Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts

Biomarkers of heavy metals pollution in mangrove ecosystems: Comparative assessment in industrial impact and conservation zones

Heavy metal contamination from industrial activities in coastal regions can lead to pollution in mangrove ecosystems. Mangroves produce antioxidant compounds to mitigate the impact of free radicals. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the concentration of heavy metals Pb and Cu and antioxidant activity in Avicennia alba and Excoecaria agallocha mangroves from areas affected by industrial activities and conservation areas, Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia. This study was conducted in September 2023 with sampling locations in the Payung Island area and the Barong River conservation area, Berbak Sembilang National Park. The samples taken included sediment and mangrove leaves. The concentration of heavy metals Pb and Cu was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Antioxidant activity test using the DPPH test, total phenol using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and phytochemical profile screening using GCMS. Statistical analysis of the correlation between antioxidant activity and heavy metal concentration using the Pearson correlation. The results showed that the highest concentration of heavy metals in sediment and mangrove leaves was found in the area affected by industrial activity, with a range of Pb values of 0.67 ± 0.16-18.70 ± 0.48 mg/kg and Cu values of 3.39 ± 0.20-6.07 ± 0.37 mg / kg. The results of sediment pollution assessment for heavy metals Pb and Cu at Igeo < 0 indicates uncontaminated, 1 < Cf < 3 indicates low contamination, and PLI 0-2 indicates not polluted. While the results of heavy metal bioaccumulation in leaves were BCF < 1, indicates low bioaccumulation. E. agallocha leaves from the Pulau Payung area showed very strong antioxidant activity of 21.63 μg/ml, and the highest total phenol content reached 398.80 mg GAE/g. Analysis of compounds with the highest antioxidant activity identified the presence of esters, aldehydes, alcohols, fatty acids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids. Correlation analysis shows that higher heavy metal concentrations correspond to increased antioxidant activity and total phenol content (r ≠ 0). These findings are expected to contribute to scientific knowledge that enhances environmental sustainability, supporting effective management of coastal natural resources.

Characterization and antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) using microwave-assisted hydro distillation

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil (LGEO) contains α-citral, β-citral and other phytochemicals extracted using various methods. This research extracted essential oils using steam distillation (SD) and microwave-assisted hydro distillation (MAHD) to maximize quantity and purity. LGEO was tested for antibacterial properties. LGEO was extracted using SD and compared to MAHD output based on oil production and chemical composition. We performed GCMS to characterize LGEO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) used for quantum chemical analysis. Spectroscopic analysis showed that SD extracted secondary metabolites (ethyl-linalool, isogeranial, β-citral, α-citral, geranyl acetate, and caryophyllene) yielded 9.7 %, 11.5 %, 35.4 %, 13.4 %, 6.4 %, and 6.4 %, respectively, while MAHD yielded 10.2 %, 13.4 %, 43.2 %, 17.3 %, 6.9 %, and 7.3 %. MAHD extracted α and β citral content was better than SD extraction technique. FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry analysis showed extracted oil chemical composition, electronic structure of α and β citral isomers. In the disc-diffusion experiment, both extracts were effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and harmful fungi. LGEO from SD and MAHD extraction (30 mg/mL) demonstrated disc diffusion assay antibacterial efficacy against microorganisms. The two extracts effectively inhibited microorganisms with MIC values of 3.75 and 7.5 μg/mL. It can be concluded that, LGEO have greater antimicrobial activity in MAHD extraction.

GC/MS and LC Composition Analysis of Essential Oil and Extracts From Wild Rosemary: Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) is a widely used medicinal plant known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluates the bioactive potential of its essential oil (EO), methanolic (ME), and aqueous (AE) extracts. GC-MS analysis identified α-pinene (21.37%), bornanone (12.73%), and eucalyptol (8.28%) as major EO components, while HPLC revealed ME's richness in salicylic acid (5.11 μg/mg) and rutin (0.43 μg/mg). Antioxidant activity, assessed via DPPH and FRAP assays, showed ME with the strongest radical scavenging capacity (IC50 = 27.30 ± 2.4%) and reducing power (IC50 = 90.88 ± 6.7%). Antimicrobial testing revealed EO as the most effective, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus (33 mm inhibition zone) and Bacillus subtilis (32 mm), while AE and ME exhibited moderate activity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all extracts. Additionally, AE demonstrated notable anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 55.88 ± 1.02%). These findings highlight rosemary as a rich source of bioactive compounds with strong pharmacological potential, positioning ME as the best antioxidant, EO as the most potent antimicrobial, and AE as an effective anti-inflammatory agent.

Microbiomic and Metabolomic Insights into the Roles of Hydrolysable Versus Condensed Tannins on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion, and Rumen Fermentation in Liaoning Cashmere Goats

This study was conducted to compare the effects of hydrolysable versus condensed tannins on growth performance, nutrient digestion, and rumen fermentation in goats. A total of 27 Liaoning cashmere goats with similar initial body weights were randomly distributed into three groups: a basal diet, a basal diet +0.5% tannic acid (hydrolysable tannin, HT), or a basal diet +0.5% quebracho tannin (condensed tannin, CT), respectively. Compared to the control group, HT showed a decreased (p < 0.05) feed intake, while CT showed an increased (p < 0.05) feed intake and body weight gain. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber did not differ (p > 0.05) among groups. The HT group showed lower pH and acetic acid concentration in the rumen (p < 0.05), while the CT group showed a decrease (p < 0.05) in the abundances of Verrucomicrobia and Methanobrevibacter. Supplementation of CT decreased (p < 0.05) the levels of dihydrouracil, xanthosine, alpha-D-mannose, and L-tryptophan, while HT increased (p < 0.05) these metabolites. In conclusion, this study suggested that responses of ruminal microbiota and metabolite profiles to the type of tannins varied, and CT displayed a more positive effect on the growth performance of goats than HT when supplemented at the same level in the diets.

Eco-friendly synthesis of Ag/CeO2 and CuO/CeO2 nanocomposites using Curcuma longa extract and assessment of their antioxidant, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities

This work focused on the biosynthesis of Ag/CeO2 and CuO/CeO2 nanocomposites (NCs) using Curcuma longa extract. The nanocomposites were efficiently characterized using different techniques such as FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, zeta potential, DLS, TEM, SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses. The C. longa extract provided high phenolic and flavonoid contents, while demonstrating strong antioxidant action at IC50 = 0.042 mg mL-1. In particular, both nanocomposites exhibited privileged antifungal activity against Macrophomina phaseolina with superiority to CuO/CeO2 (MIC = 29 µg mL-1) over Ag/CeO2 (MIC = 49 µg mL-1). TEM analyses confirmed the adverse effect of nanocomposites on the fungal cell wall. The CuO/CeO2 structure led to mitochondrial and cytoplasmic damage in MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 0.5071 µg mL-1) according to cytotoxicity tests; however, the Ag/CeO2 NC resulted in significant nuclear damage and an increased occurrence of autophagy events. The nanocomposites showed cytotoxic properties by causing oxidative stress, leading to damage of the genomic material and defects in cell structure, suggesting potential therapeutic applications.

Chemical Diversity and Bioactive Compound Profiling of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. Morphotypes

Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. is a native Brazilian tree rich in bioactive compounds, such as coumarins, xanthones, and chromanones. This study investigated the chemical composition of four morphotypes of the species using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). FTIR revealed functional groups related to phenolic compounds and allowed the chemical distinction among the morphotypes. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified the samples into two distinct groups, while principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the first component (PC1) explained 96% of the variation. Spectral regions between 3500-3100, 1050, and 870 cm‒1 were crucial for differentiation. ESI-MS identified compounds such as mammea, jacareubin, and inophyllum, highlighting chemical differences among the morphotypes. These results reinforce the potential of C. brasiliense as a source of phenolic compounds and emphasize the chemical variations among its morphotypes, which may help in exploring bioactive properties and future applications in pharmacology.

Antioxidant capacities and in vitro anti-microbial activities of rice (Oryza sativa var Bajong) from Borneo

Rice contains antioxidants and phenolic components that exert anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Different geographical areas produce rice with various chemical constituents and phytochemicals, in turn these confer differential protective effects including antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Sarawak rice, Oryza sativa var Bajong (Bajong), a fragrant dark purple rice grain harvested from two locations in Sarawak, namely interior Lubok Nibong (LN) and coastal Sri Aman (SA), was assessed for their antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities. The rice was extracted using methanol solvent and evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities based on the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, the aluminium calorimetric method, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and disk diffusion assay, respectively. Using dual-wavelength measurement, Bajong LN showed 2.16% higher amylose content than Bajong SA. Furthermore, 24-h extract of Bajong LN and 48-h extract of Bajong SA exhibited high antioxidant properties (34-70 µg/mL) and were rich in phenolic (46.54 ± 2.62 mg GAE/g; 25.28 ± 3.91 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid contents (5.53 ± 0.36 mg QCE/g; 7.7 ± 2.19 mg QCE/g) respectively. It is interesting to note that 72-h Bajong extract exhibited the largest zone of inhibition (9-9.3 mm) against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps. aeruginosa), which correlated to the high TPC and TFC despite a reduction of antioxidant activity due to prolonged extraction hours. These significant results conferred added value to a staple, health-promoting Bajong had warranted it to be further investigated as a nutraceutical and pharmaceutical crop.

