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Nurmukanova V, Matsvay A, Gordukova M, Shipulin G. Square the Circle: Diversity of Viral Pathogens Causing Neuro-Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2024; 16:787. [PMID: 38793668 PMCID: PMC11126052 DOI: 10.3390/v16050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections rank among the top ten leading causes of child mortality globally, even in high-income countries. The crucial determinants for successful treatment lie in the timing and swiftness of diagnosis. Although viruses constitute the majority of infectious neuropathologies, diagnosing and treating viral neuroinfections remains challenging. Despite technological advancements, the etiology of the disease remains undetermined in over half of cases. The identification of the pathogen becomes more difficult when the infection is caused by atypical pathogens or multiple pathogens simultaneously. Furthermore, the modern surge in global passenger traffic has led to an increase in cases of infections caused by pathogens not endemic to local areas. This review aims to systematize and summarize information on neuroinvasive viral pathogens, encompassing their geographic distribution and transmission routes. Emphasis is placed on rare pathogens and cases involving atypical pathogens, aiming to offer a comprehensive and structured catalog of viral agents with neurovirulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Nurmukanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Matsvay
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Gordukova
- G. Speransky Children’s Hospital No. 9, 123317 Moscow, Russia
| | - German Shipulin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Hacioglu S, Ozkul A. Do birds play a role in the transmission of Toscana virus? Initial isolation results from birds in northernmost Türkiye. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:225-235. [PMID: 38041213 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Recent research has prioritized emerging and re-emerging diseases that affect human and animal health, particularly to describe how these diseases enter countries and determine their transmission cycles. Given that migratory birds play a significant role in spreading infections, the present study analysed their migration paths and specimens to investigate Orthoflavivirus, Orthonairovirus, Alphavirus and Phlebovirus in birds in Samsun province, Türkiye. METHODS AND RESULTS For these viruses, 312 samples from 56 birds were analysed using RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. Toscana virus (TOSV) was identified in 14 birds (four mallards, five partridges, four quails and one pigeon), representing 25% of the birds sampled. Genotype B was reported in all 14 birds. After inoculating the positive tissues in cell cultures, TOSV was isolated from the organs of pigeons, mallards and partridges. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time TOSV has been isolated in cell culture from birds and indicates that they may play a role in spreading TOSV in Türkiye. The results also suggest that TOSV might be carried between countries by migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Hacioglu
- Virological Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Control Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Ozkul
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Cecílio P, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Oliveira F. Sand flies: Basic information on the vectors of leishmaniasis and their interactions with Leishmania parasites. Commun Biol 2022; 5:305. [PMID: 35379881 PMCID: PMC8979968 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-sucking arthropods transmit a variety of human pathogens acting as disseminators of the so-called vector-borne diseases. Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of diseases caused by different Leishmania species, transmitted quasi worldwide by sand flies. However, whereas many laboratories focus on the disease(s) and etiological agents, considerably less study the respective vectors. In fact, information on sand flies is neither abundant nor easy to find; aspects including basic biology, ecology, and sand-fly-Leishmania interactions are usually reported separately. Here, we compile elemental information on sand flies, in the context of leishmaniasis. We discuss the biology, distribution, and life cycle, the blood-feeding process, and the Leishmania-sand fly interactions that govern parasite transmission. Additionally, we highlight some outstanding questions that need to be answered for the complete understanding of parasite–vector–host interactions in leishmaniasis. In this review, numerous aspects of sand flies as vectors of Leishmania parasites—from biology to the vector parasite interactions—are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cecílio
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA. .,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Minakshi P, Ghosh M, Kumar R, Brar B, Lambe UP, Banerjee S, Ranjan K, Kumar B, Goel P, Malik YS, Prasad G. An Insight into Nanomedicinal Approaches to Combat Viral Zoonoses. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:915-962. [PMID: 32209041 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200325114400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging viral zoonotic diseases are one of the major obstacles to secure the "One Health" concept under the current scenario. Current prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches often associated with certain limitations and thus proved to be insufficient for customizing rapid and efficient combating strategy against the highly transmissible pathogenic infectious agents leading to the disastrous socio-economic outcome. Moreover, most of the viral zoonoses originate from the wildlife and poor knowledge about the global virome database renders it difficult to predict future outbreaks. Thus, alternative management strategy in terms of improved prophylactic vaccines and their delivery systems; rapid and efficient diagnostics and effective targeted therapeutics are the need of the hour. METHODS Structured literature search has been performed with specific keywords in bibliographic databases for the accumulation of information regarding current nanomedicine interventions along with standard books for basic virology inputs. RESULTS Multi-arrayed applications of nanomedicine have proved to be an effective alternative in all the aspects regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and control of zoonotic viral diseases. The current review is focused to outline the applications of nanomaterials as anti-viral vaccines or vaccine/drug delivery systems, diagnostics and directly acting therapeutic agents in combating the important zoonotic viral diseases in the recent scenario along with their potential benefits, challenges and prospects to design successful control strategies. CONCLUSION This review provides significant introspection towards the multi-arrayed applications of nanomedicine to combat several important zoonotic viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Minakshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125001, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Mayukh Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur (UP) - 231001, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125001, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Basanti Brar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125001, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Upendra P Lambe
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125001, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Somesh Banerjee
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology Section, LUVAS, Hisar-125004, India
| | - Koushlesh Ranjan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, 250110, India
| | | | - Parveen Goel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Yashpal S Malik
- Division of Standardisation, Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar - Bareilly (UP) - 243122, India
| | - Gaya Prasad
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, UP, 250110, India
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Morini S, Calzolari M, Rossini G, Pascarelli N, Porcellini A, Randi V, Re MC, Albieri A, Bonilauri P, Bellini R, Ayhan N, Charrel R, Varani S. Detection of Specific Antibodies against Toscana Virus among Blood Donors in Northeastern Italy and Correlation with Sand Fly Abundance in 2014. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020145. [PMID: 31973058 PMCID: PMC7074719 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is a Phlebovirus transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and is an important etiological agent of summer meningitis in the Mediterranean basin. Since TOSV infection is often asymptomatic, we evaluated the seroprevalence in blood donors (BDs) in the Bologna and Ferrara provinces (Northeastern Italy)-the areas with the highest and lowest numbers of TOSV neuroinvasive cases in the region, respectively. A total of 1208 serum samples from BDs were collected in April-June 2014 and evaluated for the presence of specific TOSV-IgG by ELISA. The IgG-reactive samples were confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) and by microneutralization test (MN). Serum samples were defined as positive for anti-TOSV IgG when reactive by ELISA and by at least one second-level test; TOSV seroprevalence was 6.8% in the Bologna province, while no circulation of TOSV was detected in the Ferrara province. Sand fly abundance in 2014 was also estimated by a geographic information system using a generalized linear model applied to a series of explanatory variables. TOSV seroprevalence rate was strongly associated with the sand fly abundance index in each municipality, pointing out the strong association between sand fly abundance and human exposure to TOSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morini
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Mattia Calzolari
- Laboratory of Entomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini” (IZLER), 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (M.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Giada Rossini
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Nadia Pascarelli
- Centro Regionale Sangue Emilia-Romagna, Maggiore Hospital, 40133 Bologna, Italy; (N.P.); (A.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Andrea Porcellini
- Centro Regionale Sangue Emilia-Romagna, Maggiore Hospital, 40133 Bologna, Italy; (N.P.); (A.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Vanda Randi
- Centro Regionale Sangue Emilia-Romagna, Maggiore Hospital, 40133 Bologna, Italy; (N.P.); (A.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (G.R.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Albieri
- Department of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Centro Agricoltura Ambiente ‘G. Nicoli’, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy; (A.A.); (R.B.)
