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Neves JMM, Belo VS, Catita CMS, de Oliveira BFA, Horta MAP. Modeling of Human Rabies Cases in Brazil in Different Future Global Warming Scenarios. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:212. [PMID: 38397701 PMCID: PMC10888213 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Bat species have been observed to have the potential to expand their distribution in response to climate change, thereby influencing shifts in the spatial distribution and population dynamics of human rabies cases. In this study, we applied an ensemble niche modeling approach to project climatic suitability under different future global warming scenarios for human rabies cases in Brazil, and assessed the impact on the probability of emergence of new cases. We obtained notification records of human rabies cases in all Brazilian cities from January 2001 to August 2023, as reported by the State and Municipal Health Departments. The current and future climate data were sourced from a digital repository on the WorldClim website. The future bioclimatic variables provided were downscaled climate projections from CMIP6 (a global model ensemble) and extracted from the regionalized climate model HadGEM3-GC31-LL for three future socioeconomic scenarios over four periods (2021-2100). Seven statistical algorithms (MAXENT, MARS, RF, FDA, CTA, GAM, and GLM) were selected for modeling human rabies. Temperature seasonality was the bioclimatic variable with the highest relative contribution to both current and future consensus models. Future scenario modeling for human rabies indicated a trend of changes in the areas of occurrence, maintaining the current pace of global warming, population growth, socioeconomic instability, and the loss of natural areas. In Brazil, there are areas with a higher likelihood of climatic factors contributing to the emergence of cases. When assessing future scenarios, a change in the local climatic suitability is observed that may lead to a reduction or increase in cases, depending on the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinicius Silva Belo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinopolis 36307-352, Brazil;
| | - Cristina Maria Souza Catita
- Department of Geographic Engineering, Geophysics and Energy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1649-004, Portugal;
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Júnior DST. High risk of bat bites in an indigenous village in Brazil: Warning of the re-emergence of rabies among the Maxakali People. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107073. [PMID: 37956818 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Bat-mediated human rabies is a viral zoonotic disease that poses a serious threat to the public health of traditional peoples, especially indigenous populations that maintain primitive cultural and social habits, such as the Maxakali ethnic group, located in the southeastern region of Brazil. The sociocultural habit of this population led to the emergence between April and May 2022 of the viral spillover of rabies transmitted by bats, which decimated the lives of four children from this population who maintained contact with this animal as a recreational practice. Because the vampire bats Desmodus rotundus have exceptional ecology and social characteristics that can have important effects on the dynamics of viral dispersion in this indigenous population, I present the dynamics of contact between native children and the bat and the meaning of this relationship, which involves ritualistic and recreational significance. As important as knowing the reasons for this practice is discussing some intrinsic and extrinsic factors that imply risks that intensify the vulnerability of this population to the transmission of the rabies virus at any time. In view of this, I warn of the need to adopt efficient strategies to mitigate the risks of a new emergency in this region. Although emergency containment measures were carried out during the critical period of the outbreak, such animal and environmental control actions must become routine programmatic and structuring interventions. Essential for rabies surveillance in this population is to develop culturally adapted interethnic health education campaigns to guarantee the accessibility of the Maxakali indigenous people to the content taught, so that any attempt at domestication, captivity and recreational practices with bats of any species is discouraged, thus avoiding a possible re-emergence of this anthropozoonosis that has impacted not only the epidemiological scenario in this region, but throughout Brazil, and also throughout Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilceu Silveira Tolentino Júnior
- Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Postgraduate Program in Tecnhology, Environment and Society, Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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3
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Tolentino Júnior DS, Marques MSV, Krummenauer A, Duarte MMS, Rocha SM, de Brito MG, de Santana LF, de Oliveira RC, de Assis EM, de Sousa Cavalcante KK, Alencar CH. Rabies outbreak in Brazil: first case series in children from an indigenous village. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:78. [PMID: 37620861 PMCID: PMC10464476 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rabies outbreak transmitted by bats continues to be a relevant public health problem not only in the Amazon region. The disease has affected one of the areas with the greatest poverty in southeastern Brazil, a region inhabited by the Maxakali indigenous people. CASE PRESENTATION We describe four cases of rabies among indigenous children that occurred in the indigenous village of Pradinho, municipality of Bertópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cases were notified between April and May 2022, all of whom died on average eight days after the first symptoms. All cases were observed in rural residents under 12 years of age. The probable form of exposure was through bat bites. The predominant symptoms were prostration, fever, dyspnea, sialorrhea, tachycardia, and altered level of consciousness. Half of the cases underwent late and/or incomplete post-exposure rabies prophylaxis, however, the other half underwent pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis, with only one case completing the scheme and another undergoing the adapted Milwaukee Protocol (Recife Protocol). All cases ended in death. CONCLUSIONS This was the first rabies outbreak among indigenous people in Brazil. Among the manifested clinical forms in the series, there was a disease atypical presentation in at least one case. We suggest active surveillance and an intercultural educational campaign to prevent new cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilceu Silveira Tolentino Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Technology, Environment and Society, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Valleys, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Amanda Krummenauer
- Brazil Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Health, Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Magda Machado Saraiva Duarte
- Brazil Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Health, Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Gontijo de Brito
- State Department of Health of Minas Gerais, Coordination of Zoonoses, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Carlos de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Integrated Territory Management, Vale do Rio Doce University, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
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4
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Wallau GL, Barbier E, Tomazatos A, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Bernard E. The Virome of Bats Inhabiting Brazilian Biomes: Knowledge Gaps and Biases towards Zoonotic Viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0407722. [PMID: 36625641 PMCID: PMC9927472 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04077-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats host a large variety of viruses, including some that may infect other vertebrates and humans. Research on bat-borne viruses attracted significant attention in recent years mainly due to epizootics caused by viruses having bats as hosts. The characterization of the viral communities of bats was then prioritized, but despite increasing efforts, there are large disparities in the geographical ranges covered and the methodologies employed around the world. As a result, large gaps remain in our current understanding of bat viromes and their role in disease emergence. This is particularly true for megadiverse regions in Latin America. This review aims to summarize the current understanding about bat viruses that inhabit Brazilian biomes, one of the most bat species-rich and diverse regions of the globe. Taking into account all known bat-associated viral families studied in Brazilian biomes, we found that almost half of all bat species (86/181 species) were not investigated for viruses at all. Moreover, only a small fraction of viral lineages or families have been studied more in depth, usually employing targeted methods with limited power to characterize a broad virus diversity. Additionally, these studies relied on limited spatiotemporal sampling and small sample sizes. Therefore, our current understanding of bat viral communities in the Brazilian biomes is limited and biased at different levels, limiting zoonotic risk assessments of bat-borne viruses. Considering these limitations, we propose strategies to bridge the existing gaps in the near future. IMPORTANCE Bat-borne viruses have attracted much attention due to zoonotic outbreaks with large consequences to humans. Because of that, virus characterization in bats has been prioritized in tropical regions of the globe. However, bat-virus research in Latin America and particularly in Brazil, which are among the most bat species-rich regions of the world, are highly biased toward zoonotic viruses and known bat reservoir species. These results have direct implication for virus studies in general but also for new zoonotic virus and spillover events characterization. The limited knowledge we currently have about the virome of Brazilian bats drastically limits any broad assessment of zoonotic viruses they carry and calls for coordinated and large-scale studies to fill this crucial knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Departamento de Entomologia and Núcleo de Bioinformática, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eder Barbier
- Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil
| | - Alexandru Tomazatos
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Bernard
- Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil
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5
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Ellwanger JH, Fearnside PM, Ziliotto M, Valverde-Villegas JM, Veiga ABGDA, Vieira GF, Bach E, Cardoso JC, Müller NFD, Lopes G, Caesar L, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VL, Silveira ES, Spilki FR, Weber MN, Almeida SEDEM, Hora VPDA, Chies JAB. Synthesizing the connections between environmental disturbances and zoonotic spillover. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20211530. [PMID: 36169531 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220211530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic spillover is a phenomenon characterized by the transfer of pathogens between different animal species. Most human emerging infectious diseases originate from non-human animals, and human-related environmental disturbances are the driving forces of the emergence of new human pathogens. Synthesizing the sequence of basic events involved in the emergence of new human pathogens is important for guiding the understanding, identification, and description of key aspects of human activities that can be changed to prevent new outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. This review synthesizes the connections between environmental disturbances and increased risk of spillover events based on the One Health perspective. Anthropogenic disturbances in the environment (e.g., deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, wildlife exploitation) lead to changes in ecological niches, reduction of the dilution effect, increased contact between humans and other animals, changes in the incidence and load of pathogens in animal populations, and alterations in the abiotic factors of landscapes. These phenomena can increase the risk of spillover events and, potentially, facilitate new infectious disease outbreaks. Using Brazil as a study model, this review brings a discussion concerning anthropogenic activities in the Amazon region and their potential impacts on spillover risk and spread of emerging diseases in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Philip Martin Fearnside
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia/INPA, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marina Ziliotto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline María Valverde-Villegas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier/IGMM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/CNRS, Laboratoire coopératif IGMM/ABIVAX, 1919, route de Mende, 34090 Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Beatriz G DA Veiga
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre/UFCSPA, Departamento de Ciências Básicas de Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunoinformática, Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunogenética/NBLI, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade La Salle, Laboratório de Saúde Humana in silico, Avenida Victor Barreto, 2288, Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Evelise Bach