Qualitative phytochemical profiling, and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Psidium guajava (Guava)

Psidium guajava is a well-known tropic tree, widely cultivated for its fruits, and traditionally, it has long been used for medicinal purposes. For instance, its fruit peels are also being used to alleviate stomach cramps in Namibia and its leaves-derived aqueous extract are used to treat Candidiasis (yeast infection) caused by Candida albicans in some parts of the world. Therefore, this study identified the phytochemical compounds in Psidium guajava leaf and fruit peels extracts, determined its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Psidium guajava leaves and fruit peels extracts were obtained using five solvents (Acetone, methanol, aqueous acetone, aqueous methanol and water) via maceration and boiling extraction methods. The extracts were then subjected to phytochemical screening, Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, antioxidant, and antimicrobial analyses (against pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and fungus; Candida albicans). The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenoids, and some of their associated functional groups were revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis identified various compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The different crude extracts exhibited varying inhibitory effects against the selected pathogens, with the leave extracts exhibiting the highest antimicrobial activity whereas, the peel extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. This study thus highlights Psidium guajava's intriguing therapeutic contribution towards the survival of humankind and it can be strategized for future use to treat pathogenic bacterial diseases.

Interaction of some phytochemical compounds with Er2O3 nanoparticle: First principle study

CONTEXT

The interaction between phytochemicals and nanoparticles plays a crucial role in nanotechnology and biomedical applications. This study investigates the binding behavior and stability of six phytochemicals-Catechin, Limonene, Sabinene, Sinapic Acid, Vanillic Acid, and Luteolin 7-O-ß-glucuronide-with Er₂O₃ nanoparticles using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. The findings indicate that Luteolin, Catechin, and Sinapic Acid exhibit the strongest binding affinities and highest structural stability with Er2O3, attributed to their balanced hydrophilicity-lipophilicity and favorable electronic properties. These insights contribute to the design and functionalization of phytochemical-based nanomaterials, with potential applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, and photodynamic therapy.

METHODS

DFT calculations were conducted using Gaussian 09 at the B3LYP/6-311 +  + G(d,p) level to determine HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, dipole moments, and polarizability of the phytochemicals. MD simulations, performed using GROMACS 2019 with the CHARMM36 force field and TIP3P water model, analyzed the dynamics of phytochemical adsorption on a 5 nm Er2O3 nanoparticle over 50 ns. Key parameters such as interaction energies, root mean square deviations (RMSD), radial distribution functions (RDF), and water solubility (logS) were evaluated using ALOPGPS 2.1 software.

Green synthesized ZnO and ZnO-based composites for wound healing applications

In recent years, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have gained much attention in biomedical applications because of their distinctive physicochemical features such as low toxicity and biocompatible properties. Traditional methods to produce ZnO NPs sometimes include harmful substances and considerable energy consumption, causing environmental issues and potential health risks. Nowadays, the concern of ZnO production has moved toward environmentally friendly and sustainable synthesis methods, using natural extracts or plant-based precursors. This review discusses the green synthesis of ZnO NPs utilizing various plant extracts for wound healing applications. Moreover, ZnO NPs have antibacterial characteristics, which can prevent infection, a substantial obstacle in wound healing. Their ability to maintain inflammation, proliferation, oxidative stress, and promote angiogenesis proves their critical role in wound closure. In addition, ZnO NPs can also be easily and ideally incorporated with wound dressings and scaffolds such as hydrogel, chitosan, cellulose, alginate, and other materials, due to their exceptional mechanical properties. The latest publication of green synthesis of ZnO NPs and their applications for wound healing has been discussed. Therefore, this review provides a current update of knowledge on the sustainable and biocompatible ZnO NPs for specific applications, i.e., wound healing applications. In addition, the green synthesis of ZnO NPs using plant extracts also provides a particular approach in terms of material preparation, which is different from previous review articles.

Comparative metabolites profiling of different solvent extracts of Asparagus species cladodes using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and molecular networking

INTRODUCTION

Asparagus species are naturally distributed worldwide and are known for their pharmacological properties that offer cures for various ailments. However, the metabolic choreography of these Asparagus species is not well characterized, and the compounds contributing to their bioactivities remain unknown.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to profile and compare the metabolomes of three Asparagus species cladodes using different solvent extractions.

METHODS

An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and molecular networking approach was used to study the effects of different solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol, and chloroform) with varying polarity on metabolites extraction and identification of bioactive compounds from three Asparagus species cladodes (Asparagus falcatus, Asparagus plumosus, and Asparagus densiflorus 'Meyersii').

RESULTS

Multivariate statistical analyses (mainly principal component analysis) revealed a significant separation between the three solvents and the three species, indicating notable metabolic differences. A total of 118 metabolites were identified in the three species extracted with the different solvents, with methanolic and chloroform extracts containing more metabolites compared with ethyl acetate extracts. These metabolites were identified as belonging to the flavonoids, cinnamic acids, organooxygen compounds, steroids, fatty acids, benzenes, and glycerophospholipids compound classes. Furthermore, these compounds classes were differentially distributed among the three species, indicating chemical/chemotaxis differences between the compared species. Chloroform and methanol are recommended as the optimal solvents to obtain a high content of phytochemical compounds from Asparagus species cladodes.

Isolation and Characterisation of Bioactive Steroidal Compounds From the Leaf Extract of Sarcochlamys pulcherrima

Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaudich is a small, traditionally used medicinal plant belonging to the Urticaceae family. The leaves of the plant are commonly consumed by different tribes inhabiting the northeastern states of India. This work involves dereplicating ethanolic leaf extract of S. pulcherrima, leading to the isolation of two new steroidal compounds-SP-C1 and SP-C2-characterised by single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. The compound SP-C2 displayed significant antioxidant properties with an IC50 value of 4.75 ± 0.22 µg mL-1 in the 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging assay along with ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value of 1792.40 ± 0.11 µM, which is comparable to that of the employed standard antioxidant ascorbic acid (2032.60 ± 0.12 µM). SP-C2 also exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibitory potential with an IC50 value of 506.53 ± 0.24 µg mL-1 in close resemblance with that of the standard α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose (420.32 ± 0.62 µg mL-1).

Bio-Engineered Silver Nanoparticles, Characterization, and Time-Dependent Toxicity against Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Bio-engineered silver nanoparticles (BE-AgNPs) are receiving discernible attention due to their diverse application history; however, the interaction of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) with the environment and their toxicity in aquatic organisms is a matter of concern debate. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the bio-fabrication of Ag-NPs using Bellis perennis (B. perennis) plant flower extract and to assess their toxicity against Cyprinus carpio as an aquatic model organism. For this purpose, BE-AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using advanced analytical techniques (SEM, TEM, FTIR, and UV-visible absorption spectra), which showed that well-dispersed and cubical Ag-NPs with an average size of 15.4 nm were obtained. In addition, C. carpio after 96-h LC50 test period were exposed to three determined concentrations, including 5, 10, and 15 mg/L of BE-AgNPs for 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively, for tissue histopathology and genotoxicity. Histopathological results revealed that BE-AgNPs caused degeneration, necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the muscles, liver, intestine, and gills of exposed C. carpio tissues using H and E staining slides. Moreover, BE-AgNPs caused DNA damage to C. carpio erythrocytes using the comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) technique. The study confirmed that BE-AgNPs induce significant myotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, branchial toxicity, intestinal toxicity, and genotoxicity in C. carpio. These findings highlight the environmental and ecological risks associated with the use of bio-engineered silver nanoparticles, particularly in aquatic ecosystems.

