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Nguyen TT, Mai TN, Dang-Xuan S, Nguyen-Viet H, Unger F, Lee HS. Emerging zoonotic diseases in Southeast Asia in the period 2011-2022: a systematic literature review. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-15. [PMID: 38229485 PMCID: PMC10795789 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2300965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 has shown, pandemics and outbreaks of emerging infections such as Zika, Nipah, monkeypox and antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, especially emerging zoonotic diseases, continue to occur and may even be increasing in Southeast Asia. In addition, these infections often result from environmental changes and human behaviour. Overall, public health surveillance to identify gaps in the literature and early warning signs are essential in this region. A systematic review investigated the prevalence of emerging zoonotic diseases over 11 years from 2011 to 2022 in Southeast Asia to understand the status of emerging zoonotic diseases, as well as to provide necessary actions for disease control and prevention in the region. During the 2011-2022 period, studies on pigs, poultry, ruminants, companion animals and wildlife in Southeast Asia were reviewed thoroughly to assess the quality of reporting items for inclusion in the systematic review. The review was performed on 26 studies of pigs, 6 studies of poultry, 21 studies of ruminants, 28 studies of companion animals and 25 studies of wildlife in Southeast Asia, which provide a snapshot of the prevalence of the emerging zoonotic disease across the country. The findings from the review showed that emerging zoonotic diseases were prevalent across the region and identified a few zoonotic diseases associated with poultry, mainly stemming from Cambodia and Vietnam, as high priority in Southeast Asia.Clinical relevance: Appropriate prevention and control measures should be taken to mitigate the emerging zoonotic diseases in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Trung Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ngan Mai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sinh Dang-Xuan
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Rajoromanana B, Nyirenda G, Edosoa GT, Andrianasolo RL, Rietmann S, Marks F, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Haselbeck A, Farasolo PAR. Dog ecology and rabies control including canine vaccination coverage: Impacts from a survey in Madagascar. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302690. [PMID: 38722982 PMCID: PMC11081359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies virus (RABV; species Lyssavirus rabies) is causing one of the oldest zoonotic diseases known to mankind, leading to fatal encephalomyelitis in animals and humans. Despite the existence of safe and effective vaccines to prevent the disease, an estimated 99% of human rabies deaths worldwide are caused by dog-mediated rabies with children at the highest risk of infection. Rabies has been endemic in Madagascar for over a century, yet there has been little research evaluating local knowledge and practices impacting on the rabies control and prevention. Thus, this study was undertaken to better understand the dog ecology including canine vaccine coverage and to assess knowledge and practices of dog owners and veterinarians. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted among 123 dog-owning households in thirteen fokontanys in Mahajanga from July 4 to September 13, 2016. Single and multi-member dog-owning households in the study area on the day of the interview were eligible for inclusion and purposively selected with the support of a local guide. The survey included a household questionnaire capturing information on the dog's demographics, husbandry practices, knowledge and practices towards rabies and its control measures; the dog ecology questionnaire collected dog characteristics, vaccination status and husbandry practices. All households that reported a dog bite incident, were invited to participate in a dog bite questionnaire. In addition, direct observations of roaming dogs were conducted to assess dog population demographics and to document behavioural characteristics. Two veterinarians were purposively selected and took part in an interview during the survey period, providing information on rabies control activities, including dog-care practices in the area. Descriptive and inferential data analyses were performed using Epi Info version 7.1.5.0 (CDC Atlanta, USA). RESULTS We recorded a total of 400 dogs, of which 338 (84.5%) were owned amongst 123 households. More than half (67.8%) of owned dogs were between 1 to 5 years old and 95.6% were kept for guarding purposes. 45% of the surveyed dogs had free access to roam outside the premises. The majority (85.4%) of dog owners were knowledgeable that a dog bite could potentially transmit RABV to humans. 19 dog bites were reported and of these 73.6% were caused by the owner's or a neighbour's dog. In 6 of the 19 cases, children between 7 and 15 years of age were the victims. Dog vaccination coverage against rabies was 34% among owned dogs. Of the participants aware of a veterinarian, the majority (55/82) indicated that they accessed veterinarian services at irregular intervals. The main obstacles to vaccinations cited by dog owners were limited financial resources and difficulty accessing veterinary care. CONCLUSION This study contributes to enhanced understanding of the dog ecology including canine vaccine coverage as well as knowledge and practices of dog owners in Madagascar. Most dogs in the study area were accessible for preventive vaccination through their owners, however only one third of the investigated canine population was vaccinated against rabies. Concerted national efforts towards rabies prevention and control should aim to address financial challenges and access to veterinary services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Rajoromanana
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | | | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Faculté de Science, de Technologie et de l’environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
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Cahyanti N, Syukur S, Purwati E, Fitria Y, Rahmadani I, Subekti DT. Molecular analysis and geographic distribution of the recent Indonesian rabies virus. Vet World 2023; 16:2479-2487. [PMID: 38328351 PMCID: PMC10844793 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2479-2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Some Indonesian islands, including Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java, and East Nusa Tenggara, have endemic rabies. Rabies outbreaks in Bali began from 2008 to 2011 and continue to occur sporadically. This study aimed to study the molecular analysis and geographical distribution of Indonesian rabies virus (RABV) from 2016 to 2021 and compare to previous periods. Materials and Methods Virus isolates from 2016 to 2021 were extracted from dog brains and sequenced at the nucleoprotein gene locus. They were compared with data sequences available in the GenBank database. Indonesian RABV from the previous three periods (before 1989, 1997-2003, and 2008-2010) was extracted from the GenBank database. The genetic diversity in this study was based on the N gene of Indonesian RABV. Results Asian RABV, which is genetically close to the Indonesian virus, is a virus from China (ASIA-3 cluster) and from the Southeast Asia region, namely, virus isolates from Sarawak and Malaysia and some Cambodian isolates. Rabies virus, which was isolated from the Bali islands, was the new cluster first detected and published in Bali, Indonesia, in 2008, while RABV from West Sumatra Province, which was isolated from 2016 to 2021, was also considered a new cluster that is genetically distant from other clusters in Indonesia. Conclusion The RABV in Indonesia is divided into five clusters. The isolates from West Sumatra Province from 2016 to 2021 were a new cluster genetically distant from other Indonesian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirma Cahyanti
- Biotechnology Program Postgraduate School, Andalas University, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia
| | - Sumaryati Syukur
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Division of Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Andalas University, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia
| | - Endang Purwati
- Biotechnology Program Postgraduate School, Andalas University, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia
| | - Yul Fitria
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Rabies - Animal Disease Investigation Center of Bukittinggi, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
| | - Ibenu Rahmadani
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Rabies - Animal Disease Investigation Center of Bukittinggi, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
| | - Didik T. Subekti
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, West Java Province, Indonesia
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor, West Java Province, Indonesia
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Rysava K, Tildesley MJ. Identification of dynamical changes of rabies transmission under quarantine: Community-based measures towards rabies elimination. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011187. [PMID: 38100528 PMCID: PMC10756519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quarantine has been long used as a public health response to emerging infectious diseases, particularly at the onset of an epidemic when the infected proportion of a population remains identifiable and logistically tractable. In theory, the same logic should apply to low-incidence infections; however, the application and impact of quarantine in low prevalence settings appears less common and lacks a formal analysis. Here, we present a quantitative framework using a series of progressively more biologically realistic models of canine rabies in domestic dogs and from dogs to humans, a suitable example system to characterize dynamical changes under varying levels of dog quarantine. We explicitly incorporate health-seeking behaviour data to inform the modelling of contact-tracing and exclusion of rabies suspect and probable dogs that can be identified through bite-histories of patients presenting at anti-rabies clinics. We find that a temporary quarantine of rabies suspect and probable dogs provides a powerful tool to curtail rabies transmission, especially in settings where optimal vaccination coverage is yet to be achieved, providing a critical stopgap to reduce the number of human and animal deaths due to rabid bites. We conclude that whilst comprehensive measures including sensitive surveillance and large-scale vaccination of dogs will be required to achieve disease elimination and sustained freedom given the persistent risk of rabies re-introductions, quarantine offers a low-cost community driven solution to intersectoral health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Rysava
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Hasib A, Silaen OSM, Widodo A, Effendi MH, Ramandinianto SC, Moses IB, Riwu KHP, Yanestria SM. Tracking lethal threat: in-depth review of rabies. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1385-1399. [PMID: 38107233 PMCID: PMC10725282 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An infectious disease known as rabies (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus) causes severe damage to mammals' central nervous systems (CNS). This illness has been around for a very long time. The majority of human cases of rabies take place in underdeveloped regions of Africa and Asia. Following viral transmission, the Rhabdovirus enters the peripheral nervous system and proceeds to the CNS, where it targets the encephalon and produces encephalomyelitis. Postbite prophylaxis requires laboratory confirmation of rabies in both people and animals. All warm-blooded animals can transmit the Lyssavirus infection, while the virus can also develop in the cells of cold-blooded animals. In the 21st century, more than 3 billion people are in danger of contracting the rabies virus in more than 100 different nations, resulting in an annual death toll of 50,000-59,000. There are three important elements in handling rabies disease in post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), namely wound care, administration of anti-rabies serum, and anti-rabies vaccine. Social costs include death, lost productivity as a result of early death, illness as a result of vaccination side effects, and the psychological toll that exposure to these deadly diseases has on people. Humans are most frequently exposed to canine rabies, especially youngsters and the poor, and there are few resources available to treat or prevent exposure, making prevention of human rabies challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Abdullah Hasib
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Agus Widodo
- Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, Indonesia
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Megawati Saputra IL, Suwarno S, Husein WF, Suseno PP, Prayoga IMA, Vos A, Arthawan IM, Schoonman L, Weaver J, Zainuddin N. Immunogenicity of Oral Rabies Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS in Local Dogs in Bali, Indonesia. Viruses 2023; 15:1405. [PMID: 37376704 DOI: 10.3390/v15061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dog-mediated rabies is endemic in much of Indonesia, including Bali. Most dogs in Bali are free-roaming and often inaccessible for parenteral vaccination without special effort. Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is considered a promising alternative to increase vaccination coverage in these dogs. This study assessed immunogenicity in local dogs in Bali after oral administration of the highly attenuated third-generation rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS. Dogs received the oral rabies vaccine either directly or by being offered an egg-flavored bait that contained a vaccine-loaded sachet. The humoral immune response was then compared with two further groups of dogs: a group that received a parenteral inactivated rabies vaccine and an unvaccinated control group. The animals were bled prior to vaccination and between 27 and 32 days after vaccination. The blood samples were tested for the presence of virus-binding antibodies using ELISA. The seroconversion rate in the three groups of vaccinated dogs did not differ significantly: bait: 88.9%; direct-oral: 94.1%; parenteral: 90.9%; control: 0%. There was no significant quantitative difference in the level of antibodies between orally and parenterally vaccinated dogs. This study confirms that SPBN GASGAS is capable of inducing an adequate immune response comparable to a parenteral vaccine under field conditions in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Linda Megawati Saputra
- Directorate of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Suwarno Suwarno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Wahid Fakhri Husein
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
| | - Pebi Purwo Suseno
- Directorate of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
| | | | - Ad Vos
- Veterinary Public Health, Ceva SA, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - I Made Arthawan
- Bali Provincial Animal Health Services, Den Pasar 80225, Indonesia
| | - Luuk Schoonman
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
| | - John Weaver
- Australia Indonesia Health Security Partnership, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
| | - Nuryani Zainuddin
- Directorate of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
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Shen T, Welburn SC, Sun L, Yang GJ. Progress towards dog-mediated rabies elimination in PR China: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:30. [PMID: 37024944 PMCID: PMC10077633 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies continues to be a serious threat to global public health endangering people's health and public health safety. In the People's Republic of China, multi-sectoral and comprehensive prevention and control strategies have aimed to extensively curb human rabies transmission. Here, we examine the current state of rabies infection in China, explore strategic interventions put in place in response to WHO's ambition of "Zero rabies deaths by 2030" and critically assess the constraints and feasibility of dog-mediated rabies elimination in China. METHODS This study analyzed and evaluated the process towards dog-mediated rabies elimination in China from five perspectives: namely, human, dog, policy, challenge, and prospects. Evidence-based data on progress of dog-mediated rabies elimination in China was derived from a number of sources; a literature search was undertaken using PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI databases, distribution data for human rabies cases as derived from the Data-center of the China Public Health Science and policy and document data were obtained from official websites of the relevant China ministries and commissions. RESULTS The incidence of human rabies cases in China have shown a downward trend year-on-year since 2007. Implementation of a government-led, multi-sectoral "One Health" approach to combating rabies has driven down the total number of rabies deaths nationwide to around 200 in 2020. The number of provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) reporting human cases of rabies has also decreased to 21 in 2020, 13 of which reported less than 10 cases. Furthermore, the number of outpatient visits seeking rabies post-exposure prophylaxis has risen dramatically over the past two decades, with demand being 15 times higher than it was initially. There remain however, significant gaps in rabies elimination outcomes across the different regions of China. To date the target of achieving a canine rabies vaccination rate of > 75% has not been met. The challenges of rabies immunization of dogs and dog management in underdeveloped cities and rural areas need to be addressed together with more effective animal surveillance and rabies risk from and too wildlife and livestock. CONCLUSIONS The Chinese government-led, multi-sectoral "One Health" approach to combating rabies and has made significant progress over the past decade. Development and adoption of more cost-effective One Health strategies can achieve more nationally beneficial rabies elimination outcomes. The ambitious target of "Zero rabies deaths by 2030" can be met through establishment of long-lasting herd immunity in dogs by means of dog mass vaccination campaigns, dog population management, epidemiological surveillance and the application of large-scale oral rabies vaccine to eliminate rabies in wild animals coupled with deployment of cost-effective human post-exposure prophylaxis, and community education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Shen
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, 314400, People's Republic of China
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Susan Christina Welburn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, 314400, People's Republic of China
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Long Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, The School of Tropical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK.
