevan SR, Bailey D, Baumert TF, McKeating JA. The circadian clock component BMAL1 regulates SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in lung epithelial cells. iScience 2021; 24:103144. [PMID: 34545347 PMCID: PMC8443536 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus, is a global health issue with unprecedented challenges for public health. SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects cells of the respiratory tract via spike glycoprotein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2). Circadian rhythms coordinate an organism's response to its environment and can regulate host susceptibility to virus infection. We demonstrate that silencing the circadian regulator Bmal1 or treating lung epithelial cells with the REV-ERB agonist SR9009 reduces ACE2 expression and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. Importantly, treating infected cells with SR9009 limits SARS-CoV-2 replication and secretion of infectious particles, showing that post-entry steps in the viral life cycle are influenced by the circadian system. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Bmal1 silencing induced interferon-stimulated gene transcripts in Calu-3 lung epithelial cells, providing a mechanism for the circadian pathway to limit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study highlights alternative approaches to understand and improve therapeutic targeting of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Florian Wrensch
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter A.C. Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mirjam Schilling
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James M. Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helene Borrmann
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie B. Morgan
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer L. Cane
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Laurent Mailly
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Carina Conceicao
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Harshmeena Sanghani
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Heydmann
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Bach
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anna Ashton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford 17 OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Lisa Schimanski
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford 17 OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Kuan-Ying A. Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University and Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Catherine Schuster
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Timothy S.C. Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Pole Hépato-digestif, IHU, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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26
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Elnasser Z, Obeidat H, Amarin Z, Alrabadi N, Jaradat A, Alomarat D, BaniSalem M, Almomani R. Prevalence of COVID-19 among blood donors: The Jordan University of Science and Technology experience. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27537. [PMID: 34731151 PMCID: PMC8519210 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, had health and economic results that profoundly affected communities worldwide. Investigating the seroprevalence of SARS-Cov-2 in blood donors is of a significant clinical and scientific value as it adds to knowledge about local herd immunity levels.To study the prevalence of SARS-Cov-2 infection among blood donors at a tertiary referral hospital in the north of Jordan.This is a prospective study that included all blood donors between September 2020 and March 2021. Donors' IgG antibodies were qualitatively immunoassayed to determine the antibody status against SARS-CoV-2. The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 technique was utilized.One thousand samples were tested by total antibody against SARS-CoV-2. The median age was 29 years, 96.7% were males. The seroprevalence was 14.5%, and 80% of the positive participants did not report previous COVID-19 infection. The seroprevalence of COVID-19 antibodies was less among smokers and those with an O blood group and higher among donors with an AB blood group.The prevalence of COVID-19 among healthy young blood donors at a tertiary teaching health facility in the north of Jordan was 14.5%. Smokers and those with an O blood group were less likely to be seropositive, as opposed to donors with an AB blood group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Elnasser
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Haneen Obeidat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zouhair Amarin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nasr Alrabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Abdullah Jaradat
- Department of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Du’a Alomarat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mo’ath BaniSalem
- Department of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Randa Almomani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
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27
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Kale P, Patel N, Gupta E, Bajpai M. SARS-Coronavirus-2 seroprevalence in asymptomatic healthy blood donors: Indicator of community spread. Transfus Apher Sci 2021;:103293. [PMID: 34686444 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS -Corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major concern the world over. Serological surveillance is an important tool to assess the spread of infection in the community. This study attempted to assess the prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors in Delhi, India during the pre-vaccination period. Methods Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV2-2 IgG antibodies were determined in blood donors reporting to the Department of Transfusion medicine at a tertiary care hepatobiliary center, in India from September to October 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies against spike subunit 1 protein were measured using the enhanced chemiluminescence method. Results A total of 1066 blood donors were screened. The overall seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was 27.57 % (294/1066). The highest seropositivity was seen in the age group 26−35 years, 46.6 % (137/492), followed by 18−25 years, 28.2 % (83/260), 36−45 years, 19.4 % (57/244), and more than 45 years, 5.8 % (17/70). The seropositivity in the donors who had donated blood previously was 26.1 % (189/723). There was no statistically significant difference amongst seroprevalence in the blood groups, AB blood group (32.6 %, 95 % CI 23.02−43.3), group B (27.2 %, 95 % CI 22.8−32.09 %), group A (27.1 %, 95 % CI 21.8−32.9 %), and group O (27.02 %, 95 % CI 22.3−32.1 %) (p 0.539). Conclusions There was significantly higher seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the voluntary healthy blood donors indicating community spread and large number of asymptomatic cases in Delhi. Higher seroprevalence in younger adults indicated increased exposure to the virus and lack of COVID appropriate behaviour.
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Youngs J, Provine NM, Lim N, Sharpe HR, Amini A, Chen YL, Luo J, Edmans MD, Zacharopoulou P, Chen W, Sampson O, Paton R, Hurt WJ, Duncan DA, McNaughton AL, Miao VN, Leaver S, Wyncoll DLA, Ball J, Hopkins P, Skelly DT, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Ogg G, Lambe T, Pavord I, Shalek AK, Thompson CP, Xue L, Macallan DC, Goulder P, Klenerman P, Bicanic T. Identification of immune correlates of fatal outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009804. [PMID: 34529726 PMCID: PMC8445447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have demonstrated that immunologic dysfunction underpins severe illness in COVID-19 patients, but have lacked an in-depth analysis of the immunologic drivers of death in the most critically ill patients. We performed immunophenotyping of viral antigen-specific and unconventional T cell responses, neutralizing antibodies, and serum proteins in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, using influenza infection, SARS-CoV-2-convalescent health care workers, and healthy adults as controls. We identify mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell activation as an independent and significant predictor of death in COVID-19 (HR = 5.92, 95% CI = 2.49-14.1). MAIT cell activation correlates with several other mortality-associated immunologic measures including broad activation of CD8+ T cells and non-Vδ2 γδT cells, and elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines, including GM-CSF, CXCL10, CCL2, and IL-6. MAIT cell activation is also a predictor of disease severity in influenza (ECMO/death HR = 4.43, 95% CI = 1.08-18.2). Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals a shift from focused IFNα-driven signals in COVID-19 ICU patients who survive to broad pro-inflammatory responses in fatal COVID-19 -a feature not observed in severe influenza. We conclude that fatal COVID-19 infection is driven by uncoordinated inflammatory responses that drive a hierarchy of T cell activation, elements of which can serve as prognostic indicators and potential targets for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Youngs
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ali Amini
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Luo
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Edmans
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiota Zacharopoulou
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wentao Chen
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sampson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Paton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William J. Hurt
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Duncan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L. McNaughton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent N. Miao
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susannah Leaver
- Intensive Care Medicine, St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. A. Wyncoll
- Intensive Care Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Ball
- Intensive Care Medicine, St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hopkins
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, & Medicine, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Donal T. Skelly
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Pavord
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luzheng Xue
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Derek C. Macallan
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tihana Bicanic
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Knabl L, Mitra T, Kimpel J, Rössler A, Volland A, Walser A, Ulmer H, Pipperger L, Binder SC, Riepler L, Bates K, Bandyopadhyay A, Schips M, Ranjan M, Falkensammer B, Borena W, Meyer-Hermann M, von Laer D. High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in children and adults in the Austrian ski resort of Ischgl. Commun Med 2021; 1:4. [PMID: 34870284 PMCID: PMC8633917 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-021-00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In early March 2020, a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the ski resort Ischgl in Austria initiated the spread of SARS-CoV-2 throughout Austria and Northern Europe.