Unlocking the therapeutic potential of unexplored phytocompounds as hepatoprotective agents through integration of network pharmacology and in-silico analysis

Liver diseases account for over two million deaths annually, amounting to 4% of mortality worldwide, underscoring the need for development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. The growing interest in natural hepatoprotective agents highlights the potential of traditional medicine for modern drug discovery, though unlocking their molecular complexity requires advanced tools. This study integrates cutting-edge computational techniques with traditional herbal knowledge to identify potential hepatoprotective compounds. Protein targets implicated in liver disorders were identified through network pharmacology and by leveraging the rich molecular diversity inherent in herbal compounds, phytocompounds were selected. The Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome data were compiled and enrichment analysis was performed using the DAVID database. Molecular docking of selected phytocompounds with top five protein targets helped identify 14 compounds which were employed for building the pharmacophore model. In virtual screening, among 1089 compounds screened, 10 compounds were identified as potential hits based on their predicted scores and alignment with pharmacophore features. The interactions of resulting hits were then analyzed through redocking studies and validated through molecular dynamics simulation and ADMET studies. Notably, (2S,5E)-2-(3,4-Dihydroxybenzyl)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-5-hexenoic acid and 5'-hydroxymorin emerged as lead compounds for further investigation. Both compounds exhibited significant binding affinities with specific amino acids in selected targets, suggesting their potential to modulate key pathways involved in hepatic disorders. Our findings demonstrate the utility of this integrated approach which transits beyond traditional trial-and-error methods. This approach will accelerate the discovery of novel hepatoprotective compounds, providing deeper insights into their mechanistic pathways and action.

Evaluation of phytochemicals and essential oils of Cupressus semprevirens in controlling cattle tick Rhipicephalus annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae)

BACKGROUND

Cupressus sempervirens is one of the conifer plants, that is used as an antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelminthic, and many other health purposes. Rhipicephalus annulatus is one of the hard tick genera affecting the production and health of domestic animals in Egypt. Extensive use of chemical acaricides in the management of ticks caused acaricide resistance, environmental contamination, residues in meat and milk, and harmful effects on non-target species. For these reasons, there is an urgent need to create efficient, environmentally friendly acaricides. This work aimed to assay the essential oils and establish the phytochemical analysis of C. sempervirens extract, its effects against the semi-engorged females of R. annulatus, and discuss their possible control effects.

RESULTS

Using the spray-dip method by C. sempervirens ethanol, methanol, distal water, and chloroform extracts at different concentrations (10-50%), revealed a decrease in the percentage of mobile female R. annulatius ticks, and increased mortality proportionally with days after treatments (14 days) and/or extract concentrations (10-50%). The ethanol extracts showed their strongest acaricidal effect, where the female mortality percentage reached 100% using all concentrations at the end of the examined period. In addition, the estimated LC50 and LC95 of C. sempervirens ethanolic extract were recorded as the lowest values (12.2% and 17%, respectively) after 14 days of treatment compared with other extract types. The 50% ethanolic extract of C. sempervirens (the most effective one) revealed the presence of bioactive metabolites i.e. flavonoids, tannins, and carbohydrates (TSS). Also, its total antioxidant capacity and potential free-radical activity (DPPH) were estimated. Using GC-MS, the extracted oil revealed the presence of four major compounds i.e., Eicosapentaenoic acid (50.85%), 10,12-Docosadiynedioic acid (27.58%),10-Undecynoic acid (14.28%) and Palmitic acid (5.42%). The efficiency of all phytochemicals and essential oils was discussed in the current study.

CONCLUSION

The phytochemicals and essential oils found in C. sempervirens could enhance our understanding and help in developing potential strategies for controlling ticks in general and for R. annulatus, in particular, using environmentally friendly agents.

Optimizing the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Extracts: A Comprehensive Study

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch) bulb extracts and evaluation of their antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties were investigated. The crude plant extracts were prepared using distilled water, ethanol, and methanol for a comparison. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized via UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed using the UV-VIS spectra at 550 nm. The TEM confirmed the nanoparticle morphology as a mixed dispersed sphere, oval, and triangular shapes with a size range of 7.8 nm to 31.3 nm. The secondary metabolites were detected using TLC, DPPH, and LC-MS. Antimicrobial activity was assessed based on agar-well diffusion; cytotoxicity was examined through MTS assays. Various phytochemical constituents were detected through TLC and LC-MS. The crude extracts and methanol-extract-capped AgNP were able to scavenge free radicals, as shown by the developments of inhibitory bands on the TLC plate. The agar well diffusion test revealed that the AgNP capped methanol extract had potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative multidrug resistant bacteria in comparison with penicillin and neomycin, with inhibition zones ranging between 10 mm and 14 mm for the methanol-extract-capped AgNP. The in vitro MTS assay revealed that methanol crude extracts and methanol-extract-capped AgNP had a less cytotoxic effect on the HEK293 cells in comparison with untreated cells (control). We therefore conclude that methanol was the best reducing solvent with the best overall nanoparticle morphology and performance in antimicrobial and cytotoxicity, in comparison to ethanol and distilled water.

Phyllanthus emblica: Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial Potential with Antibiotic Enhancement, and Toxicity Insights

Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (commonly known as Amla or Indian Gooseberry) is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat respiratory infections, skin disorders, and gastrointestinal issues. The fruit contains an abundance of polyphenols, which contribute to its strong antioxidant properties. The antibacterial activity of fruit extracts derived from P. emblica against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was determined along with the antibiotic-resistant variants extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and ESBL K. pneumoniae. Disc diffusion and broth dilution assays were conducted to assess the activity of aqueous, methanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts, with large zones of inhibition of up to 15 mm on agar observed for S. aureus and MRSA. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 158 to 1725 µg/mL were calculated. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of P. emblica were less active against E. coli, ESBL E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and ESBL K. pneumoniae, with the only noteworthy MIC (633 µg/mL) observed for the aqueous extract against K. pneumoniae. Interestingly, a lack of inhibition was observed on agar for any of the extracts against these bacteria. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis identified several notable flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and tannins. Notably, Artemia nauplii bioassays indicated that all extracts were nontoxic. The antibacterial activity and absence of toxicity in P. emblica extracts suggest their potential as candidates for antibiotic development, highlighting the need for further mechanistic and phytochemical investigations.

Network pharmacological evaluation of Cressa cretica L.- an integrated approach of modern and ancient pharmacology

Cressa cretica L. is immensely valuable in pharmacology. Computational approach through network pharmacology has been attempted to understand lead molecules of Cressa and their interactions with multiple targets. The phytochemical components of methanolic extracts of Cressa leaves were identified using GC-MS analysis, revealing 16 compounds. Using the identified lead molecules, target proteins were predicted using SWISS-target prediction and were analyzed using Cytoscape. This led to the identification of 56 candidate protein targets, which were used to construct a network using CytoHubba, Centiscape, MCODE, and KEGG pathways. The STRING network was created using Cytoscape for analyzing protein-protein interactions, and the top 5 genes were chosen from a total of 12 algorithms in CytoHubba. The antioxidant effects of C. cretica were investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, which showed an increase in the trend activity of the plant extract with an inhibition percentage of 51.53 ± 0.003%. This was further validated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay that resulted in an antioxidant activity of 6.64 µg/mL at a high concentration of 500 µg/mL. Molecular docking and simulation were performed to study the interaction of human cyclooxygenase-2 (PDB ID: 5KIR) with Cressa metabolites. 5KIR exhibited a higher interaction with methyl stearate, forming two H-bond interactions with Arg 120 and Tyr 355. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis confirmed the stability of the protein-ligand complex. The network pharmacology analysis of putative proteins obtained from C. cretica revealed that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) gene is found in numerous cancer pathways and can be inhibited.

Norchelerythrine from Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. promotes differentiation and apoptosis by activating DNA damage response in acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most prevalent form of leukemia in adults. The cornerstone of first‑line chemotherapy for AML has poor survival rates, underscoring the urgent need for development of novel therapeutic agents. Differentiation therapy targets the blockade of differentiation in myeloid progenitor cells. The present study screened 100 plant extracts native to South Korea to search for those with differentiation‑inducing activity in AML. Differentiation‑inducing activity was assessed by measuring CD11b expression using fluorescence activated cell sorting. Of these, Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. (CIP) exhibited the highest efficacy. CIP induced myeloid differentiation, decreased viability and increased cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HL‑60, U937 and THP‑1 cells. Furthermore, ultra‑performance liquid chromatography‑quadrupole time‑of‑flight mass spectrometry identified norchelerythrine as the primary anti‑leukemic compound in CIP. Norchelerythrine induced differentiation and promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, mirroring the tumor‑suppressive effects of CIP, and notably decreased cell viability in patients with various genetic abnormalities. The present mechanistic study showed that norchelerythrine stimulated reactive oxygen species generation, leading to activation of DNA damage signaling and upregulation of p21cip1, a cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor. Overall, norchelerythrine isolated from CIP may be a novel therapeutic option in AML.