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Evaluation of In-House ELISA for Antirabies Antibodies Detection in Domestic Canine. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:4096258. [PMID: 36743706 PMCID: PMC9891833 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4096258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Indonesia is known to be endemic for rabies in several areas, especially in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Flores Islands. Currently, vaccinating dogs has been shown to be the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in humans. Postvaccination monitoring should be carried out to evaluate the success of vaccination by measuring antibody titers in serum of vaccinated dogs. Serological methods for monitoring rabies-specific antibody titers can be carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods as recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). Therefore, the development of the in-house ELISA (BukTi-Vet) that we have carried out in order to support postvaccination monitoring in dogs needs to be evaluated for its diagnostic performance compared to commercial ELISA kits. The diagnostic performance of each ELISA kit was evaluated using 111 known positive and 47 negative serums. Each known positive and negative serum will be tested using the three rabies ELISA kits used in this study. BukTi-Vet is an in-house ELISA for the detection of rabies-specific IgG antibodies that have been developed with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 98.19%, 97.87%, and 98.1%, respectively. Based on the value of its positive and negative clinical utility index, BukTi-Vet is excellent for use in immunoassays directed for confirmatory (0.97) as well as screening (0.94) tests. BukTi-Vet shows a very good agreement with both Platelia II and RFFIT, so it is convincing to be further refined into a diagnostic kit. Tests of field sera from dogs vaccinated with various vaccines should be performed to provide more complete information on diagnostic performance. BukTi-Vet showed a very good agreement with RFFIT, while Pusvetma and Platelia II only showed good agreement. The average value of BukTi-Vet compatibility with RFFIT can reach 94%.
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Henry RE, Blanton JD, Angelo KM, Pieracci EG, Stauffer K, Jentes ES, Allen J, Glynn M, Brown CM, Friedman CR, Wallace R. A country classification system to inform rabies prevention guidelines and regulations. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6554583. [PMID: 35348741 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the global risk of rabies exposure is a complicated task requiring individual risk assessments, knowledge of rabies epidemiology, surveillance capacity and accessibility of rabies biologics on a national and regional scale. In many parts of the world, availability of this information is limited and when available is often dispersed across multiple sources. This hinders the process of making evidence-based health and policy recommendations to prevent the introduction and spread of rabies. METHODS CDC conducted a country-by-country qualitative assessment of risk and protective factors for rabies to develop an open-access database of core metrics consisting of the presence of lyssaviruses (specifically canine or wildlife rabies virus variants or other bat lyssaviruses), access to rabies immunoglobulins and vaccines, rabies surveillance capacity and canine rabies control capacity. Using these metrics, we developed separate risk scoring systems to inform rabies prevention guidance for travelers and regulations for the importation of dogs. Both scoring systems assigned higher risk to countries with enzootic rabies (particularly canine rabies), and the risk scoring system for travelers also considered protective factors such as the accessibility of rabies biologics for post-exposure prophylaxis. Cumulative scores were calculated across the assessed metrics to assign a risk value of low, moderate or high. RESULTS A total of 240 countries, territories and dependencies were assessed, for travelers, 116 were identified as moderate to high risk and 124 were low or no risk; for canine rabies virus variant importation, 111 were identified as high-risk and 129 were low or no risk. CONCLUSIONS We developed a comprehensive and easily accessible source of information for assessing the rabies risk for individual countries that included a database of rabies risk and protective factors based on enzootic status and availability of biologics, provided a resource that categorizes risk by country and provided guidance based on these risk categories for travelers and importers of dogs into the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie E Henry
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesse D Blanton
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Kendra Stauffer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily S Jentes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Allen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marielle Glynn
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clive M Brown
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Ryan Wallace
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Wera E, Warembourg C, Bulu PM, Siko MM, Dürr S. Immune Response After Rabies Vaccination in Owned Free-Roaming Domestic Dogs in Flores Island, Indonesia. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:868380. [PMID: 35754536 PMCID: PMC9218352 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.868380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the main tool to prevent the circulation of rabies in dog populations. The development of an immune response after vaccination differs between individual dogs and depends on many factors such as dog characteristics, management, or genetics. Here, we first investigated the level of, and associated factors for, the presence of binding antibodies in 130 healthy dogs from Flores Island, Indonesia. Secondly, we identified factors associated with the development of binding antibodies within 30 days after vaccination among a subsample of dogs that had a binding antibody titre <0.5 EU/ml at the day of vaccination (D0, N = 91). Blood samples were collected from the individual dogs immediately before vaccination at D0 and 30 days after vaccination (D30). The rabies antibody titres were determined using ELISAs. Information on potential risk factors such as the dog's age and sex, history of vaccination, type and frequency of feeding, and BCS (body condition score) were gathered during interviews at D0. Regression analyses were performed to identify the risk factors associated with the presence of binding antibody titre ≥0.5 EU/ml at D0 for the 130 dogs and the development of binding antibody titre ≥0.5EU/ml at D30 for the 91 dogs. The results showed that the proportion of dogs with antibody titre ≥0.5 EU/ml was 30% (39/130) at D0. The only factors found to be significantly influencing the presence of binding antibodies titres ≥0.5 EU/ml was previous vaccination within 1 year before D0 [46.8 vs. 14.7%, Odds ratio (OR) = 3.6, 95%CI 1.5–9.3; p-value = 0.006], although the same trend was found for dogs of higher age and better BCS. Eighty-six percent (79/91) of dogs whose rabies binding antibody level was <0.5 EU/ml at D0 had developed an adequate immune response (≥0.5 EU/ml) at D30. Almost a significantly higher proportion developed an adequate immune response in dogs of good BCS compared to those of poor BCS (95.3% vs. 79.2%, OR = 4.7, 95%CI 1.1–32.5; p-value = 0.057. Twelve (13.2%) dogs retain binding antibody level <0.5 EU/ml at D30, indicating poor immune response after vaccination. A majority of them did not receive vaccine before D0 according to the owner and had poor BCS (83.3%; 10/12). Our findings show the high effectiveness of rabies vaccine in under field conditions to develop measurable immunity and the importance of a good BCS, often achievable by good dog keeping conditions, for developing efficient immunity after parenteral vaccination in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewaldus Wera
- Animal Health Study Program, Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic (Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang), Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Charlotte Warembourg
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Petrus M Bulu
- Animal Health Study Program, Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic (Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang), Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Maria M Siko
- Animal Health Division, Agricultural Department of Sikka Regency, Maumere, Indonesia
| | - Salome Dürr
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Swedberg C, Mazeri S, Mellanby RJ, Hampson K, Chng NR. Implementing a One Health Approach to Rabies Surveillance: Lessons From Integrated Bite Case Management. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022; 3:829132. [PMID: 36945698 PMCID: PMC7614337 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.829132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the 'Zero by 30' strategy to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030, international organizations recommend a One Health framework that includes Integrated Bite Case Management (IBCM). However, little is understood about the implementation of IBCM in practice. This study aims to understand how IBCM is conceptualized, exploring how IBCM has been operationalized in different contexts, as well as barriers and facilitators to implementation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seventeen practitioners and researchers with international, national, and local expertise across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Thematic analysis was undertaken using both inductive and deductive approaches. Four main themes were identified: 1) stakeholders' and practitioners' conceptualization of IBCM and its role in rabies elimination; 2) variation in how IBCM operates across different contexts; 3) barriers and facilitators of IBCM implementation in relation to risk assessment, PEP provisioning, animal investigation, One Health collaboration, and data reporting; and 4) the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on IBCM programs. This study highlights the diversity within experts' conceptualization of IBCM, and its operationalization. The range of perspectives revealed that there are different ways of organizing IBCM within health systems and it is not a one-size-fits-all approach. The issue of sustainability remains the greatest challenge to implementation. Contextual features of each location influenced the delivery and the potential impact of IBCM. Programs spanned from highly endemic settings with limited access to PEP charged to the patient, to low endemicity settings with a large patient load associated with free PEP policies and sensitization. In practice, IBCM was tailored to meet the demands of the local context and level of rabies control. Thus, experts' experiences did not necessarily translate across contexts, affecting perceptions about the function, motivation for, and implementation of IBCM. To design and implement future and current programs, guidance should be provided for health workers receiving patients on assessing the history and signs of rabies in the biting animal. The study findings provide insights in relation to implementation of IBCM and how it can support programs aiming to reach the Zero by 30 goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Swedberg
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Hampson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nai Rui Chng
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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12
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Subrata IM, Harjana NPA, Agustina KK, Purnama SG, Kardiwinata MP. Designing a rabies control mobile application for a community-based rabies surveillance system during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bali, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:1237-1245. [PMID: 35765482 PMCID: PMC9210830 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1237-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Rabies remains a public health concern in Indonesia, and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has stymied rabies prevention and control efforts. There is a need to transform the rabies program to be adaptable to pandemic situations to improve program coverage on dog vaccination and rabies surveillance. This study aimed to create a rabies control (RaCon) mobile application for a community-based rabies surveillance system during COVID-19 in Bali, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: We employ the Design Science Research methodology. Surveillance officers, veterinarians, community leaders, outreach workers, and dog owners participated in a series of offline in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The RaCon prototype was evaluated using the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) framework, which included the system's usefulness, information quality, and interface quality. In this study, we used both a qualitative (n=50) and quantitative (n=342) approach.