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Laboratory of Entomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini” (IZLER), 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (M.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Department of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Centro Agricoltura Ambiente ‘G. Nicoli’, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy; (A.A.); (R.B.)
| | - Nazli Ayhan
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France; (N.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Remi Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France; (N.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Stefania Varani
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (G.R.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-2143013
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Ayhan N, Prudhomme J, Laroche L, Bañuls AL, Charrel RN. Broader Geographical Distribution of Toscana Virus in the Mediterranean Region Suggests the Existence of Larger Varieties of Sand Fly Vectors. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010114. [PMID: 31947561 PMCID: PMC7022675 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is endemic in the Mediterranean basin, where it is transmitted by sand flies. TOSV can infect humans and cause febrile illness as well as neuroinvasive infections affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems. Although TOSV is a significant human pathogen, it remains neglected and there are consequently many gaps of knowledge. Recent seroepidemiology studies and case reports showed that TOSV’s geographic distribution is much wider than was assumed a decade ago. The apparent extension of the TOSV circulation area raises the question of the sandfly species that are able to transmit the virus in natural conditions. Phlebotomus (Ph.)perniciosus and Ph. perfiliewi were historically identified as competent species. Recent results suggest that other species of sand flies could be competent for TOSV maintenance and transmission. Here we organize current knowledge in entomology, epidemiology, and virology supporting the possible existence of additional phlebotomine species such as Ph. longicuspis, Ph. sergenti, Ph. tobbi, Ph. neglectus, and Sergentomyia minuta in TOSV maintenance. We also highlight some of the knowledge gaps to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Ayhan
- Unité des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ–IRD 190–Inserm 1207–IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France;
- Unité de Virologie EA7310 Bioscope, Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli (UCPP), 20250 Corte, France
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (J.P.); Tel.: +33-782-202794 (N.A.); +33-621-504351 (J.P.)
| | - Jorian Prudhomme
- UMR MIVEGEC (IRD—CNRS—Université de Montpellier), 911 avenue Agropolis, F34394 Montpellier, France; (L.L.); (A.-L.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (J.P.); Tel.: +33-782-202794 (N.A.); +33-621-504351 (J.P.)
| | - Lison Laroche
- UMR MIVEGEC (IRD—CNRS—Université de Montpellier), 911 avenue Agropolis, F34394 Montpellier, France; (L.L.); (A.-L.B.)
| | - Anne-Laure Bañuls
- UMR MIVEGEC (IRD—CNRS—Université de Montpellier), 911 avenue Agropolis, F34394 Montpellier, France; (L.L.); (A.-L.B.)
| | - Remi N. Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ–IRD 190–Inserm 1207–IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France;
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Shiraly R, Khosravi A, Farahangiz S. Seroprevalence of sandfly fever virus infection in military personnel on the western border of Iran. J Infect Public Health 2017; 10:59-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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A rapid and specific real time RT-PCR assay for diagnosis of Toscana virus infection. J Clin Virol 2015; 66:107-11. [PMID: 25866349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To scan a virus (TOSV) belongs to the Phlebovirus genus within the Bunyaviridae family. TOSV is an arbovirus transmitted by sandflies. In Mediterranean countries, TOSV is one of the major viral pathogens involved in aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis. OBJECTIVES Development and assessment of a new sensitive and specific real-time RT-PCR assay for TOSV diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN TOSV-specific primers and probe targeting the S-segment of the genome were designed, based on recent TOSV sequences available in public databases. Sensitivity was assessed using 10-fold serial dilutions of a RNA transcript and serial dilutions of TOSV strains isolated from infected human beings. Specificity was determined by testing RNA extracts from closely related Phleboviruses. The assay was then used for TOSV infection diagnosis in 971 clinical samples and for TOSV detection in 2000 sandflies. RESULTS The real-time RT-PCR assay exhibited a sensitivity of under 257 copies per reaction for the RNA transcripts and 0.0056 and 0.014 TCID50 of Italian and Spanish TOSV genotypes per reaction, respectively. No other close Phleboviruses were detected. TOSV was identified in 17 clinical samples and in 3 sandflies. CONCLUSIONS The assay described is a rapid, robust and reliable real-time RT-PCR test for accurate diagnosis of human TOSV infection as well as for the surveillance of TOSV in vector populations.