Effects of spices mixture and cooking on antioxidant activity in Ethiopian spicy hot red pepper powder

In Ethiopia, spicy hot red pepper, locally known as berbere, is a common food additive that is consumed in a variety of forms, which have high antioxidant potentials. The antioxidant activity of selected spices, such as garlic, ginger, cardamom, and black cumin, and hot red pepper (HRP) as well as both raw and cooked experimental and commercial spicy hot red pepper were evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric ion (Fe3+) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ferrous ion (Fe2+) chelating activity (FICA) assays. The IC50 of DPPH and ABTS of garlic were the lowest of all selected spices; conversely, they had the strongest free radical scavenging activities. The FRAP of ginger, and FICA of garlic were the strongest of all selected spices. The antioxidant potential of raw experimental (ESP), and commercial (CSP) spicy hot red pepper were stronger than the plain spices; however, cooked commercial spicy HRP or sauté (CSS) was the strongest of all following uncooked commercial spicy HRP (CSP). The DPPH and ABTS, and FRAP and FICA, respectively ranked in ascending order: HRP < ESP < ESS < CSP < CSS, and HRP < ESP < CSP ≤ ESS < CSS. Correlations between DPPH versus total flavonoid content (TFC), ABTS versus total phenolic content (TPC), FRAP versus TPC, and FICA versus condensed tannin content were strong in plain spices. The DPPH against TPC and TFC, ABTS against TFC, FRAP against TFC, and FICA against TPC correlated strongly in both raw and cooked spice mixture products. Spices used for popular Ethiopian spicy hot red pepper powder production, and both raw and cooked mixture of them are promising sources of antioxidants with positive health effects.

Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of the Endemic Thymbra nabateorum Occurring in AlUla County, NW Saudi Arabia

Thymbra nabateorum, a plant species from the Lamiaceae family, is endemic to the Nabatian region, which spans southern Jordan and northwestern Saudi Arabia. It is renowned for its traditional uses and rich phytochemical profile. This study aims to examine the phytochemical composition of T. nabateorum and evaluate its biological activities, including antioxidant capacity, cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines, and enzyme inhibition relevant to diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. The essential oil (EO) and methanol extract of T. nabateorum were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against MDA-MB231 and LNCaP cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. Enzyme inhibition assays were conducted to determine the inhibitory effects on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and butyrylcholinesterase. GC-MS analysis revealed thymol (82.30%) as the major component of the essential oil, while HPLC identified significant phenolic compounds in the methanol extract, including diosmin (118.75 mg/g) and hesperidin (22.18 mg/g). The DPPH assay demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, with the methanol extract showing an IC50 of 11.97 μg/mL for α-amylase and 31.99 μg/mL for α-glucosidase, indicating notable antidiabetic potential. Cytotoxicity tests revealed significant antiproliferative effects against both cancer cell lines, with lower IC50 values compared to standard treatments. T. nabateorum exhibits substantial antioxidant, cytotoxic, and enzyme inhibition activities, supporting its traditional medicinal uses. These findings provide a scientific basis for further research into its bioactive compounds and potential applications in modern pharmacology, particularly in developing natural therapeutic agents for oxidative stress-related diseases and cancer.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Insights into Mentha asiatica Boriss.: A Promising Antimicrobial Plant

Mentha asiatica Boriss., a species native to Central Asia, has garnered significant attention for its diverse phytochemical profile and antimicrobial potential. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the antimicrobial activities of M. asiatica, focusing on its essential oils and other bioactive constituents. The study contextualizes the importance of natural antimicrobials in the era of rising antibiotic resistance and highlights the plant's traditional use in ethnomedicine. The main methodologies explored include gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for phytochemical characterization and various in vitro assays to assess antimicrobial efficacy against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The essential oils of M. asiatica demonstrate a broad spectrum of activity, attributed to compounds such as menthol, menthone, and carvone. Other phytochemicals, including sesquiterpenes and terpenoids, also contribute to its bioactivity. The review underscores the potential of M. asiatica as a source of novel antimicrobial agents and calls for further research into its mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and safety profiles. The findings position M. asiatica as a promising candidate for developing plant-based antimicrobial formulations, addressing critical needs in healthcare and food preservation.

Phytochemicals in Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

Extensive investigation has been conducted on plant-based resources for their pharmacological usefulness, including various cancer types. The scope of this review is wider than several studies with a particular focus on breast cancer, which is an international health concern while studying sources of flavonoids, carotenoids, polyphenols, saponins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and glycosides apart from focusing on nursing. Important findings from prior studies are synthesized to explore these compounds' sources, mechanisms of action, complementary and synergistic effects, and associated side effects. It was reviewed that the exposure to certain doses of catechins, piperlongumine, lycopene, isoflavones and cucurbitacinfor a sufficient period can provide profound anticancer benefits through biological events such as cell cycle arrest, cells undergoing apoptosis and disruption of signaling pathways including, but not limited to JAK-STAT3, HER2-integrin, and MAPK. Besides, the study also covers the potential adverse effects of these phytochemicals. Regarding mechanisms, the widest attention is paid to Complementary and synergistic strategies are discussed which indicate that it would be realistic to alter the dosage and delivery systems of liposomes, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and films to enhance efficacy. Future research directions include refining these delivery approaches, further elucidating molecular mechanisms, and conducting clinical trials to validate findings. These efforts could significantly advance the role of phytocompounds in breast cancer management.

Formulation and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of an Emulsion Containing a Commercial Green Tea Extract

The addition of an extract to an emulsion is intended to improve its fragrance and care qualities. Green tea is a beverage known all over the world. It is tasty and has beneficial effects on human health due to its high polyphenol content. The compounds present in this variety of tea have also made it an interesting cosmetic ingredient. The polyphenols contained in green tea have antioxidant properties and can delay the ageing process in human skin. Various preparations with this ingredient can be found on the market-from creams to hair care products. Making one's own cosmetics is also a trend. In the following study, three creams containing green tea extracts from three different manufacturers were prepared, and the total polyphenol (TP) contents, the phenolic profile of the extracts used and the antioxidant activity of these preparations were examined using two methods: DPPH• and ABTS•+ cationic radicals. The study showed that the antioxidant activity of the glycerin-water extracts measured by the selected methods was higher than that of the oil extract. Among the creams, the product with green tea extract from Firm 2 (glycerin-water extract) showed the best antioxidant properties.

Cordyceps militaris-Derived Bioactive Gels: Therapeutic and Anti-Aging Applications in Dermatology

Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal mushroom widely utilized in traditional East Asian medicine, recognized for its diverse therapeutic properties. This review explores the potential of C. militaris-derived bioactive gels for applications in dermatology and skincare, with a particular focus on their therapeutic and anti-aging benefits. In response to the rising incidence of skin cancers and the growing demand for natural bioactive ingredients, C. militaris has emerged as a valuable source of functional compounds, including cordycepin, polysaccharides, and adenosine. These compounds exhibit multiple bioactivities, including apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and anti-inflammatory effects, which have been shown to be particularly effective against melanoma and other skin cancers. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of C. militaris enhance skin resilience by scavenging reactive oxygen species, reducing oxidative stress, and promoting collagen synthesis, thereby addressing skin health and anti-aging requirements. The potential for incorporating C. militaris compounds into gel-based formulations for skincare is also examined, either as standalone bioactives or in combination with synergistic ingredients. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of clinical trials and standardization to establish the safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of such applications. By providing a safer alternative to synthetic agents, C. militaris-derived bioactive gels represent a promising advancement in dermatology and skincare.

Phytochemical profiling, spectroscopic identification of active compounds, and mechanism of the anticandidal properties of Datura stramonium L. using SwissADMET prediction and molecular docking analysis

BACKGROUND

Datura stramonium L., a wild-growing herb, has been traditionally used to treat various ailments, including toothache, asthma, rheumatism, epilepsy, and alopecia. Scientific evidence supports its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, anticholinergic, antifungal, and antibacterial properties.

AIM

This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and identify the most potent anticandidal compounds inhibiting the growth of Candida spp., while also predicting their drug-likeness and toxicity profiles.

METHOD

The anticandidal activity of D. stramonium leaf extracts was assessed using the Agar well-diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth dilution method. The most active extract was selected for column chromatography. Different fractions were collected and screened against pathogenic Candida spp. The most active fraction was subjected to Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. Additionally, computational tools such as molecular docking and ADMET prediction provided further insights into the molecular interactions between the target enzymes.

