1
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Xu L, Cao L, Li J, Staiger CJ. Cooperative actin filament nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex and formins maintains the homeostatic cortical array in Arabidopsis epidermal cells. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:764-789. [PMID: 38057163 PMCID: PMC10896301 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise control over how and where actin filaments are created leads to the construction of unique cytoskeletal arrays within a common cytoplasm. Actin filament nucleators are key players in this activity and include the conserved actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex as well as a large family of formins. In some eukaryotic cells, these nucleators compete for a common pool of actin monomers and loss of one favors the activity of the other. To test whether this mechanism is conserved, we combined the ability to image single filament dynamics in the homeostatic cortical actin array of living Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) epidermal cells with genetic and/or small molecule inhibitor approaches to stably or acutely disrupt nucleator activity. We found that Arp2/3 mutants or acute CK-666 treatment markedly reduced the frequency of side-branched nucleation events as well as overall actin filament abundance. We also confirmed that plant formins contribute to side-branched filament nucleation in vivo. Surprisingly, simultaneous inhibition of both classes of nucleator increased overall actin filament abundance and enhanced the frequency of de novo nucleation events by an unknown mechanism. Collectively, our findings suggest that multiple actin nucleation mechanisms cooperate to generate and maintain the homeostatic cortical array of plant epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lingyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- EMBRIO Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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2
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Martinek J, Cifrová P, Vosolsobě S, García-González J, Malínská K, Mauerová Z, Jelínková B, Krtková J, Sikorová L, Leaves I, Sparkes I, Schwarzerová K. ARP2/3 complex associates with peroxisomes to participate in pexophagy in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1874-1889. [PMID: 37845336 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin-related protein (ARP2/3) complex is a heteroheptameric protein complex, evolutionary conserved in all eukaryotic organisms. Its conserved role is based on the induction of actin polymerization at the interface between membranes and the cytoplasm. Plant ARP2/3 has been reported to participate in actin reorganization at the plasma membrane during polarized growth of trichomes and at the plasma membrane-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites. Here we demonstrate that individual plant subunits of ARP2/3 fused to fluorescent proteins form motile spot-like structures in the cytoplasm that are associated with peroxisomes in Arabidopsis and tobacco. ARP2/3 is found at the peroxisome periphery and contains the assembled ARP2/3 complex and the WAVE/SCAR complex subunit NAP1. This ARP2/3-positive peroxisomal domain colocalizes with the autophagosome and, under conditions that affect the autophagy, colocalization between ARP2/3 and the autophagosome increases. ARP2/3 subunits co-immunoprecipitate with ATG8f and peroxisome-associated ARP2/3 interact in vivo with the ATG8f marker. Since mutants lacking functional ARP2/3 complex have more peroxisomes than wild type, we suggest that ARP2/3 has a novel role in the process of peroxisome degradation by autophagy, called pexophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martinek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Imaging Facility of Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Mauerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Jelínková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krtková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ian Leaves
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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3
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Iqbal A, Aslam S, Ahmed M, Khan F, Ali Q, Han S. Role of Actin Dynamics and GhACTIN1 Gene in Cotton Fiber Development: A Prototypical Cell for Study. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1642. [PMID: 37628693 PMCID: PMC10454433 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton crop is considered valuable for its fiber and seed oil. Cotton fiber is a single-celled outgrowth from the ovule epidermis, and it is a very dynamic cell for study. It has four distinct but overlapping developmental stages: initiation, elongation, secondary cell wall synthesis, and maturation. Among the various qualitative characteristics of cotton fiber, the important ones are the cotton fiber staple length, tensile strength, micronaire values, and fiber maturity. Actin dynamics are known to play an important role in fiber elongation and maturation. The current review gives an insight into the cotton fiber developmental stages, the qualitative traits associated with cotton fiber, and the set of genes involved in regulating these developmental stages and fiber traits. This review also highlights some prospects for how biotechnological approaches can improve cotton fiber quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Iqbal
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China;
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland
| | - Sibgha Aslam
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Government Boys College Sokasan, Higher Education Department, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Bhimber 10040, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 33001, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Shiming Han
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China;
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4
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Zhou Y, Niu R, Tang Z, Mou R, Wang Z, Zhu S, Yang H, Ding P, Xu G. Plant HEM1 specifies a condensation domain to control immune gene translation. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:289-301. [PMID: 36797349 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Translational reprogramming is a fundamental layer of immune regulation, but how such a global regulatory mechanism operates remains largely unknown. Here we perform a genetic screen and identify Arabidopsis HEM1 as a global translational regulator of plant immunity. The loss of HEM1 causes exaggerated cell death to restrict bacterial growth during effector-triggered immunity (ETI). By improving ribosome footprinting, we reveal that the hem1 mutant increases the translation efficiency of pro-death immune genes. We show that HEM1 contains a plant-specific low-complexity domain (LCD) absent from animal homologues. This LCD endows HEM1 with the capability of phase separation in vitro and in vivo. During ETI, HEM1 interacts and condensates with the translation machinery; this activity is promoted by the LCD. CRISPR removal of this LCD causes more ETI cell death. Our results suggest that HEM1 condensation constitutes a brake mechanism of immune activation by controlling the tissue health and disease resistance trade-off during ETI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruixia Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sitao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongchun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guoyong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Bellinvia E, García-González J, Cifrová P, Martinek J, Sikorová L, Havelková L, Schwarzerová K. CRISPR-Cas9 Arabidopsis mutants of genes for ARPC1 and ARPC3 subunits of ARP2/3 complex reveal differential roles of complex subunits. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18205. [PMID: 36307477 PMCID: PMC9616901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein complex Arp2/3 has a conserved role in the nucleation of branched actin filaments. It is constituted of seven subunits, including actin-like subunits ARP2 and ARP3 plus five other subunits called Arp2/3 Complex Component 1 to 5, which are not related to actin. Knock-out plant mutants lacking individual plant ARP2/3 subunits have a typical phenotype of distorted trichomes, altered pavement cells shape and defects in cell adhesion. While knock-out mutant Arabidopsis plants for most ARP2/3 subunits have been characterized before, Arabidopsis plant mutants missing ARPC1 and ARPC3 subunits have not yet been described. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated knock-out mutants lacking ARPC1 and ARPC3 subunits. We confirmed that the loss of ARPC1 subunits results in the typical ARP2/3 mutant phenotype. However, the mutants lacking ARPC3 subunits resulted in plants with surprisingly different phenotypes. Our results suggest that plant ARP2/3 complex function in trichome shaping does not require ARPC3 subunit, while the fully assembled complex is necessary for the establishment of correct cell adhesion in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bellinvia
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinek
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Havelková
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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6
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Xu X, Wang R, Liu Y, Huang S, Wei H, Wei Z. Molecular Mechanisms of Diverse Auxin Responses during Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012495. [PMID: 36293351 PMCID: PMC9604407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin acts as a signaling molecule to regulate numerous developmental processes throughout all stages of plant growth. Understanding how auxin regulates various physiological and developmental processes has been a hot topic and an intriguing field. Recent studies have unveiled more molecular details into how diverse auxin responses function in every aspect of plant growth and development. In this review, we systematically summarized and classified the molecular mechanisms of diverse auxin responses, and comprehensively elaborated the characteristics and multilevel regulation mechanisms of the canonical transcriptional auxin response. On this basis, we described the characteristics and differences between different auxin responses. We also presented some auxin response genes that have been genetically modified in plant species and how their changes impact various traits of interest. Finally, we summarized some important aspects and unsolved questions of auxin responses that need to be focused on or addressed in future research. This review will help to gain an overall understanding of and some insights into the diverse molecular mechanisms of auxin responses in plant growth and development that are instrumental in harnessing genetic resources in molecular breeding of extant plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiajie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiuyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Zhigang Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Correspondence: or
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7
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Chun JI, Kim SM, Jeong NR, Kim SH, Jung C, Kang JH. Tomato ARPC1 regulates trichome morphology and density and terpene biosynthesis. PLANTA 2022; 256:38. [PMID: 35821288 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on transcriptomic analysis of wild-type and mutant tomato plants, ARPC1 was found to be important for trichome formation and development and it plays a key role in terpene synthesis. Trichomes are protruding epidermal cells in plant species. They function as the first defense layer against biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite the essential role of tomato trichomes in defense against herbivores, the understanding of their development is still incomplete. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify genes involved in trichome formation and morphology and terpene synthesis, using transcriptomic techniques. To achieve this, we examined leaf morphology and compared the expression levels of some putative genes involved in trichome formation between wild-type (WT) and hairless-3 (hl-3) tomato mutant. The hl-3 plants displayed swollen and distorted trichomes and reduced trichome density (type I and IV) and terpene synthesis compared with that of the WT plants. Gene expression analysis showed that Actin-Related Protein Component1 (ARPC1) was expressed more highly in the WT than in the hl-3 mutant, indicating its critical role in trichome morphology and density. Additionally, the expression of MYC1 and several terpene synthase genes (TPS9, 12, 20), which are involved in type VI trichome initiation and terpene synthesis, was lower in the hl-3 mutant than in the WT plants. Moreover, transformation of the hl-3 mutant with WT ARPC1 restored normal trichome structure and density, and terpene synthesis. Structural and amino acid sequence analysis showed that there was a missplicing mutation in the hl-3 mutant, which was responsible for the abnormal trichome structure and density, and impaired terpene synthesis. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrated that ARPC1 is involved in regulating trichome structure and terpene synthesis in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-In Chun
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources and Integrated Major in Global Smart Farm, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, PyeongChang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources and Integrated Major in Global Smart Farm, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, PyeongChang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Rae Jeong
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, PyeongChang, 25354, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Choonkyun Jung
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources and Integrated Major in Global Smart Farm, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, PyeongChang, 25354, Republic of Korea
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, PyeongChang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Kang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources and Integrated Major in Global Smart Farm, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, PyeongChang, 25354, Republic of Korea.