Methods
Between April 21st and 27th 2020, a cross-sectional epidemiologic study targeting the full population of Ischgl (n = 1867), of which 79% could be included (n = 1473, incl. 214 children), was performed. For each individual, the study involved a SARS-CoV-2 PCR, antibody testing and structured questionnaires. A mathematical model was used to help understand the influence of the determined seroprevalence on virus transmission.
Results
The seroprevalence was 42.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 39.8–44.7). Individuals under 18 showed a significantly lower seroprevalence of 27.1% (95% CI 21.3-33.6) than adults (45%; 95% CI 42.2–47.7; OR of 0.455, 95% CI 0.356–0.682, p < 0.001). Of the seropositive individuals, 83.7% had not been diagnosed to have had SARS-CoV-2 infection previously. The clinical course was generally mild. Over the previous two months, two COVID-19-related deaths had been recorded, corresponding to an infection fatality rate of 0.25% (95% CI 0.03–0.91). Only 8 (0.5 %) individuals were newly diagnosed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 during this study.
Conclusions
Ischgl was hit early and hard by SARS-CoV-2 leading to a high local seroprevalence of 42.4%, which was lower in individuals below the age of 18 than in adults. Mathematical modeling suggests that a drastic decline of newly infected individuals in Ischgl by the end of April occurred due to the dual impact from the non-pharmacological interventions and a high immunization of the Ischgl population.
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Martinez-Acuña N, Avalos-Nolazco DM, Rodriguez-Rodriguez DR, Martinez-Liu CG, Galan-Huerta KA, Padilla-Rivas GR, Ramos-Jimenez J, Ayala-de-la-Cruz S, Cienfuegos-Pecina E, Diaz-Chuc EA, Cazares-Tamez R, Flores-Arechiga A, Perez-Chavez F, Arellanos-Soto D, Lozano-Sepulveda SA, Garza-Gonzalez E, Treviño-Garza C, Montes-de-Oca-Luna R, Lee-Gonzalez AB, de-la-O-Cavazos ME, Rivas-Estilla AM. Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Blood Donors from Nuevo Leon State, Mexico, during 2020: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Evaluation. Viruses 2021; 13:1225. [PMID: 34202849 PMCID: PMC8310175 DOI: 10.3390/v13071225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression and distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are continuously changing over time and can be traced by blood donors' serological survey. Here, we investigated the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in blood donors in Nuevo Leon, Mexico during 2020 as a strategy for the rapid evaluation of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and asymptomatic case detection. We collected residual plasma samples from blood donors who attended two regional donation centers from January to December of 2020 to identify changes in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG prevalence. Plasma samples were analyzed on the Abbott Architect instrument using the commercial Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG chemiluminescent assay. We found a total of 99 reactive samples from 2068 analyzed plasma samples, resulting in a raw prevalence of 4.87%. Donors aged 18-49 years were more likely to be seropositive compared to those aged >50 years (p < 0.001). Weekly seroprevalence increased from 1.8% during the early pandemic stage to 27.59% by the end of the year. Prevalence was 1.46-fold higher in females compared to males. Case geographical mapping showed that Monterrey city recorded the majority of SARS-CoV-2 cases. These results show that there is a growing trend of seroprevalence over time associated with asymptomatic infection that is unnoticed under the current epidemiological surveillance protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martinez-Acuña
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.M.-A.); (D.M.A.-N.); (D.R.R.-R.); (C.G.M.-L.); (K.A.G.-H.); (G.R.P.-R.); (D.A.-S.); (S.A.L.-S.); (E.G.-G.)
- Center of Research and Innovation on Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 64460, Mexico;
| | - Diana Minerva Avalos-Nolazco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.M.-A.); (D.M.A.-N.); (D.R.R.-R.); (C.G.M.-L.); (K.A.G.-H.); (G.R.P.-R.); (D.A.-S.); (S.A.L.-S.); (E.G.-G.)
| | - Diana Raquel Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.M.-A.); (D.M.A.-N.); (D.R.R.-R.); (C.G.M.-L.); (K.A.G.-H.); (G.R.P.-R.); (D.A.-S.); (S.A.L.-S.); (E.G.-G.)
| | - Cynthia Gabriela Martinez-Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.M.-A.); (D.M.A.-N.); (D.R.R.-R.); (C.G.M.-L.); (K.A.G.-H.); (G.R.P.-R.); (D.A.-S.); (S.A.L.-S.); (E.G.-G.)
- Center of Research and Innovation on Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 64460, Mexico;
| | - Kame Alberto Galan-Huerta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.M.-A.); (D.M.A.-N.); (D.R.R.-R.); (C.G.M.-L.); (K.A.G.-H.); (G.R.P.-R.); (D.A.-S.); (S.A.L.-S.); (E.G.-G.)