Results: According to the findings of this study, integrating public health and animal health into the rabies surveillance system are critical to supporting the One Health approach and encouraging community engagement in rabies programs. The RaCon prototype is expected to include features such as pet ownership, case report, news and announcements, nearest vet, health information, outbreak radar, emergency call, and app feedback. The RaCon prototype passed both qualitative and quantitative evaluations, indicating that it could be used to support the rabies surveillance system, particularly in the COVID-19 situation.
Conclusion: The RaCon prototype was accepted by the users and got positive feedback in terms of the system's usefulness, information quality, and interface quality dimension. As a result, this prototype has the potential to be integrated into the rabies surveillance system in Bali, particularly to strengthen the community-based rabies surveillance system. Even though this prototype received positive feedback, this study focuses solely on the design development and evaluation of its user interface. As a result, further development is required before incorporating RaCon into the rabies prevention and control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Made Subrata
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ngakan Putu Anom Harjana
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia; Center for Public Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Sang Gede Purnama
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Made Pasek Kardiwinata
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
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Sararat C, Changruenngam S, Chumkaeo A, Wiratsudakul A, Pan-ngum W, Modchang C. The effects of geographical distributions of buildings and roads on the spatiotemporal spread of canine rabies: An individual-based modeling study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010397. [PMID: 35536861 PMCID: PMC9126089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal disease that has been a serious health concern, especially in developing countries. Although rabies is preventable by vaccination, the spread still occurs sporadically in many countries, including Thailand. Geographical structures, habitats, and behaviors of host populations are essential factors that may result in an enormous impact on the mechanism of propagation and persistence of the disease. To investigate the role of geographical structures on the transmission dynamics of canine rabies, we developed a stochastic individual-based model that integrates the exact configuration of buildings and roads. In our model, the spatial distribution of dogs was estimated based on the distribution of buildings, with roads considered to facilitate dog movement. Two contrasting areas with high- and low-risk of rabies transmission in Thailand, namely, Hatyai and Tepha districts, were chosen as study sites. Our modeling results indicated that the distinct geographical structures of buildings and roads in Hatyai and Tepha could contribute to the difference in the rabies transmission dynamics in these two areas. The high density of buildings and roads in Hatyai could facilitate more rabies transmission. We also investigated the impacts of rabies intervention, including reducing the dog population, restricting owned dog movement, and dog vaccination on the spread of canine rabies in these two areas. We found that reducing the dog population alone might not be sufficient for preventing rabies transmission in the high-risk area. Owned dog confinement could reduce more the likelihood of rabies transmission. Finally, a higher vaccination coverage may be required for controlling rabies transmission in the high-risk area compared to the low-risk area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanin Sararat
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suttikiat Changruenngam
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arun Chumkaeo
- Songkhla Provincial Livestock Office, Muang, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, and the Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wirichada Pan-ngum
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Charin Modchang
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Mathematics, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Rehman S, Rantam FA, Rehman A, Effendi MH, Shehzad A. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward rabies in three provinces of Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:2518-2526. [PMID: 34840473 PMCID: PMC8613781 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2518-2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Rabies is an important viral zoonotic disease that is mostly transmitted through the bite of a rabid dog. Despite serious efforts regarding its control, rabies is still endemic in many provinces of Indonesia. The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to rabies in urban and rural areas in three provinces of Indonesia. Materials and Method: s: A total of 432 respondents of different age groups, educational levels, geographical areas, and occupations participated in this study. Data were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire with online and offline modes to assess the KAP of rabies among the respondents. A series of Chi-square tests and frequency distribution analyses were performed to determine associations between response variables. Results: Of the 432 participants, 56.9% were aware of the clinical signs of rabies. Excepting for people at high risk of contracting the disease (e.g., veterinarians), most respondents (83.1%) were not vaccinated against rabies. Surprisingly, 79.4 % of those who were bitten by an infected dog did not seek medical care from the doctor and approximately 71.8% had poor knowledge of rabies control and vaccine campaigns. Of all respondents, 64% (p<0.05, odds ratio=1.63) were vaccinated after an infected dog bite. Similarly, 32% (p<0.05, odds ratio=1.59) were aware of surveys and vaccinations in their areas. In contrast, 20.7% (p<0.05, odds ratio=0.593) reported that rabid dogs were killed in their areas. The majority (89.60%) of the respondents were aware of the fact that rabies can cause death. Most of the respondents (93%) knew that rabies is caused by an infected dog bite. The overall levels of KAP among the respondents were good. Conclusion: The findings of the current study generally show that participants had good knowledge about clinical signs based on their frequency percentage, but lacked knowledge regarding medical treatment and surveys for awareness and vaccination of rabies. Overall, a significant (p<0.05, odds ratio>1) relationship was found among the KAP of participants. This depicts that the majority of the population is aware of rabies and factors involved in its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifur Rehman
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas, Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas, Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Aamir Shehzad
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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15
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Wera E, Warembourg C, Bulu PM, Siko MM, Dürr S. Loss of binding antibodies against rabies in a vaccinated dog population in Flores Island, Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009688. [PMID: 34492033 PMCID: PMC8448366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective parenteral vaccines are available to control rabies in dogs. While such vaccines are successfully used worldwide, the period between vaccine boosters required to guarantee protection of the population against rabies varies between vaccines and populations. In Flores Island, Indonesia, internationally and locally produced rabies vaccines are used during annual vaccination campaigns of predominantly free-roaming owned domestic dogs. The study objective was to identify the duration of the presence and factors associated with the loss of adequate level of binding antibodies (≥0.5 EU/ml) following rabies vaccination in a domestic dog population on Flores Island. A total of 171 dogs that developed an antibody titre higher or equal to 0.5 EU/ml 30 days after vaccination (D30), were repeatedly sampled at day 90, 180, 270, and 360 after vaccination. On the day of vaccination (D0), an interview was performed with dog owners to collect information on dog characteristics (age, sex, body condition score (BCS)), history of rabies vaccination, kind of daily food, frequency of feeding, and origin of the dog. Serum samples were collected and the level of antibodies was quantitatively assessed using ELISA tests. Dogs were categorized as having an adequate level of binding antibodies (≥0.5 EU/ml) or inadequate level of binding antibodies (<0.5 EU/ml) at each time points examined. A total of 115, 72, 23, and 31 dogs were sampled at D90, D180, D270, and D360, respectively, with the highest proportion of antibodies ≥ 0.5 EU/ml (58%, 95% CI, 49-67%) at D90, which reduced gradually until D360 (35%, 95% CI, 19-52%). Multivariable logistic regression models showed that loss of adequate level of binding antibodies is significantly associated with dogs having no history of vaccination or vaccination applied more than 12 months before D0, being less than 12 months of age, and having a poor BCS. These results highlight the importance of BCS regarding the immune response duration and provide insights into frequency of vaccination campaigns required for the internationally available vaccine used on Flores Island. For dogs without vaccination history or vaccination being applied more than 12 months before D0, a booster is recommended within 3 months (a largest drop of antibodies was detected within the first 90 days) after the first vaccination to guarantee measurable protection of the population that lasts at least for one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewaldus Wera
- Animal Health Study Program, Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic (Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang), Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Charlotte Warembourg
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Petrus M. Bulu
- Animal Health Study Program, Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic (Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang), Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Maria M. Siko
- Animal Health Division, Agricultural Department of Sikka Regency, Maumere, Indonesia
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Changalucha J, Hampson K, Jaswant G, Lankester F, Yoder J. Human rabies: prospects for elimination. CAB REVIEWS : PERSPECTIVES IN AGRICULTURE, VETERINARY SCIENCE, NUTRITION AND NATURAL RESOURCES 2021; 16:039. [PMID: 34765015 PMCID: PMC8580373 DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202116039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Almost half of all countries in the world are effectively free of human deaths from dog-mediated rabies. But the disease still affects people in low- and middle-income countries, especially the rural poor, and children. Successful regional elimination of human rabies is attributable to advances in significant and sustained investment in dog vaccination, post-exposure vaccination and surveillance, illustrated by productive efforts to reduce human rabies in Latin America over the last 35 years. Nonetheless, countries still facing endemic rabies face significant barriers to elimination. Using the 2017 Global Strategic Plan to end human rabies deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030 as a reference point and an organizing framework, we assess progress toward global rabies elimination by examining the characteristics of successful regional control efforts and barriers to elimination. Although substantive barriers exist for countries where rabies remains endemic, advances in knowledge, technology, institutions, and economics provide a basis for optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Changalucha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es salaam, 14112, Tanzania
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12, 8QQ, UK
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, 23, Tanzania
| | - Katie Hampson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12, 8QQ, UK
| | - Gurdeep Jaswant
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12, 8QQ, UK
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (UNITID), P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya
- Tanzania Industrial Research Development Organisation (TIRDO), P.O. Box 23235, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
| | - Felix Lankester
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority Building, P.O. Box 1642, Arusha, Tanzania
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington state University, P.O. Box 647090, Pullman, Washington, WA 99164 United States of America
| | - Jonathan Yoder
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington state University, P.O. Box 647090, Pullman, Washington, WA 99164 United States of America
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646210, Pullman, Washington, WA 99164-6210, United States of America
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17
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Kunkel A, Jeon S, Joseph HC, Dilius P, Crowdis K, Meltzer MI, Wallace R. The urgency of resuming disrupted dog rabies vaccination campaigns: a modeling and cost-effectiveness analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12476. [PMID: 34127783 PMCID: PMC8203735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog vaccination is a cost-effective approach to preventing human rabies deaths. In Haiti, the last nation-wide dog vaccination campaign occurred in 2018. We estimated the number of human lives that could be saved by resuming dog vaccination in 2021 compared to 2022 and compared the cost-effectiveness of these two scenarios. We modified a previously published rabies transmission and economic model to estimate trends in dog and human rabies cases in Haiti from 2005 to 2025, with varying assumptions about when dog vaccinations resume. We compared model outputs to surveillance data on human rabies deaths from 2005 to 2020 and animal rabies cases from 2018 to 2020. Model predictions and surveillance data both suggest a 5- to 8-fold increase in animal rabies cases occurred in Haiti's capital city between Fall 2019 and Fall 2020. Restarting dog vaccination in Haiti in 2021 compared to 2022 could save 285 human lives and prevent 6541 human rabies exposures over a five-year period. It may also decrease program costs due to reduced need for human post-exposure prophylaxis. These results show that interruptions in dog vaccination campaigns before elimination is achieved can lead to significant human rabies epidemics if not promptly resumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Kunkel
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Seonghye Jeon
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Branch, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haim C Joseph
- Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development, and Natural Resources, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Pierre Dilius
- Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development, and Natural Resources, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Martin I Meltzer
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Branch, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ryan Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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18
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Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040571. [PMID: 33805404 PMCID: PMC8065424 DOI: 10.3390/v13040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Thailand has made significant progress in reducing the number of human and animal rabies cases. However, control and elimination of the last remaining pockets of dog-mediated rabies have shown to be burdensome, predominantly as a result of the large numbers of free-roaming dogs without an owner that cannot be restrained without special efforts and therefore remain unvaccinated. To reach these dogs, the feasibility, and benefits of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) as a complementary tool has been examined under field conditions. (2) Methods: ORV of dogs was tested in five study areas of four provinces in Thailand. In these areas, sites with free-roaming dogs were identified with the support of local municipal workers and dog caretakers. ORV teams visited each of five study areas and distributed rabies vaccine (SPBN GASGAS) in three bait formats that were offered to the dogs using a hand-out and retrieval model. The three bait types tested included: egg-flavored baits, egg-flavored baits pasted with commercially available cat liquid snack, and boiled-intestine baits. A dog offered a vaccine bait was considered vaccinated when the discarded sachet was perforated or if a dog chewed vaccine bait at least 5 times before it swallowed the bait, including the sachet. (3) Results: A total of 2444 free-roaming dogs considered inaccessible for parenteral vaccination were identified at 338 sites. As not all dogs were approachable, 79.0% were offered a bait; of these dogs, 91.6% accepted the bait and subsequently 83.0% were considered successfully vaccinated. (4) Conclusion: Overall, 65.6% of the free-roaming dogs at these sites were successfully vaccinated by the oral route. Such a significant increase of the vaccination coverage of the free-roaming dog population could interrupt the rabies transmission cycle and offers a unique opportunity to reach the goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies in Thailand by 2030.