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, PyeongChang, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Mallery EL, Yanagisawa M, Zhang C, Lee Y, Robles LM, Alonso JM, Szymanski DB. Tandem C2 domains mediate dynamic organelle targeting of a DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factor. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275003. [PMID: 35194638 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms use DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factors to activate Rac/Rho-of-Plants small GTPases and coordinate cell shape change. In developing tissues, DOCK signals integrate cell-cell interactions with cytoskeleton remodeling, and the GEFs cluster reversibly at specific organelle surfaces to orchestrate cytoskeletal reorganization. The domain organizations among DOCK orthologs are diverse, and the mechanisms of localization control are poorly understood. Here we use combinations of transgene complementation and live cell imaging assays to uncover an evolutionarily conserved and essential localization determinant in the DOCK-GEF named SPIKE1. The SPIKE1-DHR3 domain is sufficient for organelle association in vivo, and displays a complicated lipid binding selectivity for both phospholipid head groups and fatty acid chain saturation. SPIKE1-DHR3 is predicted to adopt a C2-domain structure and functions as part of tandem C2 array that enables reversible clustering at the cell apex. This work provides mechanistic insight into how DOCK GEFs sense compositional and biophysical membrane properties at the interface of two organelle systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen L Mallery
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Makoto Yanagisawa
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Youngwoo Lee
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Linda M Robles
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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9
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Roeder AHK, Otegui MS, Dixit R, Anderson CT, Faulkner C, Zhang Y, Harrison MJ, Kirchhelle C, Goshima G, Coate JE, Doyle JJ, Hamant O, Sugimoto K, Dolan L, Meyer H, Ehrhardt DW, Boudaoud A, Messina C. Fifteen compelling open questions in plant cell biology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:72-102. [PMID: 34529074 PMCID: PMC8774073 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As scientists, we are at least as excited about the open questions-the things we do not know-as the discoveries. Here, we asked 15 experts to describe the most compelling open questions in plant cell biology. These are their questions: How are organelle identity, domains, and boundaries maintained under the continuous flux of vesicle trafficking and membrane remodeling? Is the plant cortical microtubule cytoskeleton a mechanosensory apparatus? How are the cellular pathways of cell wall synthesis, assembly, modification, and integrity sensing linked in plants? Why do plasmodesmata open and close? Is there retrograde signaling from vacuoles to the nucleus? How do root cells accommodate fungal endosymbionts? What is the role of cell edges in plant morphogenesis? How is the cell division site determined? What are the emergent effects of polyploidy on the biology of the cell, and how are any such "rules" conditioned by cell type? Can mechanical forces trigger new cell fates in plants? How does a single differentiated somatic cell reprogram and gain pluripotency? How does polarity develop de-novo in isolated plant cells? What is the spectrum of cellular functions for membraneless organelles and intrinsically disordered proteins? How do plants deal with internal noise? How does order emerge in cells and propagate to organs and organisms from complex dynamical processes? We hope you find the discussions of these questions thought provoking and inspiring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Christine Faulkner
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | | | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jeremy E Coate
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, USA
| | - Jeff J Doyle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Heather Meyer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau Cedex 91128 France
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10
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Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Ren H. Controlling the Gate: The Functions of the Cytoskeleton in Stomatal Movement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:849729. [PMID: 35283892 PMCID: PMC8905143 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.849729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are specialized epidermal structures composed of two guard cells and are involved in gas and water exchange between plants and the environment and pathogen entry into the plant interior. Stomatal movement is a response to many internal and external stimuli to increase adaptability to environmental change. The cytoskeleton, including actin filaments and microtubules, is highly dynamic in guard cells during stomatal movement, and the destruction of the cytoskeleton interferes with stomatal movement. In this review, we discuss recent progress on the organization and dynamics of actin filaments and microtubule network in guard cells, and we pay special attention to cytoskeletal-associated protein-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements during stomatal movement. We also discuss the potential mechanisms of stomatal movement in relation to the cytoskeleton and attempt to provide a foundation for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Li
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangdong Zhuhai-Macao Joint Biotech Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangdong Zhuhai-Macao Joint Biotech Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang,
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangdong Zhuhai-Macao Joint Biotech Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Haiyun Ren,
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11
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Qin L, Liu L, Tu J, Yang G, Wang S, Quilichini TD, Gao P, Wang H, Peng G, Blancaflor EB, Datla R, Xiang D, Wilson KE, Wei Y. The ARP2/3 complex, acting cooperatively with Class I formins, modulates penetration resistance in Arabidopsis against powdery mildew invasion. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3151-3175. [PMID: 34181022 PMCID: PMC8462814 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton regulates an array of diverse cellular activities that support the establishment of plant-microbe interactions and plays a critical role in the execution of plant immunity. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the assembly and rearrangement of actin filaments (AFs) at plant-pathogen interaction sites remain largely elusive. Here, using live-cell imaging, we show that one of the earliest cellular responses in Arabidopsis thaliana upon powdery mildew attack is the formation of patch-like AF structures beneath fungal invasion sites. The AFs constituting actin patches undergo rapid turnover, which is regulated by the actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex and its activator, the WAVE/SCAR regulatory complex (W/SRC). The focal accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate at fungal penetration sites appears to be a crucial upstream modulator of the W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway-mediated actin patch formation. Knockout of W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway subunits partially compromised penetration resistance with impaired endocytic recycling of the defense-associated t-SNARE protein PEN1 and its deposition into apoplastic papillae. Simultaneously knocking out ARP3 and knocking down the Class I formin (AtFH1) abolished actin patch formation, severely impaired the deposition of cell wall appositions, and promoted powdery mildew entry into host cells. Our results demonstrate that the ARP2/3 complex and formins, two actin-nucleating systems, act cooperatively and contribute to Arabidopsis penetration resistance to fungal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Lijiang Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Jiangying Tu
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Guogen Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | - Peng Gao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Gary Peng
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | | | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Kenneth E. Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
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12
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Zang J, Kriechbaumer V, Wang P. Plant cytoskeletons and the endoplasmic reticulum network organization. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 264:153473. [PMID: 34298331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remodelling is likely to be important for its function in targeted protein secretion, organelle interaction and signal exchange. It has been known for decades that the structure and movement of the ER network is mainly regulated by the actin cytoskeleton through actin motor proteins and membrane-cytoskeleton adaptors. Recent discoveries also revealed alternative pathways that influence ER movement, through a microtubule-based machinery. Therefore, plants utilize both cytoskeletal components to drive ER dynamics, a process that is likely to be dependent on the cell type and the developmental stages. On the other hand, the ER membrane also has a direct effect towards the organization of the cytoskeletal network and disrupting the tethering factors at the ER-PM interface also rearranges the cytoskeletal structure. However, the influence of the ER network on the cytoskeleton organization has not been studied. In this review, we will provide an overview of the ER-cytoskeleton network in plants, and discuss the most recent discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingze Zang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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13
