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Cintron R, Whitmer SLM, Moscoso E, Campbell EM, Kelly R, Talundzic E, Mobley M, Chiu KW, Shedroff E, Shankar A, Montgomery JM, Klena JD, Switzer WM. HantaNet: A New MicrobeTrace Application for Hantavirus Classification, Genomic Surveillance, Epidemiology and Outbreak Investigations. Viruses 2023; 15:2208. [PMID: 38005885 PMCID: PMC10675615 DOI: 10.3390/v15112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses zoonotically infect humans worldwide with pathogenic consequences and are mainly spread by rodents that shed aerosolized virus particles in urine and feces. Bioinformatics methods for hantavirus diagnostics, genomic surveillance and epidemiology are currently lacking a comprehensive approach for data sharing, integration, visualization, analytics and reporting. With the possibility of hantavirus cases going undetected and spreading over international borders, a significant reporting delay can miss linked transmission events and impedes timely, targeted public health interventions. To overcome these challenges, we built HantaNet, a standalone visualization engine for hantavirus genomes that facilitates viral surveillance and classification for early outbreak detection and response. HantaNet is powered by MicrobeTrace, a browser-based multitool originally developed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to visualize HIV clusters and transmission networks. HantaNet integrates coding gene sequences and standardized metadata from hantavirus reference genomes into three separate gene modules for dashboard visualization of phylogenetic trees, viral strain clusters for classification, epidemiological networks and spatiotemporal analysis. We used 85 hantavirus reference datasets from GenBank to validate HantaNet as a classification and enhanced visualization tool, and as a public repository to download standardized sequence data and metadata for building analytic datasets. HantaNet is a model on how to deploy MicrobeTrace-specific tools to advance pathogen surveillance, epidemiology and public health globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Cintron
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (A.S.); (W.M.S.)
| | - Shannon L. M. Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - Evan Moscoso
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Ellsworth M. Campbell
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (A.S.); (W.M.S.)
| | - Reagan Kelly
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Emir Talundzic
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - Melissa Mobley
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - Kuo Wei Chiu
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Elizabeth Shedroff
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - Anupama Shankar
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (A.S.); (W.M.S.)
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - John D. Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (M.M.); (E.S.); (J.D.K.)
| | - William M. Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA (A.S.); (W.M.S.)
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Nnamani EI, Spruill-Harrell B, Williams EP, Taylor MK, Owen RD, Jonsson CB. Deep Sequencing to Reveal Phylo-Geographic Relationships of Juquitiba Virus in Paraguay. Viruses 2023; 15:1798. [PMID: 37766205 PMCID: PMC10537311 DOI: 10.3390/v15091798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several hantaviruses result in zoonotic infections of significant public health concern, causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Old and New World, respectively. Given a 35% case fatality rate, disease-causing New World hantaviruses require a greater understanding of their biology, genetic diversity, and geographical distribution. Juquitiba hantaviruses have been identified in Oligoryzomys nigripes in Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Brazil has reported the most HCPS cases associated with this virus. We used a multiplexed, amplicon-based PCR strategy to screen and deep-sequence the virus harbored within lung tissues collected from Oligoryzomys species during rodent field collections in southern (Itapúa) and western (Boquerón) Paraguay. No Juquitiba-like hantaviruses were identified in Boquerón. Herein, we report the full-length S and M segments of the Juquitiba hantaviruses identified in Paraguay from O. nigripes. We also report the phylogenetic relationships of the Juquitiba hantaviruses in rodents collected from Itapúa with those previously collected in Canindeyú. We showed, using the TN93 nucleotide substitution model, the coalescent (constant-size) population tree model, and Bayesian inference implemented in the Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees (BEAST) framework, that the Juquitiba virus lineage in Itapúa is distinct from that in Canindeyú. Our spatiotemporal analysis showed significantly different time to the most recent ancestor (TMRA) estimates between the M and S segments, but a common geographic origin. Our estimates suggest the additional geographic diversity of the Juquitiba virus within the Interior Atlantic Forest and highlight the need for more extensive sampling across this biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Ifebuche Nnamani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (E.I.N.); (B.S.-H.); (E.P.W.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Briana Spruill-Harrell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (E.I.N.); (B.S.-H.); (E.P.W.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Evan Peter Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (E.I.N.); (B.S.-H.); (E.P.W.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Mariah K. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (E.I.N.); (B.S.-H.); (E.P.W.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Robert D. Owen
- Centro Para El Desarrollo de Investigación Científica, Asunción C.P. 1255, Paraguay;
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (E.I.N.); (B.S.-H.); (E.P.W.); (M.K.T.)
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Barbour AG, Duong JV, Long AD. Lyme Disease Agent Reservoirs Peromyscus leucopus and P. maniculatus Have Natively Inactivated Genes for the High-Affinity Immunoglobulin Gamma Fc Receptor I (CD64). Pathogens 2023; 12:1056. [PMID: 37624016 PMCID: PMC10458454 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The abundant and widely distributed deermice Peromyscus leucopus and P. maniculatus are important reservoirs for several different zoonotic agents in North America. For the pathogens they persistently harbor, these species are also examples of the phenomenon of infection tolerance. In the present study a prior observation of absent expression of the high-affinity Fc immunoglobulin gamma receptor I (FcγRI), or CD64, in P. leucopus was confirmed in an experimental infection with Borreliella burgdorferi, a Lyme disease agent. We demonstrate that the null phenotype is attributable to a long-standing inactivation of the Fcgr1 gene in both species by a deletion of the promoter and coding sequence for the signal peptide for FcγRI. The Fcgr1 pseudogene was also documented in the related species P. polionotus. Six other Peromyscus species, including P. californicus, have coding sequences for a full-length FcγRI, including a consensus signal peptide. An inference from reported phenotypes for null Fcgr1 mutations engineered in Mus musculus is that one consequence of pseudogenization of Fcgr1 is comparatively less inflammation during infection than in animals, including humans, with undisrupted, fully active genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G. Barbour
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jonathan V. Duong
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Anthony D. Long
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
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Bellomo C, Alonso DO, Ricardo T, Coelho R, Kehl S, Periolo N, Azogaray V, Casas N, Ottonelli M, Bergero LC, Cudós MC, Previtali MA, Martinez VP. Emerging hantaviruses in Central Argentina: First case of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome caused by Alto Paraguay virus, and a novel orthohantavirus in Scapteromys aquaticus rodent. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009842. [PMID: 34788281 PMCID: PMC8598061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses are emerging rodent-borne pathogens that cause Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in humans. They have a wide range of rodent reservoir hosts and are transmitted to humans through aerosolized viral particles generated by the excretions of infected individuals. Since the first description of HPS in Argentina, new hantaviruses have been reported throughout the country, most of which are pathogenic to humans. We present here the first HPS case infected with Alto Paraguay virus reported in Argentina. Until now, Alto Paraguay virus was considered a non-pathogenic orthohantavirus since it was identified in a rodent, Holochilus chacarius. In addition to this, with the goal of identifying potential hantavirus host species in the province of Santa Fe, we finally describe a novel orthohantavirus found in the native rodent Scapteromys aquaticus, which differed from other hantaviruses described in the country so far. Our findings implicate an epidemiological warning regarding these new orthohantaviruses circulating in Central Argentina as well as new rodent species that must be considered as hosts from now on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bellomo
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas—Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. C. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Oscar Alonso
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas—Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. C. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara Ricardo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fé, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias (FHUC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fé, Argentina
| | - Rocío Coelho
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas—Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. C. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Kehl
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas—Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. C. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Periolo
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas—Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. C. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Azogaray
- Laboratorio Central de la Provincia de Santa Fe, Santa Fé, Argentina
| | - Natalia Casas
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Programa Nacional de Control de Enfermedades Zoonóticas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Ottonelli
- Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud de Santa Fe, Santa Fé, Argentina
| | - Laura Cristina Bergero
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fé, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Cudós
- Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud de Santa Fe, Santa Fé, Argentina
| | - María Andrea Previtali
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fé, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias (FHUC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fé, Argentina
| | - Valeria Paula Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas—Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. C. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Williamson BN, Meade-White K, Boardman K, Schulz JE, Telford CT, Figueroa Acosta DM, Bushmaker T, Fischer RJ, Rosenke K, Feldmann H. Continuing Orthohantavirus Circulation in Deer Mice in Western Montana. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061006. [PMID: 34072112 PMCID: PMC8226622 DOI: 10.3390/v13061006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an often-fatal disease caused by New World hantaviruses, such as Sin Nombre orthohantavirus (SNV). In the US, >800 cases of HPS have been confirmed since it was first discovered in 1993, of which 43 were reported from the state of Montana. The primary cause of HPS in the US is SNV, which is primarily found in the reservoir host Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse). The reservoir host covers most of the US, including Montana, where multiple studies found SNV in local deer mouse populations. This study aimed to check the prevalence of SNV in the deer mice at popular recreation sites throughout the Bitterroot Valley in Western Montana as compared to previous studies in western Montana. We found high prevalence (up to 20%) of deer mice positive for SNV RNA in the lungs. We were unable to obtain a SNV tissue culture isolate from the lungs but could passage SNV from lung tissue into naïve deer mice. Our findings demonstrate continuing circulation of SNV in western Montana.