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Abstract
In this chapter, we describe 73 zoonotic viruses that were isolated in Northern Eurasia and that belong to the different families of viruses with a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome. The family includes viruses with a segmented negative-sense ssRNA genome (families Bunyaviridae and Orthomyxoviridae) and viruses with a positive-sense ssRNA genome (families Togaviridae and Flaviviridae). Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Other viruses described in the chapter can cause epizootics in wild or domestic animals: Geta virus (GETV, Alphavirus), Influenza A virus (Influenzavirus A), Bhanja virus (BHAV, Phlebovirus) and more. The chapter also discusses both ecological peculiarities that promote the circulation of these viruses in natural foci and factors influencing the occurrence of epidemic and epizootic outbreaks
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Toscana virus meningitis case in Switzerland: an example of the ezVIR bioinformatics pipeline utility for the identification of emerging viruses. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:387.e1-4. [PMID: 25658528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) represents a frequent cause of viral meningitis in the Mediterranean Basin that remains neglected in neighbouring countries. We report a documented TOSV meningitis case in a traveller returning from Tuscany to Switzerland. While routine serological and PCR assays could not discriminate between TOSV and Sandfly fever Naples virus infection, a high-throughput sequencing performed directly on the cerebrospinal fluid specimen and analysed with the ezVIR pipeline provided an unequivocal viral diagnostic. TOSV could be unequivocally considered as the aetiological agent, proving the potential of ezVIR to improve standard diagnostics in cases of infection with uncommon or emerging viruses.
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Fezaa O, Bahri O, Alaya Bouafif NB, Triki H, Bouattour A. Seroprevalence of Toscana virus infection in Tunisia. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17:e1172-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Faucher B, Bichaud L, Charrel R, Mary C, Izri A, de Lamballerie X, Piarroux R. Presence of sandflies infected with Leishmania infantum and Massilia virus in the Marseille urban area. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 20:O340-3. [PMID: 24107240 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is considered a rural disease in Europe. However, circumstantial evidence has indicated urban transmission of leishmaniasis and phleboviruses in the urban area of Marseille, France. To investigate this urban transmission, sandflies were trapped in 33 locations in the urban area (horse farms, public gardens and a residential area). Sandflies were always captured: 87.8% were Phlebotomus perniciosus, a vector of Leishmania infantum and Toscana and Massilia viruses. RT-PCR and cell culture inoculation identified the Massilia virus in 2/99 pools of sandflies, and PCR identified Leishmania in 5/99. No dual infection was observed, but both pathogens were detected in samples from the same trapping site.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Faucher
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR-MD3, Hôpital de La Timone, Marseille Cedex 5, France
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Alkan C, Bichaud L, de Lamballerie X, Alten B, Gould EA, Charrel RN. Sandfly-borne phleboviruses of Eurasia and Africa: Epidemiology, genetic diversity, geographic range, control measures. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:54-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Peyrefitte CN, Grandadam M, Bessaud M, Andry PE, Fouque F, Caro V, Diancourt L, Schuffenecker I, Pagès F, Tolou H, Zeller H, Depaquit J. Diversity of Phlebotomus perniciosus in Provence, Southeastern France: Detection of Two Putative New Phlebovirus Sequences. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:630-6. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Grandadam
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées antenne de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Maël Bessaud
- UMR190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales," Aix-Marseille University–IRD French Institute of Research for Development–EHESP French School of Public Health, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Andry
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, EA4688 “Transmission vectorielle et épidémiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires (VECPAR),” Reims, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frédéric Pagès
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées antenne de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Hugues Tolou
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | | | - Jérôme Depaquit
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, EA4688 “Transmission vectorielle et épidémiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires (VECPAR),” Reims, France
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Brisbarre NM, Plumet S, de Micco P, Leparc-Goffart I, Emonet SF. Toscana virus inhibits the interferon beta response in cell cultures. Virology 2013; 442:189-94. [PMID: 23684418 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is an emerging pathogen in the Mediterranean basin where it causes summertime outbreaks of aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Many aspects of TOSV biology remain unknown including the possible implication of an amplifying mammalian host besides its vector. The three experiments described here were designed to assess the relationship between TOSV and type-I interferon (IFN) response. The main findings were as follows. First, TOSV growth in Vero cells is sensitive to an antiviral state induced by low-dose addition of exogenous IFN beta (IFN-β) (10IU/ml). Second, no IFN-β mRNA or IFN-β was detectable after infection of HeLa and 293T cells by TOSV. Finally, TOSV inhibits IFN-β production induced by Sendaï virus, a well known inducer of IFN-β production. In addition to showing that TOSV can inhibit the IFN-β response, these findings suggest that anti-IFN capability is maintained by regular contact with that of a mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege M Brisbarre
- UMR CNRS 6578, French Blood Agency, Alpes-Mediterranee and Aix-Marseille University, Viral Emergence and Co-evolution Unit, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, France
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Jaijakul S, Arias CA, Hossein M, Arduino RC, Wootton SH, Hasbun R. Toscana meningoencephalitis: a comparison to other viral central nervous system infections. J Clin Virol 2012; 55:204-8. [PMID: 22867730 PMCID: PMC3445752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toscana virus (TOSV) is an emerging pathogen causing central nervous system (CNS) infection in Mediterranean countries, mostly during summer season. OBJECTIVES To compare the clinical and laboratory characteristics of Toscana CNS infections to the most common viral pathogens seen in the United States. STUDY DESIGN We performed a case series of patients with 41 TOSV infection and compared the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, imaging results and clinical outcomes to the most commonly recognized viral causes of meningoencephalitis in the US [enterovirus (n=60), herpes simplex virus (n=48), and West Nile virus (n=30)] from our multi-center study of patients with aseptic meningoencephalitis syndromes in the Greater Houston area. RESULTS TOSV infection occurs in different age groups compared to enterovirus, HSV, and WNV. All infections most frequently occur during summer-fall except HSV which distributes throughout the year. All patients with TOSV had history of travel to endemic areas. There are differences in clinical presentation and CSF findings comparing TOSV and enterovirus, HSV, and WNV infection. There are no significant differences in outcomes of each infection except WNV meningoencephalitis which had a poorer outcome compared to TOSV infection. CONCLUSIONS TOSV is an emerging pathogen that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with CNS infections and a recent travel history to endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraya Jaijakul
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cesar A. Arias