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Chin S, Kwon T, Khan BR, Sparks JA, Mallery EL, Szymanski DB, Blancaflor EB. Spatial and temporal localization of SPIRRIG and WAVE/SCAR reveal roles for these proteins in actin-mediated root hair development. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2131-2148. [PMID: 33881536 PMCID: PMC8364238 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are single-cell protrusions that enable roots to optimize nutrient and water acquisition. These structures attain their tubular shapes by confining growth to the cell apex, a process called tip growth. The actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane systems are essential for tip growth; however, little is known about how these cellular components coordinate their activities during this process. Here, we show that SPIRRIG (SPI), a beige and Chediak Higashi domain-containing protein involved in membrane trafficking, and BRK1 and SCAR2, subunits of the WAVE/SCAR (W/SC) actin nucleating promoting complex, display polarized localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs during distinct developmental stages. SPI accumulates at the root hair apex via post-Golgi compartments and positively regulates tip growth by maintaining tip-focused vesicle secretion and filamentous-actin integrity. BRK1 and SCAR2 on the other hand, mark the root hair initiation domain to specify the position of root hair emergence. Consistent with the localization data, tip growth was reduced in spi and the position of root hair emergence was disrupted in brk1 and scar1234. BRK1 depletion coincided with SPI accumulation as root hairs transitioned from initiation to tip growth. Taken together, our work uncovers a role for SPI in facilitating actin-dependent root hair development in Arabidopsis through pathways that might intersect with W/SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chin
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - J. Alan Sparks
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Eileen L. Mallery
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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14
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García-González J, van Gelderen K. Bundling up the Role of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Primary Root Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777119. [PMID: 34975959 PMCID: PMC8716943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary root growth is required by the plant to anchor in the soil and reach out for nutrients and water, while dealing with obstacles. Efficient root elongation and bending depends upon the coordinated action of environmental sensing, signal transduction, and growth responses. The actin cytoskeleton is a highly plastic network that constitutes a point of integration for environmental stimuli and hormonal pathways. In this review, we present a detailed compilation highlighting the importance of the actin cytoskeleton during primary root growth and we describe how actin-binding proteins, plant hormones, and actin-disrupting drugs affect root growth and root actin. We also discuss the feedback loop between actin and root responses to light and gravity. Actin affects cell division and elongation through the control of its own organization. We remark upon the importance of longitudinally oriented actin bundles as a hallmark of cell elongation as well as the role of the actin cytoskeleton in protein trafficking and vacuolar reshaping during this process. The actin network is shaped by a plethora of actin-binding proteins; however, there is still a large gap in connecting the molecular function of these proteins with their developmental effects. Here, we summarize their function and known effects on primary root growth with a focus on their high level of specialization. Light and gravity are key factors that help us understand root growth directionality. The response of the root to gravity relies on hormonal, particularly auxin, homeostasis, and the actin cytoskeleton. Actin is necessary for the perception of the gravity stimulus via the repositioning of sedimenting statoliths, but it is also involved in mediating the growth response via the trafficking of auxin transporters and cell elongation. Furthermore, auxin and auxin analogs can affect the composition of the actin network, indicating a potential feedback loop. Light, in its turn, affects actin organization and hence, root growth, although its precise role remains largely unknown. Recently, fundamental studies with the latest techniques have given us more in-depth knowledge of the role and organization of actin in the coordination of root growth; however, there remains a lot to discover, especially in how actin organization helps cell shaping, and therefore root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Judith García-González,
| | - Kasper van Gelderen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Kasper van Gelderen,
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15
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Xie Q, Gao Y, Li J, Yang Q, Qu X, Li H, Zhang J, Wang T, Ye Z, Yang C. The HD-Zip IV transcription factor SlHDZIV8 controls multicellular trichome morphology by regulating the expression of Hairless-2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7132-7145. [PMID: 32930788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized epidermal appendages that serve as excellent models to study cell morphogenesis. Although the molecular mechanism underlying trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis has been well characterized, most of the regulators essential for multicellular trichome morphology remain unknown in tomato. In this study, we determined that the recessive hairless-2 (hl-2) mutation in tomato causes severe distortion of all trichome types, along with increased stem fragility. Using map-based cloning, we found that the hl-2 phenotype was associated with a 100 bp insertion in the coding region of Nck-associated protein 1, a component of the SCAR/WAVE complex. Direct protein-protein interaction was detected between Hl-2 and Hl (SRA1, specifically Rac1-associated protein) using yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays, suggesting that these proteins may work together during trichome formation. In addition, knock-down of a HD-Zip IV transcription factor, HDZIPIV8, distorted trichomes similar to the hl-2 mutant. HDZIPIV8 regulates the expression of Hl-2 by binding to the L1-box in the Hl-2 promoter region, and is involved in organizing actin filaments. The brittleness of hl-2 stems was found to result from decreased cellulose content. Taken together, these findings suggest that the Hl-2 gene plays an important role in controlling multicellular trichome morphogenesis and mechanical properties of stems in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanna Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Ali MF, Fatema U, Peng X, Hacker SW, Maruyama D, Sun MX, Kawashima T. ARP2/3-independent WAVE/SCAR pathway and class XI myosin control sperm nuclear migration in flowering plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32757-32763. [PMID: 33288691 PMCID: PMC7768783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015550117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After eukaryotic fertilization, gamete nuclei migrate to fuse parental genomes in order to initiate development of the next generation. In most animals, microtubules control female and male pronuclear migration in the zygote. Flowering plants, on the other hand, have evolved actin filament (F-actin)-based sperm nuclear migration systems for karyogamy. Flowering plants have also evolved a unique double-fertilization process: two female gametophytic cells, the egg and central cells, are each fertilized by a sperm cell. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of how flowering plants utilize and control F-actin for double-fertilization events are largely unknown. Using confocal microscopy live-cell imaging with a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches, we identified factors involved in F-actin dynamics and sperm nuclear migration in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco). We demonstrate that the F-actin regulator, SCAR2, but not the ARP2/3 protein complex, controls the coordinated active F-actin movement. These results imply that an ARP2/3-independent WAVE/SCAR-signaling pathway regulates F-actin dynamics in female gametophytic cells for fertilization. We also identify that the class XI myosin XI-G controls active F-actin movement in the Arabidopsis central cell. XI-G is not a simple transporter, moving cargos along F-actin, but can generate forces that control the dynamic movement of F-actin for fertilization. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms that control gamete nuclear migration and reveal regulatory pathways for dynamic F-actin movement in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Foteh Ali
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312
| | - Umma Fatema
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312
| | - Xiongbo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Samuel W Hacker
- Agriculture and Medical Biotechnology Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312
| | - Daisuke Maruyama
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 244-0813 Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Tomokazu Kawashima
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312;
- Agriculture and Medical Biotechnology Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312
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17
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Banerjee A, Singh A, Roychoudhury A. De novo RNA-Seq analysis in sensitive rice cultivar and comparative transcript profiling in contrasting genotypes reveal genetic biomarkers for fluoride-stress response. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115378. [PMID: 33254681 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The fluoride-sensitive indica rice cultivar, IR-64 was subjected to NaF-treatment for 25 days, following which RNA-Seq analysis identified significant up and down regulation of 1,303 and 93 transcripts respectively. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis classified transcripts into groups related to 'cellular part', 'membrane', 'catalytic activity', 'transporter activity', 'binding', 'metabolic processes' and 'cellular processes'. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed fluoride-mediated suppression of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling. Instead, the gibberellin-dependent pathway and signaling via ABA-independent transcription factors (TFs) was activated. Comparative profiling of selected DEGs in IR-64 and fluoride-tolerant variety, Khitish revealed significant cytoskeletal and nucleosomal remodelling, accompanied with escalated levels of autophagy in stressed IR-64 (unlike that in stressed Khitish). Genes associated with ion, solute and xenobiotic transport were strongly up regulated in stressed IR-64, indicating potential fluoride entry through these channels. On the contrary, genes associated with xenobiotic mobility were suppressed in the tolerant cultivar, which restricted bioaccumulation and translocation of fluoride. Pairwise expression profile analysis between stressed IR-64 and Khitish, supported by extensive statistical modelling predicted that fluoride susceptibility was associated with high expression of genes like amino acid transporter, ABC transporter2, CLCd, MFS monosaccharide transporter, SulfT2.1 and PotT2 while fluoride tolerance with high expression of Sweet11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Banerjee
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India
| | - Ankur Singh
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India.
