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ElSherif M, Halperin SA. Benefits of Combining Molecular Biology and Controlled Human Infection Model Methodologies in Advancing Vaccine Development. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168322. [PMID: 37866477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to account for a significant portion of global deaths despite the use of vaccines for several centuries. Immunization programs around the world are a testament to the great success of multiple vaccines, yet there are still diseases without vaccines and others that require safer more effective ones. Addressing uncontrolled and emerging disease threats is restrained by the limitations and bottlenecks encountered with traditional vaccine development paradigms. Recent advances in modern molecular biology technologies have enhanced the interrogation of host pathogen interaction and deciphered complex pathways, thereby uncovering the myriad interplay of biological events that generate immune protection against foreign agents. Consequent to insights into the immune system, modern biology has been instrumental in the development and production of next generation 21st century vaccines. As these biological tools, commonly and collectively referred to as 'omics, became readily available, there has been a renewed consideration of Controlled Human Infection Models (CHIMs). Successful and reproducible CHIMs can complement modern molecular biology for the study of infectious diseases and development of effective vaccines in a regulated process that mitigates risk, cost, and time, with capacity to discern immune correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- May ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health, Nova Scotia Health, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health, Nova Scotia Health, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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2
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Tang Y, Kim JY, Ip CKM, Bahmani A, Chen Q, Rosenberger MG, Esser-Kahn AP, Ferguson AL. Data-driven discovery of innate immunomodulators via machine learning-guided high throughput screening. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12747-12766. [PMID: 38020385 PMCID: PMC10646978 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03613h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is vital for the success of prophylactic vaccines and immunotherapies. Control of signaling in innate immune pathways can improve prophylactic vaccines by inhibiting unfavorable systemic inflammation and immunotherapies by enhancing immune stimulation. In this work, we developed a machine learning-enabled active learning pipeline to guide in vitro experimental screening and discovery of small molecule immunomodulators that improve immune responses by altering the signaling activity of innate immune responses stimulated by traditional pattern recognition receptor agonists. Molecules were tested by in vitro high throughput screening (HTS) where we measured modulation of the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and the interferon regulatory factors (IRF) pathways. These data were used to train data-driven predictive models linking molecular structure to modulation of the NF-κB and IRF responses using deep representational learning, Gaussian process regression, and Bayesian optimization. By interleaving successive rounds of model training and in vitro HTS, we performed an active learning-guided traversal of a 139 998 molecule library. After sampling only ∼2% of the library, we discovered viable molecules with unprecedented immunomodulatory capacity, including those capable of suppressing NF-κB activity by up to 15-fold, elevating NF-κB activity by up to 5-fold, and elevating IRF activity by up to 6-fold. We extracted chemical design rules identifying particular chemical fragments as principal drivers of specific immunomodulation behaviors. We validated the immunomodulatory effect of a subset of our top candidates by measuring cytokine release profiles. Of these, one molecule induced a 3-fold enhancement in IFN-β production when delivered with a cyclic di-nucleotide stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist. In sum, our machine learning-enabled screening approach presents an efficient immunomodulator discovery pipeline that has furnished a library of novel small molecules with a strong capacity to enhance or suppress innate immune signaling pathways to shape and improve prophylactic vaccination and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Tang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Kim
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Carman K M Ip
- Cellular Screening Center, University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Azadeh Bahmani
- Cellular Screening Center, University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Matthew G Rosenberger
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
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3