RESULTS

In vitro anticandidal activity demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited significant activity against human pathogenic Candida spp., with the highest zones of inhibition against Candida guilliermondii (20.33 ± 0.56 mm), Candida tropicalis (16.33 ± 0.58 mm), and Candida albicans (14.66 ± 1.05 mm), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 25 μg/ml. Additionally, the most potent fraction (F8) obtained from the Column revealed significant anticandidal activity. GC-MS analysis of the F8 fraction indicated the presence of 23 compounds, with the major compounds being Phthalic acid, di (2-propylpentyl) ester (Compound 1), Pentadecane (Compound 2), Octadecane (Compound 3), Benzoic acid, 3-Amino-5-Hydroxy-, Methyl ester (Compound 4), and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester (Compound 5). This study reports all 23 compounds from D. stramonium for the first time. Furthermore, NMR studies confirmed the presence of Phthalic acid, di (2-propylpentyl) ester as the most abundant compound, designated as compound 1. Finally, docking analysis revealed that compound 1 showed good binding affinities for the tested enzymes, with the highest binding scores of -7.084 kcal/mol and -7.030 kcal/mol with Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase (PDB ID: 5JLC, 5TZ1). The results of the in silico pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties indicated that compound 1 is a potential anticandidal drug candidate.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights that 23 compounds were reported from the leaf extract of D. stramonium for the first time. The findings suggest that compound 1 can be considered a new anticandidal drug candidate.

Neuroprotective Efficacy of Phytoconstituents of Methanolic Shoots Extract of Calligonum polygonoides L. in Hypercholesterolemia-associated Neurodegenerations

BACKGROUND

Small molecule phytocompounds can potentially ameliorate degenerative changes in cerebral tissues. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective efficacy of phytocompounds of methanolic shoots extract of Calligonum polygonoides L. (MSECP) in hypercholesterolemia-associated neurodegenerations.

METHODS

Phytochemical screening of the extract was made by LCMS/MS and validated by a repository of the chemical library. The hypercholesterolemia was induced through the intraperitoneal administration of poloxamer-407 with a high-fat diet. The in silico assessments were accomplished by following the molecular docking, ADME and molecular dynamics. MMPBSA and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) analyzed the molecular dynamics simulations. Consequently, in-vivo studies were examined by lipid metabolism, free radical scavenging capabilities and histopathology of brain tissues (cortex and hippocampus).

RESULTS

22 leading phytocompounds were exhibited in the test extract, as revealed by LCMS/ MS scrutiny. Molecular docking evaluated significant interactions of apigenin triacetate with target proteins (HMGCR (HMG-CoA reductase), (AChE-Acetylcholinesterase) and (BuChE- Butyrylcholinesterase). Molecular dynamics examined the interactions through assessments of the radius of gyration, RSMD, RSMF and SASA at 100 ns, which were further analyzed by MMPBSA (Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann) and PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Accordingly, the treatment of test extract caused significant alterations in lipid profile, dyslipidemia indices, antioxidant levels and histopathology of brain tissues.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that apigenin triacetate is a potent phytoconstituent of MSEPC and can interact with HMGCR, AChE, and BuChE, which resulted in improved hypercholesterolemia along with neuroprotective ameliorations in the cortex and hippocampus.

Nutraceutical Potential of Wild Leafy Vegetables Commonly Consumed by Tribal Communities: Cassia tora (L.) Roxb., Acalypha fruiticosa Forssk. and Talinum portulacifolium (Forssk.) Asch. ex Schweinf

Wide variety of consumable leafy vegetables are present in the nature but most of them are neither utilised nor scientifically investigated. Nutraceutical potential of these plants should be studied to enrich our knowledge, thus making them part of balanced diets. In view of this objective, three leafy vegetables were selected viz., Cassia tora (L.) Roxb., Acalypha fruiticosa Forssk. and Talinum portulacifolium (Forssk.) Asch. ex Schweinf. Phytochemical screening of the leaves collected from these plants was done in four solvents which revealed the presence of many secondary metabolites. Estimation of bioactive components revealed that the total phenolics (22.84 mgGAEg-1), flavonoids (4.60 mgQEg-1) and ascorbic acid (37.34 mg100g-1) were accounted highest in C. tora whereas lycopene (12.61 mg100g-1) and β-carotene (13.79 mg100g-1) in C. tora were on par with A. fruiticosa (12.45 mg100g-1 lycopene and 12.51 mg100g-1 β-carotene). Anthocyanin content was highest in T. portulacifolium (23.62 mg100g-1). The antioxidant activity was estimated using three assays and the maximum antioxidant activity was recorded in C. tora with lowest IC50 values of 431.94 µgmL-1, 30.58 µgmL-1 and 107.59 µgmL-1 in DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays, respectively. Among the three wild edible plants, C. tora recorded the highest concentration of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity.

Exceeding the Limits with Nutraceuticals: Looking Towards Parkinson's Disease and Frailty

One of the most pressing challenges facing society today is the rising prevalence of physical and cognitive frailty. This geriatric condition makes older adults more vulnerable to disability, illness, and a heightened risk of mortality. In this scenario, Parkinson's disease (PD) and geriatric frailty, which share several common characteristics, are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, underscoring the urgent need for innovative strategies. Nutraceuticals are naturally occurring bioactive compounds contained in foods, offering health benefits over and above essential nutrition. By examining the literature from the past decade, this review highlights how nutraceuticals can act as complementary therapies, addressing key processes, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Notably, the antioxidant action of nutraceuticals appears particularly beneficial in regard to PD and geriatric frailty. For instance, antioxidant-rich nutraceuticals may mitigate the oxidative damage linked to levodopa therapy in PD, potentially reducing the side effects and enhancing treatment sustainability. Similarly, the antioxidant effects of nutraceuticals may amplify the benefits of physical activity, enhancing muscle function, cognitive health, and resilience, thereby reducing the risk of frailty. This review proposes a holistic approach integrating nutraceuticals with exercise, pharmacotherapy, and lifestyle adjustments. It promises to transform the management of ARD, prolong life, and improve the quality of life and well-being of older people.

Valorizing Agro‐Food Waste for Nutraceutical Development: Sustainable Approaches for Managing Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Related Co‐Morbidities

This comprehensive investigation delves into the interconnectedness of different features of cardiometabolic syndrome, such as metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and gut dysbiosis, highlighting the crucial role of nutraceuticals in their management and prevention. Given the significant overlap in the pathophysiology of these conditions, the treatment with nutraceuticals, especially those derived from agro‐food waste, offers a promising, sustainable, and innovative approach to healthcare. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the One Health concept are key frameworks for selecting the most interesting supply chain for the production of nutraceuticals from agro‐food waste, ensuring environmental sustainability, and innovative agricultural practices. In this review, the therapeutic potential of kiwifruit and apples has been explored, detailing how their bioactive compounds, like polyphenols, fiber, pectin, kaempferol, phloretin, and phlorizin, may contribute to the management of MASLD, ASCVD, and gut dysbiosis. Various extraction methods for active ingredients, including chemical, water, and enzyme extractions, are analyzed for their respective benefits and drawbacks. By integrating scientific research, sustainable agricultural practices, and innovative extraction methods, we can develop effective strategies to combat these pervasive health issues. This holistic approach not only enhances individual health outcomes but also supports broader environmental and societal goals, promoting a healthier future for all.

Discovery of Isograndidentatin D, a Novel Phenolic Glycoside, and Anti-Helicobacter pylori Phenolics from Salix koreensis Twigs

Salix koreensis Anderss (Salicaceae), commonly referred to as Korean willow, is native to East Asia, particularly Korea and China, and it has been used in traditional Korean folk medicine for its potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties. In our ongoing research efforts to discover biologically new natural products, phytochemical analysis on an ethanolic extract of S. koreensis twigs yielded the isolation and identification of ten phenolic compounds (1-10), including a newly discovered phenolic glycoside (1) named isograndidentatin D, isolated via HPLC purification. The structure of compound 1 was determined through extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectral data analysis and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS). Its absolute configuration was established using DP4+ probability analysis combined with gauge-including atomic orbital NMR chemical shift calculations and chemical reaction methods. The other known compounds were identified as isograndidentatin B (2), trichocarposide (3), glanduloidin C (4), tremuloidin (5), 3-O-acetylsalicin (6), 2-O-acetylsalicin (7), salicin (8), salireposide (9), and coumaric acid (10), confirmed by comparing their NMR spectra with previously reported data and further verified through liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. The isolated compounds 1-10 were tested for their anti-Helicobacter pylori activities. Among these, compounds 4 and 5 demonstrated moderate anti-H. pylori activity at a concentration of 100 μM. Specifically, compound 5 showed an inhibitory activity of 35.9 ± 5.4%, making it slightly more potent than compound 4, with 34.0 ± 1.0% inhibition. These results were comparable to that of quercetin, a known anti-H. pylori agent used as a positive control in this study, which showed 38.4 ± 2.3% inhibition. The remaining compounds exhibited very weak inhibitory effects. This study highlights the potential of S. koreensis twigs as a valuable natural source of bioactive compounds for therapeutic applications against H. pylori.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. Fruit Extracts Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens: Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn) Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. are significant botanicals in ancient Ayurvedic medicine. They are renowned for their therapeutic properties, notably in addressing gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. These plants have undergone thorough examination related to their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which make them highly efficient natural treatments for controlling gastrointestinal infections. The current research demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of fruit extracts of Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula against Bacillus cereus, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhimurium. We performed disc diffusion and liquid microdilution experiments to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy. All extracts of Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula showed good antibacterial effects against B. cereus and S. flexneri. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 94 µg/mL to 556 µg/mL. The methanolic extracts from both plants also showed noteworthy antibacterial activity against S. sonnei and S. typhimurium, with MIC values of 755 µg/mL for both. Fractional inhibitory concentration studies revealed additive interactions between some conventional antibiotics and the plant extracts when used concurrently. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses revealed that the T. bellirica and T. chebula extracts contained various tannins including methyl gallate, propyl gallate, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. Lethality assays conducted using Artemia franciscana Kellogg nauplii indicated that all the plant extracts are non-toxic. The antibacterial properties and absence of toxicity in T. bellirica and T. chebula fruit extracts indicate their potential for antibiotic development, warranting additional mechanistic and phytochemical studies.