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18
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Ma Z, Miao Y. Review: F-Actin remodelling during plant signal transduction via biomolecular assembly. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110663. [PMID: 33218630 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During signal transduction, multivalent interactions establish dynamic molecular connectivities that propagate molecular cascades throughout the entire signaling pathway. Such multivalent interactions include the initial activation, cascade signal transduction, and the amplification and assembly of structural machinery. For example, plants rapidly remodel the actin cytoskeleton during signal transduction by perceiving a wide range of mechanical and chemical cues from developmental and defense pathways. Actin treadmilling is stepwise-regulated by interactions between actin and actin-binding proteins (ABPs). Emerging evidence shows that intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) enable flexible and promiscuous interactions that serve as the functional hub for generating cellular interactomes underlying various signaling events. Though IDRs are present in a majority of ABPs, few of the functional roles of IDR in the interaction and functions of ABPs have been defined. The distinct features of IDRs create diverse and dynamic molecular interactions that introduce a new paradigm to our understanding of the structure-function relationships for actin assembly. In this review, we will create a snapshot of recent advances in IDR-mediated plant actin remodeling and discuss future research directions in studying the complexity of actin assembly via multifaceted biomolecular assembly during signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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Abstract
The giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) of California are massive, long-lived trees that grow along the U.S. Sierra Nevada mountains. Genomic data are limited in giant sequoia and producing a reference genome sequence has been an important goal to allow marker development for restoration and management. Using deep-coverage Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing, combined with Dovetail chromosome conformation capture libraries, the genome was assembled into eleven chromosome-scale scaffolds containing 8.125 Gbp of sequence. Iso-Seq transcripts, assembled from three distinct tissues, was used as evidence to annotate a total of 41,632 protein-coding genes. The genome was found to contain, distributed unevenly across all 11 chromosomes and in 63 orthogroups, over 900 complete or partial predicted NLR genes, of which 375 are supported by annotation derived from protein evidence and gene modeling. This giant sequoia reference genome sequence represents the first genome sequenced in the Cupressaceae family, and lays a foundation for using genomic tools to aid in giant sequoia conservation and management.
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20
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Gavrin A, Rey T, Torode TA, Toulotte J, Chatterjee A, Kaplan JL, Evangelisti E, Takagi H, Charoensawan V, Rengel D, Journet EP, Debellé F, de Carvalho-Niebel F, Terauchi R, Braybrook S, Schornack S. Developmental Modulation of Root Cell Wall Architecture Confers Resistance to an Oomycete Pathogen. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4165-4176.e5. [PMID: 32888486 PMCID: PMC7658807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall is the primary interface between plant cells and their immediate environment and must balance multiple functionalities, including the regulation of growth, the entry of beneficial microbes, and protection against pathogens. Here, we demonstrate how API, a SCAR2 protein component of the SCAR/WAVE complex, controls the root cell wall architecture important for pathogenic oomycete and symbiotic bacterial interactions in legumes. A mutation in API results in root resistance to the pathogen Phytophthora palmivora and colonization defects by symbiotic rhizobia. Although api mutant plants do not exhibit significant overall growth and development defects, their root cells display delayed actin and endomembrane trafficking dynamics and selectively secrete less of the cell wall polysaccharide xyloglucan. Changes associated with a loss of API establish a cell wall architecture with altered biochemical properties that hinder P. palmivora infection progress. Thus, developmental stage-dependent modifications of the cell wall, driven by SCAR/WAVE, are important in balancing cell wall developmental functions and microbial invasion. The SCAR protein API controls actin and endomembrane trafficking dynamics SCAR proteins of several plant species can support symbiosis and pathogen infection A mutation in API affects specific biochemical properties of plant cell walls An altered wall architecture results in root resistance to Phytophthora palmivora
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Gavrin
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Thomas Rey
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Thomas A Torode
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Justine Toulotte
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jonathan Louis Kaplan
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Hiroki Takagi
- Iwate Biotechnology Institute, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, and Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - David Rengel
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA US1426, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Etienne-Pascal Journet
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; AGIR, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENSFEA, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Frédéric Debellé
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | | | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Institute, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Siobhan Braybrook
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, 610 Charles E Young Drive South, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
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21
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Tang K, Yang S, Feng X, Wu T, Leng J, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Yu H, Gao J, Ma J, Feng X. GmNAP1 is essential for trichome and leaf epidermal cell development in soybean. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:609-621. [PMID: 32415514 PMCID: PMC7385028 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Map-based cloning revealed that two novel soybean distorted trichome mutants were due to loss function of GmNAP1 gene, which affected the trichome morphology and pavement cell ploidy by regulating actin filament assembly. Trichomes increase both biotic and abiotic stress resistance in soybean. In this study, Gmdtm1-1 and Gmdtm1-2 mutants with shorter trichomes and bigger epidermal pavement cells were isolated from an ethyl methylsulfonate mutagenized population. Both of them had reduced plant height and smaller seeds. Map-based cloning and bulked segregant analysis identified that a G-A transition at the 3' boundary of the sixth intron of Glyma.20G019300 in the Gmdtm1-1 mutant and another G-A transition mutation at the 5' boundary of the fourteenth intron of Glyma.20G019300 in Gmdtm1-2; these mutations disrupted spliceosome recognition sites creating truncated proteins. Glyma.20G019300 encodes a Glycine max NCK-associated protein 1 homolog (GmNAP1) in soybean. Further analysis revealed that the GmNAP1 involved in actin filament assembling and genetic information processing pathways during trichome and pavement cell development. This study shows that GmNAP1 plays an important role in soybean growth and development and agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuanqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China.