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jáder C Cardoso
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde/CEVS, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 5400, Jardim Botânico, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Felipe D Müller
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde/CEVS, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 5400, Jardim Botânico, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lopes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lílian Caesar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Indiana University/IU, Department of Biology, 915 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Valéria L Kaminski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia/ICT, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, 12231-280 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Etiele S Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunoinformática, Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunogenética/NBLI, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Weber
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina E DE Matos Almeida
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanusa P DA Hora
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Faculdade de Medicina, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá, 102, Centro, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - José Artur B Chies
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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6
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Ortega-Sánchez R, Bárcenas-Reyes I, Cantó-Alarcón GJ, Luna-Cozar J, E RA, Contreras-Magallanes YG, González-Ruiz S, Cortez-García B, Milián-Suazo F. Descriptive and Time-Series Analysis of Rabies in Different Animal Species in Mexico. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:800735. [PMID: 35433923 PMCID: PMC9010467 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.800735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatio-temporal epidemiology of rabies has related the influence of environmental factors and anthropogenic changes on the movements of the hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus. In Mexico, D. rotundus is the main transmitter of the rabies virus for different livestock species, modifying annually the fluctuation of the number of cases of rabies and its dissemination in subtropical areas and regions considered free of the disease. The purpose of this study was to perform a descriptive analysis of the distribution of cases of rabies in Mexico, and to perform a time-series analysis to evaluate stationarity and to predict the number of cases for the following year. A total of 3,469 cases were reported in the period of interest, of which the 89.1% occurred in cattle, 4.3% in horses, 1.5% in sheep, 0.6% in goats, 0.01% in pig, 3.1% in vampire bats, 0.3% in cervids, 0.2% in skunks, 0.1% in insectivorous bats, 0.1% in foxes, 0.1% in buffaloes, and 0.02% in coatis; 0.5% were not identified. The most frequent antigenic variants reported were AgV11, AgV5, and AgV3, associated with D. rotundus. The distribution of cases in bats correlates with the distribution of cases in domestic and wild animals; however, cases were observed in wild species in non-endemic areas of Mexico, like the State of Chihuahua. The additive model used in the time-series analysis showed a seasonal pattern with a peak of cases at the beginning of each year, from January to March. The model showed a good predicting value; the Pearson correlation coefficient R2 was 0.705. The highest probability for the occurrence of rabies cases in the different species estimated by Ordinary Kriging was in the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, involving the states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas, and Yucatan. This study confirms that rabies in domestic and wild species is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas—however, cases have been observed in new geographic areas—and provides useful information to support actions to stop the spread of the rabies virus or the reservoir, and for planning vaccination strategies considering time and place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Ortega-Sánchez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Isabel Bárcenas-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Isabel Bárcenas-Reyes
| | | | - Jesús Luna-Cozar
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Rojas-Anaya E
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias-Centro de Investigación Regional Pacífico Centro, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Yesenia G. Contreras-Magallanes
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Sara González-Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Baltazar Cortez-García
- Jefe de Departamento de Rabia Paralítica y Garrapata, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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7
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Van de Vuurst P, Díaz MM, Rodríguez-San Pedro A, Allendes JL, Brown N, Gutiérrez JD, Zarza H, de Oliveira SV, Cárdenas-Canales E, Barquez RM, Escobar LE. A database of common vampire bat reports. Sci Data 2022; 9:57. [PMID: 35173163 PMCID: PMC8850563 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) is a sanguivorous (i.e., blood-eating) bat species distributed in the Americas from northern Mexico southwards to central Chile and Argentina. Desmodus rotundus is one of only three mammal species known to feed exclusively on blood, mainly from domestic mammals, although large wildlife and occasionally humans can also serve as a food source. Blood feeding makes D. rotundus an effective transmissor of pathogens to its prey. Consequently, this species is a common target of culling efforts by various individuals and organizations. Nevertheless, little is known about the historical distribution of D. rotundus. Detailed occurrence data are critical for the accurate assessment of past and current distributions of D. rotundus as part of ecological, biogeographical, and epidemiological research. This article presents a dataset of D. rotundus historical occurrence reports, including >39,000 locality reports across the Americas to facilitate the development of spatiotemporal studies of the species. Data are available at 10.6084/m9.figshare.15025296. Measurement(s) | occurrence report | Technology Type(s) | digital curation | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Desmodus rotundus | Sample Characteristic - Location | North America • South America |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.18745316
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Van de Vuurst
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - M Mónica Díaz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina (PIDBA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Annia Rodríguez-San Pedro
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Luis Allendes
- Programa Para La Conservación de Murciélagos de Chile (PCMCh), Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalie Brown
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Juan David Gutiérrez
- Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ingeniería, Grupo Ambiental de Investigación Aplicada-GAIA, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Heliot Zarza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Lerma, Lerma de Villada, Mexico
| | - Stefan V de Oliveira
- Department of Collective Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Urberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elsa Cárdenas-Canales
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Rubén M Barquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina (PIDBA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. .,Global Change Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. .,Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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8
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Spillover of West Caucasian Bat Lyssavirus (WCBV) in a Domestic Cat and Westward Expansion in the Palearctic Region. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102064. [PMID: 34696493 PMCID: PMC8540014 DOI: 10.3390/v13102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 2020, a cat from Arezzo (Italy) that died from a neurological disease was diagnosed with West Caucasian Bat Lyssavirus (WCBV). The virus retained high identity across the whole-genome with the reference isolate found in 2002 from a Russian bent-winged bat. We applied control measures recommended by national regulations, investigated a possible interface between cats and bats using visual inspections, bioacoustics analyses and camera trapping and performed active and passive surveillance in bats to trace the source of infection. People that were exposed to the cat received full post-exposure prophylaxis while animals underwent six months of quarantine. One year later, they are all healthy. In a tunnel located near the cat’s house, we identified a group of bent-winged bats that showed virus-neutralizing antibodies to WCBV across four sampling occasions, but no virus in salivary swabs. Carcasses from other bat species were all negative. This description of WCBV in a non-flying mammal confirms that this virus can cause clinical rabies in the absence of preventive and therapeutic measures, and highlights the lack of international guidelines against divergent lyssaviruses. We detected bent-winged bats as the most probable source of infection, testifying the encroachment between these bats and pets/human in urban areas and confirming free-ranging cats as potential hazard for public health and conservation.
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de Paula Silva N, de Andrade EDA, Cardoso D, Guimarães RCS, Silva MB, Nascimento KKG, Xavier DDA, Abel I. Assessment of crab fishermen's exposure to rabies virus in a typical Amazonian community. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:973-981. [PMID: 34242499 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of human rabies transmitted by hematophagous bats occurred in 2018 in Pará state, Brazil, eastern Amazon, after 12 years of no record of the disease. Thus, it is necessary to understand the epidemiological characteristics of these attacks to protect the local population. This study aimed to characterize the bat bite populations in the municipality of São João da Ponta, Pará State, Brazil, in 2013-2015. The Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) database was used to identify the five individuals who sought medical care during the study period (seeds). Other individuals who were attacked during the same period but did not seek medical care (n = 61) were reached by snowball sampling, and a descriptive analysis was performed based on information obtained from questionnaires. Majority of the interviewees were men (92.4%; 61/66) and adults aged 20-50 years (69.9%; 46/66) and had <4 years of formal school education (86.3%; 57/66). Additionally, most of them were rural residents (92.4%; 61/66) and crab fishermen (79.3%; 53/66). The interviewees (92.4%; 61/66) identified mangroves of the Mãe Grande de Curuçá extractive reserve, where groups of fishermen sometimes gather for several days for crab fishing, often living in improvised dwellings without walls and covered by tarps or straw (88.8%; 56/66), conducive to attacks by vampire bats. Overall, 42.4% (28/66) of the participants had been bitten more than four times throughout their life. The median number of attacks over the participant's lifetime was 3.11 (range, 1-23). Participants were unaware of the risk of contracting rabies from the bite (95.4%; 65/66). These results suggest that vampire bat attacks are essentially an occupational hazard in the study region. Moreover, for each reported attack, there were at least 12.2 unreported cases. Thus, the study highlights the need to develop strategies for prophylactic treatment of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailde de Paula Silva
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing (EpiGeo), Post Graduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Elane de Araújo de Andrade
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing (EpiGeo), Post Graduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Denis Cardoso
- Farming Institute of Minas Gerais (IMA), Cidade Administrativa Tancredo, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ruth Cavalcante Silva Guimarães
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing (EpiGeo), Post Graduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Mateus Borges Silva
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing (EpiGeo), Post Graduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Kelly Karoline Gomes Nascimento
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing (EpiGeo), Post Graduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Diego de Arruda Xavier
- Paraense Emílio Goeldi Museum- MPEG, Coordination of Earth Sciences and Ecology (COCTE), CNPq Institutional Training Program Scholarship, Belém, Brazil
| | - Isis Abel
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing (EpiGeo), Post Graduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, Brazil