- Center of Research and Innovation on Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 64460, Mexico;
| | - Gerardo Raymundo Padilla-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.M.-A.); (D.M.A.-N.); (D.R.R.-R.); (C.G.M.-L.); (K.A.G.-H.); (G.R.P.-R.); (D.A.-S.); (S.A.L.-S.); (E.G.-G.)
| | - Javier Ramos-Jimenez
- Center of Research and Innovation on Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 64460, Mexico;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Sergio Ayala-de-la-Cruz
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Blood Transfusion Bank, Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (S.A.-d.-l.-C.); (E.C.-P.); (E.A.D.-C.); (R.C.-T.); (A.F.-A.); (F.P.-C.)
| | - Eduardo Cienfuegos-Pecina
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Blood Transfusion Bank, Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (S.A.-d.-l.-C.); (E.C.-P.); (E.A.D.-C.); (R.C.-T.); (A.F.-A.); (F.P.-C.)
| | - Erik Alejandro Diaz-Chuc
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Blood Transfusion Bank, Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (S.A.-d.-l.-C.); (E.C.-P.); (E.A.D.-C.); (R.C.-T.); (A.F.-A.); (F.P.-C.)
| | - Rogelio Cazares-Tamez
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Blood Transfusion Bank, Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (S.A.-d.-l.-C.); (E.C.-P.); (E.A.D.-C.); (R.C.-T.); (A.F.-A.); (F.P.-C.)
| | - Amador Flores-Arechiga
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Blood Transfusion Bank, Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (S.A.-d.-l.-C.); (E.C.-P.); (E.A.D.-C.); (R.C.-T.); (A.F.-A.); (F.P.-C.)
| | - Fernando Perez-Chavez
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Blood Transfusion Bank, Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (S.A.-d.-l.-C.); (E.C.-P.); (E.A.D.-C.); (R.C.-T.); (A.F.-A.); (F.P.-C.)
| | - Daniel Arellanos-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.M.-A.); (D.M.A.-N.); (D.R.R.-R.); (C.G.M.-L.); (K.A.G.-H.); (G.R.P.-R.); (D.A.-S.); (S.A.L.-S.); (E.G.-G.)
- Center of Research and Innovation on Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 64460, Mexico;
| | - Sonia Amelia Lozano-Sepulveda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.M.-A.); (D.M.A.-N.); (D.R.R.-R.); (C.G.M.-L.); (K.A.G.-H.); (G.R.P.-R.); (D.A.-S.); (S.A.L.-S.); (E.G.-G.)
- Center of Research and Innovation on Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 64460, Mexico;
| | - Elvira Garza-Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.M.-A.); (D.M.A.-N.); (D.R.R.-R.); (C.G.M.-L.); (K.A.G.-H.); (G.R.P.-R.); (D.A.-S.); (S.A.L.-S.); (E.G.-G.)
| | - Consuelo Treviño-Garza
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (C.T.-G.); (M.E.d.-l.-O.-C.)
- Secretariat of Health of Nuevo León State, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (R.M.-d.-O.-L.); (A.B.L.-G.)
| | - Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Luna
- Secretariat of Health of Nuevo León State, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (R.M.-d.-O.-L.); (A.B.L.-G.)
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Aurora Beatriz Lee-Gonzalez
- Secretariat of Health of Nuevo León State, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (R.M.-d.-O.-L.); (A.B.L.-G.)
- Transfusion Center, CETS, Secretariat of Health of Nuevo Leon State, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Manuel Enrique de-la-O-Cavazos
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (C.T.-G.); (M.E.d.-l.-O.-C.)
- Secretariat of Health of Nuevo León State, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (R.M.-d.-O.-L.); (A.B.L.-G.)
| | - Ana Maria Rivas-Estilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.M.-A.); (D.M.A.-N.); (D.R.R.-R.); (C.G.M.-L.); (K.A.G.-H.); (G.R.P.-R.); (D.A.-S.); (S.A.L.-S.); (E.G.-G.)
- Center of Research and Innovation on Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 64460, Mexico;
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31
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Roxhed N, Bendes A, Dale M, Mattsson C, Hanke L, Dodig-Crnković T, Christian M, Meineke B, Elsässer S, Andréll J, Havervall S, Thålin C, Eklund C, Dillner J, Beck O, Thomas CE, McInerney G, Hong MG, Murrell B, Fredolini C, Schwenk JM. Multianalyte serology in home-sampled blood enables an unbiased assessment of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3695. [PMID: 34140485 PMCID: PMC8211676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological testing is essential to curb the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, most assays are still limited to single analytes and samples collected within healthcare. Thus, we establish a multianalyte and multiplexed approach to reliably profile IgG and IgM levels against several versions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins (S, RBD, N) in home-sampled dried blood spots (DBS). We analyse DBS collected during spring of 2020 from 878 random and undiagnosed individuals from the population in Stockholm, Sweden, and use classification approaches to estimate an accumulated seroprevalence of 12.5% (95% CI: 10.3%-14.7%). This includes 5.4% of the samples being IgG+IgM+ against several SARS-CoV-2 proteins, as well as 2.1% being IgG-IgM+ and 5.0% being IgG+IgM- for the virus' S protein. Subjects classified as IgG+ for several SARS-CoV-2 proteins report influenza-like symptoms more frequently than those being IgG+ for only the S protein (OR = 6.1; p < 0.001). Among all seropositive cases, 30% are asymptomatic. Our strategy enables an accurate individual-level and multiplexed assessment of antibodies in home-sampled blood, assisting our understanding about the undiagnosed seroprevalence and diversity of the immune response against the coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Roxhed
- Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- MedTechLabs, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Annika Bendes
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Matilda Dale
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Mattsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Leo Hanke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tea Dodig-Crnković
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Murray Christian
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Birthe Meineke
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Genome Biology, Solna, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Simon Elsässer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Genome Biology, Solna, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Juni Andréll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Havervall
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Thålin
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Carina Eklund
- Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Beck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia E Thomas
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gerald McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Claudia Fredolini
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.