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Ward MP, Brookes VJ. Rabies in Our Neighbourhood: Preparedness for an Emerging Infectious Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:375. [PMID: 33804778 PMCID: PMC8003993 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious disease (EID) events have the potential to cause devastating impacts on human, animal and environmental health. A range of tools exist which can be applied to address EID event detection, preparedness and response. Here we use a case study of rabies in Southeast Asia and Oceania to illustrate, via nearly a decade of research activities, how such tools can be systematically integrated into a framework for EID preparedness. During the past three decades, canine rabies has spread to previously free areas of Southeast Asia, threatening the rabies-free status of countries such as Timor Leste, Papua New Guinea and Australia. The program of research to address rabies preparedness in the Oceanic region has included scanning and surveillance to define the emerging nature of canine rabies within the Southeast Asia region; field studies to collect information on potential reservoir species, their distribution and behaviour; participatory and sociological studies to identify priorities for disease response; and targeted risk assessment and disease modelling studies. Lessons learnt include the need to develop methods to collect data in remote regions, and the need to continuously evaluate and update requirements for preparedness in response to evolving drivers of emerging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia;
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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20
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Gabriele-Rivet V, Ward MP, Arsenault J, London D, Brookes VJ. Could a rabies incursion spread in the northern Australian dingo population? Development of a spatial stochastic simulation model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009124. [PMID: 33577573 PMCID: PMC7906478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia, home to the iconic dingo, is currently free from canine rabies. However northern Australia, including Indigenous communities with large free-roaming domestic dog populations, is at increased risk of rabies incursion from nearby Indonesia. We developed a novel agent-based stochastic spatial rabies spread model to evaluate the potential spread of rabies within the dingo population of the Northern Peninsula Area (NPA) region of northern Australia. The model incorporated spatio-temporal features specific to this host-environment system, including landscape heterogeneity, demographic fluctuations, dispersal movements and dingo ecological parameters—such as home range size and density—derived from NPA field studies. Rabies spread between dingo packs in nearly 60% of simulations. In such situations rabies would affect a median of 22 dingoes (approximately 14% of the population; 2.5–97.5 percentiles: 2–101 dingoes) within the study area which covered 1,131 km2, and spread 0.52 km/week for 191 days. Larger outbreaks occurred in scenarios in which an incursion was introduced during the dry season (vs. wet season), and close to communities (vs. areas with high risk of interaction between dingoes and hunting community dogs). Sensitivity analyses revealed that home range size and duration of infectious clinical period contributed most to the variance of outputs. Although conditions in the NPA would most likely not support a sustained propagation of the disease in the dingo population, due to the predicted number of infected dingoes following a rabies incursion and the proximity of Indigenous communities to dingo habitat, we conclude that the risk for human transmission could be substantial. Although Australia is free from canine rabies, an incursion from nearby rabies-infected Indonesian islands is a realistic threat. The ubiquitous presence of dingoes in the wild, in association with large populations of free-roaming domestic dogs from northern Australian Indigenous communities, increases the risk of a rabies outbreak. Using a newly developed simulation model, we investigated the potential spread of rabies in a northern Australian dingo population. Nearly 60% of model simulations resulted in more than one pack infected. When spread did occur, outbreaks affected a median of 22 dingoes (an estimated 14% of the population in this area). The duration of infection, proportion of the population infected and spatial spread of the outbreak was greatest when rabies was introduced during the dry season and close to communities. Our results demonstrate that an incursion of rabies into the northern Australian dingo population would likely lead to a rabies outbreak, which would in turn pose a substantial threat to Indigenous communities in northern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gabriele-Rivet
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - David London
- Physique des Particules, Faculté des arts et des sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Lederman Z, Magalhães-Sant’Ana M, Voo TC. Stamping Out Animal Culling: From Anthropocentrism to One Health Ethics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 2021; 34:27. [PMID: 34483696 PMCID: PMC8403469 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-021-09868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Culling is used in traditional public health policies to control animal populations. These policies aim primarily to protect human interests but often fail to provide scientific evidence of effectiveness. In this article, we defend the need to move from a strictly anthropocentric approach to disease control towards a One Health ethics, using culling practices as an example. We focus on the recent badger culls in the UK, claiming that, based on data provided by the English Government, these culls may be unjustified, all thing considered. We highlight the relevance of ethical reasoning rooted in One Health for this discussion, and make several suggestions including a moratorium on culling until data are provided to support the effectiveness of culling; to conduct a randomized trial to compare proactive culling with alternative methods; to apply deliberative democratic methods to assess public opinion towards the culls, and to find in Brexit an opportunity for aiming for more effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Magalhães-Sant’Ana
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teck Chuan Voo
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD11, Clinical Research Centre, #02-03, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
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Evaluation of the Worldwide Occurrence of Rabies in Dogs and Cats Using a Simple and Homogenous Framework for Quantitative Risk Assessments of Rabies Reintroduction in Disease-Free Areas through Pet Movements. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040207. [PMID: 33353001 PMCID: PMC7766548 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog and cat rabies cases imported from rabies enzootic countries represent a major threat for areas that have acquired rabies-free status and quantitative risk analyses (QRAs) are developed in order to assess this risk of rabies reintroduction through dog and cat movements. Herein we describe a framework to evaluate dog and cat rabies incidence levels in exporting countries along with the associated uncertainty for such QRAs. For enzootic dog rabies areas (EDRAs), we extended and adapted a previously published method to specify the relationship between dog rabies vaccination coverage and canine rabies incidence; the relationship between dog and cat rabies incidences; and then to predict annual dog and cat rabies incidences. In non-enzootic dog rabies areas (nEDRAs), we provided annual incidence based on declared dog and cat rabies cases. For EDRAs, we predicted an annual incidence potentially greater than 1.5% in dogs and about ten times lower in cats with a high burden in Africa and Asia but much lower in Latin America. In nEDRAs, the occurrence of rabies was lower and of similar magnitude in dogs and cats. However, wildlife could still potentially infect dogs and cats through spillover events. This framework can directly be incorporated in QRAs of rabies reintroduction.
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Gigante CM, Yale G, Condori RE, Costa NC, Long NV, Minh PQ, Chuong VD, Tho ND, Thanh NT, Thin NX, Hanh NTH, Wambura G, Ade F, Mito O, Chuchu V, Muturi M, Mwatondo A, Hampson K, Thumbi SM, Thomae BG, de Paz VH, Meneses S, Munyua P, Moran D, Cadena L, Gibson A, Wallace RM, Pieracci EG, Li Y. Portable Rabies Virus Sequencing in Canine Rabies Endemic Countries Using the Oxford Nanopore MinION. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111255. [PMID: 33158200 PMCID: PMC7694271 DOI: 10.3390/v12111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As countries with endemic canine rabies progress towards elimination by 2030, it will become necessary to employ techniques to help plan, monitor, and confirm canine rabies elimination. Sequencing can provide critical information to inform control and vaccination strategies by identifying genetically distinct virus variants that may have different host reservoir species or geographic distributions. However, many rabies testing laboratories lack the resources or expertise for sequencing, especially in remote or rural areas where human rabies deaths are highest. We developed a low-cost, high throughput rabies virus sequencing method using the Oxford Nanopore MinION portable sequencer. A total of 259 sequences were generated from diverse rabies virus isolates in public health laboratories lacking rabies virus sequencing capacity in Guatemala, India, Kenya, and Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis provided valuable insight into rabies virus diversity and distribution in these countries and identified a new rabies virus lineage in Kenya, the first published canine rabies virus sequence from Guatemala, evidence of rabies spread across an international border in Vietnam, and importation of a rabid dog into a state working to become rabies-free in India. Taken together, our evaluation highlights the MinION's potential for low-cost, high volume sequencing of pathogens in locations with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M. Gigante
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Gowri Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa 403001, India;
| | - Rene Edgar Condori
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Niceta Cunha Costa
- Disease Investigation Unit, Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India;
| | - Nguyen Van Long
- Vietnam Department of Animal Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.V.L.); (P.Q.M.); (V.D.C.)
| | - Phan Quang Minh
- Vietnam Department of Animal Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.V.L.); (P.Q.M.); (V.D.C.)
| | - Vo Dinh Chuong
- Vietnam Department of Animal Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.V.L.); (P.Q.M.); (V.D.C.)
| | - Nguyen Dang Tho
- National Center for Veterinary Diseases, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Nguyen Tat Thanh
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Phú Thọ Province 35000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (N.X.T.); (N.T.H.H.)
| | - Nguyen Xuan Thin
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Phú Thọ Province 35000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (N.X.T.); (N.T.H.H.)
| | - Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Phú Thọ Province 35000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (N.X.T.); (N.T.H.H.)