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Bastos V, Mota R, Guimarães M, Richard Y, Lima AL, Casseb A, Barata GC, Andrade J, Casseb LMN. Challenges of Rabies Surveillance in the Eastern Amazon: The Need of a One Health Approach to Predict Rabies Spillover. Front Public Health 2021; 9:624574. [PMID: 34249829 PMCID: PMC8267869 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.624574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil has been promoting essential improvements in health indicators by implementing free-access health programs, which successfully reduced the prevalence of neglected zoonosis in urban areas, such as rabies. Despite constant efforts from the authorities to monitor and control the disease, sylvatic rabies is a current issue in Amazon's communities. The inequalities among Amazon areas challenge the expansion of high-tech services and limit the implementation of active laboratory surveillance to effectively avoid outbreaks in human and non-human hosts, which also reproduces a panorama of vulnerability in risk communities. Because rabies is a preventable disease, the prevalence in the particular context of the Amazon area highlights the failure of surveillance strategies to predict spillovers and indicates the need to adapt the public policies to a “One Health” approach. Therefore, this work assesses the distribution of free care resources and facilities among Pará's regions in the oriental Amazon; and discusses the challenges of implanting One Health in the particular context of the territory. We indicate a much-needed strengthening of the sylvatic and urban surveillance networks to achieve the “Zero by 30” goal, which is inextricable from multilateral efforts to combat the progressive biome's degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bastos
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belém, Brazil.,Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Roberta Mota
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belém, Brazil.,Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Mylenna Guimarães
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Yuri Richard
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belém, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lima
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Institute of Animal Health and Production, Belém, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Casseb
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Institute of Animal Health and Production, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Andrade
- Pará State Health Secretary, Health Surveillance Directorate, Belém, Brazil
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11
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Meske M, Fanelli A, Rocha F, Awada L, Soto PC, Mapitse N, Tizzani P. Evolution of Rabies in South America and Inter-Species Dynamics (2009-2018). Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:98. [PMID: 34207822 PMCID: PMC8293400 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is listed as one of the World Health Organisation's (WHO) Neglected Tropical Diseases Worldwide, with a significant impact in South America. This paper explores the dynamics of rabies cases in humans, pets (dogs and cats), livestock and wildlife (bats in particular) in South America during the period 2009-2018. The data used in this study were derived from the two main databases for rabies in South America: the OIE-WAHIS from the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and PANAFTOSA's Regional Information System for the Epidemiological Surveillance of Rabies (SIRVERA). Being a neglected disease with possible underreporting in some areas, the reported rabies cases may not always represent the real disease burden. The analysis focuses on the evolution of the number of cases in time and their spatial distribution, as well as on the main source of infections in humans, determined by laboratory assays of the antigenic variant or through epidemiological investigations. Additionally, Generalised Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) were used to evaluate the risk factors associated with the occurrence of human cases. Our results show that the highest impact of the disease in terms of number of cases was reported on livestock, while the overall number of cases (in animals and humans) progressively decreased along the study period. The spatial distribution of rabies in livestock showed two main clusters in the north-western (mainly Colombia) and in the south-eastern part of the affected area (Brazil), and a third smaller cluster in Peru. A cluster in dogs was observed in Bolivia. Out of the 192 human cases reported during the study period, 70% of them were transmitted by bats. The number of human cases reported during the study period were significantly associated with the number of rabies cases reported in livestock, pets and wildlife. Despite the overall decreasing case report rate, the disease still represents a major animal and public health concern in South America, and new strategies for compiling systematic information, networking and education are needed, as well as the education and training of veterinary staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Meske
- OIE—World Organisation for Animal Health, 75017 Paris, France; (M.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Angela Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Felipe Rocha
- PAHO-WHO-PANAFTOSA-Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa y Salud Pública Veterinaria, Regional Information System for the Epidemiological Surveillance of Rabies (SIRVERA), 25045-002 Duque de Caixas, Brazil;
| | - Lina Awada
- OIE—World Organisation for Animal Health, 75017 Paris, France; (M.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Paula Caceres Soto
- OIE—World Organisation for Animal Health, 75017 Paris, France; (M.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Neo Mapitse
- OIE—World Organisation for Animal Health, 75017 Paris, France; (M.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Paolo Tizzani
- OIE—World Organisation for Animal Health, 75017 Paris, France; (M.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.S.); (N.M.)
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12
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Molossi FA, de Cecco BS, Pohl CB, Borges RB, Sonne L, Pavarini SP, Driemeier D. Causes of death in beef cattle in southern Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:677-683. [PMID: 33834923 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the prevalence of diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in beef cattle in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on pathology laboratory submissions. Postmortem examinations were conducted on 1,277 beef cattle that died between 2008 and 2018. Information regarding age, time of the year, breed, and regional location were analyzed statistically. Most cattle were from the surrounding region of Porto Alegre, and 78.7% of the analyzed cases had diagnostic value. The diagnostic category with most cases was infectious and/or parasitic diseases (60%), followed by toxic and toxicoinfectious (25%). Most cases occurred in the fall. Major disease conditions identified included hemoprotozoal infection (18.2%), rabies (8.2%), and plant intoxications by Senecio spp. (8.5%) and Pteridium arachnoideum (4.6%). Hemoprotozoal infection occurred at a higher frequency in young cattle, mainly in animals up to 1 y old. Intoxication by Senecio spp. was more frequent in cattle 2-3 y old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciéli A Molossi
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bianca S de Cecco
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila B Pohl
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rogério B Borges
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Unidade de Bioestatística, Grupo de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Saulo P Pavarini
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Delpietro HA, Russo RG, Rupprecht CE, Delpietro GL. Towards Development of an Anti-Vampire Bat Vaccine for Rabies Management: Inoculation of Vampire Bat Saliva Induces Immune-Mediated Resistance. Viruses 2021; 13:515. [PMID: 33804644 PMCID: PMC8003692 DOI: 10.3390/v13030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) is a hematophagous species responsible for paralytic rabies and bite damage that affects livestock, humans and wildlife from Mexico to Argentina. Current measures to control vampires, based upon coumarin-derived poisons, are not used extensively due in part to the high cost of application, risks for bats that share roosts with vampires and residual environmental contamination. Observations that vampire bat bites may induce resistance in livestock against vampire bat salivary anticoagulants encourage research into novel vaccine-based alternatives particularly focused upon increasing livestock resistance to vampire salivary components. We evaluated the action of vampire bat saliva-Freund's incomplete adjuvant administered to sheep with anticoagulant responses induced by repeated vampire bites in a control group and examined characteristics of vampire bat salivary secretion. We observed that injections induced a response against vampire bat salivary anticoagulants stronger than by repeated vampire bat bites. Based upon these preliminary findings, we hypothesize the utility of developing a control technique based on induction of an immunologically mediated resistance against vampire bat anticoagulants and rabies virus via dual delivery of appropriate host and pathogen antigens. Fundamental characteristics of host biology favor alternative strategies than simple culling by poisons for practical, economical, and ecologically relevant management of vampire populations within a One Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio A. Delpietro
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Padre Serrano 1116, 3300 Posadas, Argentina; (R.G.R.); (G.L.D.)
| | - Roberto G. Russo
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Padre Serrano 1116, 3300 Posadas, Argentina; (R.G.R.); (G.L.D.)
| | | | - Gabriela L. Delpietro
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Padre Serrano 1116, 3300 Posadas, Argentina; (R.G.R.); (G.L.D.)
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Phylogenetic analysis of near full-length sequences of the Desmodus rotundus genetic lineage of rabies virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104179. [PMID: 31917361 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO), reports that rabies causes tens of thousands of deaths every year killing humans, non-human primates and other animals. Rabies continues to be a public health issue, despite the existence of effective vaccines. The dogs remain the primary reservoir and transmitter of rabies to humans globally. In the Americas, bats are regarded as the second most common source of rabies virus to humans. The vampire bat Desmodus rotundus has been identified as a natural reservoir of rabies virus (RABV) in this region. The complete genome of the RABV variant maintained by populations of vampire bats D. rotundus has rarely been reported. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of a RABV variant detected in D. rotundus. The sample, collected from an endemic area in São Paulo State, was phylogenetically compared with the genome of the standard sample for species Rabies virus as well as other samples belonging to terrestrial and bat-associated cycles of rabies transmission, available in GenBank. Distinct patterns linked to the genetic lineage were identified. These data can aid in the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of this virus and the epidemiological importance of this species in the transmission of the RABV.
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ELLWANGER JOELHENRIQUE, KULMANN-LEAL BRUNA, KAMINSKI VALÉRIAL, VALVERDE-VILLEGAS JACQUELINEMARÍA, VEIGA ANABEATRIZGDA, SPILKI FERNANDOR, FEARNSIDE PHILIPM, CAESAR LÍLIAN, GIATTI LEANDROLUIZ, WALLAU GABRIELL, ALMEIDA SABRINAE, BORBA MAUROR, HORA VANUSAPDA, CHIES JOSÉARTURB. Beyond diversity loss and climate change: Impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious diseases and public health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 92:e20191375. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - LÍLIAN CAESAR
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Brazil
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New Rabies Vaccines for Use in Humans. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020054. [PMID: 31226750 PMCID: PMC6631309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccines are available, rabies still claims more than 55,000 human lives each year. In most cases, rabies vaccines are given to humans after their exposure to a rabid animal; pre-exposure vaccination is largely reserved for humans at high risk for contacts with the virus. Most cases of human rabies are transmitted by dogs. Dog rabies control by mass canine vaccination campaigns combined with intensive surveillance programs has led to a decline of human rabies in many countries but has been unsuccessful in others. Animal vaccination programs are also not suited to control human rabies caused by bat transmission, which is common in some Central American countries. Alternatively, or in addition, more widespread pre-exposure vaccination, especially in highly endemic remote areas, could be implemented. With the multiple dose regimens of current vaccines, pre-exposure vaccination is not cost effective for most countries and this warrants the development of new rabies vaccines, which are as safe as current vaccines, but achieve protective immunity after a single dose, and most importantly, are less costly. This chapter discusses novel rabies vaccines that are in late stage pre-clinical testing or have undergone clinical testing and their potential for replacing current vaccines.