| | - Xingxing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiantian Leng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Huangkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianzhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
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22
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Guo T, Chen HC, Lu ZQ, Diao M, Chen K, Dong NQ, Shan JX, Ye WW, Huang S, Lin HX. A SAC Phosphoinositide Phosphatase Controls Rice Development via Hydrolyzing PI4P and PI(4,5)P 2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1346-1358. [PMID: 31882455 PMCID: PMC7054871 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) as regulatory membrane lipids play essential roles in multiple cellular processes. Although the exact molecular targets of PI-dependent modulation remain largely elusive, the effects of disturbed PI metabolism could be employed to identify regulatory modules associated with particular downstream targets of PIs. Here, we identified the role of GRAIN NUMBER AND PLANT HEIGHT1 (GH1), which encodes a suppressor of actin (SAC) domain-containing phosphatase with unknown function in rice (Oryza sativa). Endoplasmic reticulum-localized GH1 specifically dephosphorylated and hydrolyzed phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Inactivation of GH1 resulted in massive accumulation of both PI4P and PI(4,5)P2, while excessive GH1 caused their depletion. Notably, superabundant PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 could both disrupt actin cytoskeleton organization and suppress cell elongation. Interestingly, both PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 inhibited actin-related protein2 and -3 (Arp2/3) complex-nucleated actin-branching networks in vitro, whereas PI(4,5)P2 showed more dramatic effects in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the overaccumulation of PI(4,5)P2 resulting from dysfunction of SAC phosphatase possibly perturbs Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization, thereby disordering cell development. These findings imply that the Arp2/3 complex might be the potential molecular target of PI(4,5)P2-dependent modulation in eukaryotes, thereby providing insights into the relationship between PI homeostasis and plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hua-Chang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi-Qi Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Min Diao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ke Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nai-Qian Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Shan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wang-Wei Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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23
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Cifrová P, Oulehlová D, Kollárová E, Martinek J, Rosero A, Žárský V, Schwarzerová K, Cvrčková F. Division of Labor Between Two Actin Nucleators-the Formin FH1 and the ARP2/3 Complex-in Arabidopsis Epidermal Cell Morphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:148. [PMID: 32194585 PMCID: PMC7061858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ARP2/3 complex and formins are the only known plant actin nucleators. Besides their actin-related functions, both systems also modulate microtubule organization and dynamics. Loss of the main housekeeping Arabidopsis thaliana Class I membrane-targeted formin FH1 (At3g25500) is known to increase cotyledon pavement cell lobing, while mutations affecting ARP2/3 subunits exhibit an opposite effect. Here we examine the role of FH1 and the ARP2/3 complex subunit ARPC5 (At4g01710) in epidermal cell morphogenesis with focus on pavement cells and trichomes using a model system of single fh1 and arpc5, as well as double fh1 arpc5 mutants. While cotyledon pavement cell shape in double mutants mostly resembled single arpc5 mutants, analysis of true leaf epidermal morphology, as well as actin and microtubule organization and dynamics, revealed a more complex relationship between the two systems and similar, rather than antagonistic, effects on some parameters. Both fh1 and arpc5 mutations increased actin network density and increased cell shape complexity in pavement cells and trichomes of first true leaves, in contrast to cotyledons. Thus, while the two actin nucleation systems have complementary roles in some aspects of cell morphogenesis in cotyledon pavement cells, they may act in parallel in other cell types and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Oulehlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Kollárová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Martinek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Amparo Rosero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Fatima Cvrčková,
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24
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McBride Z, Chen D, Lee Y, Aryal UK, Xie J, Szymanski DB. A Label-free Mass Spectrometry Method to Predict Endogenous Protein Complex Composition. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1588-1606. [PMID: 31186290 PMCID: PMC6683005 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on the composition of protein complexes can accelerate mechanistic analyses of cellular systems. Protein complex composition identifies genes that function together and provides clues about regulation within and between cellular pathways. Cytosolic protein complexes control metabolic flux, signal transduction, protein abundance, and the activities of cytoskeletal and endomembrane systems. It has been estimated that one third of all cytosolic proteins in leaves exist in an oligomeric state, yet the composition of nearly all remain unknown. Subunits of stable protein complexes copurify, and combinations of mass-spectrometry-based protein correlation profiling and bioinformatic analyses have been used to predict protein complex subunits. Because of uncertainty regarding the power or availability of bioinformatic data to inform protein complex predictions across diverse species, it would be highly advantageous to predict composition based on elution profile data alone. Here we describe a mass spectrometry-based protein correlation profiling approach to predict the composition of hundreds of protein complexes based on biochemical data. Extracts were obtained from an intact organ and separated in parallel by size and charge under nondenaturing conditions. More than 1000 proteins with reproducible elution profiles across all replicates were subjected to clustering analyses. The resulting dendrograms were used to predict the composition of known and novel protein complexes, including many that are likely to assemble through self-interaction. An array of validation experiments demonstrated that this new method can drive protein complex discovery, guide hypothesis testing, and enable systems-level analyses of protein complex dynamics in any organism with a sequenced genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary McBride
- ‡Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Donglai Chen
- §Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Youngwoo Lee
- ‡Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Uma K Aryal
- ¶Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Biosciences Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jun Xie
- §Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- ‡Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; ‖Department of Biological Sciences,Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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25
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Li J, Kim T, Szymanski DB. Multi-scale regulation of cell branching: Modeling morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 451:40-52. [PMID: 30529250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are driven by extended phases of irreversible cell expansion generating cells that increase in volume from 10- to 100-fold. Some specialized cell types define cortical sites that reinitiate polarized growth and generate branched cell morphology. This structural specialization of individual cells has a major importance for plant adaptation to diverse environments and practical importance in agricultural contexts. The patterns of cell shape are defined by highly integrated cytoskeletal and cell wall systems. Microtubules and actin filaments locally define the material properties of a tough outer cell wall to generate complex shapes. Forward genetics, powerful live cell imaging experiments, and computational modeling have provided insights into understanding of mechanisms of cell shape control. In particular, finite element modeling of the cell wall provides a new way to discover which cell wall heterogeneities generate complex cell shapes, and how cell shape and cell wall stress can feedback on the cytoskeleton to maintain growth patterns. This review focuses on cytoskeleton-dependent cell wall patterning during cell branching, and how combinations of multi-scale imaging experiments and computational modeling are being used to unravel systems-level control of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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26
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Yanagisawa M, Alonso JM, Szymanski DB. Microtubule-Dependent Confinement of a Cell Signaling and Actin Polymerization Control Module Regulates Polarized Cell Growth. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2459-2466.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Sun H, Qiao Z, Chua KP, Tursic A, Liu X, Gao YG, Mu Y, Hou X, Miao Y. Profilin Negatively Regulates Formin-Mediated Actin Assembly to Modulate PAMP-Triggered Plant Immunity. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1882-1895.e7. [PMID: 29861135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Profilin functions with formin in actin assembly, a process that regulates multiple aspects of plant development and immune responses. High-level eukaryotes contain multiple isoforms of profilin, formin, and actin, whose partner-specific interactions in actin assembly are not completely understood in plant development and defense responses. To examine the functionally distinct interactions between profilin and formin, we studied all five Arabidopsis profilins and their interactions with formin by using both in vitro biochemical and in vivo cell biology approaches. Unexpectedly, we found a previously undescribed negative regulatory function of AtPRF3 in AtFH1-mediated actin polymerization. The N-terminal 37 residues of AtPRF3 were identified to play a predominant role in inhibiting formin-mediated actin nucleation via their high affinity for the formin polyproline region and their triggering of the oligomerization of AtPRF3. Both in vivo and in vitro mechanistic studies of AtPRF3 revealed a universal mechanism in which the weak interaction between profilin and formin positively regulates actin assembly by ensuring rapid recycling of profilin, whereas profilin oligomerization negatively regulates actin polymerization. Upon recognition of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern, the gene transcription and protein degradation of AtPRF3 are modulated for actin assembly during plant innate immunity. The prf3 Arabidopsis plants show higher sensitivity to the bacterial flagellum peptide in both the plant growth and ROS responses. These findings demonstrate a profilin-mediated actin assembly mechanism underlying the plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Zhu Qiao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Khi Pin Chua
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Alma Tursic
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yong-Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Yuguang Mu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xingliang Hou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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28