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Mull N, Jackson R, Sironen T, Forbes KM. Ecology of Neglected Rodent-Borne American Orthohantaviruses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E325. [PMID: 32357540 PMCID: PMC7281597 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of documented American orthohantaviruses has increased significantly over recent decades, but most fundamental research has remained focused on just two of them: Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV). The majority of American orthohantaviruses are known to cause disease in humans, and most of these pathogenic strains were not described prior to human cases, indicating the importance of understanding all members of the virus clade. In this review, we summarize information on the ecology of under-studied rodent-borne American orthohantaviruses to form general conclusions and highlight important gaps in knowledge. Information regarding the presence and genetic diversity of many orthohantaviruses throughout the distributional range of their hosts is minimal and would significantly benefit from virus isolations to indicate a reservoir role. Additionally, few studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying transmission routes and factors affecting the environmental persistence of orthohantaviruses, limiting our understanding of factors driving prevalence fluctuations. As landscapes continue to change, host ranges and human exposure to orthohantaviruses likely will as well. Research on the ecology of neglected orthohantaviruses is necessary for understanding both current and future threats to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Mull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (R.J.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Reilly Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (R.J.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian M. Forbes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (R.J.); (K.M.F.)
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Burns JE, Metzger ME, Messenger S, Fritz CL, Vilcins IME, Enge B, Bronson LR, Kramer VL, Hu R. Novel Focus of Sin Nombre Virus in Peromyscus eremicus Mice, Death Valley National Park, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1112-1115. [PMID: 29774841 PMCID: PMC6004862 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.180089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The deer mouse (Peromyscusmaniculatus) is the primary reservoir for Sin Nombre virus (SNV) in the western United States. Rodent surveillance for hantavirus in Death Valley National Park, California, USA, revealed cactus mice (P. eremicus) as a possible focal reservoir for SNV in this location. We identified SNV antibodies in 40% of cactus mice sampled.
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Mlera L, Bloom ME. The Role of Mammalian Reservoir Hosts in Tick-Borne Flavivirus Biology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:298. [PMID: 30234026 PMCID: PMC6127651 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-to-medium sized mammals and large animals are lucrative sources of blood meals for ixodid ticks that transmit life-threatening tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs). TBFVs have been isolated from various organs obtained from wild-caught Myodes and Apodemus species in Europe and Asia. Thus, these rodents are well-established reservoirs of TBFVs. Wild-caught Peromyscus species have demonstrated seropositivity against Powassan virus, the only TBFV known to circulate in North America, suggesting that they may play an important role in the biology of the virus in this geographic region. However, virus isolation from Peromyscus species is yet to be demonstrated. Wild-caught medium-sized mammals, such as woodchucks (Marmota monax) and skunks (Mephitis mephitis) have also demonstrated seropositivity against POWV, and virus was isolated from apparently healthy animals. Despite the well-established knowledge that small-to-medium sized animals are TBFV reservoirs, specific molecular biology addressing host-pathogen interactions remains poorly understood. Elucidating these interactions will be critical for gaining insight into the mechanism(s) of viral pathogenesis and/or resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwanika Mlera
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Marshall E Bloom
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, United States
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Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequences for all three segments of the New York hantavirus (New York 1). This is the first reported L segment sequence for hantaviruses maintained in Peromyscus spp. endemic to the eastern United States and Canada.
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Milholland MT, Castro-Arellano I, Arellano E, Nava-García E, Rangel-Altamirano G, Gonzalez-Cozatl FX, Suzán G, Schountz T, González-Padrón S, Vigueras A, Rubio AV, Maikis TJ, Westrich BJ, Martinez JA, Esteve-Gassent MD, Torres M, Rodriguez-Ruiz ER, Hahn D, Lacher TE. Species Identity Supersedes the Dilution Effect Concerning Hantavirus Prevalence at Sites across Texas and México. ILAR J 2017; 58:401-412. [PMID: 29635404 PMCID: PMC6279172 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent models suggest a relationship exists between community diversity and pathogen prevalence, the proportion of individuals in a population that are infected by a pathogen, with most inferences tied to assemblage structure. Two contrasting outcomes of this relationship have been proposed: the "dilution effect" and the "amplification effect." Small mammal assemblage structure in disturbed habitats often differs from assemblages in sylvan environments, and hantavirus prevalence is often negatively correlated with habitats containing high species diversity via dilution effect dynamics. As species richness increases, prevalence of infection often is decreased. However, anthropogenic changes to sylvan landscapes have been shown to decrease species richness and/or increase phylogenetic similarities within assemblages. Between January 2011 and January 2016, we captured and tested 2406 individual small mammals for hantavirus antibodies at 20 sites across Texas and México and compared differences in hantavirus seroprevalence, species composition, and assemblage structure between sylvan and disturbed habitats. We found 313 small mammals positive for antibodies against hantaviruses, evincing an overall prevalence of 9.7% across all sites. In total, 40 species of small mammals were identified comprising 2 taxonomic orders (Rodentia and Eulipotyphla). By sampling both habitat types concurrently, we were able to make real-world inferences into the efficacy of dilution effect theory in terms of hantavirus ecology. Our hypothesis predicting greater species richness higher in sylvan habitats compared to disturbed areas was not supported, suggesting the characteristics of assemblage structure do not adhere to current conceptions of species richness negatively influencing prevalence via a dilution effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Milholland
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Iván Castro-Arellano
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Elizabeth Arellano
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Elizabeth Nava-García
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Francisco X Gonzalez-Cozatl
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Tony Schountz
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Shiara González-Padrón
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Ana Vigueras
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - André V Rubio
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Troy J Maikis
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Bradford J Westrich
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Jose A Martinez
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Maria D Esteve-Gassent
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Madison Torres
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Erick R Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Dittmar Hahn
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
| | - Thomas E Lacher
- Matthew T. Milholland, PhD, is a Postdoctoral fellow with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Iván Castro-Arellano, PhD, is an Associate Professor with Texas State University’s Department of Biology in San Marcos, Texas. Elizabeth Arellano, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Elizabeth Nava-García is a graduate student at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Guadalupe Rangel-Altamirano is an Academic Technitian at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Francisco X. Gonzalez-Cozatl, PhD, is a Professor at Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos in Cuernavaca, México. Gerardo Suzán is a Professor at Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Tony Schountz, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Shiara González-Padrón is a graduate student at the Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. Ana Vigueras is a graduate student del Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México. André V. Rubio, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Chile. Troy J. Maikis is a Biologist living in Elko, Nevada. Bradford J. Westrich is Assistant Furbearer Biologist for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Bloomington, Indiana. Jose A. Martinez III is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Maria D. Esteve-Gasent, PhD, is an Assistant Professor with the Departament of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Madison Torres is a graduate student with Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Erick R. Rodriguez-Ruiz is a graduate student at Divison de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnólogico de Ciudad Victoria, México. Dittmar Hahn, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Texas State University’s Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas. Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. is a Professor in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Associate Conservation Scientist at Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas