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Kallel H, Rozé B, Pons B, Mayence C, Mathien C, Resiere D, Melot B, Hommel D, Mehdaoui H, Carles M. Infections tropicales graves dans les départements français d’Amérique, Antilles françaises et Guyane. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2019. [DOI: 10.3166/rea-2019-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Les Antilles-Guyane (AG) sont les départements français du continent américain, situés en zone intertropicale. La diversité des écosystèmes ainsi que le climat tropical à très forte pluviosité exposent à un vaste panel de pathologies infectieuses. Ces territoires sont de plus l’objet de mouvements importants de populations, voyageurs ou migrants, ce qui joue un rôle significatif dans le développement d’épidémies et/ou de pathologies émergentes. Ces pathologies infectieuses dites « tropicales » peuvent nécessiter une prise en charge en réanimation. Nous rapportons ici les principales données récentes concernant ces pathologies (hors infection liée au VIH) ainsi que les stratégies diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, à l’usage des réanimateurs amenés à exercer en zone tropicale AG ou recevant en métropole des patients issus de cette région.
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Mechanisms for lyssavirus persistence in non-synanthropic bats in Europe: insights from a modeling study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:537. [PMID: 30679459 PMCID: PMC6345892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoirs of the largest proportion of viral zoonoses among mammals, thus understanding the conditions for pathogen persistence in bats is essential to reduce human risk. Focusing on the European Bat Lyssavirus subtype 1 (EBLV-1), causing rabies disease, we develop a data-driven spatially explicit metapopulation model to investigate EBLV-1 persistence in Myotis myotis and Miniopterus schreibersii bat species in Catalonia. We find that persistence relies on host spatial structure through the migratory nature of M. schreibersii, on cross-species mixing with M. myotis, and on survival of infected animals followed by temporary immunity. The virus would not persist in the single colony of M. myotis. Our study provides for the first time epidemiological estimates for EBLV-1 progression in M. schreibersii. Our approach can be readily adapted to other zoonoses of public health concern where long-range migration and habitat sharing may play an important role.
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Ribeiro J, Staudacher C, Martins CM, Ullmann LS, Ferreira F, Araujo JP, Biondo AW. Bat rabies surveillance and risk factors for rabies spillover in an urban area of Southern Brazil. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:173. [PMID: 29859078 PMCID: PMC5984753 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bat rabies surveillance data and risk factors for rabies spillover without human cases have been evaluated in Curitiba, the ninth biggest city in Brazil, during a 6-year period (2010-2015). A retrospective analysis of bat complaints, bat species identification and rabies testing of bats, dogs and cats has been performed using methodologies of seasonal decomposition, spatial distribution and kernel density analysis. RESULTS Overall, a total of 1003 requests for bat removal have been attended to, and 806 bats were collected in 606 city locations. Bat species were identified among 13 genera of three families, with a higher frequency of Nyctinomops in the central-northern region and Molossidae scattered throughout city limits. Out of the bats captured alive, 419/806 (52.0%) healthy bats were released due to absence of human or animal contacts. The remaining 387/806 (48.0%) bats were sent for euthanasia and rabies testing, which resulted in 9/387 (2.32%) positives. Linear regression has shown an increase on sample numbers tested over time (regression: y = 2.02 + 0.17×; p < 0.001 and r2 = 0.29), as well as significant seasonal variation, which increases in January and decreases in May, June and July. The Kernel density analysis showed the center-northern city area to be statistically important, and the southern region had no tested samples within the period. In addition, a total of 4769 random and suspicious samples were sent for rabies diagnosis including those from dogs, cats, bats and others from 2007 to 2015. While all 2676 dog brains tested negative, only 1/1136 (0.088%) cat brains tested positive for rabies. CONCLUSION Only non-hematophagous bats were collected during the study, and the highest frequency of collections occurred in the center-northern region of the city. Rabies spillover from bats to cats may be more likely due to the registered exposure associated with cats' innate hunting habits, predisposing them to even closer contact with potentially infected bats. Although associated with a very low frequency of rabies, cats should always be included in rabies surveillance and vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-990 Brazil
| | - Claudia Staudacher
- Zoonoses Control Center, City Secretary of Health, Curitiba, Paraná 80060-130 Brazil
| | - Camila Marinelli Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270 Brazil
| | - Leila Sabrina Ullmann
- UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Institute of Biotechnology, Botucatu, São Paulo, Botucatu, São Paulo 18607-440 Brazil
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270 Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araujo
- UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Institute of Biotechnology, Botucatu, São Paulo, Botucatu, São Paulo 18607-440 Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050 Brazil
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Singh R, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Kapoor S, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Panda S, Dhama K. Rabies - epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017. [PMID: 28643547 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1343516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. It affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in Islands like Australia and Antarctica. Over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host are mainly responsible for transmission and wildlife like raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are main reservoirs for rabies. The incubation period is highly variable from 2 weeks to 6 years (avg. 2-3 months). Though severe neurologic signs and fatal outcome, neuropathological lesions are relatively mild. Rabies virus exploits various mechanisms to evade the host immune responses. Being a major zoonosis, precise and rapid diagnosis is important for early treatment and effective prevention and control measures. Traditional rapid Seller's staining and histopathological methods are still in use for diagnosis of rabies. Direct immunofluoroscent test (dFAT) is gold standard test and most commonly recommended for diagnosis of rabies in fresh brain tissues of dogs by both OIE and WHO. Mouse inoculation test (MIT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are superior and used for routine diagnosis. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated viruses, DNA and recombinant vaccines can be done in endemic areas. This review describes in detail about epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, vaccination and therapeutic approaches along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- b Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD) , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Susan Cherian
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology , LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Hisar , Haryana , India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- d ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India
| | - Shibani Panda
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Bárcenas-Reyes I, Loza-Rubio E, Cantó-Alarcón GJ, Luna-Cozar J, Enríquez-Vázquez A, Barrón-Rodríguez RJ, Milián-Suazo F. Whole genome sequence phylogenetic analysis of four Mexican rabies viruses isolated from cattle. Res Vet Sci 2017; 113:21-24. [PMID: 28818750 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of the rabies virus in molecular epidemiology has been traditionally performed on partial sequences of the genome, such as the N, G, and P genes; however, that approach raises concerns about the discriminatory power compared to whole genome sequencing. In this study we characterized four strains of the rabies virus isolated from cattle in Querétaro, Mexico by comparing the whole genome sequence to that of strains from the American, European and Asian continents. Four cattle brain samples positive to rabies and characterized as AgV11, genotype 1, were used in the study. A cDNA sequence was generated by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) using oligo dT. cDNA samples were sequenced in an Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. The phylogenetic analysis was performed with MEGA 6.0. Minimum evolution phylogenetic trees were constructed with the Neighbor-Joining method and bootstrapped with 1000 replicates. Three large and seven small clusters were formed with the 26 sequences used. The largest cluster grouped strains from different species in South America: Brazil, and the French Guyana. The second cluster grouped five strains from Mexico. A Mexican strain reported in a different study was highly related to our four strains, suggesting common source of infection. The phylogenetic analysis shows that the type of host is different for the different regions in the American Continent; rabies is more related to bats. It was concluded that the rabies virus in central Mexico is genetically stable and that it is transmitted by the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bárcenas-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, C. P. 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - E Loza-Rubio
- CENID-M-INIFAP, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera México-Toluca, km 15.5, C.P. 05110 Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - G J Cantó-Alarcón
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, C. P. 76230 Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - J Luna-Cozar
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, C. P. 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - A Enríquez-Vázquez
- LPAC - Laboratorio de Patología Animal Calamanda, el Marques, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - R J Barrón-Rodríguez
- CENID-M-INIFAP, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera México-Toluca, km 15.5, C.P. 05110 Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - F Milián-Suazo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, C. P. 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
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Pereira ADS, Casseb LMN, Barbosa TFS, Begot AL, Brito RMO, Vasconcelos PFDC, Travassos da Rosa ES. Rabies Virus in Bats, State of Pará, Brazil, 2005-2011. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:576-581. [PMID: 28678651 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an acute, progressive zoonotic viral infection that in general produces a fatal outcome. This disease is responsible for deaths in humans and animals worldwide and, because it can affect all mammals, is considered one of the most important viral infections for public health. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of rabies in bats of different species found in municipalities of the state of Pará from 2005 to 2011. The rabies virus was detected in 12 (0.39%) bats in a total of 3100 analyzed, including hematophagous, frugivorous, and insectivorous bats. Of these, eleven were characterized as AgV3, which is characteristic of the hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus (E. Geoffroy 1810); one insectivorous animal showed a different profile compatible with the Eptesicus pattern and may therefore be a new antigenic variant. This study identified the need for greater intensification of epidemiological surveillance in municipalities lacking rabies surveillance (silent areas); studies of rabies virus in bats with different alimentary habits, studies investigating the prevalence of AgV3, and prophylactic measures in areas where humans may be infected are also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando de Souza Pereira
- 1 Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde/Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Livia Medeiros Neves Casseb
- 1 Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde/Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Taciana Fernandes Souza Barbosa
- 1 Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde/Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Alberto Lopes Begot
- 2 Nucleus of Endemic Diseases of the State of Pará - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde Pública do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- 1 Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde/Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Salbé Travassos da Rosa
- 1 Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde/Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
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Delpietro HA, Russo RG, Carter GG, Lord RD, Delpietro GL. Reproductive seasonality, sex ratio and philopatry in Argentina's common vampire bats. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160959. [PMID: 28484615 PMCID: PMC5414252 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) are a key rabies vector in South America. Improved management of this species requires long-term, region-specific information. To investigate patterns of demography and dispersal, we analysed 13 642 captures of common vampire bats in Northern Argentina from the period 1969-2004. In contrast with findings from more tropical regions, we found reproductive seasonality with peak pregnancy in September and peak lactation in February. Curiously, sex ratios were consistently male-biased both in maternity roosts and at foraging sites. Males comprised 57% of 9509 adults caught at night, 57% of 1078 juveniles caught at night, 57% of 603 juveniles caught in roosts during the day, and 55% of 103 newborns and mature fetuses. Most observed roosts were in man-made structures. Movements of 1.5-54 km were most frequent in adult males, followed by young males, adult females and young females. At night, males visited maternity roosts, and non-pregnant, non-lactating females visited bachelor roosts. Males fed earlier in the night. Finally, we report new longevity records for free-ranging vampire bats: 16 and 17 years of age for a female and male, respectively. Our results are consistent with model predictions that sex-biased movements might play a key role in rabies transmission between vampire bat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Delpietro