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Brai A, Poggialini F, Pasqualini C, Trivisani CI, Vagaggini C, Dreassi E. Progress towards Adjuvant Development: Focus on Antiviral Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9225. [PMID: 37298177 PMCID: PMC10253057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, vaccines have been extraordinary resources to prevent pathogen diffusion and cancer. Even if they can be formed by a single antigen, the addition of one or more adjuvants represents the key to enhance the response of the immune signal to the antigen, thus accelerating and increasing the duration and the potency of the protective effect. Their use is of particular importance for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly or immunocompromised people. Despite their importance, only in the last forty years has the search for novel adjuvants increased, with the discovery of novel classes of immune potentiators and immunomodulators. Due to the complexity of the cascades involved in immune signal activation, their mechanism of action remains poorly understood, even if significant discovery has been recently made thanks to recombinant technology and metabolomics. This review focuses on the classes of adjuvants under research, recent mechanism of action studies, as well as nanodelivery systems and novel classes of adjuvants that can be chemically manipulated to create novel small molecule adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Brai
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Claudia Pasqualini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Claudia Immacolata Trivisani
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Vagaggini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
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4
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Malik S, Muhammad K, Aslam SM, Waheed Y. Tracing the recent updates on vaccination approaches and significant adjuvants being developed against HIV. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:431-446. [PMID: 36803177 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2182771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV1); the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), has been a major target of the scientific community to develop an anti-viral therapy. Some successful discoveries have been made during the last two decades in the form of availability of antiviral therapy in endemic regions. Nevertheless, a total cure and safety vaccine has not yet been designed to eradicate HIV from the world. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this comprehensive study is to compile recent data regarding therapeutic interventions against HIV and to determine future research needs in this field. A systematic research strategy has been used to gather data from recent, most advanced published electronic sources. Literature based results show that experiments at the invitro level and animal models are continuously in research annals and are providing hope for human trials. EXPERT OPINION There is still a gap and more work is needed in the direction of modern drug and vaccination designs. Moreover coordination is necessary among researchers, educationists, public health workers, and the general community to communicate and coordinate the repercussions associated with the deadly disease. It is important for taking timely measures regarding mitigation and adaptation with HIV in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sanaa Masood Aslam
- Foundation University College of Dentistry, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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5
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González-Cuesta M, Lai ACY, Chi PY, Hsu IL, Liu NT, Wu KC, García Fernández JM, Chang YJ, Ortiz Mellet C. Serine-/Cysteine-Based sp 2-Iminoglycolipids as Novel TLR4 Agonists: Evaluation of Their Adjuvancy and Immunotherapeutic Properties in a Murine Model of Asthma. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4768-4783. [PMID: 36958376 PMCID: PMC10108363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Glycolipids with TLR4 agonistic properties can serve either as therapeutic agents or as vaccine adjuvants by stimulating the development of proinflammatory responses. Translating them to the clinical setting is hampered by synthetic difficulties, the lack of stability in biological media, and/or a suboptimal profile of balanced immune mediator secretion. Here, we show that replacement of the sugar fragment by an sp2-iminosugar moiety in a prototypic TLR4 agonist, CCL-34, yields iminoglycolipid analogues that retain or improve their biological activity in vitro and in vivo and can be accessed through scalable protocols with total stereoselectivity. Their adjuvant potential is manifested in their ability to induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, prime the maturation of dendritic cells, and promote the proliferation of CD8+ T cells, pertaining to a Th1-biased profile. Additionally, their therapeutic potential for the treatment of asthma, a Th2-dominated inflammatory pathology, has been confirmed in an ovalbumin-induced airway hyperreactivity mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González-Cuesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville E-41012, Spain
| | - Alan Chuan-Ying Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Chi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Tzu Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chien Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - José M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla E-41092, Spain
| | - Ya-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville E-41012, Spain
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6
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Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines and Their Future Implications. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030660. [PMID: 36992245 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous progress in vaccine development witnessed in the last decades, culminated with the development of vaccines against cancers, is set to change how various cancers are treated [...]