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Milazzo ML, Cajimat MNB, Richter MH, Bradley RD, Fulhorst CF. Muleshoe Virus and Other Hantaviruses Associated with Neotomine or Sigmodontine Rodents in Texas. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:720-729. [PMID: 28714801 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad objective of this study was to increase our knowledge of Muleshoe virus and other hantaviruses associated with cricetid rodents in Texas. Anti-hantavirus antibody was found in 38 (3.2%) of 1171 neotomine rodents and 6 (1.8%) of 332 sigmodontine rodents from 10 Texas counties; hantaviral RNA was detected in 23 (71.9%) of 32 antibody-positive rodents. Analyses of nucleocapsid protein gene sequences indicated Muleshoe virus infection in four hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) from northern Texas; Bayou virus, three Texas marsh oryzomys (Oryzomys texensis) from the Gulf Coast; Limestone Canyon virus, five brush mice (Peromyscus boylii) from western Texas; and Sin Nombre virus-five Texas mice (P. attwateri), one Lacey's white-ankled deer mouse (P. laceianus), four white-footed mice (P. leucopus), and one fulvous harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys fulvescens) from northern, central, or southern Texas. The results of this study together with the results of a previous study revealed that Muleshoe virus, perhaps in association with S. hispidus, is distributed across northern Texas. Finally, the results of Bayesian analyses of glycoprotein precursor (GPC) gene sequences and pairwise comparisons of complete GPC (amino acid) sequences strengthened support for the notion that Muleshoe virus is distinct from Black Creek Canal virus, Bayou virus, and all other species included in the Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Louise Milazzo
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Maria N B Cajimat
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Martin H Richter
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Robert D Bradley
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University , and Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Charles F Fulhorst
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
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Rosenfeld UM, Drewes S, Ali HS, Sadowska ET, Mikowska M, Heckel G, Koteja P, Ulrich RG. A highly divergent Puumala virus lineage in southern Poland. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1177-1185. [PMID: 28093611 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Puumala virus (PUUV) represents one of the most important hantaviruses in Central Europe. Phylogenetic analyses of PUUV strains indicate a strong genetic structuring of this hantavirus. Recently, PUUV sequences were identified in the natural reservoir, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), collected in the northern part of Poland. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of PUUV in bank voles from southern Poland. A total of 72 bank voles were trapped in 2009 at six sites in this part of Poland. RT-PCR and IgG-ELISA analyses detected three PUUV positive voles at one trapping site. The PUUV-infected animals were identified by cytochrome b gene analysis to belong to the Carpathian and Eastern evolutionary lineages of bank vole. The novel PUUV S, M and L segment nucleotide sequences showed the closest similarity to sequences of the Russian PUUV lineage from Latvia, but were highly divergent to those previously found in northern Poland, Slovakia and Austria. In conclusion, the detection of a highly divergent PUUV lineage in southern Poland indicates the necessity of further bank vole monitoring in this region allowing rational public health measures to prevent human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike M Rosenfeld
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493, Germany
| | - Stephan Drewes
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493, Germany
| | - Hanan Sheikh Ali
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493, Germany
| | - Edyta T Sadowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Magdalena Mikowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Gerald Heckel
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics (CMPG), Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Genopode, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Paweł Koteja
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493, Germany.
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Gryseels S, Baird SJE, Borremans B, Makundi R, Leirs H, Goüy de Bellocq J. When Viruses Don't Go Viral: The Importance of Host Phylogeographic Structure in the Spatial Spread of Arenaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006073. [PMID: 28076397 PMCID: PMC5226678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many emerging infections are RNA virus spillovers from animal reservoirs. Reservoir identification is necessary for predicting the geographic extent of infection risk, but rarely are taxonomic levels below the animal species considered as reservoir, and only key circumstances in nature and methodology allow intrinsic virus-host associations to be distinguished from simple geographic (co-)isolation. We sampled and genetically characterized in detail a contact zone of two subtaxa of the rodent Mastomys natalensis in Tanzania. We find two distinct arenaviruses, Gairo and Morogoro virus, each spatially confined to a single M. natalensis subtaxon, only co-occurring at the contact zone’s centre. Inter-subtaxon hybridization at this centre and a continuum of quality habitat for M. natalensis show that both viruses have the ecological opportunity to spread into the other substaxon’s range, but do not, strongly suggesting host-intrinsic barriers. Such barriers could explain why human cases of another M. natalensis-borne arenavirus, Lassa virus, are limited to West Africa. Reservoirs of zoonotic viruses are usually equated with a particular wildlife species. It is rarely assessed whether genetic groups below the species level may instead represent the actual reservoir, though this would have major implications on estimations of the zoonosis’ spatial distribution. Here we investigate whether geographically and genetically distinct subtaxa of the widespread African rodent Mastomys natalensis carry distinct arenaviruses, by sampling in detail across a contact zone of two of these subtaxa. Ongoing hybridization shows that individuals of the subtaxa are in direct physical contact, in principle allowing viral exchange, yet neither of the two arenaviruses -Gairo and Morogoro virus- were found to have crossed the zone. Such intraspecific genetic barriers to arenavirus spatial spread have important implications for our understanding of the related Lassa arenavirus, a pathogen potentially lethal to humans of which Mastomys natalensis is also the main reservoir. Although Lassa virus appears to infect several secondary hosts, its distribution is restricted to West Africa and matches that of another M. natalensis subtaxon. Our data thus indicates that it is because of M. natalensis intraspecific distinctions that the human Lassa fever endemic area has not expanded to the rest of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gryseels
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Stuart J. E. Baird
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Research Facility Studenec, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Benny Borremans
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rhodes Makundi
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Research Facility Studenec, Brno, Czech Republic
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Moreno-Torres K, Gual-Sill F, Morales-Jiménez R, Rubio AV, Ceballos G, Suzán G. Serological Survey of Hantavirus In Rodents From Prairie Dog Ecosystems In Chihuahua, Mexico. SOUTHWEST NAT 2014. [DOI: 10.1894/sgm-37.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Teixeira BR, Loureiro N, Strecht L, Gentile R, Oliveira RC, Guterres A, Fernandes J, Mattos LHBV, Raboni SM, Rubio G, Bonvicino CR, dos Santos CND, Lemos ERS, D'Andrea PS. Population ecology of hantavirus rodent hosts in southern Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:249-57. [PMID: 24935954 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we analyze population dynamics of hantavirus rodent hosts and prevalence of infection over a 2-year period in Southern Brazil, a region with a high incidence of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. The 14 small mammal species captured were composed of 10 rodents and four marsupials, the six most abundant species being Akodon serrensis, Oxymycterus judex, Akodon montensis, Akodon paranaensis, Oligoryzomys nigripes, and Thaptomys nigrita. These species displayed a similar pattern with increasing population sizes in fall/winter caused by recruitment and both, increase in reproductive activity and higher hantavirus prevalence in spring/summer. Specific associations between A. montensis/Jaborá Virus (JABV) and O. nigripes/Juquitiba-like Virus (JUQV-like) and spillover infections between A. paranaensis/JABV, A. serrensis/JABV, and A. paranaensis/JUQV-like were observed. Spillover infection in secondary hosts seems to play an important role in maintaining JABV and JUQV-like in the hantavirus sylvatic cycle mainly during periods of low prevalence in primary hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo R Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Loureiro
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Liana Strecht
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosana Gentile
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata C Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Guterres
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorlan Fernandes