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Posadas, Argentina
- e-mail:
| | - R. G. Russo
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Posadas, Argentina
| | - G. G. Carter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - R. D. Lord
- Formerly of the Pan American Health Organization, Reading, PA, USA
| | - G. L. Delpietro
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Posadas, Argentina
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Bonny TS, Driver JP, Paisie T, Salemi M, Morris JG, Shender LA, Smith L, Enloe C, Oxenrider K, Gore JA, Loeb JC, Wu CY, Lednicky JA. Detection of Alphacoronavirus vRNA in the Feces of Brazilian Free-Tailed Bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) from a Colony in Florida, USA. Diseases 2017; 5:diseases5010007. [PMID: 28933360 PMCID: PMC5456339 DOI: 10.3390/diseases5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoirs of coronaviruses and other viruses with zoonotic potential. Florida has indigenous non-migratory populations of Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) that mostly roost in colonies in artificial structures. Unlike their counterparts in Brazil and Mexico, the viruses harbored by the Florida bats have been underexplored. We report the detection of an alphacoronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene sequence in the feces of two of 19 different T. brasiliensis that were capture/release bats that had been evaluated for overall health. The RdRp sequence is similar but not identical to previously detected sequences in the feces of two different species of bats (T. brasiliensis and Molossus molossus) in Brazil. In common with the experience of others doing similar work, attempts to isolate the virus in cell cultures were unsuccessful. We surmise that this and highly related alphacoronavirus are carried by Brazilian free-tailed bats living in a wide eco-spatial region. As various coronaviruses (CoVs) that affect humans emerged from bats, our study raises the question whether CoVs such as the one detected in our work are yet-to-be-detected pathogens of humans and animals other than bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania S Bonny
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - John P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA.
| | - Taylor Paisie
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Genetics and Genomics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - John Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0277, USA.
| | - Lisa A Shender
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.
| | - Lisa Smith
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.
| | - Carolyn Enloe
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.
| | - Kevin Oxenrider
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.
| | - Jeffery A Gore
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.
| | - Julia C Loeb
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Wray AK, Olival KJ, Morán D, Lopez MR, Alvarez D, Navarrete-Macias I, Liang E, Simmons NB, Lipkin WI, Daszak P, Anthony SJ. Viral Diversity, Prey Preference, and Bartonella Prevalence in Desmodus rotundus in Guatemala. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:761-774. [PMID: 27660213 PMCID: PMC5164864 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Certain bat species serve as natural reservoirs for pathogens in several key viral families including henipa-, lyssa-, corona-, and filoviruses, which may pose serious threats to human health. The Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), due to its abundance, sanguivorous feeding habit involving humans and domestic animals, and highly social behavioral ecology, may have an unusually high potential for interspecies disease transmission. Previous studies have investigated rabies dynamics in D. rotundus, yet the diversity of other viruses, bacteria, and other microbes that these bats may carry remains largely unknown. We screened 396 blood, urine, saliva, and fecal samples from D. rotundus captured in Guatemala for 13 viral families and genera. Positive results were found for rhabdovirus, adenovirus, and herpesvirus assays. We also screened these samples for Bartonella spp. and found that 38% of individuals tested positive. To characterize potential for interspecies transmission associated with feeding behavior, we also analyzed cytochrome B sequences from fecal samples to identify prey species and found that domestic cattle (Bos taurus) made up the majority of blood meals. Our findings suggest that the risk of pathogen spillover from Desmodus rotundus, including between domestic animal species, is possible and warrants further investigation to characterize this microbial diversity and expand our understanding of foraging ecology in their populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Wray
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, Suite 1701, New York, NY, 11231, USA.
| | - David Morán
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Maria Renee Lopez
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Danilo Alvarez
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Isamara Navarrete-Macias
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eliza Liang
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, Suite 1701, New York, NY, 11231, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, Suite 1701, New York, NY, 11231, USA
| | - Simon J Anthony
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, Suite 1701, New York, NY, 11231, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Oliveira RSD, Costa LJCD, Andrade FAGD, Uieda W, Martorelli LFA, Kataoka APDAG, Rosa ESTD, Vasconcelos PFDC, Pereira ADS, Carmo AIBD, Fernandes MEB. VIROLOGICAL AND SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES IN BATS FROM AN URBAN AREA IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:497-503. [PMID: 27049703 PMCID: PMC4727135 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of rabies in humans transmitted by Desmodus rotundus in 2004 and 2005,
in the northeast of the Brazilian State of Para, eastern Amazon basin, made this a
priority area for studies on this zoonosis. Given this, the present study provides
data on this phenomenon in an urban context, in order to assess the possible
circulation of the classic rabies virus (RABV) among bat species in Capanema, a town
in the Amazon basin. Bats were collected, in 2011, with mist nets during the wet and
dry seasons. Samples of brain tissue and blood were collected for virological and
serological survey, respectively. None of the 153 brain tissue samples analyzed
tested positive for RABV infection, but 50.34% (95% CI: 45.67-55.01%) of the serum
samples analyzed were seropositive. Artibeus planirostris was the most common
species, with a high percentage of seropositive individuals (52.46%, 95% CI: 52.31
52.60%). Statistically, equal proportions of seropositive results were obtained in
the rainy and dry seasons (c2 = 0.057, d.f. = 1, p = 0.88). Significantly
higher proportions of males (55.96%, 95% CI: 48.96-62.96%) and adults (52.37%, 95%
CI: 47.35-57.39%) were seropositive. While none of the brain tissue samples tested
positive for infection, the high proportion of seropositive specimens indicates that
RABV may be widespread in this urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wilson Uieda
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Medeiros R, Jusot V, Houillon G, Rasuli A, Martorelli L, Kataoka AP, Mechlia MB, Le Guern AS, Rodrigues L, Assef R, Maestri A, Lima R, Rotivel Y, Bosch-Castells V, Tordo N. Persistence of Rabies Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies after Vaccination of Rural Population following Vampire Bat Rabies Outbreak in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004920. [PMID: 27653947 PMCID: PMC5031405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal control measures in Latin America have decreased the incidence of urban human rabies transmitted by dogs and cats; currently most cases of human rabies are transmitted by bats. In 2004-2005, rabies outbreaks in populations living in rural Brazil prompted widespread vaccination of exposed and at-risk populations. More than 3,500 inhabitants of Augusto Correa (Pará State) received either post-exposure (PEP) or pre-exposure (PrEP) prophylaxis. This study evaluated the persistence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) annually for 4 years post-vaccination. The aim was to evaluate the impact of rabies PrEP and PEP in a population at risk living in a rural setting to help improve management of vampire bat exposure and provide additional data on the need for booster vaccination against rabies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This prospective study was conducted in 2007 through 2009 in a population previously vaccinated in 2005; study participants were followed-up annually. An RVNA titer >0.5 International Units (IU)/mL was chosen as the threshold of seroconversion. Participants with titers ≤0.5 IU/mL or Equivalent Units (EU)/mL at enrollment or at subsequent annual visits received booster doses of purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV). Adherence of the participants from this Amazonian community to the study protocol was excellent, with 428 of the 509 (84%) who attended the first interview in 2007 returning for the final visit in 2009. The long-term RVNA persistence was good, with 85-88.0% of the non-boosted participants evaluated at each yearly follow-up visit remaining seroconverted. Similar RVNA persistence profiles were observed in participants originally given PEP or PrEP in 2005, and the GMT of the study population remained >1 IU/mL 4 years after vaccination. At the end of the study, 51 subjects (11.9% of the interviewed population) had received at least one dose of booster since their vaccination in 2005. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study and the events preceding it underscore the need for the health authorities in rabies enzootic countries to decide on the best strategies and timing for the introduction of routine rabies PrEP vaccination in affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Medeiros
- Universidade Federal do Pará e Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém-Pará, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liliam Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal do Pará e Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém-Pará, Brasil
| | - Rhomero Assef
- Universidade Federal do Pará e Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém-Pará, Brasil
| | - Alvino Maestri
- Universidade Federal do Pará e Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém-Pará, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Noël Tordo
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Secretaria de Saude do Estado do Pará, Brasil
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Guinea
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de Andrade FAG, Gomes MN, Uieda W, Begot AL, Ramos ODS, Fernandes MEB. Geographical Analysis for Detecting High-Risk Areas for Bovine/Human Rabies Transmitted by the Common Hematophagous Bat in the Amazon Region, Brazil. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157332. [PMID: 27388498 PMCID: PMC4936729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The common hematophagous bat, Desmodus rotundus, is one of the main wild reservoirs of rabies virus in several regions in Latin America. New production practices and changed land use have provided environmental features that have been very favorable for D. rotundus bat populations, making this species the main transmitter of rabies in the cycle that involves humans and herbivores. In the Amazon region, these features include a mosaic of environmental, social, and economic components, which together creates areas with different levels of risk for human and bovine infections, as presented in this work in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Methodology We geo-referenced a total of 175 cases of rabies, of which 88% occurred in bovines and 12% in humans, respectively, and related these cases to a number of different geographical and biological variables. The spatial distribution was analyzed using the Kernel function, while the association with independent variables was assessed using a multi-criterion Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. Findings The spatiotemporal analysis of the occurrence of rabies in bovines and humans found reduction in the number of cases in the eastern state of Pará, where no more cases were recorded in humans, whereas high infection rates were recorded in bovines in the northeastern part of the state, and low rates in the southeast. The areas of highest risk for bovine rabies are found in the proximity of rivers and highways. In the case of human rabies, the highest concentration of high-risk areas was found where the highway network coincides with high densities of rural and indigenous populations. Conclusion The high-risk areas for human and bovine rabies are patchily distributed, and related to extensive deforested areas, large herds of cattle, and the presence of highways. These findings provide an important database for the generation of epidemiological models that could support the development of effective prevention measures and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murilo N. Gomes
- Escritório de Defesa Agropecuária de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Defesa Agropecuária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Uieda
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto L. Begot
- Departamento de Endemias, Secretaria Executiva de Saúde Pública do Estado do Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ofir de S. Ramos
- Laboratório de Virologia, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário do Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marcus E. B. Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Manguezal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brazil
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Complete Genome Sequence of a Vampire Bat Rabies Virus from French Guiana. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/2/e00188-16. [PMID: 27056216 PMCID: PMC4824249 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00188-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A rabies virus was detected in a common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) in French Guiana. Its genomic sequence was obtained and found to be closely related to other hematophagous bat-related viruses that widely circulate in the northern Amazon region. This virus is named AT6.