Optimization and Standardization of the Extraction Method of Balanites aegyptiaca Del. Seeds (Zygophyllaceae) Used in the Formulation of an Antiparasitic Phytomedicine

Background/Objectives:Balanites aegyptiaca Del. (Zygophyllaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine, both human and veterinary, throughout Africa for its many properties, including antiparasitic properties. This experimental study aims to optimize the extraction conditions of the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca Del. Methods: Aqueous maceration was carried out with mass-to-volume ratios of 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% and 5% and extraction times of 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Extraction yields, phytochemical screening, saponins assay, antioxidant activities ABTS+ free radical scavenging activities, Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and antiparasitic tests on Heligmosomoides bakeri were used to compare the different extracts. Results: The pharmaco-chemical study generally showed that aqueous maceration gave the best results, with a mass/volume ratio of 10% after 12 h of maceration. The yield obtained was 28.03% with a saponins content of 13.81 mg/g. The antioxidant activities were 4.25 ± 0.17 µg/mL by the ABTS method and 0.739 µg/mL by the FRAP method. The larvicidal activity also showed that the 10% 12 h extract produced 100% larval mortality from 25 µg/mL. Conclusions: These data provide a basis for guiding the extraction process parameters in producing this antiparasitic phytomedicine.

Magnetic and Biomedical Properties of Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Vitex agnus-castus Extract

Magnetic nanoparticles have attracted significant attention in nanoscience and nanotechnology due to their unique physicochemical properties. These properties enable their great potential in various biomedical applications, such as hyperthermia, drug delivery, tissue engineering, theranostics, and lab-on-a-chip technologies. Physical and chemical methods are conventionally used for the synthesis of nanoparticles; however, due to several limitations of these methods, research focus has recently shifted towards developing clean and eco-friendly synthesis protocols while maintaining their desirable chemical and physical properties. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) were synthesized for the first time using the green synthesis method with extracts from Vitex agnus-castus. The structural and magnetic characterization of FeNPs was carried out using state-of-the-art techniques. The formation of FeNPs was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy. The morphology and size distribution were examined by a zetasizer and SEM, which showed agglomerated ring-shaped structures with a moderate size distribution among the nanoparticles. The crystalline structure and phase purity of the FeNPs were analyzed by XRD. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the attachment of bioactive plant molecules on the FeNP surfaces. The TGA results indicated the presence of organic molecules on the surface of the nanoparticles. Further studies including temperature-dependent magnetization and coercivity measurements were performed by PPMS and ESR, confirming the soft magnetic characteristics of synthesized FeNPs. Additionally, the dose-dependent toxicity and anti-cancerogenic effects of the FeNPs were screened towards the glioma cancer line (C6) and fibroblast cell line (L929) in vitro using an MTT assay. After 24 h of treatment, inhibitory concentration IC50 values of 26.51 µg/mL (l929) and 10.73 µg/mL (C6) were determined, respectively. These results suggest the potential of the synthesized FeNPs in developing new biocompatible systems for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This study contributes to the growing demand for research in nanotechnology by offering a sustainable and effective green synthesis method for FeNPs, expanding their potential applications in nanomedicine.

Bismuth-based nanoparticles and nanocomposites: synthesis and applications

In the vast landscape of materials science, bismuth emerges as a compelling element with unique properties and diverse applications. Its intriguing characteristics and advancements in nanotechnology have propelled bismuth-based nanoparticles to the forefront of scientific exploration, promising breakthroughs in various disciplines. This comprehensive review explores diverse methods for synthesizing bismuth-based nanoparticles and nanocomposites, ranging from conventional approaches such as hydrothermal and sol-gel to innovative techniques such as microwave-assisted, microemulsion, and green synthesis. The latter includes unique processes such as laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition methods, combustion as well as surface-mediated and bacterium-based synthesis. Each method's strengths, weaknesses, and specifications are critically examined. Further, the review delves into the adaptable applications of bismuth-based nanoparticles and nanocomposites, emphasizing their antibacterial activity, contribution to photovoltaic studies, potential in supercapacitors, and efficacy in photocatalytic degradations of various organic dyes. The objective of this review is to present a thorough summary of the synthesis methodologies and applications of bismuth-based nanoparticles and nanocomposites, offering valuable insights for researchers and professionals engaged in the burgeoning field of nanoparticles.

Studies on the ameliorative potential of Rheum webbianum rhizome extracts on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced colorectal cancer and associated hepatic and haematological abnormalities in swiss albino rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Rheum webbianum Royle (RW) holds significant ethnopharmacological importance owing to its 5000-year history of cultivation for medicinal and culinary purposes. Demonstrating therapeutic advantages in traditional and contemporary medical practices, RW exhibits key pharmacological effects including anticancer activity, gastrointestinal control, anti-inflammatory properties, and suppression of fibrosis. Despite its recognized vast bioactivities in ethnopharmacology, its efficacy against the colorectal cancer (CRC) remains incompletely understood.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study for the first time aims to investigate the chemo-preventive capabilities of various extracts derived from RW rhizomes against CRC development.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Four types of RW extracts were prepared by using different solvents viz: Hexane, Ethy-acetate, Ethanol and Methanol. All the four extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity on HCT-116 human CRC cells. Promising extracts were further investigated in-vivo at varying doses using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced rat CRC model to assess the anti-oxidant and anticancer properties as well as their effects on the associated hepatic deterioration and hematological alterations.

RESULTS

Cell viability: In-vitro assessments demonstrated a dose and time-dependent reduction in HCT-116 cell viability following treatment with methanolic and ethanolic extracts of RW, reducing viability by up to 85% and 90%, respectively, at 200 μg/ml.

HISTOPATHOLOGY

Histopathological analyses revealed significant improvements in colon tissue morphology in RW extract-treated groups compared to DMH-only treated animals. RW-treated groups showed reduced structural abnormalities, congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, crypt abscess formation, and dysplasia. In contrast, the DMH-only group exhibited irregular glandular structure, mucosal destruction, extensive inflammatory cell infiltration, crypt abscess formation, and dysplasia. These results highlight the potential of RW methanolic and ethanolic extracts in mitigating colon cancer-related histopathological alterations. Haematological, and hepatic parameters: In the DMH-induced colorectal cancer rat model, significant hematological imbalances were evident, including a 49.13% decrease in erythrocytes, 32.18% in hemoglobin, and 26.79% in hematocrit, along with a 79.62% increase in white blood cells and 68.96% rise in platelets. Administration of RW rhizome extracts effectively restored these hematological parameters to levels comparable to those in the control group. Furthermore, RW treatment significantly reduced serum ALT and AST levels, which had increased by 36.78% and 33.12%, respectively, due to DMH exposure. RW intervention also mitigated the onset of atherosclerosis, evidenced by notable reductions in serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Comparative analysis indicated that RW-treated DMH groups effectively restored lipid profiles, contrasting with the DMH-only group which exhibited markers indicative of colon cancer. Oxidative stress: The DMH-treated group showed a significant increase in MDA levels by 195.59%, indicative of heightened free radical production, coupled with decreased levels of SOD (33%), CAT (48%), GSH (58%), and GR activity (49%), signifying oxidative stress. Treatment with RW extracts in DMH-treated rats markedly reduced MDA levels and enhanced SOD, CAT, GSH, and GR activities. These results underscore the antioxidant efficacy of RW extracts.

CONCLUSION

This study underscores the significant potential of RW rhizome extracts in inhibiting colorectal cancer development. Further investigations are warranted to identify the active constituents responsible for these promising outcomes, positioning RW as a natural and potential agent in combating colon cancer.