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana H B V Mattos
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sonia M Raboni
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giselia Rubio
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cibele R Bonvicino
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia N Duarte dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elba R S Lemos
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo S D'Andrea
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Differential lymphocyte and antibody responses in deer mice infected with Sin Nombre hantavirus or Andes hantavirus. J Virol 2014; 88:8319-31. [PMID: 24829335 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00004-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is a rodent-borne disease with a high case-fatality rate that is caused by several New World hantaviruses. Each pathogenic hantavirus is naturally hosted by a principal rodent species without conspicuous disease and infection is persistent, perhaps for life. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are the natural reservoirs of Sin Nombre virus (SNV), the etiologic agent of most HCPS cases in North America. Deer mice remain infected despite a helper T cell response that leads to high-titer neutralizing antibodies. Deer mice are also susceptible to Andes hantavirus (ANDV), which causes most HCPS cases in South America; however, deer mice clear ANDV. We infected deer mice with SNV or ANDV to identify differences in host responses that might account for this differential outcome. SNV RNA levels were higher in the lungs but not different in the heart, spleen, or kidneys. Most ANDV-infected deer mice had seroconverted 14 days after inoculation, but none of the SNV-infected deer mice had. Examination of lymph node cell antigen recall responses identified elevated immune gene expression in deer mice infected with ANDV and suggested maturation toward a Th2 or T follicular helper phenotype in some ANDV-infected deer mice, including activation of the interleukin 4 (IL-4) pathway in T cells and B cells. These data suggest that the rate of maturation of the immune response is substantially higher and of greater magnitude during ANDV infection, and these differences may account for clearance of ANDV and persistence of SNV. IMPORTANCE Hantaviruses persistently infect their reservoir rodent hosts without pathology. It is unknown how these viruses evade sterilizing immune responses in the reservoirs. We have determined that infection of the deer mouse with its homologous hantavirus, Sin Nombre virus, results in low levels of immune gene expression in antigen-stimulated lymph node cells and a poor antibody response. However, infection of deer mice with a heterologous hantavirus, Andes virus, results in a robust lymph node cell response, signatures of T and B cell maturation, and production of antibodies. These findings suggest that an early and aggressive immune response to hantaviruses may lead to clearance in a reservoir host and suggest that a modest immune response may be a component of hantavirus ecology.
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Montoya-Ruiz C, Diaz FJ, Rodas JD. Recent evidence of hantavirus circulation in the American tropic. Viruses 2014; 6:1274-93. [PMID: 24638203 PMCID: PMC3970150 DOI: 10.3390/v6031274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaan virus was discovered in Korea during the 1970s while other similar viruses were later reported in Asia and Europe. There was no information about hantavirus human infection in the Americas until 1993 when an outbreak was described in the United States. This event promoted new studies to find hantaviruses in the Americas. At first, many studies were conducted in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay, while other Latin American countries began to report the presence of these agents towards the end of the 20th century. More than 30 hantaviruses have been reported in the Western Hemisphere with more frequent cases registered in the southern cone (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil). However there was an important outbreak in 2000 in Panama and some rare events have been described in Peru, Venezuela and French Guiana. Since hantaviruses have only recently emerged as a potential threat in the tropical zones of the Americas, this review compiles recent hantavirus reports in Central America, the Caribbean islands and the northern region of South America. These studies have generated the discovery of new hantaviruses and could help to anticipate the presentation of possible future outbreaks in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montoya-Ruiz
- Grupo Centauro, Universidad de Antioquia, Cll 70 No. 52-21, SIU 233, Medellín, Antioquia 050010, Colombia.
| | - Francisco J Diaz
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Universidad de Antioquia, Cll 70 No. 52-21, SIU 532, Medellín, Antioquia 050010, Colombia.
| | - Juan D Rodas
- Grupo Centauro, Universidad de Antioquia, Cll 70 No. 52-21, SIU 233, Medellín, Antioquia 050010, Colombia.
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Vrana PB, Shorter KR, Szalai G, Felder MR, Crossland JP, Veres M, Allen JE, Wiley CD, Duselis AR, Dewey MJ, Dawson WD. Peromyscus (deer mice) as developmental models. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2013; 3:211-30. [PMID: 24896658 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Deer mice (Peromyscus) are the most common native North American mammals, and exhibit great natural genetic variation. Wild-derived stocks from a number of populations are available from the Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center (PGSC). The PGSC also houses a number of natural variants and mutants (many of which appear to differ from Mus). These include metabolic, coat-color/pattern, neurological, and other morphological variants/mutants. Nearly all these mutants are on a common genetic background, the Peromyscus maniculatus BW stock. Peromyscus are also superior behavior models in areas such as repetitive behavior and pair-bonding effects, as multiple species are monogamous. While Peromyscus development generally resembles that of Mus and Rattus, prenatal stages have not been as thoroughly studied, and there appear to be intriguing differences (e.g., longer time spent at the two-cell stage). Development is greatly perturbed in crosses between P. maniculatus (BW) and Peromyscus polionotus (PO). BW females crossed to PO males produce growth-restricted, but otherwise healthy, fertile offspring which allows for genetic analyses of the many traits that differ between these two species. PO females crossed to BW males produce overgrown but severely dysmorphic conceptuses that rarely survive to late gestation. There are likely many more uses for these animals as developmental models than we have described here. Peromyscus models can now be more fully exploited due to the emerging genetic (full linkage map), genomic (genomes of four stocks have been sequenced) and reproductive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Vrana
- Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center & Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Pitts RM, Mauldin MR, Thompson CW, Choate JR. Evidence of Hantavirus Exposure in Rodents From North Texas. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2013. [DOI: 10.3398/064.073.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Guterres A, de Oliveira RC, Fernandes J, D’Andrea PS, Bonvicino CR, Bragagnolo C, Guimarães GD, Almada GL, Machado RR, Lavocat M, Elkhoury MDR, Schrago CG, de Lemos ERS. Phylogenetic analysis of the S segment from Juquitiba hantavirus: Identification of two distinct lineages in Oligoryzomys nigripes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 18:262-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Small mammal investigation in spotted fever focus with DNA-barcoding and taxonomic implications on rodents species from Hainan of China. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 22952689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043479.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mammals are a well-studied group of animals, making accurate field identification of small mammals is still complex because of morphological variation across developmental stages, color variation of pelages, and often damaged osteological and dental characteristics. In 2008, small mammals were collected for an epidemiological study of a spotted fever outbreak in Hainan, China. Ten species of small mammals were identified by morphological characters in the field, most using pelage color characters only. The study is extended here, in order to assess whether DNA barcoding would be suitable as an identification tool in these small mammals. Barcode clusters showed some incongruence with morphospecies, especially for some species of Rattus and Niviventer, so molecular delineation was carried out with an expanded dataset of combined cytochrome b (Cyt-b) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. COI sequences were successfully amplified from 83% of collected mammals, but failed in all specimens of Suncus murinus, which were thus excluded in DNA barcoding analysis. Of note, ten molecular taxonomic units were found from samples of nine morphologically identified species. Accordingly, 11 species of small mammals were present in the investigated areas, including four Rattus species, three Niviventer species, Callosciurus erythraeus, Neohylomys hainanensis, Tupaia belangeri, and Suncus murinus. Based on the results of the phylogenetic and molecular delineation analyses, the systematic status of some rodent species should be redefined. R. rattus hainanicus and R. rattus sladeni are synonyms of R. andamanensis. R. losea from China and Southeast Asia comprises two independent species: R. losea and R. sakeratensis. Finally, the taxonomic status of three putative species of Niviventer should be further confirmed according to morphological, molecular and ecological characters.