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Abstract
Zoonosis is the leading cause of emerging infectious diseases. In a recent article, R. S. Shabman et al. (mSphere 1[1]:e00070-15, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00070-15) report the identification of a novel gammaherpesvirus in a cell line derived from the microbat Myotis velifer incautus. This is the first report on a replicating, infectious gammaherpesvirus from bats. The new virus is named bat gammaherpesvirus 8 (BGHV8), also known as Myotis gammaherpesvirus 8, and is able to infect multiple cell lines, including those of human origin. Using next-generation sequencing technology, the authors constructed a full-length annotated genomic map of BGHV8. Phylogenetic analysis of several genes from BGHV8 revealed similarity to several mammalian gammaherpesviruses, including Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV).
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da Costa LJC, Fernandes MEB. Rabies: Knowledge and Practices Regarding Rabies in Rural Communities of the Brazilian Amazon Basin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004474. [PMID: 26927503 PMCID: PMC4771201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of outbreaks of human rabies transmitted by Desmodus rotundus in Brazil in 2004 and 2005 reinforced the need for further research into this zoonosis. Studies of knowledge and practices related to the disease will help to define strategies for the avoidance of new cases, through the identification of gaps that may affect the preventive practices. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to 681 residents of twelve communities of northeastern Pará state involved in the 2004 and 2005 outbreaks mentioned above. The objective was to evaluate the local knowledge and practices related to the disease. We found a highly significant difference (p<0.0001) in the knowledge of rabies among education levels, indicating that education is a primary determinant of knowledge on this disease. More than half of the respondents (63%) recognized the seriousness of the zoonosis, and 50% were aware of the importance of bats for its transmission, although few individuals (11%) were familiar with the symptoms, and only 40% knew methods of prevention. Even so, 70% of pet owners maintained their animals vaccinated, and 52% of the respondents bitten by bats had received post-exposure vaccination. Most of the respondents (57%) reported being familiarized with rabies through informal discussions, and only a few (23%) mentioned public health agents as the source of their information. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We identified many gaps in the knowledge and practices of the respondents regarding rabies. This may be the result of the reduced participation of public health agents in the transfer of details about the disease. The lack of knowledge may be a direct determinant in the occurrence of new outbreaks. Given these findings, there is a clear need for specific educational initiatives involving the local population and the public health entities, with the primary aim of contributing to the prevention of rabies.
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de Thoisy B, Bourhy H, Delaval M, Pontier D, Dacheux L, Darcissac E, Donato D, Guidez A, Larrous F, Lavenir R, Salmier A, Lacoste V, Lavergne A. Bioecological Drivers of Rabies Virus Circulation in a Neotropical Bat Community. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004378. [PMID: 26808820 PMCID: PMC4726525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In addition to the commonly accepted importance of the vampire bat in the maintenance and transmission of the rabies virus (RABV) in South America, RABV infection of other species is widely evidenced, challenging their role in the viral cycle. METHODOLOGY / PRINCIPLES FINDINGS To identify the bioecological drivers of RABV circulation in neotropical bat communities, we conducted a molecular and serological survey on almost 1,000 bats from 30 species, and a 4-year longitudinal survey in two colonies of vampire bats in French Guiana. RABV was molecularly detected in a common vampire and in a frugivorous bat. The sequences corresponded to haematophagous bat-related strains and were close to viruses circulating in the Brazilian Amazon region. Species' seroprevalence ranged from 0 to 20%, and the risk of seropositivity was higher in bats with a haematophagous diet, living in monospecific colonies and in dense forests. The longitudinal survey showed substantial temporal fluctuations, with individual waves of seroconversions and waning immunity. The high prevalences observed in bat communities, in most habitats and in species that do not share the same microhabitats and bioecological patterns, the temporal variations, and a rather short period of detectable antibodies as observed in recaptured vampires suggest (i) frequent exposure of animals, (ii) an ability of the infected host to control and eliminate the virus, (iii) more relaxed modes of exposure between bats than the commonly assumed infection via direct contact with saliva of infected animals, all of which should be further investigated. CONCLUSIONS / SIGNIFICANCE We hypothesize that RABV circulation in French Guiana is mainly maintained in the pristine forest habitats that may provide sufficient food resources to allow vampire bats, the main prevalent species, to survive and RABV to be propagated. However, on the forest edge and in disturbed areas, human activities may induce more insidious effects such as defaunation. One of the ecological consequences is the disappearance of resources for tertiary or secondary consumers. Populations of vampires may then shift to alternative resources such as cattle, domestic animals and humans. Therefore, a good forest status, allowing both a dilution effect in highly rich bat communities and the maintenance of large populations of medium-sized and large mammals used as prey by vampires, should prevent their migration to anthropized areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit de Thoisy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Dominique Pontier
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie évolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, Université Lyon 1 / CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Edith Darcissac
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Damien Donato
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Amandine Guidez
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Florence Larrous
- Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Lavenir
- Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arielle Salmier
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Anne Lavergne
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Andrade FAG, França ÉS, Souza VP, Barreto MSOD, Fernandes MEB. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Attacks by Common Vampire Bats (Desmodus rotundus) on Humans in the Rural Brazilian Amazon Basin. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2015.17.2.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Escobar LE, Peterson AT, Favi M, Yung V, Medina-Vogel G. Bat-borne rabies in Latin America. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:63-72. [PMID: 25651328 PMCID: PMC4325525 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The situation of rabies in America is complex: rabies in dogs has
decreased dramatically, but bats are increasingly recognized as natural reservoirs of
other rabies variants. Here, bat species known to be rabies-positive with different
antigenic variants, are summarized in relation to bat conservation status across
Latin America. Rabies virus is widespread in Latin American bat species, 22.5%75 of bat species have been confirmed as rabies-positive. Most bat species found
rabies positive are classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature
as “Least Concern”. According to diet type, insectivorous bats had the most species
known as rabies reservoirs, while in proportion hematophagous bats were the most
important. Research at coarse spatial scales must strive to understand rabies
ecology; basic information on distribution and population dynamics of many Latin
American and Caribbean bat species is needed; and detailed information on effects of
landscape change in driving bat-borne rabies outbreaks remains unassessed. Finally,
integrated approaches including public health, ecology, and conservation biology are
needed to understand and prevent emergent diseases in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Escobar
- Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago Centro, Chile
| | | | - Myriam Favi
- Sección Rabia, Subdepartamento de Virología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Yung
- Sección Rabia, Subdepartamento de Virología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Medina-Vogel
- Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago Centro, Chile
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Bobrowiec PED, Lemes MR, Gribel R. Prey preference of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus, Chiroptera) using molecular analysis. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Oviedo-Pastrana ME, Oliveira CSF, Capanema RO, Nicolino RR, Oviedo-Socarras TJ, Haddad JPA. Trends in animal rabies surveillance in the endemic state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003591. [PMID: 25774775 PMCID: PMC4361666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a viral zoonosis affecting mammal species and causes large economic losses. Included among the neglected diseases, it is still insufficiently addressed by governments and the international community, despite formal surveillance and control programs. This study used a dataset of 10,112 rabies diagnoses in animals provided by the Brazilian passive surveillance system from 2001 to 2012. The positivity rate of the tested samples was 26.4%, and a reduction in the total samples sent during the last six years was observed. The kernel density map indicated case concentration in the south region and a decrease in density of rabies cases in the second period studied (2007 to 2012). The directional trend of positive rabies diagnoses remained in the south region, as shown by the standard deviational ellipse. The spatial scan statistic identified three large clusters of positive diagnoses, one in the first period (2001-2006) and two in the second period (2007-2012), indicating an expansion of risk areas. The decrease in rabies cases from 2006 to 2012 does not necessarily reflect lower viral circulation or improvement in actions by epidemiological surveillance; this decrease could indicate a deficiency in epidemiological surveillance during the observation period due to the increase in the silent areas. Surveillance should maintain an increasing or constant number of tests during the years in addition to a reduction in the number of outbreaks of rabies, which would indicate a lower positivity rate. The findings in this study indicate deterioration in the effectiveness of the passive surveillance for rabies. The number of rabies cases, total number of tests performed and positivity rate are good indicators for evaluating passive surveillance. This paper can function as a guide for the assessment and improvement of the actions in passive surveillance of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misael E. Oviedo-Pastrana