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Monir Hossein
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Susan H. Wootton
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rodrigo Hasbun
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
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Charrel RN, Bichaud L, de Lamballerie X. Emergence of Toscana virus in the mediterranean area. World J Virol 2012; 1:135-41. [PMID: 24175218 PMCID: PMC3782275 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i5.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus, identified in 1971, from Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi in central Italy. TOSV belongs to the Phlebovirus genus within the Bunyaviridae family. As other bunyaviruses, the genome of TOSV consists of 3 segments (S for small, M for Medium, and L for Large) respectively encoding non structural and capsid proteins, envelope structural proteins, and the viral RNA-dependant RNA-polymerase. It is transmitted by sand flies. Therefore its distribution is dictated by that of the arthropod vectors, and virus circulation peaks during summertime when sandfly populations are active. Here, we reviewed the epidemiology of TOSV in the old world. First evidence of its pathogenicity for humans, specifically its propensity to cause central nervous system (CNS) infections such as meningitis and encephalitis, was reported in central Italy. After 2000, it was recognized that TOSV had a much larger geographic distribution than initially believed, and was present in most of the Western European countries located on the northern border of the Mediterranean Sea (Portugal, Spain, France, Greece, Croatia) as well as eastern countries such as Cyprus and Turkey. In the countries where TOSV is present, it is among the three most prevalent viruses in meningitis during the warm seasons, together with enteroviruses and herpesviruses. Up to now, epidemiological data concerning Northern Africa and other countries located south of the Mediterranean are scarce. TOSV must be considered an emerging pathogen. Despite the important role played by TOSV in CNS infections, it remains a neglected agent and is rarely considered by physicians in diagnostic algorithms of CNS infections and febrile illness during the warm season, probably because of the lack of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi N Charrel
- Remi N Charrel, Laurence Bichaud, Xavier de Lamballerie, Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", 13005 Marseille, France
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Amodio E, Cusi MG, Valenti RM, Valentini M, Mammina C, Gori-Savellini G, Vitale F, Romano N, Goedert JJ, Calamusa G. Immunoglobulin M seropositivity for Toscana virus in a random population sample in Sicily. Int J Infect Dis 2012; 16:e633-5. [PMID: 22726418 PMCID: PMC3604883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High Toscana virus (TOSV) antibody seropositivity rates have been documented in the last decade, especially in the Mediterranean area. It is unclear if these rates are associated with a recent or past exposure to the virus. This is of importance, as primary infection can cause neurologic complications, especially in adults. The aim of the present study was to assess the current active TOSV circulation in western Sicily. METHODS A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted on 271 individuals aged 4-92 years, sampled from the general population of a small city. Each participant completed a self-administered questionnaire and provided serum, which was analyzed for the presence of specific anti-TOSV IgM and IgG. RESULTS Anti-TOSV IgM was detected in eight (3.0%) participants, of whom only three had anti-TOSV IgG. The prevalence of anti-TOSV IgM was highest in subjects aged 25-34 and 35-44 years (7.1% and 4.8%, respectively). All subjects positive for anti-TOSV IgM were resident in the suburban area. CONCLUSIONS The detection of IgM documented the circulation of TOSV, a Phlebovirus, in a random population sample of Sicilian adults. The highest risk of TOSV seroconversion in subjects living in the suburbs appears to suggest a high density of TOSV vectors in peri-urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Amodio
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via Del Vespro 133, Palermo, I-90127, Italy.
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Couderc T, Gangneux N, Chretien F, Caro V, Le Luong T, Ducloux B, Tolou H, Lecuit M, Grandadam M. Chikungunya Virus Infection of Corneal Grafts. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:851-9. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Vocale C, Bartoletti M, Rossini G, Macini P, Pascucci MG, Mori F, Tampieri A, Lenzi T, Pavoni M, Giorgi C, Gaibani P, Cavrini F, Pierro AM, Landini MP, Viale P, Sambri V. Toscana Virus Infections in Northern Italy: Laboratory and Clinical Evaluation. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:526-9. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Vocale
- Department of Haematology and Oncology “L. and A. Seragnoli,” Section of Microbiology, St. Orsola University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Bartoletti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Nephrology, Section of Infectious Disease, St. Orsola University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giada Rossini
- Department of Haematology and Oncology “L. and A. Seragnoli,” Section of Microbiology, St. Orsola University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Fernanda Mori
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale degli Infermi, Rimini, Italy
| | - Andrea Tampieri
- Emergency Department, Ospedale Civile S M della Scaletta, Imola, Italy
| | - Tiziano Lenzi
- Emergency Department, Ospedale Civile S M della Scaletta, Imola, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Giorgi
- Unit of Neurologic Disease, Ospedale di Fidenza–S. Secondo, Italy
| | - Paolo Gaibani
- Department of Haematology and Oncology “L. and A. Seragnoli,” Section of Microbiology, St. Orsola University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Cavrini
- Department of Haematology and Oncology “L. and A. Seragnoli,” Section of Microbiology, St. Orsola University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pierro
- Department of Haematology and Oncology “L. and A. Seragnoli,” Section of Microbiology, St. Orsola University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Landini
- Department of Haematology and Oncology “L. and A. Seragnoli,” Section of Microbiology, St. Orsola University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Nephrology, Section of Infectious Disease, St. Orsola University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sambri
- Department of Haematology and Oncology “L. and A. Seragnoli,” Section of Microbiology, St. Orsola University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Calamusa G, Valenti RM, Vitale F, Mammina C, Romano N, Goedert JJ, Gori-Savellini G, Cusi MG, Amodio E. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for Toscana and Sicilian virus infection in a sample population of Sicily (Italy). J Infect 2012; 64:212-7. [PMID: 22120113 PMCID: PMC3630500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to assess seroprevalence of and risk factors for Toscana (TOSV) and Sicilian (SFSV) virus infections in a sample of Sicilian subjects. METHODS A cross-sectional seroepidemiological study was conducted on 271 individuals. Each participant completed a self-administrated questionnaire and provided a serum sample which was analyzed for the presence of IgG specific anti-TOSV and anti-SFSV viruses. RESULTS Overall, 90 subjects (33.2%) were positive for TOSV IgG, 25 (9.2%) were positive for SFSV IgG and 11 (4%) were positive for both the viruses. A higher risk for TOSV seropositivity was found in participants who were older (adjOR = 1.02 per year; 95% CI = 1.01-1.03), having a pet living outdoors (adjOR = 2.62; 95% CI = 1.42-4.83) and being obese (adjOR = 2.37; 95% CI = 1.06-5.30). CONCLUSIONS TOSV seroprevalence appears to be relatively high in Sicilian general population, especially in older adults, representing a potential public health concern. The observations that seropositivity for TOSV was not significantly associated with SFSV seropositivity, and none of the risk factors associated with TOSV were associated with SFSV seem to suggest that these two phleboviruses may have different ecology and transmission pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Calamusa