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Lu L, Chesters D, Zhang W, Li G, Ma Y, Ma H, Song X, Wu H, Meng F, Zhu C, Liu Q. Small mammal investigation in spotted fever focus with DNA-barcoding and taxonomic implications on rodents species from Hainan of China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43479. [PMID: 22952689 PMCID: PMC3430698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mammals are a well-studied group of animals, making accurate field identification of small mammals is still complex because of morphological variation across developmental stages, color variation of pelages, and often damaged osteological and dental characteristics. In 2008, small mammals were collected for an epidemiological study of a spotted fever outbreak in Hainan, China. Ten species of small mammals were identified by morphological characters in the field, most using pelage color characters only. The study is extended here, in order to assess whether DNA barcoding would be suitable as an identification tool in these small mammals. Barcode clusters showed some incongruence with morphospecies, especially for some species of Rattus and Niviventer, so molecular delineation was carried out with an expanded dataset of combined cytochrome b (Cyt-b) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. COI sequences were successfully amplified from 83% of collected mammals, but failed in all specimens of Suncus murinus, which were thus excluded in DNA barcoding analysis. Of note, ten molecular taxonomic units were found from samples of nine morphologically identified species. Accordingly, 11 species of small mammals were present in the investigated areas, including four Rattus species, three Niviventer species, Callosciurus erythraeus, Neohylomys hainanensis, Tupaia belangeri, and Suncus murinus. Based on the results of the phylogenetic and molecular delineation analyses, the systematic status of some rodent species should be redefined. R. rattus hainanicus and R. rattus sladeni are synonyms of R. andamanensis. R. losea from China and Southeast Asia comprises two independent species: R. losea and R. sakeratensis. Finally, the taxonomic status of three putative species of Niviventer should be further confirmed according to morphological, molecular and ecological characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Douglas Chesters
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guichang Li
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
- QingHai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Huailei Ma
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuping Song
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fengxia Meng
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chaodong Zhu
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Cross-species transmission in the speciation of the currently known murinae-associated hantaviruses. J Virol 2012; 86:11171-82. [PMID: 22855492 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00021-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain more insight into the phylogeny of Dabieshan virus (DBSV), carried by Niviventer confucianus and other Murinae-associated hantaviruses, genome sequences of novel variants of DBSV were recovered from Niviventer rats trapped in the mountainous areas of Wenzhou, China. Genetic analyses show that all known genetic variants of DBSV, including the ones identified in this study, are distinct from other Murinae-associated hantaviruses. DBSV variants show geographic clustering and high intraspecies diversity. The data suggest that DBSV is a distinct species in the genus Hantavirus. Interestingly, DBSV shows the highest sequence identity to Hantaan virus (HTNV), with a >7% difference in the sequences of the N, GPC, and L proteins, while N. confucianus is more closely related to Rattus norvegicus (the host of Seoul virus [SEOV]) than to Apodemus agrarius (the host of HTNV and Saaremaa virus [SAAV]). Further genetic analyses of all known Murinae-associated hantaviruses (both established and tentative species) show that many of them, including DBSV, may have originated from host switching. The estimation of evolutionary rates and divergence time supports the role of cross-species transmission in the evolution of Murinae-associated hantaviruses. The detection of positive selection suggests that genetic drift may contribute to the speciation of Murinae-associated hantaviruses and that adaptation has a role as well.
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Arellano E, Castro-Arellano I, Suzán G, González-Cózatl FX, Jiménez RM. Antibody Seroprevalence to Hantaviruses in Rodents from Reserva De La Biosfera Sierra De Huautla, Morelos. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2012. [DOI: 10.3398/064.072.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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MacNeil A, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, United States, 1993-2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:1195-201. [PMID: 21762572 PMCID: PMC3321561 DOI: 10.3201/eid1707.101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam MacNeil
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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It takes a community to raise the prevalence of a zoonotic pathogen. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2011; 2011:741406. [PMID: 22162687 PMCID: PMC3228346 DOI: 10.1155/2011/741406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By definition, zoonotic pathogens are not strict host-species specialists in that they infect humans and at least one nonhuman reservoir species. The majority of zoonotic pathogens infect and are amplified by multiple vertebrate species in nature, each of which has a quantitatively different impact on the distribution and abundance of the pathogen and thus on disease risk. Unfortunately, when new zoonotic pathogens emerge, the dominant response by public health scientists is to search for a few, or even the single, most important reservoirs and to ignore other species that might strongly influence transmission. This focus on the single “primary” reservoir host species can delay biological understanding, and potentially public health interventions as species important in either amplifying or regulating the pathogen are overlooked. Investigating the evolutionary and ecological strategy of newly discovered or emerging pathogens within the community of potential and actual host species will be fruitful to both biological understanding and public health.