- Federal University of Minas Gerais—UFMG, Veterinary School, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S. F. Oliveira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais—UFMG, Veterinary School, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato O. Capanema
- Federal University of Minas Gerais—UFMG, Veterinary School, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael R. Nicolino
- Federal University of Minas Gerais—UFMG, Veterinary School, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Teresa J. Oviedo-Socarras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - João Paulo A. Haddad
- Federal University of Minas Gerais—UFMG, Veterinary School, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Moran D, Juliao P, Alvarez D, Lindblade KA, Ellison JA, Gilbert AT, Petersen B, Rupprecht C, Recuenco S. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding rabies and exposure to bats in two rural communities in Guatemala. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:955. [PMID: 25576098 PMCID: PMC4302579 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-014-0955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by rabies virus, of the genus Lyssavirus. The principal reservoir for rabies in Latin America is the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus), which feeds routinely on the blood of cattle, and when livestock are scarce, may prey on other mammals, including humans. Although rabies is endemic in common vampire bat populations in Guatemala, there is limited research on the extent of exposure to bats among human populations living near bat refuges. RESULTS A random sample of 270 of 473 households (57%) in two communities located within 2 Km of a known bat roost was selected and one adult from each household was interviewed. Exposure to bats (bites, scratches or bare skin contact) was reported by 96 (6%) of the 1,721 residents among the selected households. Of those exposed, 40% received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. Four percent of household respondents reported that they would seek rabies post exposure prophylaxis if they were bitten by a bat. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that exposure to bats in communities near bat roosts is common but recognition of the potential for rabies transmission from bats is low. There is a need for educational outreach to raise awareness of bat-associated rabies, prevent exposures to bats and ensure appropriate health-seeking behaviours for bat-inflicted wounds, particularly among communities living near bat roosts in Guatemala.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moran
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
| | - Patricia Juliao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Regional Office for Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
| | - Danilo Alvarez
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
| | - Kim A Lindblade
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Regional Office for Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
- Global Disease Detection Branch, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - James A Ellison
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Amy T Gilbert
- USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Brett Petersen
- Global Disease Detection Branch, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Charles Rupprecht
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indie.
| | - Sergio Recuenco
- Global Disease Detection Branch, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Cunha RDM, Carneiro AJB, Gonçalves RDS, Becerra DRD, Stöcker A, Barrouin-Melo SM, Franke CR. Envolvimento do Desmodus rotundus no ciclo epidemiológico das leishmanioses na Bahia, Brasil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402014000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As leishmanioses são protozoonoses causadas por diferentes espécies do gênero Leishmania. Pouco se sabe sobre o papel de algumas espécies de mamíferos na epidemiologia dessas doenças. Alguns relatos apontam quirópteros como potenciais hospedeiros. Este estudo visa avaliar a presença de infecção por Leishmania spp. em Desmodus rotundus. Métodos moleculares capazes de identificar fragmentos de DNA de Leishmania foram empregados para as análises dos 100 quirópteros envolvidos neste estudo . Em 16% das amostras foram detectados presença de DNA de Leishmania sp. com a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) convencional. Contudo, tal resultado não se repetiu quando avaliadas pela PCR em Tempo Real, aplicada com finalidade de distinção das espécies de Leishmania, o que sugeriu a ocorrência de contaminação das amostras na análise prévia. Apesar deste resultado, aspectos comportamentais e da biologia do D. rotundus sugerem que eles, assim como outras espécies de quirópteros, sejam potenciais hospedeiros destes protozoários.
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Gaines J, Sotir MJ, Cunningham TJ, Harvey KA, Lee CV, Stoney RJ, Gershman MD, Brunette GW, Kozarsky PE. Health and safety issues for travelers attending the World Cup and Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games in Brazil, 2014 to 2016. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174:1383-90. [PMID: 24887552 PMCID: PMC4655589 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Travelers from around the globe will attend the 2014 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup and the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Brazil. Travelers to these mass gathering events may be exposed to a range of health risks, including a variety of infectious diseases. Most travelers who become ill will present to their primary care physicians, and thus it is important that clinicians are aware of the risks their patients encountered. OBJECTIVE To highlight health and safety concerns for people traveling to these events in Brazil so that health care practitioners can better prepare travelers before they travel and more effectively diagnose and treat travelers after they return. EVIDENCE REVIEW We reviewed both peer-reviewed and gray literature to identify health outcomes associated with travel to Brazil and mass gatherings. Thirteen specific infectious diseases are described in terms of signs, symptoms, and treatment. Relevant safety and security concerns are also discussed. FINDINGS Travelers to Brazil for mass gathering events face unique health risks associated with their travel. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Travelers should consult a health care practitioner 4 to 6 weeks before travel to Brazil and seek up-to-date information regarding their specific itineraries. For the most up-to-date information, health care practitioners can visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Travelers' Health website (http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel) or review CDC's Yellow Book online (http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/yellowbook-home-2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gaines
- Geographic Medicine and Health Promotion Branch, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mark J Sotir
- Geographic Medicine and Health Promotion Branch, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy J Cunningham
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kira A Harvey
- Geographic Medicine and Health Promotion Branch, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C Virginia Lee
- Geographic Medicine and Health Promotion Branch, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rhett J Stoney
- Geographic Medicine and Health Promotion Branch, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mark D Gershman
- Geographic Medicine and Health Promotion Branch, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gary W Brunette
- Geographic Medicine and Health Promotion Branch, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Phyllis E Kozarsky
- Geographic Medicine and Health Promotion Branch, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia3Emory University School of Medi
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Confalonieri UE, Margonari C, Quintão AF. Environmental change and the dynamics of parasitic diseases in the Amazon. Acta Trop 2014; 129:33-41. [PMID: 24056199 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Amazonian environment is changing rapidly, due to deforestation, in the short term, and, climatic change is projected to alter its forest cover, in the next few decades. These modifications to the, environment have been altering the dynamics of infectious diseases which have natural foci in the, Amazonian biome, especially in its forest. Current land use practices which are changing the, epidemiological profile of the parasitic diseases in the region are road building; logging; mining; expansion of agriculture and cattle ranching and the building of large dams. Malaria and the cutaneous, leishmaniasis are the diseases best known for their rapid changes in response to environmental, modifications. Others such as soil-transmitted helminthiases, filarial infections and toxoplasmosis, which have part of their developmental cycles in the biophysical environment, are also expected to, change rapidly. An interdisciplinary approach and an integrated, international surveillance are needed, to manage the environmentally-driven changes in the Amazonian parasitic diseases in the near future.