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion “G. D’Alessandro,” University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Maria Valenti
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion “G. D’Alessandro,” University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion “G. D’Alessandro,” University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammina
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion “G. D’Alessandro,” University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Nino Romano
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion “G. D’Alessandro,” University of Palermo, Italy
| | - James J. Goedert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Amodio
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion “G. D’Alessandro,” University of Palermo, Italy
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Caers J, Verlinden H, Zels S, Vandersmissen HP, Vuerinckx K, Schoofs L. More than two decades of research on insect neuropeptide GPCRs: an overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:151. [PMID: 23226142 PMCID: PMC3510462 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the state of the art on neuropeptide receptors in insects. Most of these receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of virtually all physiological processes during an insect's life. More than 20 years ago a milestone in invertebrate endocrinology was achieved with the characterization of the first insect neuropeptide receptor, i.e., the Drosophila tachykinin-like receptor. However, it took until the release of the Drosophila genome in 2000 that research on neuropeptide receptors boosted. In the last decade a plethora of genomic information of other insect species also became available, leading to a better insight in the functions and evolution of the neuropeptide signaling systems and their intracellular pathways. It became clear that some of these systems are conserved among all insect species, indicating that they fulfill crucial roles in their physiological processes. Meanwhile, other signaling systems seem to be lost in several insect orders or species, suggesting that their actions were superfluous in those insects, or that other neuropeptides have taken over their functions. It is striking that the deorphanization of neuropeptide GPCRs gets much attention, but the subsequent unraveling of the intracellular pathways they elicit, or their physiological functions are often hardly examined. Especially in insects besides Drosophila this information is scarce if not absent. And although great progress made in characterizing neuropeptide signaling systems, even in Drosophila several predicted neuropeptide receptors remain orphan, awaiting for their endogenous ligand to be determined. The present review gives a précis of the insect neuropeptide receptor research of the last two decades. But it has to be emphasized that the work done so far is only the tip of the iceberg and our comprehensive understanding of these important signaling systems will still increase substantially in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liliane Schoofs
- *Correspondence: Liliane Schoofs, Department of Biology, Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Naamsestraat 59, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. e-mail:
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Bichaud L, Souris M, Mary C, Ninove L, Thirion L, Piarroux RP, Piarroux R, De Lamballerie X, Charrel RN. Epidemiologic relationship between Toscana virus infection and Leishmania infantum due to common exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus sandfly vector. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1328. [PMID: 21949894 PMCID: PMC3176742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand flies are recognised vectors of parasites in the genus Leishmania and a number of arthropod-borne viruses, in particular viruses within the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. In southern France, Toscana phlebovirus (TOSV) is recognized as a prominent cause of summer meningitis. Since Leishmania and TOSV have a common vector (Phlebotomus perniciosus), an epidemiologic link has been assumed for a long time. However, there is no scientific evidence of such a link between human leishmaniosis and phleboviral infections. To identify a possible link, we investigated the presence and distribution of antibodies against these two microorganisms (i) in individuals and (ii) at a spatial level in the city of Marseille (south-eastern France). Five hundred sera were selected randomly in the biobank of the Department of Parasitology of the Public Hospitals of Marseille. All sera were previously tested for IgG against Leishmania by Western Blotting, and TOSV IgG were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The seropositivity rates were 21.4% for TOSV and 28% for Leishmania. Statistical analysis demonstrated that seropositivity for one pathogen was significantly associated with seropositivity to the other pathogen. This result provided the first robust evidence for the existence of an epidemiological relationship between Leishmania infantum and TOSV. Addresses of tested patients were geolocalized and integrated into Geographical Information System software, in order to test spatial relationship between the two pathogens. Spatial analysis did not allow to identify (i) specific patterns for the spatial distribution of positive serological results for TOSV or Leishmania, and (ii) a spatial relationship between Leishmania and TOSV positive serological results. This may reflect the fact that the sample studied was not powerful enough to demonstrate either a spatial clustering or co-location, i.e. that the actual risk exposure area is smaller than the mean of distance between patients in our study (245 m). Sand flies are tiny insects widely distributed in peri-Mediterranean countries where they can transmit Leishmania parasite and Toscana virus (TOSV). Since those microorganisms have a common vector, an epidemiologic link has been assumed for a long time. However, there is no scientific evidence of such a link between human leishmaniosis and phleboviral infections. To identify a possible link, we investigated the presence and distribution of antibodies to both Leishmania and TOSV in 500 sera of individuals living in Marseille, France. Antibodies are markers of past infections and reflect the exposition of population to pathogens. Statistical analysis demonstrated that seropositivity to one of these pathogens was significantly associated with seropositivity to the other pathogen. This result provided first robust evidence for an epidemiological relationship between Leishmania infantum and TOSV. Home addresses of tested patients were geolocalized in order to test spatial relationship between the two pathogens. This spatial analysis did not allow identifying either a spatial clustering or co-location, most probably because the sample was not powerful enough. Risk-factors of infection by TOSV (or Leishmania) would be investigated in seropositive patients' neighbourhood, in a range inferior to the mean of distance between patients in our study (245 meters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bichaud
- UMR 190, IRD-Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 2, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Souris
- UMR 190, IRD-Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 2, Marseille, France
| | - Charles Mary
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HM Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Laëtitia Ninove
- UMR 190, IRD-Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 2, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Thirion
- UMR 190, IRD-Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 2, Marseille, France
| | - Raphaël P. Piarroux
- UMR 190, IRD-Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 2, Marseille, France
| | - Renaud Piarroux
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HM Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Rémi N. Charrel