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Phan TG, Kapusinszky B, Wang C, Rose RK, Lipton HL, Delwart EL. The fecal viral flora of wild rodents. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002218. [PMID: 21909269 PMCID: PMC3164639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent interactions of rodents with humans make them a common source of zoonotic infections. To obtain an initial unbiased measure of the viral diversity in the enteric tract of wild rodents we sequenced partially purified, randomly amplified viral RNA and DNA in the feces of 105 wild rodents (mouse, vole, and rat) collected in California and Virginia. We identified in decreasing frequency sequences related to the mammalian viruses families Circoviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Parvoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Adenoviridae, and Coronaviridae. Seventeen small circular DNA genomes containing one or two replicase genes distantly related to the Circoviridae representing several potentially new viral families were characterized. In the Picornaviridae family two new candidate genera as well as a close genetic relative of the human pathogen Aichi virus were characterized. Fragments of the first mouse sapelovirus and picobirnaviruses were identified and the first murine astrovirus genome was characterized. A mouse papillomavirus genome and fragments of a novel adenovirus and adenovirus-associated virus were also sequenced. The next largest fraction of the rodent fecal virome was related to insect viruses of the Densoviridae, Iridoviridae, Polydnaviridae, Dicistroviriade, Bromoviridae, and Virgaviridae families followed by plant virus-related sequences in the Nanoviridae, Geminiviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Secoviridae, Partitiviridae, Tymoviridae, Alphaflexiviridae, and Tombusviridae families reflecting the largely insect and plant rodent diet. Phylogenetic analyses of full and partial viral genomes therefore revealed many previously unreported viral species, genera, and families. The close genetic similarities noted between some rodent and human viruses might reflect past zoonoses. This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity in wild rodents and highlights the large number of still uncharacterized viruses in mammals. Rodents are the natural reservoir of numerous zoonotic viruses causing serious diseases in humans. We used an unbiased metagenomic approach to characterize the viral diversity in rodent feces. In addition to diet-derived insect and plant viruses mammalian viral sequences were abundant and diverse. Most notably, multiple new circular viral DNA families, two new picornaviridae genera, and the first murine astrovirus and picobirnaviruses were characterized. A mouse kobuvirus was a close relative to the Aichi virus human pathogen. This study significantly increases the known genetic diversity of eukaryotic viruses in rodents and provides an initial description of their enteric viromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung G. Phan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Beatrix Kapusinszky
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Viral Diagnostics, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Howard L. Lipton
- Department of Neurology and Microbiology-Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Buys KK, Jung KH, Smee DF, Furuta Y, Gowen BB. Maporal virus as a surrogate for pathogenic New World hantaviruses and its inhibition by favipiravir. Antivir Chem Chemother 2011; 21:193-200. [PMID: 21566265 DOI: 10.3851/imp1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic hantaviruses geographically distributed in the Old World cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), whereas New World hantaviruses are the aetiological agents of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Ribavirin, a drug associated with toxicities, is presently indicated for treatment of HFRS, whereas treatment of the more frequently lethal HCPS is limited to supportive care. Because of the need for safe and effective antivirals to treat severe hantaviral infections, we evaluated favipiravir (T-705) against Dobrava and Maporal viruses as representative Old World and New World hantaviruses, respectively. Dobrava virus causes HFRS in Europe. Maporal virus (MPRLV), recently isolated from western Venezuela, is phylogenetically similar to Andes virus, the principal cause of HCPS in Argentina. METHODS Hantavirus replication in the presence of various inhibitors was measured by focus-forming unit assays and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Phylogenetic relationships were assessed by the neighbour-joining and bootstrap consensus methods. RESULTS Here, we show that infection of Vero E6 cells with MPRLV is dependent on β3 integrins, similar to that reported for pathogenic hantaviruses. Furthermore, by analysis of molecular determinants associated with the G1 glycoprotein cytoplasmic tail, we show the close genetic proximity of MPRLV to other HCPS-causing hantaviruses in these regions predictive of pathogenicity. We also demonstrate anti-hantavirus activity by favipiravir with inhibitory concentrations ranging from 65 to 93 μM and selectivity indices>50. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MPRLV may serve as a safer alternative to modelling infection caused by the highly lethal Andes virus and that hantaviruses are sensitive to the effects of favipiravir in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Buys
- Institute for Antiviral Research and Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Abstract
In 1978, hantaviruses were first described as the etiological agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Korea. Since then, numerous related, enveloped, negative-stranded RNA viruses have been identified, forming the genus Hantavirus within the family Bunyaviridae. These pathogens are distributed worldwide and thus can be classified, on the basis of phylogenetic origins, into Old World viruses or New World viruses (ie North, Central, and South America). Similarly, these viruses cause two major types of syndromes, corresponding respectively to their phylogenies: the original HFRS or the more recently described hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). As the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is the primary hantaviral disease in North America, it will thus be the focus of this review.
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de Oliveira RC, Padula PJ, Gomes R, Martinez VP, Bellomo C, Bonvicino CR, e Lima DIF, Bragagnolo C, Caldas AC, D'Andrea PS, de Lemos ER. Genetic Characterization of Hantaviruses Associated with Sigmodontine Rodents in an Endemic Area for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Southern Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:301-14. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raphael Gomes
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Bellomo
- INEI-ANLIS “Dr C.G. Malbrán,” Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cibele R. Bonvicino
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danúbia Inês Freire e Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Bragagnolo
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo S. D'Andrea
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elba R.S. de Lemos
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
Evasion of interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral signaling is a common defense strategy for pathogenic RNA viruses. To date, research on IFN antagonism by hantaviruses is limited and has focused on only a subset of the numerous recognized hantavirus species. The host IFN response has two phases, an initiation phase, resulting in the induction of alpha/beta IFN (IFN-α/β), and an amplification phase, whereby IFN-α/β signals through the Jak/STAT pathway, resulting in the establishment of the cellular antiviral state. We examined interactions between these critical host responses and the New World hantaviruses. We observed delayed cellular responses in both Andes virus (ANDV)- and Sin Nombre virus (SNV)-infected A549 and Huh7-TLR3 cells. We found that IFN-β induction is inhibited by coexpression of ANDV nucleocapsid protein (NP) and glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and is robustly inhibited by SNV GPC alone. Downstream amplification by Jak/STAT signaling is also inhibited by SNV GPC and by either NP or GPC of ANDV. Therefore, ANDV- and SNV-encoded proteins have the potential for inhibiting both IFN-β induction and signaling, with SNV exhibiting the more potent antagonism ability. Herein we identify ANDV NP, a previously unrecognized inhibitor of Jak/STAT signaling, and show that IFN antagonism by ANDV relies on expression of both the glycoproteins and NP, whereas the glycoproteins appear to be sufficient for antagonism by SNV. These data suggest that IFN antagonism strategies by hantaviruses are quite variable, even between species with similar disease phenotypes, and may help to better elucidate species-specific pathogenesis.
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Abstract
Hantaviruses are enzootic viruses that maintain persistent infections in their rodent hosts without apparent disease symptoms. The spillover of these viruses to humans can lead to one of two serious illnesses, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. In recent years, there has been an improved understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of these viruses following an increase in the number of outbreaks in the Americas. In this review, current concepts regarding the ecology of and disease associated with these serious human pathogens are presented. Priorities for future research suggest an integration of the ecology and evolution of these and other host-virus ecosystems through modeling and hypothesis-driven research with the risk of emergence, host switching/spillover, and disease transmission to humans.
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Chu YK, Goodin D, Owen RD, Koch D, Jonsson CB. Sympatry of 2 hantavirus strains, paraguay, 2003-2007. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 15:1977-80. [PMID: 19961679 PMCID: PMC3044524 DOI: 10.3201/eid1512.090338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore geographic and host-taxonomic patterns of hantaviruses in Paraguay, we established sampling sites in the Mbaracayu Biosphere Reserve. We detected Jabora virus and Itapua37/Juquitiba-related virus in locations approximately 20 m apart in different years, which suggested sympatry of 2 distinct hantaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kyu Chu
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Mazzarotto GA, Raboni SM, Stella V, Carstensen S, de Noronha L, Levis S, Zanluca C, Zanetti CR, Bordignon J, Duarte dos Santos CN. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the recombinant nucleoprotein of Araucaria hantavirus. J Virol Methods 2009; 162:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Oliveira RC, Teixeira BR, Mello FCA, Pereira AP, Duarte AS, Bonaldo MC, Bonvicino CR, D'Andrea PS, Lemos ERS. Genetic characterization of a Juquitiba-like viral lineage in Oligoryzomys nigripes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Acta Trop 2009; 112:212-8. [PMID: 19660427 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses, family Bunyaviridae, are rodent-borne RNA viruses that have caused cases of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in various regions of the Americas. There are five hantaviral lineages associated with HCPS in Brazil: Juquitiba virus (JUQV), Araraquara virus (ARAV), Laguna Negra-like virus (LNV), Castelo dos Sonhos virus (CASV), and Anajatuba virus (ANAJV). Three additional hantaviruses have been described in rodents alone: Rio Mearim virus, Jaborá virus, and a hantavirus lineage related to Seoul virus. This study describes the genetic detection and characterization of a Juquitiba-like hantavirus in Oligoryzomys nigripes, or the black-footed pygmy rice rat, in the Serra dos Orgãos National Park, Rio de Janeiro State, where so far no cases of HCPS have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
Prevalence of infection was highest where fewer animal species carried the virus. Emerging outbreaks of zoonotic diseases are affecting humans at an alarming rate. Until the ecological factors associated with zoonoses are better understood, disease emergence will continue. For Lyme disease, disease suppression has been demonstrated by a dilution effect, whereby increasing species diversity decreases disease prevalence in host populations. To test the dilution effect in another disease, we examined 17 ecological variables associated with prevalence of the directly transmitted Sin Nombre virus (genus Hantavirus, etiologic agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) in its wildlife host, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). Only species diversity was statistically linked to infection prevalence: as species diversity decreased, infection prevalence increased. The increase was moderate, but prevalence increased exponentially at low levels of diversity, a phenomenon described as zoonotic release. The results suggest that species diversity affects disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Dizney
- Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, USA.