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Abstract
Recent publications illustrate an extensive crosstalk between the actin cytoskeleton and autophagy, a program for self-digestion. Actin polymerization provides a pushing force for organelle shaping and trafficking during autophagy, but the cytoskeleton is also targeted by autophagy under mechanical strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Höhfeld
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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29
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Liang D. A Salutary Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Intercellular Tunnel-Mediated Communication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29503816 PMCID: PMC5821100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species, generally labeled toxic due to high reactivity without target specificity, are gradually uncovered as signaling molecules involved in a myriad of biological processes. But one important feature of ROS roles in macromolecule movement has not caught attention until recent studies with technique advance and design elegance have shed lights on ROS signaling for intercellular and interorganelle communication. This review begins with the discussions of genetic and chemical studies on the regulation of symplastic dye movement through intercellular tunnels in plants (plasmodesmata), and focuses on the ROS regulatory mechanisms concerning macromolecule movement including small RNA-mediated gene silencing movement and protein shuttling between cells. Given the premise that intercellular tunnels (bridges) in mammalian cells are the key physical structures to sustain intercellular communication, movement of macromolecules and signals is efficiently facilitated by ROS-induced membrane protrusions formation, which is analogously applied to the interorganelle communication in plant cells. Although ROS regulatory differences between plant and mammalian cells exist, the basis for ROS-triggered conduit formation underlies a unifying conservative theme in multicellular organisms. These mechanisms may represent the evolutionary advances that have enabled multicellularity to gain the ability to generate and utilize ROS to govern material exchanges between individual cells in oxygenated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Liang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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30
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Chen B, Chou HT, Brautigam CA, Xing W, Yang S, Henry L, Doolittle LK, Walz T, Rosen MK. Rac1 GTPase activates the WAVE regulatory complex through two distinct binding sites. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28949297 PMCID: PMC5614565 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPase Rac1 activates the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) to drive Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization, which underpins diverse cellular processes. Here we report the structure of a WRC-Rac1 complex determined by cryo-electron microscopy. Surprisingly, Rac1 is not located at the binding site on the Sra1 subunit of the WRC previously identified by mutagenesis and biochemical data. Rather, it binds to a distinct, conserved site on the opposite end of Sra1. Biophysical and biochemical data on WRC mutants confirm that Rac1 binds to both sites, with the newly identified site having higher affinity and both sites required for WRC activation. Our data reveal that the WRC is activated by simultaneous engagement of two Rac1 molecules, suggesting a mechanism by which cells may sense the density of active Rac1 at membranes to precisely control actin assembly. Our cells contain a network of filaments made up of a protein called actin. Just like the skeleton that supports our body, the actin ‘cytoskeleton’ gives a cell its shape and strength. Actin filaments are also critical for many other processes including enabling cells to move and divide. The assembly of actin filaments must be properly controlled so that they are formed at the right time and place within the cell. A complex of proteins known as the WAVE Regulatory Complex (WRC) promotes the assembly of actin filaments. The complex contains a region called the VCA, which is able to bind to and activate another protein to make the new actin filaments. The WRC regulates filament assembly by controlling the availability of the VCA in a way that is similar to opening and closing a safe box. When new actin filaments are not needed, the safe box is closed and the VCA is not available. However, when cells need to make new actin filaments, the WRC is opened to release the VCA region so that it is able to bind to the filament-producing protein. Previous studies have shown that a protein called Rac1 acts as a key to open the WRC and trigger actin filament assembly. But it remains unclear how this works. A major obstacle to studying this process is that Rac1 and the WRC only weakly interact with each other, which makes it difficult to capture the interaction under experimental conditions. To overcome this obstacle, Chen et al. tethered a Rac1 molecule to the WRC in order to make the interaction more stable. A technique called cryo-electron microscopy was used to study the three-dimensional shape of this Rac1-WRC complex. Unexpectedly, Rac1 was attached to a different part of the WRC than the site predicted by previous studies. Further experiments showed that Rac1 needs to bind to both of these sites at the same time in order to open the WRC and release VCA, similar to using two keys to open one safe box for increased security. Some cancers, neurological disorders and other diseases can be caused by defects in WRC and Rac1 activity. Therefore, these findings could lead to new ways to treat these conditions in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Chen
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Hui-Ting Chou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Chad A Brautigam
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Wenmin Xing
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Sheng Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
| | - Lisa Henry
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Lynda K Doolittle
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Thomas Walz
- Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Michael K Rosen
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
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31
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Isner JC, Xu Z, Costa JM, Monnet F, Batstone T, Ou X, Deeks MJ, Genty B, Jiang K, Hetherington AM. Actin filament reorganisation controlled by the SCAR/WAVE complex mediates stomatal response to darkness. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1059-1067. [PMID: 28636198 PMCID: PMC5519931 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomata respond to darkness by closing to prevent excessive water loss during the night. Although the reorganisation of actin filaments during stomatal closure is documented, the underlying mechanisms responsible for dark-induced cytoskeletal arrangement remain largely unknown. We used genetic, physiological and cell biological approaches to show that reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton is required for dark-induced stomatal closure. The opal5 mutant does not close in response to darkness but exhibits wild-type (WT) behaviour when exposed to abscisic acid (ABA) or CaCl2 . The mutation was mapped to At5g18410, encoding the PIR/SRA1/KLK subunit of the ArabidopsisSCAR/WAVE complex. Stomata of an independent allele of the PIR gene (Atpir-1) showed reduced sensitivity to darkness and F1 progenies of the cross between opal5 and Atpir-1 displayed distorted leaf trichomes, suggesting that the two mutants are allelic. Darkness induced changes in the extent of actin filament bundling in WT. These were abolished in opal5. Disruption of filamentous actin using latrunculin B or cytochalasin D restored wild-type stomatal sensitivity to darkness in opal5. Our findings suggest that the stomatal response to darkness is mediated by reorganisation of guard cell actin filaments, a process that is finely tuned by the conserved SCAR/WAVE-Arp2/3 actin regulatory module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Isner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Zaoxu Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Joaquim Miguel Costa
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7265, Université Aix-Marseille, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Fabien Monnet
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7265, Université Aix-Marseille, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Thomas Batstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Xiaobin Ou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Michael J Deeks
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Bernard Genty
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7265, Université Aix-Marseille, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Kun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
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33
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Kang JH, Campos ML, Zemelis-Durfee S, Al-Haddad JM, Jones AD, Telewski FW, Brandizzi F, Howe GA. Molecular cloning of the tomato Hairless gene implicates actin dynamics in trichome-mediated defense and mechanical properties of stem tissue. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5313-5324. [PMID: 27481446 PMCID: PMC5049383 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are epidermal structures that provide a first line of defense against arthropod herbivores. The recessive hairless (hl) mutation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) causes severe distortion of trichomes on all aerial tissues, impairs the accumulation of sesquiterpene and polyphenolic compounds in glandular trichomes, and compromises resistance to the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta Here, we demonstrate that the tomato Hl gene encodes a subunit (SRA1) of the highly conserved WAVE regulatory complex that controls nucleation of actin filaments in a wide range of eukaryotic cells. The tomato SRA1 gene spans a 42-kb region containing both Solyc11g013280 and Solyc11g013290 The hl mutation corresponds to a complex 3-kb deletion that removes the last exon of the gene. Expression of a wild-type SRA1 cDNA in the hl mutant background restored normal trichome development, accumulation of glandular trichome-derived metabolites, and resistance to insect herbivory. These findings establish a role for SRA1 in the development of tomato trichomes and also implicate the actin-cytoskeleton network in cytosolic control of specialized metabolism for plant defense. We also show that the brittleness of hl mutant stems is associated with altered mechanical and cell morphological properties of stem tissue, and demonstrate that this defect is directly linked to the mutation in SRA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Kang
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcelo L Campos
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Starla Zemelis-Durfee
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jameel M Al-Haddad
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Frank W Telewski
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Gregg A Howe