- UMR 190, IRD-Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 2, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Ergunay K, Aydogan S, Ilhami Ozcebe O, Cilek EE, Hacioglu S, Karakaya J, Ozkul A, Us D. Toscana virus (TOSV) exposure is confirmed in blood donors from Central, North and South/Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 59:148-54. [PMID: 21914151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV), a sandfly fever virus serotype of medical and public health importance, is a major pathogen involved in aseptic meningtis occurring in Mediterranean countries and poses a threat to the residents as well as travellers. Limited data on TOSV activity are present from Turkey despite being located in the endemic zone. We aimed to identify TOSV exposure in 1115 healthy blood donors at the Hacettepe University Hospital Blood Bank in Ankara, Turkey, using commercial indirect fluorescence assays (IFAs) and virus neutralization test (VNT) for antibody detection and specificity confirmation. A total of 199 samples (17.8%) were positive for anti-TOSV that include IgG reactivity in 10.4%, IgM reactivity in 8.2% and IgM + IgG reactivity in 0.7% of the sera. Anti-TOSV specificity could be confirmed via VNT in 56% of the IgG- and 43.6% of the IgM-positive sera, making up a total of 58 samples (5.2%). Risk factors associated with TOSV IgG reactivity were male gender, residing in rural areas, frequent sighting of mosquitoes/sandflies and working outdoors. TOSV-specific antibody prevalence increased significantly with age. Evidence of exposure to other sandfly fever viruses was noted. These data reveal that mild or asymptomatic infections with TOSV are frequent in central and northern Anatolia. TOSV exposure has also been identified in residents of 9 provinces in southern/southeastern Anatolia for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ergunay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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Brisbarre N, Attoui H, Gallian P, Di Bonito P, Giorgi C, Cantaloube JF, Biagini P, Touinssi M, Jordier F, de Micco P. Seroprevalence of Toscana virus in blood donors, France, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:941-3. [PMID: 21529423 PMCID: PMC3321763 DOI: 10.3201/eid1705.101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Serata D, Rapinesi C, Del Casale A, Simonetti A, Mazzarini L, Ambrosi E, Kotzalidis GD, Fensore C, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Personality Changes After Toscana Virus (TOSV) Encephalitis in a 49-Year-Old Man: A Case Report. Int J Neurosci 2010; 121:165-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2010.537412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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27
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Ergünay K, Saygan MB, Aydoğan S, Lo MM, Weidmann M, Dilcher M, Sener B, Hasçelik G, Pınar A, Us D. Sandfly fever virus activity in central/northern Anatolia, Turkey: first report of Toscana virus infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 17:575-81. [PMID: 20731683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sandfly fever viruses (SFVs) cause febrile diseases as well as aseptic meningitis/encephalitis and include serotypes sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV) and Toscana virus (TOSV). Infections are endemic in the Mediterranean basin and data on SFV activity in Turkey are limited. In this study, sera from 1533 blood donors from the Ankara, Konya, Eskisehir and Zonguldak provinces of Turkey were evaluated for SFV exposure by indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) and confirmed by virus neutralization test (VNT). One hundred and two patients with central nervous system (CNS) infections of unknown aetiology were also tested via IIFT and real-time reverse-transcription PCR for SFV/TOSV. Rate of overall IgG reactivity in IIFT was 32.9% (505/1533) among blood donors. TOSV exposure was confirmed by VNT in all study regions. Exposure to the recently-identified serotype sandfly fever Turkish virus, as evaluated by VNT, was revealed in Konya and Ankara. SFNV exposure was identified in Konya and SFSV was observed to be present in all regions except Zonguldak. TOSV RNA was detected in 15.7% (16/102) and was accompanied by TOSV IgM in 25% (4/16) of the patients. Partial L and S sequences suggested that TOSV circulating in Turkey can be grouped into TOSV genotype A strains. Exposure to TOSV and other SFV serotypes was revealed in blood donors and CNS infections by TOSV were identified for the first time in Turkey. Infections are observed to be endemic in central Anatolia and should be considered as aetiologic agents in cases/outbreaks of fever and meningoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ergünay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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Papa A, Andriotis V, Tzilianos M. Prevalence of Toscana virus antibodies in residents of two Ionian islands, Greece. Travel Med Infect Dis 2010; 8:302-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cusi MG, Savellini GG, Zanelli G. Toscana virus epidemiology: from Italy to beyond. Open Virol J 2010; 4:22-8. [PMID: 20517492 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901004020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus which is transmitted to humans by Phlebotomus spp sandflies. Infection is the cause of brain injuries, such as aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis, in Italy mainly during the summer. More recently some unusual clinical manifestations due to TOSV with severe sequelae, such as ischemic complications and hydrocephalus, have been reported. TOSV represents an important emerging pathogen and its presence is being investigated in several European countries on the Mediterranean basin, including Italy, France, Spain, Portugal and Cyprus. Phylogenetic analysis has distinguished two genotypes of TOSV, A and B; the first is circulating mainly in Italy and the second in Spain, indicating a different geographic distribution possibly related to the vector. This distribution, evolving with the climate, globalization and habitat modification, has implications for the epidemiology of TOSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Cusi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Policlinico "S. Maria alle Scotte", Siena, Italy
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30
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Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus which is transmitted to humans by Phlebotomus spp sandflies. Infection is the cause of brain injuries, such as aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis, in Italy mainly during the summer. More recently some unusual clinical manifestations due to TOSV with severe sequelae, such as ischemic complications and hydrocephalus, have been reported. TOSV represents an important emerging pathogen and its presence is being investigated in several European countries on the Mediterranean basin, including Italy, France, Spain, Portugal and Cyprus. Phylogenetic analysis has distinguished two genotypes of TOSV, A and B; the first is circulating mainly in Italy and the second in Spain, indicating a different geographic distribution possibly related to the vector. This distribution, evolving with the climate, globalization and habitat modification, has implications for the epidemiology of TOSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Cusi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Policlinico "S. Maria alle Scotte", Siena, Italy
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Moureau G, Bichaud L, Salez N, Ninove L, Hamrioui B, Belazzoug S, de Lamballerie X, Izri A, Charrel RN. Molecular and serological evidence for the presence of novel phleboviruses in sandflies from northern algeria. Open Virol J 2010. [PMID: 20563287 PMCID: PMC2887651 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901004010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During summer 2007, a total of 785 phlebotomine flies were trapped in northern Algeria, identified morphologically, organised as monospecific pools and tested for the presence of phlebovirus RNA using degenerate primers. Three pools were positive, and the corresponding PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Viral sequences corresponding to two phleboviruses distinct from each other were detected in sandflies circulating in two close locations (140 km apart) in Northern Algeria. The 3 sequences were aligned with homologous polymerase sequences retrieved from the Genbank database, in order to examine their phylogenetic relationships. One viral sequence (from Phlebotomus papatasi) was closely related to but distinct from a sequence obtained from Phlebotomus ariasi sandflies trapped in Algeria in 2006. The two other viral sequences (from Phlebotomus longicuspis) were genetically distantly related to sequences corresponding to virus members of the Sandfly fever Naples virus species and although falling within the same group, this clearly represents a second distinct novel lineage. These results are indicative of a high genetic heterogeneity within sandflies trapped in a relatively small geographic area. Seroprevalence studies conducted on sera from populations living in the same areas indicated that humans can be infected by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Moureau