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Black WC, Doty JB, Hughes MT, Beaty BJ, Calisher CH. Temporal and geographic evidence for evolution of Sin Nombre virus using molecular analyses of viral RNA from Colorado, New Mexico and Montana. Virol J 2009; 6:102. [PMID: 19602267 PMCID: PMC2716327 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background All viruses in the family Bunyaviridae possess a tripartite genome, consisting of a small, a medium, and a large RNA segment. Bunyaviruses therefore possess considerable evolutionary potential, attributable to both intramolecular changes and to genome segment reassortment. Hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus) are known to cause human hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. The primary reservoir host of Sin Nombre virus is the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), which is widely distributed in North America. We investigated the prevalence of intramolecular changes and of genomic reassortment among Sin Nombre viruses detected in deer mice in three western states. Methods Portions of the Sin Nombre virus small (S) and medium (M) RNA segments were amplified by RT-PCR from kidney, lung, liver and spleen of seropositive peromyscine rodents, principally deer mice, collected in Colorado, New Mexico and Montana from 1995 to 2007. Both a 142 nucleotide (nt) amplicon of the M segment, encoding a portion of the G2 transmembrane glycoprotein, and a 751 nt amplicon of the S segment, encoding part of the nucleocapsid protein, were cloned and sequenced from 19 deer mice and from one brush mouse (P. boylii), S RNA but not M RNA from one deer mouse, and M RNA but not S RNA from another deer mouse. Results Two of 20 viruses were found to be reassortants. Within virus sequences from different rodents, the average rate of synonymous substitutions among all pair-wise comparisons (πs) was 0.378 in the M segment and 0.312 in the S segment sequences. The replacement substitution rate (πa) was 7.0 × 10-4 in the M segment and 17.3 × 10-4 in the S segment sequences. The low πa relative to πs suggests strong purifying selection and this was confirmed by a Fu and Li analysis. The absolute rate of molecular evolution of the M segment was 6.76 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. The absolute age of the M segment tree was estimated to be 37 years. In the S segment the rate of molecular evolution was 1.93 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year and the absolute age of the tree was 106 years. Assuming that mice were infected with a single Sin Nombre virus genotype, phylogenetic analyses revealed that 10% (2/20) of viruses were reassortants, similar to the 14% (6/43) found in a previous report. Conclusion Age estimates from both segments suggest that Sin Nombre virus has evolved within the past 37–106 years. The rates of evolutionary changes reported here suggest that Sin Nombre virus M and S segment reassortment occurs frequently in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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Holsomback TS, McIntyre NE, Nisbett RA, Strauss RE, Chu YK, Abuzeineh AA, de la Sancha N, Dick CW, Jonsson CB, Morris BEL. Bayou virus detected in non-oryzomyine rodent hosts: an assessment of habitat composition, reservoir community structure, and marsh rice rat social dynamics. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2009; 34:9-21. [PMID: 20836801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2009.00003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, Bayou virus (BAYV) ranks second only to Sin Nombre virus (SNV) in terms of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) incidents, having been confirmed in cases from Texas and Louisiana since its discovery in 1994. This study on BAYV infection among sympatric, non-oryzomyine rodents ("spillover") in Freeport, TX, is the first to link patterns of hantavirus interspecific spillover with the spatiotemporal ecology of the primary host (marsh rice rat, Oryzomys palustris). Mark-recapture and/or harvest methods were employed from March 2002 through May 2004 in two macrohabitat types. Rodent blood samples were screened for the presence of IgG antibody to BAYV antigen by IFA after which Ab-positive blood, saliva, and urine were analyzed for the presence of viral RNA by nested RT-PCR. From 727 non-oryzomyine captures, five seropositive (but not viral RNA positive) individuals were detected: one each of Baiomys taylori, Peromyscus leucopus, and Reithrodontomys fulvescens; and two Sigmodon hispidus. Spillover hosts were not associated with macrohabitat where O. palustris abundance, density, or seroprevalence was highest. Rather, spillover occurred in the macrohabitat indicative of greater overall disturbance (as indicated by grazing and exotic plant diversity) and overall biodiversity. Spillover occurred during periods of high seroprevalence detected elsewhere within the study region. Spillover locations differed significantly from all other capture locations in terms of percent water, shrub, and grass cover. Although greater habitat and mammal diversity of old-fields may serve to reduce seroprevalence levels by tempering intraspecific contacts between rice rats, greater diversity also may create an ecologically opportunistic setting for BAYV spillover. Impacts of varying levels of disturbance and biodiversity on transmission dynamics represent a vastly uncharacterized component of the evolutionary ecology of hantaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyla S Holsomback
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
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Kang HJ, Bennett SN, Dizney L, Sumibcay L, Arai S, Ruedas LA, Song JW, Yanagihara R. Host switch during evolution of a genetically distinct hantavirus in the American shrew mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii). Virology 2009; 388:8-14. [PMID: 19394994 PMCID: PMC2692302 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A genetically distinct hantavirus, designated Oxbow virus (OXBV), was detected in tissues of an American shrew mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii), captured in Gresham, Oregon, in September 2003. Pairwise analysis of full-length S- and M- and partial L-segment nucleotide and amino acid sequences of OXBV indicated low sequence similarity with rodent-borne hantaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods, and host-parasite evolutionary comparisons, showed that OXBV and Asama virus, a hantavirus recently identified from the Japanese shrew mole (Urotrichus talpoides), were related to soricine shrew-borne hantaviruses from North America and Eurasia, respectively, suggesting parallel evolution associated with cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ji Kang
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB320L, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases and Bank for Pathogenic Viruses, College of Medicine, Korea University, 5-Ka, Anam-dong, Sungbug-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Shannon N. Bennett
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB320L, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Laurie Dizney
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Laarni Sumibcay
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB320L, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Satoru Arai
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Luis A. Ruedas
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases and Bank for Pathogenic Viruses, College of Medicine, Korea University, 5-Ka, Anam-dong, Sungbug-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Richard Yanagihara
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB320L, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Melo-Silva CR, Maranhão AQ, Nagasse-Sugahara TK, Bisordi I, Suzuki A, Brigido MM. Characterization of hantaviruses circulating in Central Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:241-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Baker RJ, Schmidly DJ, Cook JA, Salazar-Bravo J, Genoways HH. Terry Lamon Yates: 1950–2007. J Mammal 2008. [DOI: 10.1644/08-mamm-o-221.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Delfraro A, Tomé L, D'Elía G, Clara M, Achával F, Russi JC, Arbiza Rodonz JR. Juquitiba-like hantavirus from 2 nonrelated rodent species, Uruguay. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1447-51. [PMID: 18760017 PMCID: PMC2603116 DOI: 10.3201/eid1409.080455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serologic and genetic analyses indicate that a Juquitiba-like hantavirus circulates in Maldonado, Uruguay. This virus is carried by 2 rodent species, Oligoryzomys nigripes and Oxymycterus nasutus. The same hantavirus in 2 nonrelated species can be explained by a spillover infection or a host-switching event.