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32
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Dupont L, Snell LB, Graham C, Seow J, Merrick B, Lechmere T, Hallett SR, Charalampous T, Alcolea-Medina A, Huettner I, Maguire TJA, Acors S, Almeida N, Cox D, Dickenson RE, Galao RP, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Kouphou N, Lista MJ, Pickering S, Ortega-Prieto AM, Wilson H, Winstone H, Fairhead C, Su J, Nebbia G, Batra R, Neil S, Shankar-Hari M, Edgeworth JD, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Antibody longevity and cross-neutralizing activity following SARS-CoV-2 wave 1 and B.1.1.7 infections. medRxiv 2021:2021.06.07.21258351. [PMID: 34127977 PMCID: PMC8202432 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.07.21258351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge globally, a major challenge for COVID-19 vaccination is the generation of a durable antibody response with cross-neutralizing activity against both current and newly emerging viral variants. Cross-neutralizing activity against major variants of concern (B.1.1.7, P.1 and B.1.351) has been observed following vaccination, albeit at a reduced potency, but whether vaccines based on the Spike glycoprotein of these viral variants will produce a superior cross-neutralizing antibody response has not been fully investigated. Here, we used sera from individuals infected in wave 1 in the UK to study the long-term cross-neutralization up to 10 months post onset of symptoms (POS), as well as sera from individuals infected with the B.1.1.7 variant to compare cross-neutralizing activity profiles. We show that neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity can be detected from wave 1 up to 10 months POS. Although neutralization of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 is lower, the difference in neutralization potency decreases at later timepoints suggesting continued antibody maturation and improved tolerance to Spike mutations. Interestingly, we found that B.1.1.7 infection also generates a cross-neutralizing antibody response, which, although still less potent against B.1.351, can neutralize parental wave 1 virus to a similar degree as B.1.1.7. These findings have implications for the optimization of vaccines that protect against newly emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Dupont
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luke B Snell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Blair Merrick
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lechmere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sadie R Hallett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Themoula Charalampous
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Adela Alcolea-Medina
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J A Maguire
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Acors
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalia Almeida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Cox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth E Dickenson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neophytos Kouphou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Jose Lista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Harry Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Winstone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cassandra Fairhead
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jia Su
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stuart Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Graham C, Seow J, Huettner I, Khan H, Kouphou N, Acors S, Winstone H, Pickering S, Galao RP, Dupont L, Lista MJ, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Laing AG, Wu Y, Joseph M, Muir L, van Gils MJ, Ng WM, Duyvesteyn HME, Zhao Y, Bowden TA, Shankar-Hari M, Rosa A, Cherepanov P, McCoy LE, Hayday AC, Neil SJD, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Neutralization potency of monoclonal antibodies recognizing dominant and subdominant epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 Spike is impacted by the B.1.1.7 variant. Immunity 2021; 54:1276-1289.e6. [PMID: 33836142 PMCID: PMC8015430 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) with the receptor ACE2 on host cells is essential for viral entry. RBD is the dominant target for neutralizing antibodies, and several neutralizing epitopes on RBD have been molecularly characterized. Analysis of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants has revealed mutations arising in the RBD, N-terminal domain (NTD) and S2 subunits of Spike. To understand how these mutations affect Spike antigenicity, we isolated and characterized >100 monoclonal antibodies targeting epitopes on RBD, NTD, and S2 from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Approximately 45% showed neutralizing activity, of which ∼20% were NTD specific. NTD-specific antibodies formed two distinct groups: the first was highly potent against infectious virus, whereas the second was less potent and displayed glycan-dependant neutralization activity. Mutations present in B.1.1.7 Spike frequently conferred neutralization resistance to NTD-specific antibodies. This work demonstrates that neutralizing antibodies targeting subdominant epitopes should be considered when investigating antigenic drift in emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hataf Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neophytos Kouphou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Acors
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Winstone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Liane Dupont
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Jose Lista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adam G Laing
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yin Wu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, UK
| | - Magdalene Joseph
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, UK
| | - Luke Muir
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Netherlands
| | - Weng M Ng
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen M E Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, UK
| | - Stuart J D Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium.
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McConnell D, Hickey C, Bargary N, Trela-Larsen L, Walsh C, Barry M, Adams R. Understanding the Challenges and Uncertainties of Seroprevalence Studies for SARS-CoV-2. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:4640. [PMID: 33925518 PMCID: PMC8123865 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 continues to widely circulate in populations globally. Underdetection is acknowledged and is problematic when attempting to capture the true prevalence. Seroprevalence studies, where blood samples from a population sample are tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that react to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, are a common method for estimating the proportion of people previously infected with the virus in a given population. However, obtaining reliable estimates from seroprevalence studies is challenging for a number of reasons, and the uncertainty in the results is often overlooked by scientists, policy makers, and the media. This paper reviews the methodological issues that arise in designing these studies, and the main sources of uncertainty that affect the results. We discuss the choice of study population, recruitment of subjects, uncertainty surrounding the accuracy of antibody tests, and the relationship between antibodies and infection over time. Understanding these issues can help the reader to interpret and critically evaluate the results of seroprevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McConnell
- National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics, St James’s Hospital, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland; (C.H.); (L.T.-L.); (C.W.); (M.B.); (R.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Hickey
- National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics, St James’s Hospital, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland; (C.H.); (L.T.-L.); (C.W.); (M.B.); (R.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Norma Bargary
- Health Research Institute and MACSI, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - Lea Trela-Larsen
- National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics, St James’s Hospital, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland; (C.H.); (L.T.-L.); (C.W.); (M.B.); (R.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cathal Walsh
- National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics, St James’s Hospital, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland; (C.H.); (L.T.-L.); (C.W.); (M.B.); (R.A.)