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UMR190) Université de la Méditerranée - Institute of Research for Development, Marseille, France
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32
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Moureau G, Bichaud L, Salez N, Ninove L, Hamrioui B, Belazzoug S, de Lamballerie X, Izri A, Charrel RN. Molecular and serological evidence for the presence of novel phleboviruses in sandflies from northern algeria. Open Virol J 2010; 4:15-21. [PMID: 20563287 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901004020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During summer 2007, a total of 785 phlebotomine flies were trapped in northern Algeria, identified morphologically, organised as monospecific pools and tested for the presence of phlebovirus RNA using degenerate primers. Three pools were positive, and the corresponding PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Viral sequences corresponding to two phleboviruses distinct from each other were detected in sandflies circulating in two close locations (140 km apart) in Northern Algeria. The 3 sequences were aligned with homologous polymerase sequences retrieved from the Genbank database, in order to examine their phylogenetic relationships. One viral sequence (from Phlebotomus papatasi) was closely related to but distinct from a sequence obtained from Phlebotomus ariasi sandflies trapped in Algeria in 2006. The two other viral sequences (from Phlebotomus longicuspis) were genetically distantly related to sequences corresponding to virus members of the Sandfly fever Naples virus species and although falling within the same group, this clearly represents a second distinct novel lineage. These results are indicative of a high genetic heterogeneity within sandflies trapped in a relatively small geographic area. Seroprevalence studies conducted on sera from populations living in the same areas indicated that humans can be infected by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Moureau
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UMR190) Université de la Méditerranée - Institute of Research for Development, Marseille, France
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33
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Collao X, Palacios G, Sanbonmatsu-Gámez S, Pérez-Ruiz M, Negredo AI, Navarro-Marí JM, Grandadam M, Aransay AM, Lipkin WI, Tenorio A, Sánchez-Seco MP. Genetic diversity of Toscana virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:574-7. [PMID: 19331735 PMCID: PMC2671431 DOI: 10.3201/eid1504.081111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Distribution of Toscana virus (TOSV) is evolving with climate change, and pathogenicity may be higher in nonexposed populations outside areas of current prevalence (Mediterranean Basin). To characterize genetic diversity of TOSV, we determined the coding sequences of isolates from Spain and France. TOSV is more diverse than other well-studied phleboviruses (e.g.,Rift Valley fever virus).
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34
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De Ory F, Gegúndez MI, Fedele CG, Sánchez-Seco MP. Virus Toscana, West Nile y de la coriomeningitis linfocitaria como causantes de meningitis aséptica en España. Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 132:587-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2008.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Peyrefitte CN, Boubis L, Coudrier D, Bouloy M, Grandadam M, Tolou HJ, Plumet S. Real-time reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of rift valley Fever virus. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3653-9. [PMID: 18799705 PMCID: PMC2576582 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01188-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and validation of a one-step, single-tube, real-time accelerated reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) for the detection of the L RNA segment of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) are described. The assay was performed at a constant temperature (63 degrees C), with a real-time follow-up using a LightCycler and a double-stranded-DNA-intercalating fluorochrome. The assay is highly sensitive and comparable to real-time RT-PCR, with a detection limit of approximately 10 RNA copies per assay. However, the RT-LAMP assay is much faster than traditional RT-PCR and generates results in <30 min for most diluted samples. The specificity of the primers was established using other, related arboviruses as well as virus-containing and virus-free sera. The RT-LAMP assay reported here is thus a valuable tool for the rapid detection of RVFV in field diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe N Peyrefitte
- Unité de virologie tropicale, Institut de Médecine tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, BP 46, 13 998 Marseille armées, France
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36
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Epelboin L, Hausfater P, Schuffenecker I, Riou B, Zeller H, Bricaire F, Bossi P. Meningoencephalitis due to Toscana virus in a French traveler returning from central Italy. J Travel Med 2008; 15:361-3. [PMID: 19006512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by sand flies of Phlebotomus species that has been recognized as an agent associated with acute meningitis and encephalitis around the Mediterranean. We report the first imported case of meningoencephalitis due to TOSV in a traveler returning from Central Italy to France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Epelboin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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37
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Gowen BB, Wong MH, Jung KH, Blatt LM, Sidwell RW. Prophylactic and therapeutic intervention of Punta Toro virus (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) infection in hamsters with interferon alfacon-1. Antiviral Res 2008; 77:215-24. [PMID: 18222548 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Punta Toro virus (PTV) is a member of the Bunyaviridae family, genus Phlebovirus, related to the highly pathogenic Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). It produces a disease in hamsters that models severe Rift Valley fever (RVF) in humans. The recent outbreak of RVF in Kenya stresses the need to identify prophylactic and therapeutic measures for preventing and treating severe forms of disease. To this end, interferon (IFN) alfacon-1 (consensus IFN-alpha) was evaluated in cell culture against RVFV and PTV, and in the hamster PTV infection model. Survival outcome following treatment initiated pre- and post-virus challenge and the suppression of viral burden and liver disease in infected hamsters was determined. Pre-treatment of cell cultures with IFN alfacon-1 induced marked antiviral activity against both viruses. Intraperitoneal treatment of hamsters initiated 4 h prior to infection with PTV was highly protective and greatly limited liver disease and systemic and liver viral burden. Complete protection from a highly lethal challenge dose was afforded by treatment initiated 36 h following viral inoculation. Although efficacy was much reduced, IFN alfacon-1 therapy was still beneficial when started as late as 3-5 days post-virus exposure. These studies suggest that IFN alfacon-1 may be an effective treatment for early intervention following infection with RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Gowen
- Institute for Antiviral Research and Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA.