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Ramsden C, Holmes EC, Charleston MA. Hantavirus evolution in relation to its rodent and insectivore hosts: no evidence for codivergence. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 26:143-53. [PMID: 18922760 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are considered one of the best examples of a long-term association between RNA viruses and their hosts. Based on the appearance of strong host specificity, it has been suggested that hantaviruses cospeciated with the rodents and insectivores they infect since these mammals last shared a common ancestor, approximately 100 million years ago. We tested this hypothesis of host-virus codivergence in two ways: 1) we used cophylogenetic reconciliation analysis to assess the fit of the virus tree onto that of the host and 2) we estimated the evolutionary rates and divergence times for the Hantavirus genus using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and similarly compared these with those of their hosts. Our reconciliation analysis provided no evidence for a history of codivergence between hantaviruses and their hosts. Further, the divergence times for the Hantavirus genus were many orders of magnitude too recent to correspond with the timescale of their hosts' speciation. We therefore propose that apparent similarities between the phylogenies of hantaviruses and their mammalian hosts are the result of a more recent history of preferential host switching and local adaptation. Based on the presence of clade-defining amino acids in all genomic segments, we propose that the patterns of amino acid replacement in these viruses are also compatible with a history of host-specific adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadhla Ramsden
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Mueller Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.
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Zou Y, Xiao QY, Dong X, Lv W, Zhang SP, Li MH, Plyusnin A, Zhang YZ. Genetic analysis of hantaviruses carried by reed voles Microtus fortis in China. Virus Res 2008; 137:122-8. [PMID: 18644410 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To gain more insights into the epidemiology of hantaviruses in China, the hantaviral S, M and L segment sequences were recovered from two Microtus fortis captured in Shenyang and four M. fortis trapped in Yuanjiang in China. Genetic analysis revealed that Shenyang sequences are closely related to the sequences of Fusong strains of Vladivostok virus (VLAV). Interestingly, the complete S segment and partial L segment sequences from Yuanjiang were quite distinct from those of Shenyang and Fusong strains, with up to 18% nucleotide (nt) and 5% amino acid (aa) sequence divergences. The partial M segment sequences (nt 2676-3650) from Yuanjiang were even more divergent from Shenyang and Fusong sequences (>20% and 8%, respectively). On the phylogenetic trees based on the S and partial M and L segment sequences, the Shenyang strains grouped together with Fusong strains. In contrast, four Yuanjiang sequences formed a distinct group that was a sister taxon to the Vladivostok-Fusong-Shenyang group. Our data indicated that the virus carried by M. fortis in Shenyang belong to VLAV. The newly characterized sequences from Yuanjiang might represent a novel distinct hantavirus species. Our results also demonstrated the great genetic diversity and complexity of the M. fortis-associated hantaviruses in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zou
- Department of Hemorrhagic Fever, Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Zou Y, Wang JB, Gaowa HS, Yao LS, Hu GW, Li MH, Chen HX, Plyusnin A, Shao R, Zhang YZ. Isolation and genetic characterization of hantaviruses carried by Microtus voles in China. J Med Virol 2008; 80:680-8. [PMID: 18297708 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To gain more insights into hantavirus distribution in China, Microtus fortis were caught in Jilin province and M. maximowiczii in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Hantavirus specific RNA was detected by RT-PCR in 3 out of 26 M. fortis and 5 out of 64 M. maximowiczii. Two hantaviruses (Fusong-Mf-682 and Yakeshi-Mm-59) were isolated successfully in cell culture and their S and M segment nucleotide sequences were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of the S and M segment sequences revealed that the Mf-originated strains from Fusong were closely related to Vladivostok hantavirus (VLAV) with 99% nucleotide identity, but differed from the Yakeshi-Mm strains, with an amino acid divergence of more than 8.8% for the N protein and 11.8% for the GnGc proteins. Yakeshi-Mm strains were closely related to the Khabarovsk hantavirus (KHAV) isolated earlier from M. fortis in Khabarovsk, with an amino acid sequence identity of more than 98.4% for the S segment and 95.6% for the M segment. On phylogenetic trees, Yakeshi-Mm strains clustered together with KHAV and Topografov virus (TOPV) carried by Lemmus sibiricus. The results suggest that the hantavirus carried by M. fortis in China belongs to VLAV type and should be considered as a distinct hantavirus species. They also suggest that M. fortis is the natural host of VLAV (including Fusong-Mf strains), whereas M. maximowiczii is the natural host of KHAV including Yakeshi-Mm strains. Thus, in addition to Hantaan, Seoul, Dabieshan and Puumala-like Hokkaido viruses, at least two other hantaviruses, namely KHAV and VLAV, are circulating in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zou
- Department of Hemorrhagic Fever, Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Ramsden C, Melo FL, Figueiredo LM, Holmes EC, Zanotto PM. High Rates of Molecular Evolution in Hantaviruses. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 25:1488-92. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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49
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Zhang YZ, Zou Y, Yao LS, Hu GW, Du ZS, Jin LZ, Liu YY, Wang HX, Chen X, Chen HX, Fu ZF. Isolation and characterization of hantavirus carried by Apodemus peninsulae in Jilin, China. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1295-1301. [PMID: 17374775 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide a better understanding of hantavirus epidemiology in China, Korean field mice (Apodemus peninsulae) and striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius) were captured in Jilin province, China, where haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is endemic. Hantavirus antigens were detected in eight of the 130 A. peninsulae individuals and in four of the 193 A. agrarius individuals by using an immunofluorescence assay. Partial S and M segments were amplified from all of the antigen-positive samples. Furthermore, two hantaviruses (CJAp89 and CJAp93) were isolated successfully in cell culture and the entire S and M segments were amplified from one of them (CJAp93). Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences (partial or complete) showed that hantaviruses carried by A. peninsulae and A. agrarius form two distinct lineages, although viruses carried by A. peninsulae are similar to those isolated previously from A. agrarius in China and from HFRS patients in Russia. However, the viruses detected in A. peninsulae in China are genetically different from those detected in A. peninsulae in other countries. These data suggest that A. peninsulae is also a natural host for HTNV in north-eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Hemorrhagic Fever, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping Liuzi 5, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Department of Hemorrhagic Fever, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping Liuzi 5, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lai-Shun Yao
- Jilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang-Wei Hu
- Jilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhan-Shen Du
- Jilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Long-Zhe Jin
- Hunchun Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hunchun 133300, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yao-Yuan Liu
- Fusong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fusong 134500, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wang
- Department of Hemorrhagic Fever, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping Liuzi 5, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Hemorrhagic Fever, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping Liuzi 5, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hua-Xin Chen
- Department of Hemorrhagic Fever, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping Liuzi 5, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Herbreteau V, Gonzalez JP, Hugot JP. Implication of phylogenetic systematics of rodent-borne hantaviruses allows understanding of their distribution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1081:39-56. [PMID: 17135493 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1373.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses' distribution is reassessed after performing a cladistic analysis on 93 strains isolated from rodents, and one used as outgroup: Thottapalayam isolated from a shrew. While most hantaviruses found in wild animals were collected in northern Asia, Europe, North America, and South America, only Thottapalayam and Thailand were found in South and Southeastern Asia. Thottapalayam is highly divergent from the other known hantaviruses and may represent the emerging tip of a different lineage. Serological surveys carried out to detect evidence of Hantavirus in human populations revealed positive samples not only in West and Central Africa but also in Thailand, with a first case recently confirmed. This suggests that Hantaan-related viruses may infect humans out of their well-documented range. Thus, if rodents are probably the primary reservoir, other mammals may be involved in the cycle of hantaviruses. Additional work is needed out of the traditional areas where hantaviruses have been recorded. New viruses, different hosts, and different human syndromes may be discovered in the future mainly in Southeastern Asia and in Africa where Muridae rodents are present and highly diversified.
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