- Health Research Institute and MACSI, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - Michael Barry
- National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics, St James’s Hospital, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland; (C.H.); (L.T.-L.); (C.W.); (M.B.); (R.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roisin Adams
- National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics, St James’s Hospital, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland; (C.H.); (L.T.-L.); (C.W.); (M.B.); (R.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
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35
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James J, Rhodes S, Ross CS, Skinner P, Smith SP, Shipley R, Warren CJ, Goharriz H, McElhinney LM, Temperton N, Wright E, Fooks AR, Clark TW, Brookes SM, Brown IH, Banyard AC. Comparison of Serological Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Viruses 2021; 13:713. [PMID: 33924168 PMCID: PMC8074400 DOI: 10.3390/v13040713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus was first detected in late 2019 and circulated globally, causing COVID-19, which is characterised by sub-clinical to severe disease in humans. Here, we investigate the serological antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection during acute and convalescent infection using a cohort of (i) COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital, (ii) healthy individuals who had experienced 'COVID-19 like-illness', and (iii) a cohort of healthy individuals prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2. We compare SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody detection rates from four different serological methods, virus neutralisation test (VNT), ID Screen® SARS-CoV-2-N IgG ELISA, Whole Antigen ELISA, and lentivirus-based SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype virus neutralisation tests (pVNT). All methods were able to detect prior infection with COVID-19, albeit with different relative sensitivities. The VNT and SARS-CoV-2-N ELISA methods showed a strong correlation yet provided increased detection rates when used in combination. A pVNT correlated strongly with SARS-CoV-2 VNT and was able to effectively discriminate SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive and negative serum with the same efficiency as the VNT. Moreover, the pVNT was performed with the same level of discrimination across multiple separate institutions. Therefore, the pVNT is a sensitive, specific, and reproducible lower biosafety level alternative to VNT for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for diagnostic and research applications. Our data illustrate the potential utility of applying VNT or pVNT and ELISA antibody tests in parallel to enhance the sensitivity of exposure to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Shelley Rhodes
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Craig S. Ross
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Paul Skinner
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Samuel P. Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rebecca Shipley
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK;
| | - Caroline J. Warren
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Hooman Goharriz
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Lorraine M. McElhinney
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;
| | - Edward Wright
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK;
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Tristan W. Clark
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
- Department of Infection, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sharon M. Brookes
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.R.); (C.S.R.); (P.S.); (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (C.J.W.); (H.G.); (L.M.M.); (A.R.F.); (S.M.B.); (I.H.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK;
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Aziz NA, Corman VM, Echterhoff AKC, Müller MA, Richter A, Schmandke A, Schmidt ML, Schmidt TH, de Vries FM, Drosten C, Breteler MMB. Seroprevalence and correlates of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies from a population-based study in Bonn, Germany. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2117. [PMID: 33837204 PMCID: PMC8035181 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To estimate the seroprevalence and temporal course of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, we embedded a multi-tiered seroprevalence survey within an ongoing community-based cohort study in Bonn, Germany. We first assessed anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G levels with an immunoassay, followed by confirmatory testing of borderline and positive test results with a recombinant spike-based immunofluorescence assay and a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Those with a borderline or positive immunoassay result were retested after 4 to 5 months. At baseline, 4771 persons participated (88% response rate). Between April 24th and June 30th, 2020, seroprevalence was 0.97% (95% CI: 0.72-1.30) by immunoassay and 0.36% (95% CI: 0.21-0.61) when considering only those with two additional positive confirmatory tests. Importantly, about 20% of PRNT+ individuals lost their neutralizing antibodies within five months. Here, we show that neutralizing antibodies are detectable in only one third of those with a positive immunoassay result, and wane relatively quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ahmad Aziz
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje K C Echterhoff
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Richter
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio Schmandke
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie Luisa Schmidt
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas H Schmidt
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Folgerdiena M de Vries
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Monique M B Breteler
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Ogbe A, Kronsteiner B, Skelly DT, Pace M, Brown A, Adland E, Adair K, Akhter HD, Ali M, Ali SE, Angyal A, Ansari MA, Arancibia-Cárcamo CV, Brown H, Chinnakannan S, Conlon C, de Lara C, de Silva T, Dold C, Dong T, Donnison T, Eyre D, Flaxman A, Fletcher H, Gardner J, Grist JT, Hackstein CP, Jaruthamsophon K, Jeffery K, Lambe T, Lee L, Li W, Lim N, Matthews PC, Mentzer AJ, Moore SC, Naisbitt DJ, Ogese M, Ogg G, Openshaw P, Pirmohamed M, Pollard AJ, Ramamurthy N, Rongkard P, Rowland-Jones S, Sampson O, Screaton G, Sette A, Stafford L, Thompson C, Thomson PJ, Thwaites R, Vieira V, Weiskopf D, Zacharopoulou P, Turtle L, Klenerman P, Goulder P, Frater J, Barnes E, Dunachie S. T cell assays differentiate clinical and subclinical SARS-CoV-2 infections from cross-reactive antiviral responses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2055. [PMID: 33824342 PMCID: PMC8024333 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of protective T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 requires distinguishing people infected with SARS-CoV-2 from those with cross-reactive immunity to other coronaviruses. Here we show a range of T cell assays that differentially capture immune function to characterise SARS-CoV-2 responses. Strong ex vivo ELISpot and proliferation responses to multiple antigens (including M, NP and ORF3) are found in 168 PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected volunteers, but are rare in 119 uninfected volunteers. Highly exposed seronegative healthcare workers with recent COVID-19-compatible illness show T cell response patterns characteristic of infection. By contrast, >90% of convalescent or unexposed people show proliferation and cellular lactate responses to spike subunits S1/S2, indicating pre-existing cross-reactive T cell populations. The detection of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 is therefore critically dependent on assay and antigen selection. Memory responses to specific non-spike proteins provide a method to distinguish recent infection from pre-existing immunity in exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Donal T Skelly
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Pace
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Adland
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kareena Adair
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hossain Delowar Akhter
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Serat-E Ali
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adrienn Angyal
- The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Azim Ansari
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolina V Arancibia-Cárcamo
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Senthil Chinnakannan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher Conlon
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine de Lara
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thushan de Silva
- The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy Donnison
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Eyre
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department. of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Fletcher
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Joshua Gardner
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James T Grist
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kanoot Jaruthamsophon
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lian Lee
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wenqin Li
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Monday Ogese
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Openshaw
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Narayan Ramamurthy
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patpong Rongkard
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Nuffield Department. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Sampson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lizzie Stafford
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig Thompson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul J Thomson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ryan Thwaites
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Vinicius Vieira