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38
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De Lamballerie X, Tolou H, Durand JP, Charrel RN. Prevalence of Toscana virus antibodies in volunteer blood donors and patients with central nervous system infections in southeastern France. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007; 7:275-7. [PMID: 17627448 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is a sandfly-borne phlebovirus causing meningitis and encephalitis during the summer period. A significant proportion of infection results in asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic forms. Although seroprevalence studies had been conducted in Italy, Spain, Greece, and Cyprus, no data were available from France at the outset of this study. We present here results of seroprevalence studies conducted in volunteer blood donors and in patients presenting with central nervous system (CNS) infections. Twelve percent of sera from blood donors and 18.9% of sera from patients hospitalized for CNS infection contained immunoglobulin G (IgG) reacting against TOSV or TOSV-related phleboviruses. This study confirms that TOSV and possibly TOSV-related phleboviruses actively circulates in southeastern France and demonstrates that a significant proportion of healthy blood donors and patients with CNS infections have a history of TOSV or TOSV-related phlebovirus infection.
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Charrel RN, Izri A, Temmam S, Delaunay P, Toga I, Dumon H, Marty P, de Lamballerie X, Parola P. Cocirculation of 2 genotypes of Toscana virus, southeastern France. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:465-8. [PMID: 17552102 PMCID: PMC2725915 DOI: 10.3201/eid1303.061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV), an arthropodborne phlebovirus transmitted by sandflies, can cause febrile illness and meningitis. The vector of TOSV in France was unknown. We detected TOSV RNA in 2 (female Phlebotomus perniciosus) of 61 pools of sandflies captured in southeastern France. Two genotypes of TOSV were identified.
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40
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Vorou RM, Papavassiliou VG, Tsiodras S. Emerging zoonoses and vector-borne infections affecting humans in Europe. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135:1231-47. [PMID: 17445320 PMCID: PMC2870710 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess and describe the current spectrum of emerging zoonoses between 2000 and 2006 in European countries. A computerized search of the Medline database from January 1966 to August 2006 for all zoonotic agents in European countries was performed using specific criteria for emergence. Fifteen pathogens were identified as emerging in Europe from 2000 to August 2006: Rickettsiae spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Francisella tularensis, Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Hantavirus, Toscana virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus group, West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, Highly Pathogenic Avian influenza, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Trichinella spp., and Echinococus multilocularis. Main risk factors included climatic variations, certain human activities as well as movements of animals, people or goods. Multi-disciplinary preventive strategies addressing these pathogens are of public health importance. Uniform harmonized case definitions should be introduced throughout Europe as true prevalence and incidence estimates are otherwise impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Vorou
- Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece.
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41
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Abstract
Emerging viral infections are becoming a serious problem in Europe in the recent years. This is particularly true for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), West Nile virus (WNV) disease, Toscana virus (TOSV) disease, and potentially for avian influenza virus (H5N1). In contrast, emergence or re-emergence of severe viral infections, including tick borne encephalitis virus, and viral haemorrhagic fever caused by Hantavirus and dengue virus have been frequently reported in several European countries. Laboratory diagnosis of these viral infections based on viral isolation or detection by immune electron microscopy, immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has dramatically improved in the recent years, and SARS represents a good example of a diagnostic approach to emerging viral infections. Finally, old and new promising agents are in the pipeline of pharmaceutical companies to treat emerging viral infections. However only prevention based on large epidemiological studies, and research and development of new vaccines may be able to control and eventually eradicate these deadly viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Pugliese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Clinical Microbiology of Turin University, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy.
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42
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Charrel RN, Izri A, Temmam S, de Lamballerie X, Parola P. Toscana virus RNA in Sergentomyia minuta files. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:1299-300. [PMID: 16972358 PMCID: PMC3291233 DOI: 10.3201/eid1708.060345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Temmam
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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43
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Charrel RN, Izri A, Temmam S, de Lamballerie X, Parola P. Toscana virus RNA in Sergentomyia minuta files. Emerg Infect Dis 2006. [PMID: 16972358 PMCID: PMC3291233 DOI: 10.3201/eid1208.060345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Temmam
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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44
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Sanbonmatsu-Gámez S, Pérez-Ruiz M, Collao X, Sánchez-Seco MP, Morillas-Márquez F, de la Rosa-Fraile M, Navarro-Mari JM, Tenorio A. Toscana virus in Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 11:1701-7. [PMID: 16318721 PMCID: PMC3367369 DOI: 10.3201/eid1111.050851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV, Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) infection is one of the most prevalent arboviruses in Spain. Within the objectives of a multidisciplinary network, a study on the epidemiology of TOSV was conducted in Granada, in southern Spain. The overall seroprevalence rate was 24.9%, significantly increasing with age. TOSV was detected in 3 of 103 sandfly pools by viral culture or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from a region of the L gene. Nucleotide sequence homology was 99%-100% in TOSV from vectors and patients and 80%-81% compared to the Italian strain ISS Phl.3. Sequencing of the N gene of TOSV isolates from patients and vectors indicated 87%-88% and 100% homology at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, compared to the Italian strain. These findings demonstrate the circulation of at least 2 different lineages of TOSV in the Mediterranean basin, the Italian lineage and the Spanish lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gámez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, s/n 18014-Granada, Spain
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45
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Charrel RN, Gallian P, Navarro-Mari JM, Nicoletti L, Papa A, Sánchez-Seco MP, Tenorio A, de Lamballerie X. Emergence of Toscana virus in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 11:1657-63. [PMID: 16318715 PMCID: PMC3367371 DOI: 10.3201/eid1111.050869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In southern Europe, Toscana virus is one of the three leading causes of aseptic meningitis. Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropodborne virus first identified in 1971 from the sandfly Phlebotomus perniciosus in central Italy. Many case reports in travelers and clinical research and epidemiologic studies conducted around the Mediterranean region have shown that TOSV has a tropism for the central nervous system (CNS) and is a major cause of meningitis and encephalitis in countries in which it circulates. In central Italy, TOSV is the most frequent cause of meningitis from May to October, far exceeding enteroviruses. In other northern Mediterranean countries, TOSV is among the 3 most prevalent viruses associated with meningitis during the warm seasons. Therefore, TOSV must be considered an emerging pathogen. Here, we review the epidemiology of TOSV in Europe and determine questions that should be addressed in future studies. Despite increasing evidence of its major role in medicine as an emerging cause of CNS infections, TOSV remains an unstudied pathogen, and few physicians are aware of its potential to cause CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi N Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
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