| | - Gati Wambura
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Frederick Ade
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Oscar Mito
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Veronicah Chuchu
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Katie Hampson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Samuel M. Thumbi
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Byron G. Thomae
- Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Food, Guatemala City 01013, Guatemala;
| | - Victor Hugo de Paz
- National Health Laboratory, MSPAS, Villa Nueva 01064, Guatemala; (V.H.d.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Meneses
- National Health Laboratory, MSPAS, Villa Nueva 01064, Guatemala; (V.H.d.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Peninah Munyua
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - David Moran
- University del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala;
| | - Loren Cadena
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala;
| | - Andrew Gibson
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Ryan M. Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Emily G. Pieracci
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Rinchen S, Tenzin T, Hall D, Cork S. A Qualitative Risk Assessment of Rabies Reintroduction Into the Rabies Low-Risk Zone of Bhutan. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:366. [PMID: 32766290 PMCID: PMC7381201 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bhutan, dog-mediated rabies has been successfully eliminated from most regions of the country but remains endemic in the Southern region and sporadic incursions are also reported in the East. Elimination of rabies from the southern part of Bhutan is challenged by the porous border with the neighboring states of India which facilitates free and unregulated movement of animals. Around 17 outbreaks of rabies are reported annually in dogs and other domestic animals, posing continuous public health risks and economic losses. Furthermore, due to anthropogenic factors, such as increasing human settlements along highways, increased animal transportation, and the complex and changing human-pet relationship, there is potential to reintroduce rabies from rabies high-risk zone to rabies low-risk zone. This study was undertaken to estimate the risk of rabies re-introduction to the rabies low-risk zone by performing a qualitative risk assessment. The assessment was conducted for three risk pathways (stray dog-pathway, pet dog-pathway and cattle-pathway) under two scenarios: (1) no risk mitigation measures in place and (2) current risk mitigation measures in place. The current control measures include Government led programs, such as mass dog vaccination and dog population management, regulation of the movment of animals through pre-travel check-up and health certification, regular awareness education and rabies surveillance in the rabies endemic areas. The probability of an event occurring was assigned using the data from the available literature. Where gaps in knowledge existed, expert opinion, elicited through modified Delphi method, was used. Under the scenario in which no risk mitigation measures were in place, the risk of rabies re-introduction was estimated to be medium for the stray-dog pathway with a low level of uncertainty, low for pet-dog pathway with a low level of uncertainty, and very low for the cattle-pathway with a medium level of uncertainty. When current risk-mitigation measures were included, the risk of rabies reintroduction was estimated to be very low for the stray-dog pathway with a medium level of uncertainty, low for the pet dog-pathway with a low level of uncertainty, and extremely low for the cattle-pathway with a medium level of uncertainty. The risk of rabies re-introduction through all the pathways was greater than negligible. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining and enhancing current risk mitigation measures to prevent re-introduction of rabies into rabies low-risk zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangay Rinchen
- Department of Livestock, National Centre for Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Tenzin Tenzin
- Department of Livestock, National Centre for Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - David Hall
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Undurraga EA, Millien MF, Allel K, Etheart MD, Cleaton J, Ross Y, Wallace RM. Costs and effectiveness of alternative dog vaccination strategies to improve dog population coverage in rural and urban settings during a rabies outbreak. Vaccine 2020; 38:6162-6173. [PMID: 32616327 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dog-rabies elimination programs have typically relied upon parenteral vaccination at central-point locations; however, dog-ownership practices, accessibility to hard-to-reach sub-populations, resource limitations, and logistics may impact a country's ability to reach the 70% coverage goal recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and World Health Organization (WHO). Here we report the cost-effectiveness of different dog-vaccination strategies during a dog-rabies outbreak in urban and peri-urban sections of Croix-des-Bouquets commune of the West Department, Haiti, in 2016. Three strategies, mobile static point (MSP), mobile static point with capture-vaccinate-release (MSP + CVR), and door-to-door vaccination with oral vaccination (DDV + ORV), were applied at five randomly assigned sites and assessed for free-roaming dog vaccination coverage and total population coverage. A total of 7065 dogs were vaccinated against rabies during the vaccination campaign. Overall, free-roaming dog vaccination coverage was estimated at 52% (47%-56%) for MSP, 53% (47%-60%) for DDV + ORV, and 65% (61%-69%) for MSP + CVR (differences with MSP and DDV + ORV significant at p < 0.01). Total dog vaccination coverage was 33% (95% CI: 26%-43%) for MSP, 49% (95% CI: 40%-61%) for MSP + CVR and 78% (77%-80%) for DDV + ORV (differences significant at p < 0.001). Overall, the least expensive campaign was MSP, with an estimated cost of about $2039 per day ($4078 total), and the most expensive was DDV + ORV with a cost of $3246 per day ($6492 total). Despite the relative high cost of an ORV bait, combining DDV and ORV was the most cost-effective strategy in our study ($1.97 per vaccinated dog), largely due to increased efficiency of the vaccinators to target less accessible dogs. Costs per vaccinated dog were $2.20 for MSP and $2.28 for MSP + CVR. We hope the results from this study will support the design and implementation of effective dog vaccination campaigns to achieve the goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Undurraga
- Escuela de Gobierno, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | | | - Kasim Allel
- Escuela de Gobierno, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Melissa D Etheart
- Haiti Country Office, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Julie Cleaton
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yasmeen Ross
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Ryan M Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Dingo Density Estimates and Movements in Equatorial Australia: Spatially Explicit Mark-Resight Models. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050865. [PMID: 32429520 PMCID: PMC7278439 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia is currently free of canine rabies. Spatio-ecological knowledge about dingoes in northern Australia is currently a gap that impedes the application of disease spread models and our understanding of the potential transmission of rabies, in the event of an incursion. We therefore conducted a one-year camera trap survey to monitor a dingo population in equatorial northern Australia. The population is contiguous with remote Indigenous communities containing free-roaming dogs, which potentially interact with dingoes. Based on the camera trap data, we derived dingo density and home range size estimates using maximum-likelihood, spatially explicit, mark-resight models, described dingo movements and evaluated spatial correlation and temporal overlap in activities between dingoes and community dogs. Dingo density estimates varied from 0.135 animals/km2 (95% CI = 0.127-0.144) during the dry season to 0.147 animals/km2 (95% CI = 0.135-0.159) during the wet season. The 95% bivariate Normal home range sizes were highly variable throughout the year (7.95-29.40 km2). Spatial use and daily activity patterns of dingoes and free-roaming community dogs, grouped over ~3 month periods, showed substantial temporal activity overlap and spatial correlation, highlighting the potential risk of disease transmission at the wild-domestic interface in an area of biosecurity risk in equatorial northern Australia. Our results have utility for improving preparedness against a potential rabies incursion.
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Abstract
Domestic dogs display complex roaming behaviours, which need to be captured to more realistically model the spread of rabies. We have previously shown that roaming behaviours of domestic dogs can be categorised as stay-at-home, roamer and explorer in the Northern Peninsular Area (NPA), Queensland, Australia. These roaming behaviours are likely to cause heterogeneous contact rates that influence the speed or pattern of rabies spread in a dog population. The aim of this study was to define contact spatial kernels using the overlap of individual dog utilisation distributions to describe the daily probability of contact between pairs of dogs exhibiting these three a priori roaming behaviours. We further aimed to determine if the kernels lead to different predicted rabies outbreaks (outbreak duration and number of rabid dogs) by incorporating the spatial kernels into a previously developed rabies spread model for the NPA. Spatial kernels created with both dogs in a pair being explorers or one dog explorer and one dog roamer (who roamed away from their residence) produced short but large outbreaks compared with spatial kernels with at least one stay-at-home dog. Outputs from this model incorporating heterogeneous contacts demonstrate how roaming behaviours influence disease spread in domestic dog populations.
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Srinivasan K, Kurz T, Kuttuva P, Pearson C. Reorienting rabies research and practice: Lessons from India. PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS 2019; 5:152. [PMID: 32850132 PMCID: PMC7115975 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-019-0358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we reflect on the institutional and everyday realities of people-street dog relations in India to develop a case for decolonised approaches to rabies and other zoonoses. Dog-mediated rabies in Asia and Africa continues be a major concern in transnational public health agendas despite extensive research and knowledge on its prevention. In India, which carries 35% of the global rabies burden and has large street dog populations, One Health-oriented dog population management programmes have been central to the control of this zoonotic disease. Yet, rabies continues to be a significant problem in the country. In this article, we address this impasse in rabies research and practice through investigations of interactions between people, policy, and street dogs. Drawing primarily on field and archival research in Chennai city, we track how street dogs are perceived by people, explore how these animals have come into interface with (public) health concerns over time, and examine the biosocial conditions that frame people-dog conflict (and thereby rabies). These analyses create a picture of the multidimensional character of people-dog relations to offer new insights on why One Health-oriented rabies initiatives have not borne out their full promise. In effect, the article makes a case for a shift in public health orientations-away from intervening on these animals as vectors to be managed, and towards enabling multispecies habitats. This, we argue, requires the decolonisation of approaches to dog-mediated rabies, and expanded conceptions of 'healthy more-than-human publics'. In conclusion, the article chalks out broader implications for public health approaches to zoonoses in a world marked by mutual risk and vulnerability that cuts across human and nonhuman animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Kurz
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Pearson
- Department of History, University of Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
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Brookes VJ, Dürr S, Ward MP. Rabies-induced behavioural changes are key to rabies persistence in dog populations: Investigation using a network-based model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007739. [PMID: 31545810 PMCID: PMC6776358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies was endemic pre-urbanisation, yet little is known about how it persists in small populations of dogs typically seen in rural and remote regions. By simulating rabies outbreaks in such populations (50-90 dogs) using a network-based model, our objective was to determine if rabies-induced behavioural changes influence disease persistence. Behavioural changes-increased bite frequency and increased number or duration of contacts (disease-induced roaming or paralysis, respectively)-were found to be essential for disease propagation. Spread occurred in approximately 50% of model simulations and in these, very low case rates (2.0-2.6 cases/month) over long durations (95% range 20-473 days) were observed. Consequently, disease detection is a challenge, risking human infection and spread to other communities via dog movements. Even with 70% pre-emptive vaccination, spread occurred in >30% of model simulations (in these, median case rate was 1.5/month with 95% range of 15-275 days duration). We conclude that the social disruption caused by rabies-induced behavioural change is the key to explaining how rabies persists in small populations of dogs. Results suggest that vaccination of substantially greater than the recommended 70% of dog populations is required to prevent rabies emergence in currently free rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