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Panagiota Zacharopoulou
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Philip Goulder
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
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Grant R, Dub T, Andrianou X, Nohynek H, Wilder-Smith A, Pezzotti P, Fontanet A. SARS-CoV-2 population-based seroprevalence studies in Europe: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045425. [PMID: 33795310 PMCID: PMC8021754 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to review SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies conducted in Europe to understand how they may be used to inform ongoing control strategies for COVID-19. DESIGN Scoping review of peer-reviewed publications and manuscripts on preprint servers from January 2020 to 15 September 2020. PRIMARY MEASURE Seroprevalence estimate (and lower and upper CIs). For studies conducted across a country or territory, we used the seroprevalence estimate and the upper and lower CIs and compared them to the total number of reported infections to calculate the ratio of reported to expected infections. RESULTS We identified 23 population-based seroprevalence studies conducted in Europe. Among 12 general population studies, seroprevalence ranged from 0.42% among residual clinical samples in Greece to 13.6% in an area of high transmission in Gangelt, Germany. Of the eight studies in blood donors, seroprevalence ranged from 0.91% in North-Western Germany to 23.3% in a high-transmission area in Lombardy region, Italy. In three studies which recruited individuals through employment, seroprevalence ranged from 0.5% among factory workers in Frankfurt, Germany, to 10.2% among university employees in Milan, Italy. In comparison to nationally reported cases, the extent of infection, as derived from these seroprevalence estimates, is manyfold higher and largely heterogeneous. CONCLUSION Exposure to the virus in Europe has not reached a level of infection that would prevent further circulation of the virus. Effective vaccine candidates are urgently required to deliver the level of immunity in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Grant
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Dub
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xanthi Andrianou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome, Italy
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrizio Pezzotti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome, Italy
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- PACRI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
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39
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Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Temperton N. The role of pseudotype neutralization assays in understanding SARS CoV-2. Oxf Open Immunol 2021; 2:iqab005. [PMID: 33738456 PMCID: PMC7928640 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, ME7 4TB, UK
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, ME7 4TB, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, ME7 4TB, UK,Correspondence address. Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, ME4 4TB, UK. E-mail:
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40
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Banjar A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Alruwaily A, Alserehi H, Al-Qunaibet A, Alaswad R, Almutlaq H, Almudaiheem A, Khojah AT, Alsaif F, Almolad SK, Alqahtani S, AlJurayyan A, Alotaibi A, Almalki S, Abuhaimed Y, Alkhashan A, Alfaifi A, Alabdulkareem K, Jokhdar H, Assiri A, Almudarra S. Seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors in the early months of the pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:452-457. [PMID: 33465488 PMCID: PMC7816871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serologic testing provides better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and its transmission. This study was an investigation of the prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors in Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVE To estimate the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among blood donors in Saudi Arabia during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Serology results and epidemiological data were analyzed for 837 adult blood donors, with no confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, in Saudi Arabia from 20th to 25th May 2020. Seroprevalence was determined using electrochemical immunoassay to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 1.4% (12/837). Non-citizens had higher seroprevalence compared with citizens (OR 13.6, p = 0.001). Secondary education was significantly associated with higher seroprevalence compared with higher education (OR 6.8, p = 0.005). The data showed that the highest seroprevalence was in Makkah (8.1%). Uisng Makkah seroprevalence as the reference, the seroprevalence in other areas was: Madinah 4.1% (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.12-1.94), Jeddah 2.3% (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.31-2.25), and Qassim 2.9 % (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.04-2.89) and these were not statistically different from seroprevalence in the Makkah region. CONCLUSIONS At the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia, the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors was low, but was higher among non-citizens. These findings may indicate that non-citizens and less educated individuals may be less attentive to preventive measures. Monitoring seroprevalence trends over time require repeated sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Banjar
- Deputy Ministry for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Amaal Alruwaily
- Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haleema Alserehi
- Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ada Al-Qunaibet
- Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Alaswad
- Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Almutlaq
- Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah T Khojah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alsaif
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saeed Alqahtani
- Deputy Ministry for Laboratories and Blood Banks, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah Alotaibi
- Dammam Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safar Almalki
- Jeddah Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Abuhaimed
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alkhashan
- Deputy Ministry for Laboratories and Blood Banks, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alfaifi
- Deputy Ministry for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alabdulkareem
- Deputy Ministry for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Medicine, Al Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Jokhdar
- Deputy Ministry for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Assiri
- Deputy Ministry for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Almudarra
- Deputy Ministry for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Cavataio J, Schnell S. Interpreting SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, deaths, and fatality rate - Making a case for standardized reporting to improve communication. Math Biosci 2021; 333:108545. [PMID: 33460673 PMCID: PMC7810031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2021.108545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread across the world, testing each nation's ability to understand the state of the pandemic in their country and control it. As we looked into the epidemiological data to uncover the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we discovered that critical metadata is missing which is meant to give context to epidemiological parameters. In this review, we identify key metadata for the COVID-19 fatality rate after a thorough analysis of mathematical models, serology-informed studies and determinants of causes of death for the COVID-19 pandemic. In doing so, we find reasons to establish a set of standard-based guidelines to record and report the data from epidemiological studies. Additionally, we discuss why standardizing nomenclature is be a necessary component of these guidelines to improve communication and reproducibility. The goal of establishing these guidelines is to facilitate the interpretation of COVID-19 epidemiological findings and data by the general public, health officials, policymakers and fellow researchers. Our suggestions may not address all aspects of this issue; rather, they are meant to be the foundation for which experts can establish and encourage future guidelines throughout the appropriate communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cavataio
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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42
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Toon K, Bentley EM, Mattiuzzo G. More Than Just Gene Therapy Vectors: Lentiviral Vector Pseudotypes for Serological Investigation. Viruses 2021; 13:217. [PMID: 33572589 PMCID: PMC7911487 DOI: 10.3390/v13020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays detecting neutralising antibodies are important for determining the immune responses following infection or vaccination and are also often considered a correlate of protection. The target of neutralising antibodies is usually located in the Envelope protein on the viral surface, which mediates cell entry. As such, presentation of the Envelope protein on a lentiviral particle represents a convenient alternative to handling of a potentially high containment virus or for those viruses with no established cell culture system. The flexibility, relative safety and, in most cases, ease of production of lentiviral pseudotypes, have led to their use in serological assays for many applications such as the evaluation of candidate vaccines, screening and characterization of anti-viral therapeutics, and sero-surveillance. Above all, the speed of production of the lentiviral pseudotypes, once the envelope sequence is published, makes them important tools in the response to viral outbreaks, as shown during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In this review, we provide an overview of the landscape of the serological applications of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, with a brief discussion on their production and batch quality analysis. Finally, we evaluate their role as surrogates for the real virus and possible alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Toon