Ribes khorasanicum: A Potent Antioxidant Against Organ Toxicity by Effect on the NF-κB Pathway

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a well-known drug that, in high doses, induces hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. This study has investigated the preventive effect of the extract and fractions of Ribes khorasanicum on APAP-induced liver and kidney damage. In this experiment, after analysis of the extract using FTIR, toxicity was induced by APAP on the 7th day. Before that, the extract and their aqueous, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions were administrated orally. 24 h after APAP administration, the animals were sacrificed. The liver and kidney were removed for the evaluation of oxidation and biochemical markers, including SGOT, SGPT, ALP, LDH, albumin, urea, creatinine, and bilirubin and also for histopathological evaluations. The safety of the extract was evaluated based on the MTT. Also, expression of the NF-kB is done. Administration of Ribes khorasanicum significantly decreased the biochemical parameters compared to the APAP. Oxidative parameters, as well as histopathological changes in preventive groups, were improved compared to the APAP in both tissues. The results showed that the aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of the extract had a better effect than the whole extract and n-hexane fraction against APAP toxicity.

A greener side of health care: Revisiting phytomedicine against the human fungal pathogen Malassezia

Malassezia species are commensal fungi residing on the skin and in the gut of humans and animals. Yet, under certain conditions, they become opportunistic pathogens leading to various clinical conditions including dermatological disorders. The emergence of drug resistance and adverse effects associated with conventional antifungal agents has propelled the search for alternative treatments, among which phytomedicine stands out prominently. Phytochemicals, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, demonstrate potential antifungal activity against Malassezia by inhibiting its growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation. Furthermore, the multifaceted therapeutic properties of phytomedicine (including anti-fungal and, antioxidant properties) contribute to its efficacy in alleviating symptoms associated with Malassezia infections. Despite these promising prospects, several challenges hinder the widespread adoption of phytomedicine in clinical practice mostly since the mechanistic studies and controlled experiments to prove efficacy have not been done. Issues include standardization of herbal extracts, variable bioavailability, and limited clinical evidence. Hence, proper regulatory constraints necessitate comprehensive research endeavors and regulatory frameworks to harness the full therapeutic potential of phytomedicine. In conclusion, while phytomedicine holds immense promise as an alternative or adjunctive therapy against Malassezia, addressing these challenges is imperative to optimize its efficacy and ensure its integration into mainstream medical care. In this review we provide an update on the potential phytomedicines in combating Malassezia-related ailments, emphasizing its diverse chemical constituents and mechanisms of action.

Allelopathic effects of leaf extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. on morphological, physiological, and yield traits of Ethiopian wheat (Triticum durum L.) cultivars

Allelochemicals released into the soil from the leaves of eucalyptus species affect the growth and physiology of various crops. This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic effects of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts from Eucalyptus camaldulensis on three Ethiopian wheat cultivars (Assasa, Mukiye and Ude) of Triticum durum L. It was conducted as a pot experiment, and it utilized four concentrations of the extracts (Control (0%), 10%, 15%, and 20%) in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Results indicated that both extracts inhibited plant growth, biomass, and yield, with the methanolic extract showing stronger inhibitory effects. For instance, a concentration of 20% methanolic leaf extracts decreased chlorophyll fluorescence in the Assasa, Ude, and Mukiye cultivars by 53.97%, 36.36%, and 36.51%, respectively. The growth of both shoots and roots in Assasa, Ude, and Mukiye was significantly reduced at higher concentrations. Increasing concentrations of the extracts led to greater reductions in seedling traits and overall crop yield, with significant impacts observed (p ≤ 0.05). The findings suggest that eucalyptus should not be planted on agricultural land due to its negative impact on crop productivity.

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

Phytochemicals, naturally occurring compounds in plants, possess a wide range of therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. However, their clinical application is often hindered by poor water solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and instability under physiological conditions. Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLHNPs) have emerged as a novel delivery system that combines the advantages of both polymeric and lipid-based nanoparticles to overcome these challenges. This review explores the potential of PLHNPs to enhance the delivery and efficacy of phytochemicals for biomedical applications. We discuss the obstacles in the conventional delivery of phytochemicals, the fundamental architecture of PLHNPs, and the types of PLHNPs, highlighting their ability to improve encapsulation efficiency, stability, and controlled release of the encapsulated phytochemicals. In addition, the surface modification strategies to improve overall therapeutic efficacy by site-specific delivery of encapsulated phytochemicals are also discussed. Furthermore, we extensively discuss the preclinical studies on phytochemical encapsulated PLHNPs for the management of different diseases. Additionally, we explore the challenges ahead and prospects of PLHNPs regarding their widespread use in clinical settings. Overall, PLHNPs hold strong potential for the effective delivery of phytochemicals for biomedical applications. As per the findings from pre-clinical studies, this may offer a promising strategy for managing various diseases.

Organic extracts from sustainable hybrid poplar hairy root cultures as potential natural antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents

In order to meet growing consumer demands in terms of naturalness, the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries are looking for active molecules of plant origin. In this context, hairy roots are considered a promising biotechnological system for the sustainable production of compounds of interest. Poplars (genus Populus, family Salicaceae) are trees of ecological interest in temperate alluvial forests and are also cultivated for their industrial timber. Poplar trees also produce specialized metabolites with a wide range of bioactive properties. The present study aimed to assess the hybrid poplar hairy root extracts for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against four main life-threatening strains of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Ethyl acetate extracts from two hairy root lines (HP15-3 and HP A4-12) showed significant antibacterial properties as confirmed by disc diffusion assay. Antibiofilm activities were found to be dose dependent with significant biofilm inhibition (75-95%) recorded at 1000 µg.mL-1 in all the bacterial strains tested. Dose-dependent enhancement in the release of exopolysaccharides was observed in response to treatment with extracts, possibly because of stress and bacterial cell death. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed loss of cell viability of treated bacterial cells concomitant with increased production of reactive oxygen species compared to the untreated control. Overall, this study demonstrates for the first time a high potential of poplar hairy root extracts as a natural and safe platform to produce antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical, food, industrial water management, or cosmetic industries.

Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Satureja nabateorum extract: inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through p53, Bax/Bcl-2, and caspase-3 pathways in human malignant cell lines, with in silico insights

Satureja nabateorum, known as Nabatean savory is a Lamiaceae plant native to the Arabian Peninsula, specifically in the mountainous regions of Saudi Arabia. The study aims to investigate the phytochemical components of the S. nabateorum leaves (SNL) and stems (SNS) extract and to assess their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative properties. Methanol extracts from leaves and stems were analyzed for chemical constituents using the GC-MS technique. Antioxidant capacities were measured using hydrogen peroxide and ABTS radical-scavenging methods, and antimicrobial activity was tested against various microorganisms. Cytotoxic activity on four human malignant cell lines was assessed using MTT and flow cytometry. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were conducted to understand the interactions and binding modes of the extracted compounds at a molecular level. GC-MS analysis of SNL extract revealed thymol, carvacrol, and p-cymen-8-ol as major constituents. SNS extract contained β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, lupeol, and lup-20(29)-ene-3β,28-diol. SNS extract exhibited more potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects than SNL extract. The extract, SNS, exhibited potential toxicity in A549 cells with an IC50 value of 3.62 µg/mL and induced marked apoptotic effects with S phase-cell cycle arrest. SNS extract also showed higher levels of Caspase 3, Bax, p53, and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and lower levels of Bcl-2. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation supported these findings, targeting the EGFR TK domain. The study suggests that the S. nabateorum stem extract holds promise as a potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. It provides valuable insights for considering the extract as a substitute for chemotherapy and/or protective agents.

Antimicrobial potential of Hippocratea Indica Willd. Acetone Leaf fractions against Salmonella Typhi: an in vitro and in silico study

Salmonella Typhi is a major global concern in many low- and middle-income countries. In addition, the emergence and persistence of drug resistant strains has increased the impact of this disease. Plant metabolites have been explored traditionally and scientifically as antimicrobial agents. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of acetone leaf fractions of H. indica against S. Typhi. Dried pulverized leaves of H. indica were extracted using cold maceration with acetone after defatting with n-hexane. The leaf extract was concentrated and subjected to column chromatography and eight bioactive fractions were identified. The fractions were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fractions were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Salmonella Typhi in-vitro and in-silico. The lowest MIC was observed in fractions 20 and 21 (0.375 mg/mL) while the lowest MBC was observed in all fractions except 7, 17 and 18 (0.375 mg/mL). A ligand from fraction 8 had the highest binding affinity to Type I dehydroquinase (-3.4) and a ligand from fraction 7 had the highest binding affinity to Gyrase B (-11.2). This study concludes that the overall antimicrobial activity of the acetone leaf extract of H. indica provided evidence that it contains drug-like compounds that can be further explored as a drug candidate against S. Typhi.