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Utami NWA, Agustina KK, Atema KN, Bagus GN, Girardi J, Harfoot M, Haryono Y, Hiby L, Irawan H, Januraga PP, Kalalo L, Purnama SG, Subrata IM, Swacita IBN, Swarayana IMI, Wirawan DN, Hiby E. Evaluation of Community-Based Dog Welfare and Rabies Project in Sanur, a Sub-district of the Indonesian Island Province of Bali. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:193. [PMID: 31338368 PMCID: PMC6629783 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indonesian island province of Bali experienced its first rabies incursion in 2008. Mass vaccination of the dog population has proven effective and rabies cases in dogs and people have decreased, however the virus is still circulating among the dog population. Vaccination coverage must be maintained until rabies elimination. Increasing efficiency and effectiveness of vaccination campaigns is therefore desired. Community engagement leading to preventative health actions by community members can reduce disease incidence and costs of control. Here we evaluate 2 years of a novel community-based dog welfare and rabies control project (Program Dharma) in the Sanur sub-district. The project engaged the services of people living in the project area with an interest or experience in dogs or community health services. These people spoke with owners within their own community about dog welfare and health, monitored owned and unowned dogs and increased owner and carer efforts to access vaccination and further veterinary services. The evaluation focused on a sample of dogs whose owners had been regularly engaged with project. Vaccination coverage was increased and there were no dog or human rabies cases reported in the project area; the percentage of the dogs that had never been vaccinated was reduced by an average 28.3% (baseline unvaccinated 41–49%, post-project unvaccinated 11–19%). The welfare of dogs improved from an average of 20.7% of dogs with visible welfare problems at baseline to 2.7% after project implementation. Roaming dog density observed on street surveys also decreased in all project areas (24–47% reduction dependent on desa). A participatory evaluation event with a sample of Program Dharma community-based agents highlighted several additional successes, including that the community appeared to welcome and value their services and were beginning to support the cost of project activities. Conversely, challenges included identifying dogs in the database during revisits, sustaining the costs of community member time spent working on Program Dharma activities and the costs of veterinary care, whilst avoiding dependency of owners on free veterinary services. The benefits revealed by the evaluation were judged to be sufficient to extend Program Dharma to new areas, whilst evolving activities to resolve challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Wayan Arya Utami
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Mike Harfoot
- Independent Researcher, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lex Hiby
- Conservation Research Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hendra Irawan
- Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA), Ubud, Indonesia
| | - Pande Putu Januraga
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Levin Kalalo
- Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA), Ubud, Indonesia
| | - Sang Gede Purnama
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - I Made Subrata
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | | | - Dewa Nyoman Wirawan
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Elly Hiby
- International Fund for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth Port, MA, United States
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Hudson EG, Brookes VJ, Dürr S, Ward MP. Modelling targeted rabies vaccination strategies for a domestic dog population with heterogeneous roaming patterns. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007582. [PMID: 31283780 PMCID: PMC6638970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia is currently canine rabies free. However, communities located on the northern coastline-such as the Northern Peninsula Area (NPA), Queensland-are at risk of an incursion due to their large populations of susceptible free-roaming dogs and proximity to rabies-infected Indonesian islands. A rabies-spread model was used to simulate potential outbreaks and evaluate various disease control strategies. A heterogeneous contact structure previously described in the population of interest-explorer dogs, roamer dogs and stay-at-home dogs-was incorporated into the model using six spatial kernels describing contacts between dog roaming categories. Twenty-seven vaccination strategies were investigated based on a complete block design of 50%, 70% and 90% coverage for each of the three roaming categories to simulate various targeted vaccination strategies. The 27 strategies were implemented in four population structures in which the proportion of dogs in each category varied-explorer dominant, roamer dominant, stay-at-home dominant and a field population (based on field estimates of population structure). The overall vaccination coverage varied depending on the subpopulation targeted for vaccination and the population structure modelled. A total of 108 scenarios were simulated 2000 times and the model outputs (outbreak size and duration) were compared to Strategy 14 (a standard recommended overall 70% vaccination coverage). In general, targeting explorer dogs-and to a lesser extent roamer dogs-produced similar outbreaks to Strategy 14 but with a lower overall vaccination coverage. Similarly, strategies that targeted stay-at-home dogs required a higher vaccination coverage to produce significantly smaller and shorter outbreaks. This study provides some theoretical evidence that targeting subpopulations of dogs for vaccination based on their roaming behaviours (and therefore risk of rabies transmission) could be more efficient than blanket 70% vaccination campaigns. Such information can be used in preparedness planning to help improve control of a potential rabies incursion in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Hudson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Salome Dürr
- Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
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Gibson A, Yale G, Vos A, Corfmat J, Airikkala-Otter I, King A, Wallace R, Gamble L, Handel I, Mellanby R, Bronsvoort BDC, Mazeri S. Oral bait handout as a method to access roaming dogs for rabies vaccination in Goa, India: A proof of principle study. Vaccine X 2019; 1:100015. [PMID: 31384737 PMCID: PMC6668228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies has profound public health, social and economic impacts on developing countries, with an estimated 59,000 annual human rabies deaths globally. Mass dog vaccination is effective at eliminating the disease but remains challenging to achieve in India due to the high proportion of roaming dogs that cannot be readily handled for parenteral vaccination. Two methods for the vaccination of dogs that could not be handled for injection were compared in Goa, India; the oral bait handout (OBH) method, where teams of two travelled by scooter offering dogs an empty oral bait construct, and the catch-vaccinate-release (CVR) method, where teams of seven travel by supply vehicle and use nets to catch dogs for parenteral vaccination. Both groups parenterally vaccinated any dogs that could be held for vaccination. The OBH method was more efficient on human resources, accessing 35 dogs per person per day, compared to 9 dogs per person per day through CVR. OBH accessed 80% of sighted dogs, compared to 63% by CVR teams, with OBH accessing a significantly higher proportion of inaccessible dogs in all land types. All staff reported that they believed OBH would be more successful in accessing dogs for vaccination. Fixed operational team cost of CVR was four times higher than OBH, at 127 USD per day, compared to 34 USD per day. Mean per dog vaccination cost of CVR was 2.53 USD, whilst OBH was 2.29 USD. Extrapolation to a two week India national campaign estimated that 1.1 million staff would be required using CVR, but 293,000 staff would be needed for OBH. OBH was operationally feasible, economical and effective at accessing the free roaming dog population. This study provides evidence for the continued expansion of research into the use of OBH as a supplementary activity to parenteral mass dog vaccination activities in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.D. Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - G. Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa, India
| | - A. Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Dessau – Rosslau, Germany
| | - J. Corfmat
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa, India
| | | | - A. King
- Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USA
| | - R.M. Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L. Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - I.G. Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - B.M. de C. Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - S. Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Amanatin A, Sudarnika E, Lukman DW, Wibawan IWT. Risk assessment on rabies entry through hunting dog movement with semi-quantitative approach to Sumatera Island, Indonesia. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:148-157. [PMID: 31453184 PMCID: PMC6702887 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the risk of rabies entry through the movement of hunting dog from Garut District to Sumatera Island with a semi-quantitative approach. Materials and Methods: Rabies entry assessment used the standard risk analysis according to the World Organization for Animal Health, with a semi-quantitative approach referring to Australian Biosecurity. Risk estimation calculation used Microsoft Excel and probabilities were estimated using Monte Carlo stochastic simulation modeling with @Risk (Palisade Corporation). Results: Risk estimation were considered as “very low” with a 0.02 (90%; 0.01–0.03) probability. The probability of undetected rabies-infected dog during Veterinary Certificate issuance [node probability (NP4)] was considered as the highest, with “moderate” likelihood and 0.63 (90%; 0.51–0.75) of probability value. The number of dog movement to Sumatera reached 27,000 heads per year which 5,050 heads of them come from Garut District. There were 2 of 100 dogs from Garut District entered to Sumatera possibly infected by rabies. The five highest parameters most determinant of the risk were dog vaccination before transported (0.66), dog obtained from other District (0.41), vaccination program (0.32), serologically test (0.27), and history of vaccination (0.23). Conclusion: Risk estimation from assessing on rabies entry to Sumatera through hunting dogs movement from Garut District was considered “very low.” Risk mitigation is focused on the highest parameters that contribute the most to risk based on the results of the sensitivity analysis. Semi-quantitative likelihood evaluations can consider the volume of dog traffic which is an important issue in risk analysis which is not easy to get with a simpler qualitative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanatin Amanatin
- Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Etih Sudarnika
- Department of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Denny Widaya Lukman
- Department of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Teguh Wibawan
- Department of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
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Gabriele-Rivet V, Arsenault J, Wilhelm B, Brookes VJ, Newsome TM, Ward MP. A Scoping Review of Dingo and Wild-Living Dog Ecology and Biology in Australia to Inform Parameterisation for Disease Spread Modelling. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:47. [PMID: 30891452 PMCID: PMC6411765 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dingoes and wild-living dogs in Australia, which include feral domestic dogs and dingo-dog hybrids, play a role as reservoirs of disease. In the case of an exotic disease incursion-such as rabies-these reservoirs could be a threat to the health of humans, domestic animals and other wildlife in Australia. Disease spread models are needed to explore this impact and develop mitigation strategies for responding to an incursion. Our study aim was to describe relevant information from the literature, using a scoping review, on specific topics related to dingo and wild-living dog ecology and biology (topics of interest) in Australia to inform parameterisation of disease spread modelling and identify major research gaps. Methods: A broad electronic search was conducted in five bibliographic databases and grey literature. Two levels of screening and two levels of data extraction were each performed independently by two reviewers. Data extracted included topics of interest investigated, type of population sampled, the presence of lethal control, type of environment, years of collection and GPS coordinates of study sites. Results: From 1666 records captured, the screening process yielded 229 individual studies published between 1862 and 2016. The most frequently reported topics of interest in studies were index of abundance (n = 93) and diet (n = 68). Among the three key parameters in disease spread modelling (i.e., density, contacts and home range), data on density and contacts were identified as major research gaps in the literature due to the small number of recent studies on these topics and the scarcity of quantitative estimates. The research reviewed was mostly located around central Australia and the east coast, including a few studies on density, contacts and home range. Data from these regions could potentially be used to inform parameterisation for disease spread modelling of dingoes and wild-living dogs. However, the number of studies is limited in equatorial and tropical climate zones of northern Australia, which is a high-risk area for a rabies incursion. Conclusions: Research in northern regions of Australia, especially to generate data regarding density, contacts and home ranges, should be prioritised for future research on dingoes and wild-living dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gabriele-Rivet
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | | | - Victoria J. Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Newsome