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Costa LJC, Andrade FAG, Uieda W, Martorelli LFA, Kataoka APAG, Fernandes MEB. Serological investigation of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in bats captured in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:684-9. [PMID: 24100701 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2004 and 2005 a total of 38 cases of human rabies transmitted by the hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus were registered in the Brazilian state of Pará; 23 (60.5%) cases occurred in the northeastern region. Because of this, a serological investigation for the antibodies of rabies virus was performed in municipalities of the northeastern state of Pará, in order to assess whether the virus was circulating among different bat species. METHODS Bats were collected in 2009 with mist-nets during the rainy and dry seasons and blood samples were collected for the serological survey. RESULTS A total of 307 serum samples were obtained representing 28 bat species. The number of seropositives was high (50.8%, 156/307) and was significantly higher during the rainy season (67.4%, 95/141). No significant difference in rates was found between male and female or adult and juvenile. Seropositive individuals were recorded in 24 species sampled, the most prominent being Artibeus planirostris, with 52.2% (24/46) positive individuals. CONCLUSION The serological proportion reported in this paper in a large numbers of individuals indicates that the rabies virus circulates quite actively in the study region, but, because of the production of antibodies, the expression of the disease in these individuals is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanna J C Costa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Manguezal, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará - Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brasil
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Lima FEDS, Cibulski SP, Elesbao F, Carnieli Junior P, Batista HBDCR, Roehe PM, Franco AC. First detection of adenovirus in the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) in Brazil. Virus Genes 2013; 47:378-81. [PMID: 23828618 PMCID: PMC7088603 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the first detection of adenovirus in a Brazilian Desmodus rotundus bat, the common vampire bat. As part of a continuous rabies surveillance program, three bat specimens were captured in Southern Brazil. Total DNA was extracted from pooled organs and submitted to a nested PCR designed to amplify a 280 bp long portion of the DNA polymerase gene of adenoviruses. One positive sample was subjected to nucleotide sequencing, confirming that this DNA fragment belongs to a member of the genus Mastadenovirus. This sequence is approximately 25 % divergent at the nucleotide level from equine adenovirus 1 and two other recently characterized bat adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Esmaile de Sales Lima
- Veterinary Research Institute "Desiderio Finamor" (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, CEP 92990-000, Brazil,
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Berger F, Desplanches N, Baillargeaux S, Joubert M, Miller M, Ribadeau-Dumas F, Spiegel A, Bourhy H. Rabies Risk: Difficulties Encountered during Management of Grouped Cases of Bat Bites in 2 Isolated Villages in French Guiana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2258. [PMID: 23826400 PMCID: PMC3694830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In French Guiana, from 1984 to 2011, 14 animal rabies cases and 1 human rabies case (2008) were diagnosed. In January 2011, vampire-bat attacks occurred in 2 isolated villages. In mid-January, a medical team from the Cayenne Centre for Anti-Rabies Treatment visited the sites to manage individuals potentially exposed to rabies and, in April, an anti-rabies vaccination campaign for dogs was conducted. Twenty individuals were bitten by bats in 1 month, most frequently on the feet. The median time to start management was 15 days. The complete Zagreb vaccination protocol (2 doses on day 0 and 1 dose on days 7 and 21) was administered to 16 patients, 12 also received specific immunoglobulins. The antibody titration was obtained for 12 patients (different from those who received immunoglobulins). The antibody titers were ≥0.5 EU/mL for all of them. The serology has not been implemented for the 12 patients who received immunoglobulins. Accidental destruction of a vampire-bat colony could be responsible for the attacks. The isolation and absence of sensitization of the populations were the main explanations for the management difficulties encountered. Sensitization programs should be conducted regularly. Rabies is a disease almost invariably fatal in humans once the first clinical signs appear. In French Guiana bats represent the virus reservoir, especially vampire bats. From 1984 to 2011, 14 animal rabies cases and 1 human rabies case (2008) were diagnosed. In case of bat bite, anti-rabies immunoglobulins (RIG) and rabies vaccine must be rapidly administrated. The specific rabies management is exclusively performed by Centre for Anti-Rabies Treatment (CART), located at the Institut Pasteur in Cayenne, the prefecture of French Guiana, and 6 Anti-Rabies Treatment Outposts distributed along the coastal edge and along the two main rivers. Only a CART physician can administer RIG. In January 2011, vampire-bat attacks occurred in 2 isolated villages. In mid-January, a medical team from the CART visited the sites to manage individuals potentially exposed to rabies and, in April, an anti-rabies vaccination campaign for dogs was conducted. The most relevant contribution of this study is to underline difficulties to provide rabies post-exposure prophylaxis to remote populations exposed to bat rabies in the Amazonian region and to show the lack of awareness of these rural populations concerning rabies and the risk associated to vampire bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Berger
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Manuelle Miller
- Direction de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - André Spiegel
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence de la Rage, Paris, France
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The emergence of wildlife species as a source of human rabies infection in Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:1552-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYForty-five human rabies virus isolates from a wide geographical area of Brazil were characterized using an anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibody panel and by partial nucleotide sequencing analysis of the nucleoprotein gene. Three major antigenic groups related to the antigenic variants maintained in domestic dogs, vampire bats and marmosets were identified. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the viruses from dog-related cases segregated into four sister clades: three associated with dog-endemic cycles in Brazil and one with the crab-eating fox cycle in the northeastern region of the country. The vampire bat- and marmoset-related viruses formed two independent groups. The topology of these clades was conserved when these samples were compared to virus representatives of the currently reported rabies endemic cycles in the Americas. These results indicated the presence of multiple endemic transmission cycles maintained in four different reservoirs, domestic dogs, crab-eating foxes, vampire bats and marmosets, which are being transmitted directly to humans and should be considered as a high-risk for rabies infection.
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Abstract
The lyssaviruses are a diverse group of viruses capable of causing rabies, which is an invariably fatal encephalitic disease in both humans and animals. Currently, the lyssavirus genus consists of 12 species with 11 of these distinct species having been isolated from bats. The basis for the apparent geographical segregation of bat lyssavirus infection between the Old and New World is poorly understood. In the New World species of insectivorous, frugivorous, and hematophagous bats, all represent important reservoirs of rabies virus. In contrast, rabies virus has never been detected in Old World bat populations, despite being endemic in terrestrial mammals. Instead, both insectivorous and frugivorous bat species across the Old World appear to act as reservoirs for the non-rabies lyssaviruses. In this chapter, we describe the association of the different lyssaviruses with different bat species across the world, classifying bat species by their feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - David T.S. Hayman
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK,Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK,National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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Fahl WO, Carnieli P, Castilho JG, Carrieri ML, Kotait I, Iamamoto K, Oliveira RN, Brandão PE. Desmodus rotundus and Artibeus spp. bats might present distinct rabies virus lineages. Braz J Infect Dis 2012; 16:545-51. [PMID: 23146155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, bats have been assigned an increasing importance in public health as they are important rabies reservoirs. Phylogenetic studies have shown that rabies virus (RABV) strains from frugivorous bats Artibeus spp. are closely associated to those from the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus, but little is known about the molecular diversity of RABV in Artibeus spp. The N and G genes of RABV isolated from Artibeus spp. and cattle infected by D. rotundus were sequenced, and phylogenetic trees were constructed. The N gene nucleotides tree showed three clusters: one for D. rotundus and two for Artibeus spp. Regarding putative N amino acid-trees, two clusters were formed, one for D. rotundus and another for Artibeus spp. RABV G gene phylogeny supported the distinction between D. rotundus and Artibeus spp. strains. These results show the intricate host relationship of RABV's evolutionary history, and are invaluable for the determination of RABV infection sources.
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Albas A, Campos ACDA, Araujo DB, Rodrigues CS, Sodré MM, Durigon EL, Favoretto SR. Molecular characterization of rabies virus isolated from non-haematophagous bats in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 44:678-83. [PMID: 22231241 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rabies is an important zoonosis that causes thousands of deaths worldwide each year. Although the terrestrial cycle, mainly transmitted by dogs, is controlled in Brazil, the aerial cycle remains a serious public health issue, besides the economic problem. In the aerial cycle, the haematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus is the main source of infection, where several different species of non-haematophagous bats can be infected and can transmit the virus. METHODS The aim of this work was to study the epidemiological pattern of rabies using antigenic characterization with monoclonal antibodies and genetic characterization by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of non-haematophagous bats' and herbivorous animals' central nervous system samples from the western region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS From 27 samples, 3 antigenic variants were identified: AgV-3, AgV-4, and AgV-6; and from 29 samples, 5 different clusters were identified, all belonging to the rabies virus species. CONCLUSIONS Although only non-haematophagous bats were evaluated in the studied region, the majority of samples were from antigenic and genetic variants related to haematophagous bats Desmodus rotundus. Samples from the same antigenic variant were segregated in more than one genetic cluster. This study demonstrated the diversity of rabies virus genetic lineages presented and circulating in non-haematophagous bats in the studied region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelino Albas
- Pólo da Alta Sorocabana, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia de Agronegócios Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
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Mahamat A, Meynard JB, Djossou F, Dussart P, Demar M, Fontanella JM, Hommel D, Flamand C, Bourhy H, Spiegel A. Risk of rabies transmission and adverse effects of postexposure prophylaxis in health care workers exposed to a fatal case of human rabies. Am J Infect Control 2012; 40:456-8. [PMID: 21906845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
On May 27, 2008, a patient died from rabies at the Cayenne Hospital in French Guiana. Postexposure prophylaxis vaccination was implemented for all health care workers exposed to this patient. Examining the management of such a rare risk reveals important factors in the education of personnel who may have contact with a patient with rabies, to permit appropriate risk assessment and reduce unnecessary postexposure prophylaxis, taking into account the risks and costs of adverse events.
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BHUNU CP. IMPACT OF CULLING STRAY DOGS AND VACCINATION ON THE CONTROL OF HUMAN RABIES: A MATHEMATICAL MODELING APPROACH. INT J BIOMATH 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524511001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human rabies cases are not declining in Africa and Asia even though possible interventions are available. A mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of rabies is presented and analyzed in the presence of intervention strategies (culling, dog vaccinations, pre- and post-exposure vaccinations for humans). The reproduction number is computed and rigorously analyzed. Analytical results suggest that the key to rabies control lies in good animal control and seeking medical advice early, once exposed to a dog bite. Numerical simulations support analytical results obtained. We conclude that the post-exposure prophylaxis might be the best possible way to control rabies in developing nations if it can be made easily accessible to those in need. However, due to costs of vaccines which are beyond the reach of many people in developing nations, it may be best to come up with better animal control strategies to control the spread of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. P. BHUNU
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB3 OES, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Modeling Biomedical Systems Research Group, National University of Science and Technology, Box AC939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
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