Combinations of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. Extracts with Selected Antibiotics Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: Bioactivity and Phytochemistry

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has arisen due to antibiotic overuse and misuse. Antibiotic resistance renders standard treatments less effective, making it difficult to control some infections, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. Medicinal plants are attracting increased interest as antibiotics lose efficacy. This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of solvent extracts prepared using Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula fruit against six bacterial pathogens using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. The aqueous and methanol extracts of T. bellirica and T. chebula showed substantial zones of inhibition (ZOIs) against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The activity against those bacteria was strong, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 94 µg/mL to 392 µg/mL. Additionally, the T. bellirica methanolic extract showed noteworthy antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and an extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli strain (MIC values of 755 µg/mL for both). The aqueous T. bellirica and T. chebula extracts also inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae growth (MIC values of 784 µg/mL and 556 µg/mL, respectively). The corresponding methanolic extracts also inhibited ESBL K. pneumoniae growth (MIC values of 755 µg/mL and 1509 µg/mL, respectively). Eighteen additive interactions were observed when extracts were combined with reference antibiotics. Strong antagonism occurred when any of the extracts were mixed with polymyxin B. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis of the extracts revealed several interesting flavonoids and tannins, including 6-galloylglucose, 1,2,6-trigalloyl-β-D-glucopyranose, 6-O-[(2E)-3-phenyl-2-propenoyl]-1-O-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranose, propyl gallate, methyl gallate, sanguiin H4, hamamelitannin, pyrogallol, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulic acid, and chebuloside II. All extracts were nontoxic in brine shrimp assays. This lack of toxicity, combined with their antibacterial activities, suggests that these plant species may be promising sources of antibacterial compound(s) that warrant further study.

Quantitative analysis of antibacterial efficacy of herbal irrigants against endodontic microflora - A clinical study

Aims

The study aimed to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of green tea and neem extract compared to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against various root canal microorganisms.

Materials and Methods

Thirty patients with pulpal necrosis were selected, providing 60 samples before and after irrigation. Groups were assigned as follows: Group A: 3% NaOCl (control), Group B: green tea, and Group C: neem extract. Samples were collected before and after irrigation in two phases. Samples were collected maintaining a strict sterile condition and stored in buffer solution at -80°C for bacterial-load measurement through real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis included within-group comparisons using Wilcoxon's test and the paired t-test and inter-group comparisons using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn's test and one-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference test (P ≤ 0.05).

Results

While no irrigant achieved complete bacterial eradication, all solutions exhibited significant antimicrobial activity postirrigation. NaOCl yielded the most effective results, with green tea nearly comparable, and neem extract demonstrating the lowest efficacy.

Conclusions

Herbal irrigants, particularly green tea, can serve as effective alternatives to chemical solutions. However, neem extract proved less effective than both green tea and NaOCl, indicating its inferiority in root canal disinfection.

Plant biomass-based nanoparticles for remediation of contaminants from water ecosystems: Recent trends, challenges, and future perspectives

Green nanomaterials can mitigate ecological concerns by minimizing the impact of toxic contaminants on human and environmental health. Biosynthesis seems to be drawing unequivocal attention as the traditional methods of producing nanoparticles through chemical and physical routes are not sustainable. In order to utilize plant biomass, the current review outlines a sustainable method for producing non-toxic plant biomass-based nanoparticles and discusses their applications as well as recent trends involved in the remediation of contaminants, like organic/inorganic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, and radioactive pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. Plant biomass-based nanoparticles have been synthesized using various vegetal components, such as leaves, roots, flowers, stems, seeds, tuber, and bark, for applications in water purification. Phyto-mediated green nanoparticles are effectively utilized to treat contaminated water and reduce harmful substances. Effectiveness of adsorption has also been studied using variable parameters, e.g., pH, initial contaminant concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature. Removal of environmental contaminants through reduction, photocatalytic degradation, and surface adsorption mechanisms, such as physical adsorption, precipitation, complexation, and ion exchange, primarily due to varying pH solutions and complex functional groups. In the case of organic pollutants, most of the contaminants have been treated by catalytic reduction and photodegradation involving the formation of NaBH4, H2O2, or both. Whereas electrostatic interaction, metal complexation, H-bonding, π- π associations, and chelation along with reduction have played a major role in the adsorption of heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, radioactive, and other inorganic pollutants. This review also highlights several challenges, like particle size, toxicity, stability, functional groups, cost of nanoparticle production, nanomaterial dynamics, and biological interactions, along with renewability and recycling of nanoparticles. Lastly, this review concluded that plant-biomass-based nanoparticles provide a sustainable, eco-friendly remediation method, utilizing the unique properties of nanomaterials and minimizing chemical synthesis risks.

Biopolymers as Sustainable and Active Packaging Materials: Fundamentals and Mechanisms of Antifungal Activities

Developing bio-based and biodegradable materials has become important to meet current market demands, government regulations, and environmental concerns. The packaging industry, particularly for food and beverages, is known to be the world's largest consumer of plastics. Therefore, the demand for sustainable alternatives in this area is needed to meet the industry's requirements. This review presents the most commonly used bio-based and biodegradable packaging materials, bio-polyesters, and polysaccharide-based polymers. At the same time, a major problem in food packaging is presented: fungal growth and, consequently, food spoilage. Different types of antifungal compounds, both natural and synthetic, are explained in terms of structure and mechanism of action. The main uses of these antifungal compounds and their degree of effectiveness are detailed. State-of-the-art studies have shown a clear trend of increasing studies on incorporating antifungals in biodegradable materials since 2000. The bibliometric networks showed studies on active packaging, biodegradable polymers, films, antimicrobial and antifungal activities, essential oils, starch and polysaccharides, nanocomposites, and nanoparticles. The combination of the development of bio-based and biodegradable materials with the ability to control fungal growth promotes both sustainability and the innovative enhancement of the packaging sector.

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds and Biochemical Activity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Essential Oil Extracted from Distinct Shaded Plants

The application of shade during plants' growth significantly alters the biochemical compounds of the essential oil (EO). We aimed to analyze the effect of shade on the volatile compounds and biochemical activities of EO extracted from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (C. xanthorrhiza) plants. Four shading conditions were applied: no shading (S0), 25% (S25), 50% (S50), and 75% shade (S75). The volatile compounds of EO extracted from each shaded plant were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities of EO were also investigated. We found that shade application significantly reduced the C. xanthorrhiza EO yield but increased its aroma and bioactive compound concentration. α-curcumene, xanthorrhizol, α-cedrene, epicurzerenone, and germacrone were found in EO extracted from all conditions. However, β-bisabolol, curzerene, curcuphenol, and γ-himachalene were only detected in the EO of S75 plants. The EO of the shaded plants also showed higher antioxidant activity as compared to unshaded ones. In addition, the EO extracted from S75 exerted higher antiproliferative activity on HeLa cells as compared to S0. The EO extracted from S0 and S25 showed higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than kanamycin. Our results suggest that shade applications alter the composition of the extractable volatile compounds in C. xanthorrhiza, which may result in beneficial changes in the biochemical activity of the EO.

Manufacture of Bioplastics Prepared from Chitosan Functionalized with Callistemon citrinus Extract

The exploration of natural resources in bioplastics has advanced the development of bio-based materials. Utilizing the casting, chitosan (CH)-based films were manufactured with different glycerol (GLY) percentages (from 0 to 50% w/w of CH) and anthocyanin-enriched fractions (from 0 to 5% of w/w CH) of acidified ethanol extract of Callistemon citrinus flowers (CCE). Callistemon citrinus is an ornamental plant known for its bioactive compounds endowed with health benefits. The hydrocolloid films showed promising mechanical properties. The 30% GLY + 5% CCE film achieved an elongation at break of 57.4%, comparable to the 50% GLY film while possessing enhanced tensile strength and Young's modulus. The CCE, rich in antioxidants, acted as a plasticizer, improving films' flexibility and manageability. The films exhibit hydrophilic characteristics with moisture content and uptake values reflecting their water-absorbing capacity, while films with 30% GLY and 5% CCE exhibit enhanced hydrophobicity. In addition, CCE characterization reveals significant polyphenol content (734.45 mg GAE/g), highlighting its antioxidant capacity. Moreover, CCE supplies remarkable antioxidant properties to the films. These findings suggest the potential of these bioplastics for industrial applications as a sustainable solution to traditional plastics and in reducing environmental impact while preventing oxidative reactions in packaged products.

Phytochemical analysis of Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera and their therapeutic activities with special reference to COVID-19

Various important medicines make use of secondary metabolites that are produced by plants. Medicinal plants, such as Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia, are rich sources of chemically active compounds and are reported to have numerous therapeutic applications. The therapeutic use of medicinal plants is widely mentioned in Ayurveda and has folkloric importance in different parts of the world. The aim of this review is to summarize the phytochemical profiles, folkloric importance, and primary pharmacological activity of W. somnifera and T. cordifolia with emphasis on their action against the novel coronavirus.