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Hudson EG, Brookes VJ, Ward MP. Demographic studies of owned dogs in the Northern Peninsula Area, Australia, to inform population and disease management strategies. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:487-494. [PMID: 30478842 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate domestic dog demographic information to aid population and disease management in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities of the Northern Peninsula Area, Queensland, Australia. METHODS Sight-resight surveys using standard and modified methods were conducted to estimate the free-roaming dog population size. A cross-sectional questionnaire of dog owners was used to gather dog demographic information and investigate owners' dog management behaviours. A survey was also conducted to estimate the total dog population size. RESULTS The mean total dog population size was estimated to be 813 (range, 770-868). The roaming dog population was 430 or 542 (95% confidence interval (CI) 254-608; 95% CI 405-680, standard and modified methods, respectively). Therefore, the roaming population represents 52.8% or 66.7% of the total population based on the sight-resight methodology. We surveyed 65 dog owners who owned 165 dogs (1 : 1 ratio of male : female dogs). Only 14% (95% CI 9-19) of dogs were sterilised and significantly more males were entire (P = 0.02). Although most dogs were pets (65%), hunting dogs were significantly more likely to be taken outside of the resident community (P < 0.001). The birth rate was 2.4 puppies/dog-owning house/year, which was higher than the death rate (1.7 dogs/dog-owning house/year). In the previous 12 months, 90% of the 109 deaths were dogs aged 0-2 years old. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that most of the dog population in the NPA is free-roaming and that the population has increased, likely because of a lack of population management strategies such as sterilisation. This information will be used to develop population and disease management strategies in the NPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Hudson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - V J Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - M P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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Guo C, Li Y, Huai Y, Rao CY, Lai S, Mu D, Yin W, Yu H, Nie S. Exposure history, post-exposure prophylaxis use, and clinical characteristics of human rabies cases in China, 2006-2012. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17188. [PMID: 30464190 PMCID: PMC6249250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is still a public health threat in China. Evaluating the exposure history, clinical characteristics, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of the cases could help in identifying approaches to reducing the number of these preventable deaths. We analysed data collected from 10,971 case-investigations conducted in China from 2006 to 2012. Most cases (n = 7,947; 92.0%) were caused by animal bites; 5,800 (55.8%) and 2,974 (28.6%) exposures were from domestic and free-roaming dogs, respectively. Only 278 (4.8%) of these domestic dogs had previously received rabies vaccination. Among all cases, 5,927 (59.7%) cases had category III wounds, 1,187 (11.7%) cases initiated the rabies PEP vaccination and 234 (3.9%) cases with category III wounds received rabies immunoglobulin. In our adjusted logistic regression model, male cases (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.44) and farmers (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.10-1.77) and person older than 55 years (aOR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.01-2.17) were less likely than females and persons in other occupations or younger than 15 years to initiate PEP vaccination. The median incubation period was 66 days (interquartile range (IQR): 33-167 days). To reduce the number of human deaths due to rabies, rabies prevention campaigns targeting males and farmers and older people should be conducted. Increasing routine rabies vaccination among domestic dogs will be essential in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Huai
- International Emerging Infections Program, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Carol Y Rao
- International Emerging Infections Program, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shengjie Lai
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Mu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shaofa Nie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Tarantola A, Ly S, Chan M, In S, Peng Y, Hing C, Taing CN, Phoen C, Ly S, Cauchemez S, Buchy P, Dussart P, Bourhy H, Mary JY. Intradermal rabies post-exposure prophylaxis can be abridged with no measurable impact on clinical outcome in Cambodia, 2003-2014. Vaccine 2018; 37 Suppl 1:A118-A127. [PMID: 30454946 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rabies causes 60,000 deaths worldwide annually. Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis is highly effective but often geographically and financially beyond reach in endemic developing countries. We conducted a retrospective study on clinical outcome at ≥6 months in 3318 Cambodians who received intradermal Vero cell vaccine post-exposure prophylaxis after a bite by a rabid or sick-looking but untested dog in 2003-2014. An external expert panel examined verbal autopsy reports to identify rabies deaths. 1739 (93.65%) persons bitten by rabid- and 1066 (72.96%) bitten by sick-looking but untested dogs were traced and 513 were lost to follow-up. Among the former, 1591 (91.49%) and 129 (7.42%) patients referred for 4+ and 3 post-exposure prophylaxis sessions, respectively. Three persons died of probable rabies so that the overall percentage of survival was 99.83% (95% exact confidence interval: 99.49-99.96%) in post-exposure prophylaxis recipients bitten by confirmed rabid dogs. No significant difference was found in survival among patients who received 3 vs. 4+ sessions (with or without rabies immunoglobin). The power of the study, however, was limited. The current four sessions/one month intradermal regimen can be reduced to a three sessions/one week at no detectable added risk to patients, with the limitation of study power at 49%. A clinical follow-up system should be adopted by rabies prevention centers, especially to monitor implementation of an abridged course. The Institut Pasteur in Cambodia regimen will improve vaccine equity by treating 33% more patients with available doses, reduce direct cost of vaccination, transportation and other indirect costs to vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Tarantola
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Malen Chan
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sotheary In
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yiksing Peng
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chanthy Hing
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chun Navy Taing
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chandara Phoen
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sovann Ly
- Center for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, CNRS UMR2000: Génomique évolutive, modélisation et santé (GEMS), Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | | | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Mary
- Inserm UMR 1153, Centre de Recherche Epidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, Paris, France
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Astawa INM, Agustini NLP, Masa Tenaya IW, Aryawiguna IPGW. Protective antibody response of Balb/c mice to Bali rabies virus isolate propagated in BHK-21 cells. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1596-1603. [PMID: 30210066 PMCID: PMC6207530 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective antibody response of Balb/c mice to Bali rabies virus (RABV) in BHK-21
cells was studied. The virus was isolated from a rabid dog and was adapted to replicate in
BHK-21 cell culture for seven passages. The BHK-21-adapted Bali RABV (BHK-Bali RABV) was
inactivated with binary ethylenimine and 24 mice were immunized twice at 21-days intervals
with the inactivated virus and Rabisin® vaccine. Virus replication was detected using
indirect immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, and western blotting assays.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay examination 2 weeks after the first immunization
revealed RABV antibody titers that were mostly below the minimum protective level (<0.5
equivalent unit, EU). Antibody titers increased sharply after the second immunization.
Antibody titers in serum of mice induced by inactivated BHK-Bali RABV one week after the
second immunization were slightly lower (0.8–3.8 EU) than those induced by Rabisin vaccine
(0.9–6.3 EU). RABV antibody titers were stable for at least 6 weeks after the second
immunization. Both Rabisin vaccine and inactivated BHK-Bali RABV induced neutralizing
antibodies with neutralization titers (50% protective dose per ml) of
29.84 for 0.1 ml Rabisin, 211.41 for 0.2
ml Rabisin, 27.41 for 0.1 ml BHK-Bali RABV,
and 28.25 for 0.2 ml BHK-Bali RABV. Thus, inactivated BHK-Bali
RABV induces a protective immune response in Balb/c mice, but at lower levels compared to
induction by Rabisin vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nyoman Mantik Astawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ni Luh Putu Agustini
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Disease Investigation Center, Regional IV. Denpasar Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Masa Tenaya
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Disease Investigation Center, Regional IV. Denpasar Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Putu Gede Widnyana Aryawiguna
- Undergraduate Student at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
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Degeling C, Brookes V, Lea T, Ward M. Rabies response, One Health and more-than-human considerations in Indigenous communities in northern Australia. Soc Sci Med 2018; 212:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Hiby E, Agustina KK, Nattras Atema K, Bagus GN, Girardi J, Harfoot M, Haryono Y, Hiby L, Irawan H, Kalalo L, Purnama SG, Subrata IM, Swacita IBN, Utami NWA, Januraga PP, Wirawan DN. Dog Ecology and Rabies Knowledge of Owners and Non-Owners in Sanur, A Sub-District of the Indonesian Island Province of Bali. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8070112. [PMID: 29976915 PMCID: PMC6070915 DOI: 10.3390/ani8070112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study gained an understanding of dog demographics, owner behaviour, and knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to rabies in three villages in Sanur, Bali, providing insights for an intervention to improve responsible dog ownership. A combination of a census of all dogs, street surveys of roaming dogs, and a Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) survey was used to study both dogs and people. A total of 6009 dogs were recorded, of which only 3.3% appeared to be unowned; unowned dogs had poorer welfare and were more likely to be wary of attempted approaches by people. The source of dogs, method of confinement used by owners, and whether dogs were sterilised differed between three breed types; purebred dogs, mixed breed, and Bali dogs (native breed). Three variables were found to have significant effects on the chances of not being vaccinated: age, dog type, and confinement. A mean of 3.81 roaming dogs per km of street surveyed was recorded along 28 sub-village routes. Responses to attitude statements showed that most people had a positive attitude towards dogs and vaccination and did not agree with culling. Knowledge of appropriate bite treatment and symptoms of rabies in dogs was good.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | | | - Gusti Ngurah Bagus
- BAWA, Jl. Anak Agung Gede Rai no. 550, Br. Kertha Wangsa, Lodtunduh, Ubud, Gianyar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Janice Girardi
- BAWA, Jl. Anak Agung Gede Rai no. 550, Br. Kertha Wangsa, Lodtunduh, Ubud, Gianyar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Mike Harfoot
- UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK.
| | - Yacinta Haryono
- BAWA, Jl. Anak Agung Gede Rai no. 550, Br. Kertha Wangsa, Lodtunduh, Ubud, Gianyar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Lex Hiby
- Conservation Research Ltd., Cambridge, CB22 5AL, UK, .
| | - Hendra Irawan
- BAWA, Jl. Anak Agung Gede Rai no. 550, Br. Kertha Wangsa, Lodtunduh, Ubud, Gianyar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Levin Kalalo
- BAWA, Jl. Anak Agung Gede Rai no. 550, Br. Kertha Wangsa, Lodtunduh, Ubud, Gianyar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Sang Gede Purnama
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - I Made Subrata
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Ni Wayan Arya Utami
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Pande Putu Januraga
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
| | - Dewa Nyoman Wirawan
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia.
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Corrieri L, Adda M, Miklósi Á, Kubinyi E. Companion and free-ranging Bali dogs: Environmental links with personality traits in an endemic dog population of South East Asia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197354. [PMID: 29870525 PMCID: PMC5988322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs living on Bali Island have been free-ranging for thousands of years. A large group of expatriates sometimes adopt Bali dogs and keep them restricted to their houses and backyards, as is typical in modern western cultures. This provides us with the unique opportunity to compare the personality traits of dogs to their lifestyle either living as human companions or as free-ranging animals, exploring at the same time the impact of demographic variables (such as age, sex, and neutered status) on personality. After controlling for internal consistency of the scales and between-observer variation, we found that free-ranging Bali dogs were rated as less active, less excitable, less aggressive towards animals, and less inclined to chase animals or humans than Bali dogs living as human companions. Among free-ranging dogs, females were found to be more excitable. Females in the whole sample were also more fearful of people. The results of this preliminary study suggest that a change in lifestyle, i.e. being adopted, and living in a confined environment has negative consequences on some canine personality traits, such as activity/excitability, aggression towards animals, and prey drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Corrieri
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marco Adda
- Independent Researcher, AEC Anthrozoology Education and Canines, Naples, Italy
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Rabies was eliminated from Japan in 1957. In the 60 years since elimination, vaccination coverage has declined and dog ownership habits have changed. The purpose of this study was to assess the current risk of rabies spread in Japan. A spatially explicit transmission model was developed at the 1 km2 grid scale for Hokkaido and Ibaraki Prefectures. Parameters associated with dog movement and bite injuries were estimated using historical records from Japan, and were used with previously published epidemiological parameters. The final epidemic size, efficacy of rabies contingency plans and the influence of dog owner responses to incursions were assessed by the model. Average outbreak sizes for dog rabies were 3.1 and 4.7 dogs in Hokkaido and Ibaraki Prefectures, respectively. Average number of bite injury cases were 4.4 and 6.7 persons in Hokkaido and Ibaraki Prefectures, respectively. Discontinuation of mandatory vaccination increased outbreak sizes in these prefectures. Sensitivity analyses showed that higher chance of unintentional release of rabid dogs by their owners (from 0.5 to 0.9 probability) increased outbreak size twofolds. Our model outputs suggested that at present, incursions of rabies into Japan are very unlikely to cause large outbreaks. Critically, the reaction of dog owners to their dogs developing rabies considerably impacts the course of outbreaks. Contingency measures should therefore include sensitisation of dog owners.