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
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43
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Reynolds CJ, Swadling L, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Jensen MP, Diniz MO, Schmidt NM, Butler DK, Amin OE, Bailey SNL, Murray SM, Pieper FP, Taylor S, Jones J, Jones M, Lee WYJ, Rosenheim J, Chandran A, Joy G, Di Genova C, Temperton N, Lambourne J, Cutino-Moguel T, Andiapen M, Fontana M, Smit A, Semper A, O'Brien B, Chain B, Brooks T, Manisty C, Treibel T, Moon JC, Noursadeghi M, Altmann DM, Maini MK, McKnight Á, Boyton RJ. Discordant neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in asymptomatic and mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Immunol 2021; 5:5/54/eabf3698. [PMID: 33361161 PMCID: PMC8101131 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the nature of immunity following mild/asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 is crucial to controlling the pandemic. We analyzed T cell and neutralizing antibody responses in 136 healthcare workers (HCW) 16-18 weeks after United Kingdom lockdown, 76 of whom had mild/asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection captured by serial sampling. Neutralizing antibodies (nAb) were present in 89% of previously infected HCW. T cell responses tended to be lower following asymptomatic infection than in those reporting case-definition symptoms of COVID-19, while nAb titers were maintained irrespective of symptoms. T cell and antibody responses were sometimes discordant. Eleven percent lacked nAb and had undetectable T cell responses to spike protein but had T cells reactive with other SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Our findings suggest that the majority of individuals with mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection carry nAb complemented by multispecific T cell responses at 16-18 weeks after mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Melanie P Jensen
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalie M Schmidt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - David K Butler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver E Amin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sasha N L Bailey
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sam M Murray
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Stephen Taylor
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Jessica Jones
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Meleri Jones
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Wing-Yiu Jason Lee
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Rosenheim
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aneesh Chandran
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - George Joy
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Cecilia Di Genova
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | | | | | - Mervyn Andiapen
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Amanda Semper
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Ben O'Brien
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,German Heart Centre and Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Thomas Treibel
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - James C Moon
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | | | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Lung Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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da Silva Filipe A, Shepherd JG, Williams T, Hughes J, Aranday-Cortes E, Asamaphan P, Ashraf S, Balcazar C, Brunker K, Campbell A, Carmichael S, Davis C, Dewar R, Gallagher MD, Gunson R, Hill V, Ho A, Jackson B, James E, Jesudason N, Johnson N, McWilliam Leitch EC, Li K, MacLean A, Mair D, McAllister DA, McCrone JT, McDonald SE, McHugh MP, Morris AK, Nichols J, Niebel M, Nomikou K, Orton RJ, O'Toole Á, Palmarini M, Parcell BJ, Parr YA, Rambaut A, Rooke S, Shaaban S, Shah R, Singer JB, Smollett K, Starinskij I, Tong L, Sreenu VB, Wastnedge E, Holden MTG, Robertson DL, Templeton K, Thomson EC. Genomic epidemiology reveals multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 from mainland Europe into Scotland. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:112-122. [PMID: 33349681 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first diagnosed in Scotland on 1 March 2020. During the first month of the outbreak, 2,641 cases of COVID-19 led to 1,832 hospital admissions, 207 intensive care admissions and 126 deaths. We aimed to identify the source and number of introductions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into Scotland using a combined phylogenetic and epidemiological approach. Sequencing of 1,314 SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes from available patient samples enabled us to estimate that SARS-CoV-2 was introduced to Scotland on at least 283 occasions during February and March 2020. Epidemiological analysis confirmed that early introductions of SARS-CoV-2 originated from mainland Europe (the majority from Italy and Spain). We identified subsequent early outbreaks in the community, within healthcare facilities and at an international conference. Community transmission occurred after 2 March, 3 weeks before control measures were introduced. Earlier travel restrictions or quarantine measures, both locally and internationally, would have reduced the number of COVID-19 cases in Scotland. The risk of multiple reintroduction events in future waves of infection remains high in the absence of population immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James G Shepherd
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas Williams
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Patawee Asamaphan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Shirin Ashraf
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Carlos Balcazar
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kirstyn Brunker
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Chris Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Rebecca Dewar
- Virology Department, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Rory Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Verity Hill
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Antonia Ho
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Ben Jackson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Natasha Jesudason
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Natasha Johnson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Kathy Li
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Alasdair MacLean
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel Mair
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - David A McAllister
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John T McCrone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah E McDonald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Martin P McHugh
- Virology Department, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Marc Niebel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard J Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Áine O'Toole
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Yasmin A Parr
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stefan Rooke
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Rajiv Shah
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Joshua B Singer
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Igor Starinskij
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lily Tong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Matthew T G Holden
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - David L Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Kate Templeton
- Virology Department, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK.
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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45
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Humble RM, Merrill AE, Ford BA, Diekema DJ, Krasowski MD. Practical Considerations for Implementation of SARS-CoV-2 Serological Testing in the Clinical Laboratory: Experience at an Academic Medical Center. Acad Pathol 2021; 8:23742895211002802. [PMID: 33889715 PMCID: PMC8040556 DOI: 10.1177/23742895211002802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular techniques, especially reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), have been the gold standard for the diagnosis of acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 have been widely used for serosurveys, epidemiology, and identification of potential convalescent plasma donors. However, the clinical role of serologic testing is still limited and evolving. In this report, we describe the experience of selecting, validating, and implementing SARS-CoV-2 serologic testing for clinical purposes at an academic medical center in a rural state. Successful implementation involved close collaboration between pathology, infectious diseases, and outpatient clinics. The most common clinician concerns were appropriateness/utility of testing, patient charges/insurance coverage, and assay specificity. In analyzing test utilization, serologic testing in the first month after go-live was almost entirely outpatient and appeared to be strongly driven by patient interest (including health care workers and others in high-risk occupations for exposure to SARS-CoV-2), with little evidence that the results impacted clinical decision-making. Test volumes for serology declined steadily through October 31, 2020, with inpatient ordering assuming a steadily higher percentage of the total. In a 5-month period, SARS-CoV-2 serology test volumes amounted to only 1.3% of that of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Unlike reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, supply chain challenges and reagent availability were not major issues for serology testing. We also discuss the most recent challenge of requirements for SARS-CoV-2 testing in international travel protocols. Overall, our experience at an academic medical center shows that SARS-CoV-2 serology testing assumed a limited clinical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Humble