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Stratmann JW, Bequette CJ. Hairless but no longer clueless: understanding glandular trichome development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5285-5287. [PMID: 27703083 PMCID: PMC5049401 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W Stratmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Carlton J Bequette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Zhou W, Wang Y, Wu Z, Luo L, Liu P, Yan L, Hou S. Homologs of SCAR/WAVE complex components are required for epidermal cell morphogenesis in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4311-23. [PMID: 27252469 PMCID: PMC5301933 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous actins (F-actins) play a vital role in epidermal cell morphogenesis. However, a limited number of studies have examined actin-dependent leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis events in rice. In this study, two recessive mutants were isolated: less pronounced lobe epidermal cell2-1 (lpl2-1) and lpl3-1, whose leaf and stem epidermis developed a smooth surface, with fewer serrated pavement cell (PC) lobes, and decreased papillae. The lpl2-1 also exhibited irregular stomata patterns, reduced plant height, and short panicles and roots. Molecular genetic studies demonstrated that LPL2 and LPL3 encode the PIROGI/Specifically Rac1-associated protein 1 (PIR/SRA1)-like and NCK-associated protein 1 (NAP1)-like proteins, respectively, two components of the suppressor of cAMP receptor/Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-family verprolin-homologous protein (SCAR/WAVE) regulatory complex involved in actin nucleation and function. Epidermal cells exhibited abnormal arrangement of F-actins in both lpl2 and lpl3 expanding leaves. Moreover, the distorted trichomes of Arabidopsis pir could be partially restored by an overexpression of LPL2 A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that LPL2 can directly interact with LPL3 in vitro Collectively, the results indicate that LPL2 and LPL3 are two functionally conserved homologs of the SCAR/WAVE complex components, and that they play an important role in controlling epidermal cell morphogenesis in rice by organising F-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongliang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Longfeng Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Krtková J, Benáková M, Schwarzerová K. Multifunctional Microtubule-Associated Proteins in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:474. [PMID: 27148302 PMCID: PMC4838777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are involved in key processes in plant cells, including cell division, growth and development. MT-interacting proteins modulate MT dynamics and organization, mediating functional and structural interaction of MTs with other cell structures. In addition to conventional microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) in plants, there are many other MT-binding proteins whose primary function is not related to the regulation of MTs. This review focuses on enzymes, chaperones, or proteins primarily involved in other processes that also bind to MTs. The MT-binding activity of these multifunctional MAPs is often performed only under specific environmental or physiological conditions, or they bind to MTs only as components of a larger MT-binding protein complex. The involvement of multifunctional MAPs in these interactions may underlie physiological and morphogenetic events, e.g., under specific environmental or developmental conditions. Uncovering MT-binding activity of these proteins, although challenging, may contribute to understanding of the novel functions of the MT cytoskeleton in plant biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krtková
- Department of Biology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Katerina Schwarzerová Lab, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Benáková
- Katerina Schwarzerová Lab, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec KrálovéRokitanského, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Katerina Schwarzerová Lab, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
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Havelková L, Nanda G, Martinek J, Bellinvia E, Sikorová L, Šlajcherová K, Seifertová D, Fischer L, Fišerová J, Petrášek J, Schwarzerová K. Arp2/3 complex subunit ARPC2 binds to microtubules. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:96-108. [PMID: 26706062 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arp2/3 complex plays a fundamental role in the nucleation of actin filaments (AFs) in yeasts, plants, and animals. In plants, the aberrant shaping and elongation of several types of epidermal cells observed in Arp2/3 complex knockout plant mutants suggest the importance of Arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation for various morphogenetic processes. Here we show that ARPC2, a core Arp2/3 complex subunit, interacts with both actin filaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs). Plant GFP-ARPC2 expressed in Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cells, leaf epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana and root epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana decorated MTs. The interaction with MTs was demonstrated by pharmacological approach selectively interfering with either AFs or MTs dynamics as well as by the in vitro co-sedimentation assays. A putative MT-binding domain of tobacco NtARPC2 protein was identified using the co-sedimentation of several truncated NtARPC2 proteins with MTs. Newly identified MT-binding ability of ARPC2 subunit of Arp2/3 complex may represent a new molecular mechanism of AFs and MTs interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Havelková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Gitanjali Nanda
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Erica Bellinvia
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Šlajcherová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Seifertová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Fischer
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřiška Fišerová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Biotechnological aspects of cytoskeletal regulation in plants. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1043-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Qiu L, Lin JS, Xu J, Sato S, Parniske M, Wang TL, Downie JA, Xie F. SCARN a Novel Class of SCAR Protein That Is Required for Root-Hair Infection during Legume Nodulation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005623. [PMID: 26517270 PMCID: PMC4627827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobial infection of legume root hairs requires a rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton to enable the establishment of plant-made infection structures called infection threads. In the SCAR/WAVE (Suppressor of cAMP receptor defect/WASP family verpolin homologous protein) actin regulatory complex, the conserved N-terminal domains of SCAR proteins interact with other components of the SCAR/WAVE complex. The conserved C-terminal domains of SCAR proteins bind to and activate the actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex, which can bind to actin filaments catalyzing new actin filament formation by nucleating actin branching. We have identified, SCARN (SCAR-Nodulation), a gene required for root hair infection of Lotus japonicus by Mesorhizobium loti. Although the SCARN protein is related to Arabidopsis thaliana SCAR2 and SCAR4, it belongs to a distinct legume-sub clade. We identified other SCARN-like proteins in legumes and phylogeny analyses suggested that SCARN may have arisen from a gene duplication and acquired specialized functions in root nodule symbiosis. Mutation of SCARN reduced formation of infection-threads and their extension into the root cortex and slightly reduced root-hair length. Surprisingly two of the scarn mutants showed constitutive branching of root hairs in uninoculated plants. However we observed no effect of scarn mutations on trichome development or on the early actin cytoskeletal accumulation that is normally seen in root hair tips shortly after M. loti inoculation, distinguishing them from other symbiosis mutations affecting actin nucleation. The C-terminal domain of SCARN binds to ARPC3 and ectopic expression of the N-terminal SCAR-homology domain (but not the full length protein) inhibited nodulation. In addition, we found that SCARN expression is enhanced by M. loti in epidermal cells and that this is directly regulated by the NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) transcription factor. Characterization of Lotus japonicus mutants defective for nodule infection by rhizobia led to the identification of a gene we named SCARN. Two of the five alleles caused formation of branched root-hairs in uninoculated seedlings, suggesting SCARN plays a role in the microtubule and actin-regulated polar growth of root hairs. SCARN is one of three L. japonicus proteins containing the conserved N and C terminal domains predicted to be required for rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. SCARN expression is induced in response to rhizobial nodulation factors by the NIN (NODULE INCEPTION) transcription factor and appears to be adapted to promoting rhizobial infection, possibly arising from a gene duplication event. SCARN binds to ARPC3, one of the predicted components in the actin-related protein complex involved in the activation of actin nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-shun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Martin Parniske
- University of Munich LMU, Faculty of Biology, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Bai J, Zhu X, Wang Q, Zhang J, Chen H, Dong G, Zhu L, Zheng H, Xie Q, Nian J, Chen F, Fu Y, Qian Q, Zuo J. Rice TUTOU1 Encodes a Suppressor of cAMP Receptor-Like Protein That Is Important for Actin Organization and Panicle Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1179-91. [PMID: 26243616 PMCID: PMC4587440 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Panicle development, a key event in rice (Oryza sativa) reproduction and a critical determinant of grain yield, forms a branched structure containing multiple spikelets. Genetic and environmental factors can perturb panicle development, causing panicles to degenerate and producing characteristic whitish, small spikelets with severely reduced fertility and yield; however, little is known about the molecular basis of the formation of degenerating panicles in rice. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the rice panicle degenerative mutant tutou1 (tut1), which shows severe defects in panicle development. The tut1 also shows a pleiotropic phenotype, characterized by short roots, reduced plant height, and abnormal development of anthers and pollen grains. Molecular genetic studies revealed that TUT1 encodes a suppressor of cAMP receptor/Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous (SCAR/WAVE)-like protein. We found that TUT1 contains conserved functional domains found in eukaryotic SCAR/WAVE proteins, and was able to activate Actin-related protein2/3 to promote actin nucleation and polymerization in vitro. Consistently, tut1 mutants show defects in the arrangement of actin filaments in trichome. These results indicate that TUT1 is a functional SCAR/WAVE protein and plays an important role in panicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoteng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Xudong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Hongqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Huakun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Qingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Jinqiang Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
| | - Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (J.B., Q.W., J.Zh., H.Z., Q.X., J.N., J.Zu.) and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology and National Plant Gene Research Center (F.C.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (J.B., Q.W., H.Z., Q.X.);State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (X.Z., H.C., G.D., Q.Q.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (L.Z., Y.F.)