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de Jong W, Rusli M, Bhoelan S, Rohde S, Rantam FA, Noeryoto PA, Hadi U, Gorp ECMV, Goeijenbier M. Endemic and emerging acute virus infections in Indonesia: an overview of the past decade and implications for the future. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:487-503. [PMID: 29451044 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1438986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Being the largest archipelago country in the world, with a tropical climate and a unique flora and fauna, Indonesia habitats one of the most diverse biome in the world. These characteristics make Indonesia a popular travel destination, with tourism numbers increasing yearly. These characteristics also facilitate the transmission of zoonosis and provide ideal living and breading circumstances for arthropods, known vectors for viral diseases. A review of the past 10 years of literature, reports of the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia and ProMED-mail shows a significant increase in dengue infection incidence. Furthermore, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis and rabies are proven to be endemic in Indonesia. The combination of cohort studies, governmental data and ProMED-mail reveals an integrated overview for those working in travel medicine and public health, focusing on both endemic and emerging acute virus infections. This review summarizes the epidemiology of acute virus infections in Indonesia, including outbreak reports, as well as public health response measurements and their potential or efficacy. Knowledge about human behaviour, animal reservoirs, climate factors, environment and their role in emerging virus infection are discussed. We aim to support public health authorities and health care policy makers in a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley de Jong
- a Department of Viroscience , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Musofa Rusli
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Tropical & Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine , Airlangga University , Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Soerajja Bhoelan
- c Department of Internal medicine , Havenziekenhuis Institute for Tropical Medicine , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Sofie Rohde
- a Department of Viroscience , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Fedik A Rantam
- d Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University , Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Purwati A Noeryoto
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Tropical & Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine , Airlangga University , Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Usman Hadi
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Tropical & Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine , Airlangga University , Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Eric C M van Gorp
- a Department of Viroscience , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Marco Goeijenbier
- a Department of Viroscience , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , the Netherlands.,c Department of Internal medicine , Havenziekenhuis Institute for Tropical Medicine , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
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Hiby E, Tasker L. Qualitative Evaluation of the Five-Year 'Red Collar' Campaign to End Inhumane Culling of Dogs as a Method of Rabies Control. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5010018. [PMID: 29415427 PMCID: PMC5876556 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog-mediated human rabies can be eliminated through mass dog vaccination. Despite leading authorities in human and animal health uniting to advance effective and humane rabies control, some governments resort to lethal methods, which are unethical, often inhumane and ineffective. To end the inhumane culling of dogs in response to rabies, World Animal Protection launched ‘Red Collar’; a five-year campaign (2011–2016) that worked with governments to promote the implementation of mass dog vaccination for rabies control. We present the findings from a qualitative evaluation of ‘Red Collar’, conducted both regionally and with national focus on Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, the Philippines and Zanzibar, Tanzania. Through semi-structured interviews and written contributions from stakeholders (n = 54), we compared perceptions of changes with stated campaign goals to capture recommendations for future work. The campaign successfully generated momentum for implementation of mass dog vaccination by targeted governments. Lessons learned were established: Value of a consistent animal welfare ‘voice’; the need to explore the motivations behind culling; the need to capacity build; time required for the ‘ripple effect’ to inspire humane control in other countries; importance of monitoring and evaluation of indicators; time and effort required for exit strategies and prior preparation for a robust response to culling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Hiby
- Independent Consultant, Cambridge CB23 7EJ, UK.
| | - Lou Tasker
- Independent Consultant, Derbyshire DE7 4QQ, UK.
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45
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Brunker K, Lemey P, Marston DA, Fooks AR, Lugelo A, Ngeleja C, Hampson K, Biek R. Landscape attributes governing local transmission of an endemic zoonosis: Rabies virus in domestic dogs. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:773-788. [PMID: 29274171 PMCID: PMC5900915 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Landscape heterogeneity plays an important role in disease spread and persistence, but quantifying landscape influences and their scale dependence is challenging. Studies have focused on how environmental features or global transport networks influence pathogen invasion and spread, but their influence on local transmission dynamics that underpin the persistence of endemic diseases remains unexplored. Bayesian phylogeographic frameworks that incorporate spatial heterogeneities are promising tools for analysing linked epidemiological, environmental and genetic data. Here, we extend these methodological approaches to decipher the relative contribution and scale-dependent effects of landscape influences on the transmission of endemic rabies virus in Serengeti district, Tanzania (area ~4,900 km2 ). Utilizing detailed epidemiological data and 152 complete viral genomes collected between 2004 and 2013, we show that the localized presence of dogs but not their density is the most important determinant of diffusion, implying that culling will be ineffective for rabies control. Rivers and roads acted as barriers and facilitators to viral spread, respectively, and vaccination impeded diffusion despite variable annual coverage. Notably, we found that landscape effects were scale-dependent: rivers were barriers and roads facilitators on larger scales, whereas the distribution of dogs was important for rabies dispersal across multiple scales. This nuanced understanding of the spatial processes that underpin rabies transmission can be exploited for targeted control at the scale where it will have the greatest impact. Moreover, this research demonstrates how current phylogeographic frameworks can be adapted to improve our understanding of endemic disease dynamics at different spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstyn Brunker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem HealthUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Animal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneUK
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyKU Leuven – University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | | | - Ahmed Lugelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public HealthSokoine University of AgricultureMorogoroUnited Republic of Tanzania
| | - Chanasa Ngeleja
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory AgencyDar es SalaamUnited Republic of Tanzania
| | - Katie Hampson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem HealthUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Roman Biek
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem HealthUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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46
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Brookes VJ, Degeling C, Ward MP. Going viral in PNG – Exploring routes and circumstances of entry of a rabies-infected dog into Papua New Guinea. Soc Sci Med 2018; 196:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jonker EFF, Visser LG. Single visit rabies pre-exposure priming induces a robust anamnestic antibody response after simulated post-exposure vaccination: results of a dose-finding study. J Travel Med 2017; 24:3954783. [PMID: 28931127 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tax033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current standard 3-dose intramuscular rabies PrEP schedule suffers from a number of disadvantages that severely limit accessibility and availability. The cost of is often prohibitive, it requires 3 visits to the clinic, and there are regular vaccine shortages. METHODS Volunteers ( N = 30) were randomly assigned to 4 study arms: 1 standard dose intramuscular (IM) dose of PVRV (purified Vero cell rabies vaccine, Verorab), and 1/5th, 2/5th or 3/5th- fractional intradermal (ID) dose of PVRV in a single visit. All subjects received a simulated rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (D0, D3) 1 year later. Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) were determined by virus neutralization microtest (FAVN) on D0, D7, D28, Y1 and Y1 + D7. RESULTS 28 out of 30 subjects (93%) seroconverted 1 month after primary vaccination; 1 subject in the 1-dose IM arm and 1 in the 1/5th-fractional dose ID arm did not. After 1 year, 22 out of 30 subjects (73%) no longer had RVNA above 0.5 IU/ml, with no discernible difference between study groups. After 1 year, all 30 subjects mounted a booster response within 7 days after simulated PEP, with the highest titers found in the single dose IM group ( P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This dose finding study demonstrates that priming with a single dose of rabies vaccine was sufficient to induce an adequate anamnestic antibody response to rabies PEP in all subjects 1 year later, even in those in whom the RVNA threshold of 0.5 IU/ml was not reached after priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile F F Jonker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardus G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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48
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Hudson EG, Brookes VJ, Ward MP. Assessing the Risk of a Canine Rabies Incursion in Northern Australia. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:141. [PMID: 28913341 PMCID: PMC5583209 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a globally distributed virus that causes approximately 60,00 human deaths annually with >99% of cases caused by dog bites. Australia is currently canine rabies free. However, the recent eastward spread of rabies in the Indonesian archipelago has increased the probability of rabies entry into northern Australian communities. In addition, many northern Australian communities have large populations of free-roaming dogs, capable of maintaining rabies should an incursion occur. A risk assessment of rabies entry and transmission into these communities is needed to target control and surveillance measures. Illegal transportation of rabies-infected dogs via boat landings is a high-risk entry pathway and was the focus of the current study. A quantitative, stochastic, risk assessment model was developed to evaluate the risk of rabies entry into north-west Cape York Peninsula, Australia, and rabies introduction to resident dogs in one of the communities via transport of rabies-infected dogs on illegal Indonesian fishing boats. Parameter distributions were derived from expert opinion, literature, and analysis of field studies. The estimated median probability of rabies entry into north-west Cape York Peninsula and into Seisia from individual fishing boats was 1.9 × 10−4/boat and 8.7 × 10−6/boat, respectively. The estimated annual probability that at least one rabies-infected dog enters north-west Cape York Peninsula and into Seisia was 5.5 × 10−3 and 3.5 × 10−4, respectively. The estimated median probability of rabies introduction into Seisia was 4.7 × 10−8/boat, and the estimated annual probability that at least one rabies-infected dog causes rabies transmission in a resident Seisia dog was 8.3 × 10−5. Sensitivity analysis using the Sobol method highlighted some parameters as influential, including but not limited to the prevalence of rabies in Indonesia, the probability of a dog on board an Indonesian fishing boat, and the probability of a Seisia dog being on the beach. Overall, the probabilities of rabies entry into north-west Cape York Peninsula and rabies introduction into Seisia are low. However, the potential devastating consequences of a rabies incursion in this region make this a non-negligible risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Hudson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW Australia
| | - Victoria J Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW Australia
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Castillo-Neyra R, Zegarra E, Monroy Y, Bernedo RF, Cornejo-Rosello I, Paz-Soldan VA, Levy MZ. Spatial Association of Canine Rabies Outbreak and Ecological Urban Corridors, Arequipa, Peru. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:tropicalmed2030038. [PMID: 30270895 PMCID: PMC6082090 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the city of Arequipa, Peru, a rabid dog was detected in March 2015, marking the reintroduction of the rabies virus in the area; more rabid dogs have been detected since then. The presence of free-roaming dogs in Arequipa seems to be higher in dry water channels, which are widespread in the city. We created a geographic information system (GIS) with surveillance data on the location of rabid dogs detected during the first year of the outbreak, as well as the water channels. We conducted a spatial analysis using Monte Carlo simulations to determine if detected rabid dogs were closer to the water channels than expected. Thirty rabid dogs were detected during the first year of the outbreak, and they were statistically associated with the water channels (average distance to closest water channel = 334 m; p-value = 0.027). Water channels might play a role in the ecology of free-roaming dog populations, functioning as ecological corridors. Landscape ecology could assist in understanding the impact of these urban structures on control activities and the persistence of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
| | - Edith Zegarra
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | - Ynes Monroy
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | - Reyno F Bernedo
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | | | - Valerie A Paz-Soldan
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Michael Z Levy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
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50
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Hudson EG, Brookes VJ, Dürr S, Ward MP. Domestic dog roaming patterns in remote northern Australian indigenous communities and implications for disease modelling. Prev Vet Med 2017; 146:52-60. [PMID: 28992928 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although Australia is canine rabies free, the Northern Peninsula Area (NPA), Queensland and other northern Australian communities are at risk of an incursion due to proximity to rabies infected islands of Indonesia and existing disease spread pathways. Northern Australia also has large populations of free-roaming domestic dogs, presenting a risk of rabies establishment and maintenance should an incursion occur. Agent-based rabies spread models are being used to predict potential outbreak size and identify effective control strategies to aid incursion preparedness. A key component of these models is knowledge of dog roaming patterns to inform contact rates. However, a comprehensive understanding of how dogs utilise their environment and the heterogeneity of their movements to estimate contact rates is lacking. Using a novel simulation approach - and GPS data collected from 21 free-roaming domestic dogs in the NPA in 2014 and 2016 - we characterised the roaming patterns within this dog population. Multiple subsets from each individual dog's GPS dataset were selected representing different monitoring durations and a utilisation distribution (UD) and derived core (50%) and extended (95%) home ranges (HR) were estimated for each duration. Three roaming patterns were identified, based on changes in mean HR over increased monitoring durations, supported by assessment of maps of daily UDs of each dog. Stay-at-home dogs consolidated their HR around their owner's residence, resulting in a decrease in mean HR (both core and extended) as monitoring duration increased (median peak core and extended HR 0.336 and 3.696ha, respectively). Roamer dogs consolidated their core HR but their extended HR increased with longer monitoring durations, suggesting that their roaming patterns based on place of residence were more variable (median peak core and extended HR 0.391 and 6.049ha, respectively). Explorer dogs demonstrated large variability in their roaming patterns, with both core and extended HR increasing as monitoring duration increased (median peak core and extended HR 0.650 and 9.520ha, respectively). These findings are likely driven by multiple factors that have not been further investigated within this study. Different roaming patterns suggest heterogeneous contact rates between dogs in this population. These findings will be incorporated into disease-spread modelling to more realistically represent roaming patterns and improve model predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Hudson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia.
| | - Victoria J Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
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