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Anna E. Merrill
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bradley A. Ford
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Diekema
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew D. Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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46
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Wouters E, Steenhuis M, Schrezenmeier H, Tiberghien P, Harvala H, Feys HB, van der Schoot E. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers and potency for convalescent plasma donation: a brief commentary. Vox Sang 2020; 116:493-496. [PMID: 33368373 PMCID: PMC8246957 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Wouters
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pierre Tiberghien
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St-Denis, France.,UMR1098 RIGHT, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - Hendrik B Feys
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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47
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Levin AT, Hanage WP, Owusu-Boaitey N, Cochran KB, Walsh SP, Meyerowitz-Katz G. Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications. Eur J Epidemiol 2020; 35:1123-1138. [PMID: 33289900 PMCID: PMC7721859 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-020-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Determine age-specific infection fatality rates for COVID-19 to inform public health policies and communications that help protect vulnerable age groups. Studies of COVID-19 prevalence were collected by conducting an online search of published articles, preprints, and government reports that were publicly disseminated prior to 18 September 2020. The systematic review encompassed 113 studies, of which 27 studies (covering 34 geographical locations) satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Age-specific IFRs were computed using the prevalence data in conjunction with reported fatalities 4 weeks after the midpoint date of the study, reflecting typical lags in fatalities and reporting. Meta-regression procedures in Stata were used to analyze the infection fatality rate (IFR) by age. Our analysis finds a exponential relationship between age and IFR for COVID-19. The estimated age-specific IFR is very low for children and younger adults (e.g., 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25) but increases progressively to 0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85. Moreover, our results indicate that about 90% of the variation in population IFR across geographical locations reflects differences in the age composition of the population and the extent to which relatively vulnerable age groups were exposed to the virus. These results indicate that COVID-19 is hazardous not only for the elderly but also for middle-aged adults, for whom the infection fatality rate is two orders of magnitude greater than the annualized risk of a fatal automobile accident and far more dangerous than seasonal influenza. Moreover, the overall IFR for COVID-19 should not be viewed as a fixed parameter but as intrinsically linked to the age-specific pattern of infections. Consequently, public health measures to mitigate infections in older adults could substantially decrease total deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Levin
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
- National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge, USA
- Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz
- University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
- Western Sydney Local Health District, PO Box 792, Seven Hills, NSW, 2147, Australia.
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48
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Dickson E, Palmateer NE, Murray J, Robertson C, Waugh C, Wallace LA, Mathie L, Heatlie K, Mavin S, Gousias P, Von Wissman B, Goldberg DJ, McAuley A. Enhanced surveillance of COVID-19 in Scotland: population-based seroprevalence surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave of the epidemic. Public Health 2020; 190:132-134. [PMID: 33453689 PMCID: PMC7685039 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland has been amongst the most severe in Europe. Serological surveillance is critical to determine the overall extent of infection across populations and to inform the public health response. This study aimed to estimate the proportion of people who have antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 (‘seroprevalence’) in the general population of Scotland and to see if this changes over time. Study design/Methods Between International Organization for Standardization (ISO) week 17 (i.e. week commencing 20th April) and ISO week 25 (week commencing 15 June), 4751 residual blood samples were obtained from regional biochemistry laboratories in six participating regional health authority areas covering approximately 75% of the Scottish population. Samples were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using the LIAISON®SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG assay (DiaSorin, Italy). Seroprevalence rates were adjusted for the sensitivity and specificity of the assay using Bayesian methods. Results The combined adjusted seroprevalence across the study period was 4.3% (95% confidence interval: 4.2%–4.5%). The proportion varied each week between 1.9% and 6.8% with no difference in antibody positivity by age, sex or geographical area. Conclusions At the end of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, only a small fraction of the Scottish population had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Control of COVID-19 requires the ability to detect asymptomatic and mild infections that would otherwise remain undetected through existing surveillance systems. This is important to determine the true number of infections within the general population which, in turn, can help to understand transmission, inform control measures and provide a denominator for the estimation of severity measures such as the proportion of infected people who have been hospitalised and/or have died.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N E Palmateer
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK; School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK
| | - J Murray
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Robertson
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, UK
| | - C Waugh
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - L Mathie
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - S Mavin
- Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratory, NHS Highland, Inverness, UK
| | | | | | - D J Goldberg
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK; School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK
| | - A McAuley
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK; School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK.
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49
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Abstract
The ultimate outcome of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is unknown and is dependent on a complex interplay of its pathogenicity, transmissibility, and population immunity. In the current study, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was investigated for the presence of large-scale internal RNA base pairing in its genome. This property, termed genome-scale ordered RNA structure (GORS) has been previously associated with host persistence in other positive-strand RNA viruses, potentially through its shielding effect on viral RNA recognition in the cell. Genomes of SARS-CoV-2 were remarkably structured, with minimum folding energy differences (MFEDs) of 15%, substantially greater than previously examined viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) (MFED of 7 to 9%). High MFED values were shared with all coronavirus genomes analyzed and created by several hundred consecutive energetically favored stem-loops throughout the genome. In contrast to replication-associated RNA structure, GORS was poorly conserved in the positions and identities of base pairing with other sarbecoviruses-even similarly positioned stem-loops in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV rarely shared homologous pairings, indicative of more rapid evolutionary change in RNA structure than in the underlying coding sequences. Sites predicted to be base paired in SARS-CoV-2 showed less sequence diversity than unpaired sites, suggesting that disruption of RNA structure by mutation imposes a fitness cost on the virus that is potentially restrictive to its longer evolution. Although functionally uncharacterized, GORS in SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses represents important elements in their cellular interactions that may contribute to their persistence and transmissibility.IMPORTANCE The detection and characterization of large-scale RNA secondary structure in the genome of SARS-CoV-2 indicate an extraordinary and unsuspected degree of genome structural organization; this could be effectively visualized through a newly developed contour plotting method that displays positions, structural features, and conservation of RNA secondary structure between related viruses. Such RNA structure imposes a substantial evolutionary cost; paired sites showed greater restriction in diversity and represent a substantial additional constraint in reconstructing its molecular epidemiology. Its biological relevance arises from previously documented associations between possession of structured genomes and persistence, as documented for HCV and several other RNA viruses infecting humans and mammals. Shared properties potentially conferred by large-scale structure in SARS-CoV-2 include increasing evidence for prolonged infections and induced immune dysfunction that prevents development of protective immunity. The findings provide an additional element to cellular interactions that potentially influences the natural history of SARS-CoV-2, its pathogenicity, and its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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