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Gavrin A, Jansen V, Ivanov S, Bisseling T, Fedorova E. ARP2/3-Mediated Actin Nucleation Associated With Symbiosome Membrane Is Essential for the Development of Symbiosomes in Infected Cells of Medicago truncatula Root Nodules. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:605-14. [PMID: 25608180 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0402-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-fixing rhizobia in the symbiotic infected cells of root nodules are kept in membrane compartments derived from the host cell plasma membrane, forming what are known as symbiosomes. These are maintained as individual units, with mature symbiosomes having a specific radial position in the host cell cytoplasm. The mechanisms that adapt the host cell architecture to accommodate intracellular bacteria are not clear. The intracellular organization of any cell depends heavily on the actin cytoskeleton. Dynamic rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton is crucial for cytoplasm organization and intracellular trafficking of vesicles and organelles. A key component of the actin cytoskeleton rearrangement is the ARP2/3 complex, which nucleates new actin filaments and forms branched actin networks. To clarify the role of the ARP2/3 complex in the development of infected cells and symbiosomes, we analyzed the pattern of actin microfilaments and the functional role of ARP3 in Medicago truncatula root nodules. In infected cells, ARP3 protein and actin were spatially associated with maturing symbiosomes. Partial ARP3 silencing causes defects in symbiosome development; in particular, ARP3 silencing disrupts the final differentiation steps in functional maturation into nitrogen-fixing units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Gavrin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Jansen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey Ivanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Fedorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Yanagisawa M, Desyatova AS, Belteton SA, Mallery EL, Turner JA, Szymanski DB. Patterning mechanisms of cytoskeletal and cell wall systems during leaf trichome morphogenesis. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15014. [PMID: 27246881 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant actin cytoskeleton is an unstable network of filaments that influences polarized growth through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we used a combination of live cell imaging and finite element computational modelling of Arabidopsis trichome morphogenesis to determine how the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons cooperate to pattern the cell wall and growth. The actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex generates an actin meshwork that operates within a tip-localized, microtubule-depleted zone to modulate cell wall anisotropy locally. The actin meshwork also positions an actin bundle network that organizes organelle flow patterns. This activity is required to maintain cell wall thickness gradients that enable tip-biased diffuse growth. These newly discovered couplings between cytoskeletal patterns and wall textures provide important insights into the cellular mechanism of growth control in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yanagisawa
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Anastasia S Desyatova
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Samuel A Belteton
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Eileen L Mallery
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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43
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Qu X, Jiang Y, Chang M, Liu X, Zhang R, Huang S. Organization and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in the pollen tube. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 5:786. [PMID: 25620974 PMCID: PMC4287052 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proper organization of the actin cytoskeleton is crucial for pollen tube growth. However, the precise mechanisms by which the actin cytoskeleton regulates pollen tube growth remain to be further elucidated. The functions of the actin cytoskeleton are dictated by its spatial organization and dynamics. However, early observations of the distribution of actin filaments at the pollen tube apex were quite perplexing, resulting in decades of controversial debate. Fortunately, due to improvements in fixation regimens for staining actin filaments in fixed pollen tubes, as well as the adoption of appropriate markers for visualizing actin filaments in living pollen tubes, this issue has been resolved and has given rise to the consensus view of the spatial distribution of actin filaments throughout the entire pollen tube. Importantly, recent descriptions of the dynamics of individual actin filaments in the apical region have expanded our understanding of the function of actin in regulation of pollen tube growth. Furthermore, careful documentation of the function and mode of action of several actin-binding proteins expressed in pollen have provided novel insights into the regulation of actin spatial distribution and dynamics. In the current review, we summarize our understanding of the organization, dynamics, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in the pollen tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Qu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yuxiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ming Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ruihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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44
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Zhang C, Hicks GR, Raikhel NV. Plant vacuole morphology and vacuolar trafficking. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:476. [PMID: 25309565 PMCID: PMC4173805 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant vacuoles are essential organelles for plant growth and development, and have multiple functions. Vacuoles are highly dynamic and pleiomorphic, and their size varies depending on the cell type and growth conditions. Vacuoles compartmentalize different cellular components such as proteins, sugars, ions and other secondary metabolites and play critical roles in plants response to different biotic/abiotic signaling pathways. In this review, we will summarize the patterns of changes in vacuole morphology in certain cell types, our understanding of the mechanisms of plant vacuole biogenesis, and the role of SNAREs and Rab GTPases in vacuolar trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- *Correspondence: Chunhua Zhang, Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA e-mail:
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45
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Jacques E, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Review on shape formation in epidermal pavement cells of the Arabidopsis leaf. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 41:914-921. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1071/fp13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal pavement cells appear with a fascinating irregular wavy shape in the Arabidopsis thaliana leaf. This review addresses the questions of why this particular shape is produced during leaf development and how this is accomplished. To answer the first question most probably waviness offers some biomechanical benefits over other organisations. Different positions of lobe-formation are therefore explored and discussed. At the moment, however, no hard evidence that favours any one morphology is available. The latter question comprises the biomechanical accomplishment of shape and refers to the cell wall and cytoskeletal involvement herein. A current model for pavement cell development is discussed but remaining questions and pitfalls are put forward. Moreover, an overview of the genetic and biochemical regulatory pathways that are described up to date in the literature is presented.
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Bloch D, Yalovsky S. Cell polarity signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:734-42. [PMID: 24238831 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity is a fundamental entity of living organisms. Cells must receive accurate decisions where to divide and along which plane, along which axis to grow, where to grow structures like flagellum or filopodium and how to differentially respond to external stimuli. In multicellular organisms cell polarity also regulates cell-cell communication, pattern formation and cell identity. In eukaryotes the RHO family of small G proteins have emerged as central regulators of cell polarity signaling. It is by now well established that ROPs, the plant specific RHO subfamily members, affect cell polarization. Work carried out over the last several years is beginning to reveal how ROPs are activated, how their activity is spatially regulated, through which effectors they regulate cell polarity and how they interact with hormonal signaling and other polarity determinants. The emerging picture is that while the mechanisms of cell polarity signaling are often unique to plants, the principles that govern cell polarization signaling can be similar. In this review, we provide an updated view of polarity signaling in plants, primarily focusing on the function of ROPs and how they interact with and coordinate different polarity determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bloch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Zhao Y, Pan Z, Zhang Y, Qu X, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Jiang X, Huang S, Yuan M, Schumaker KS, Guo Y. The actin-related Protein2/3 complex regulates mitochondrial-associated calcium signaling during salt stress in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4544-59. [PMID: 24280386 PMCID: PMC3875735 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfilament and Ca(2+) dynamics play important roles in stress signaling in plants. Through genetic screening of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that are defective in stress-induced increases in cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]cyt), we identified Actin-Related Protein2 (Arp2) as a regulator of [Ca(2+)]cyt in response to salt stress. Plants lacking Arp2 or other proteins in the Arp2/3 complex exhibited enhanced salt-induced increases in [Ca(2+)]cyt, decreased mitochondria movement, and hypersensitivity to salt. In addition, mitochondria aggregated, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opened, and mitochondrial membrane potential Ψm was impaired in the arp2 mutant, and these changes were associated with salt-induced cell death. When opening of the enhanced mitochondrial permeability transition pore was blocked or increases in [Ca(2+)]cyt were prevented, the salt-sensitive phenotype of the arp2 mutant was partially rescued. These results indicate that the Arp2/3 complex regulates mitochondrial-dependent Ca(2+) signaling in response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tree Breeding, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100193, China
- Address correspondence to
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