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7
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Ahmed D, Al-Daraawi M, Cassol E. Innate sensing and cellular metabolism: role in fine tuning antiviral immune responses. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:164-190. [PMID: 36822175 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies over the last decade have identified intimate links between cellular metabolism and macrophage function. Metabolism has been shown to both drive and regulate macrophage function by producing bioenergetic and biosynthetic precursors as well as metabolites (and other bioactive molecules) that regulate gene expression and signal transduction. Many studies have focused on lipopolysaccharide-induced reprogramming, assuming that it is representative of most inflammatory responses. However, emerging evidence suggests that diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are associated with unique metabolic profiles, which may drive pathogen specific immune responses. Further, these metabolic pathways and processes may act as a rheostat to regulate the magnitude of an inflammatory response based on the biochemical features of the local microenvironment. In this review, we will discuss recent work examining the relationship between cellular metabolism and macrophage responses to viral PAMPs and describe how these processes differ from lipopolysaccharide-associated responses. We will also discuss how an improved understanding of the specificity of these processes may offer new insights to fine-tune macrophage function during viral infections or when using viral PAMPs as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duale Ahmed
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malak Al-Daraawi
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Zeng Y, Zou F, Xia N, Li S. In-depth review of delivery carriers associated with vaccine adjuvants: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:681-695. [PMID: 37496496 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2238807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemics. To enhance the immune response to antigens, effective subunit vaccines or mRNA vaccines often require the combination of adjuvants or delivery carriers. In recent years, with the rapid development of immune mechanism research and nanotechnology, various studies based on the optimization of traditional adjuvants or various novel carriers have been intensified, and the construction of vaccine adjuvant delivery systems (VADS) with both adjuvant activity and antigen delivery has become more and more important in vaccine research. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the common types of vaccine adjuvant delivery carriers, classifies the VADS according to their basic carrier types, introduces the current research status and future development trend, and emphasizes the important role of VADS in novel vaccine research. EXPERT OPINION As the number of vaccine types increases, conventional aluminum adjuvants show limitations in effectively stimulating cellular immune responses, limiting their use in therapeutic vaccines for intracellular infections or tumors. In contrast, the use of conventional adjuvants as VADS to carry immunostimulatory molecules or deliver antigens can greatly enhance the immune boosting effect of classical adjuvants. A comprehensive understanding of the various delivery vehicles will further facilitate the development of vaccine adjuvant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Feihong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Defective Interfering Particles of Influenza Virus and Their Characteristics, Impacts, and Use in Vaccines and Antiviral Strategies: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122773. [PMID: 36560777 PMCID: PMC9781619 DOI: 10.3390/v14122773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective interfering particles (DIPs) are particles containing defective viral genomes (DVGs) generated during viral replication. DIPs have been found in various RNA viruses, especially in influenza viruses. Evidence indicates that DIPs interfere with the replication and encapsulation of wild-type viruses, namely standard viruses (STVs) that contain full-length viral genomes. DIPs may also activate the innate immune response by stimulating interferon synthesis. In this review, the underlying generation mechanisms and characteristics of influenza virus DIPs are summarized. We also discuss the potential impact of DIPs on the immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) and development of influenza vaccines based on NS1 gene-defective DIPs. Finally, we review the antiviral strategies based on influenza virus DIPs that have been used against both influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. This review provides systematic insights into the theory and application of influenza virus DIPs.
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Faber E, Tshilwane SI, Van Kleef M, Pretorius A. The impact of Escherichia coli contamination products present in recombinant African horse sickness virus serotype 4 proteins on the innate and humoral immune responses. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chavda VP, Yao Q, Vora LK, Apostolopoulos V, Patel CA, Bezbaruah R, Patel AB, Chen ZS. Fast-track development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: The shots that saved the world. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961198. [PMID: 36263030 PMCID: PMC9574046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, an outbreak emerged of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organisation announced the outbreak a global health emergency on 30 January 2020 and by 11 March 2020 it was declared a pandemic. The spread and severity of the outbreak took a heavy toll and overburdening of the global health system, particularly since there were no available drugs against SARS-CoV-2. With an immediate worldwide effort, communication, and sharing of data, large amounts of funding, researchers and pharmaceutical companies immediately fast-tracked vaccine development in order to prevent severe disease, hospitalizations and death. A number of vaccines were quickly approved for emergency use, and worldwide vaccination rollouts were immediately put in place. However, due to several individuals being hesitant to vaccinations and many poorer countries not having access to vaccines, multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants quickly emerged that were distinct from the original variant. Uncertainties related to the effectiveness of the various vaccines against the new variants as well as vaccine specific-side effects have remained a concern. Despite these uncertainties, fast-track vaccine approval, manufacturing at large scale, and the effective distribution of COVID-19 vaccines remain the topmost priorities around the world. Unprecedented efforts made by vaccine developers/researchers as well as healthcare staff, played a major role in distributing vaccine shots that provided protection and/or reduced disease severity, and deaths, even with the delta and omicron variants. Fortunately, even for those who become infected, vaccination appears to protect against major disease, hospitalisation, and fatality from COVID-19. Herein, we analyse ongoing vaccination studies and vaccine platforms that have saved many deaths from the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Qian Yao
- Graduate School, University of St. La Salle, Bacolod City, Philippines
| | | | | | - Chirag A. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Aayushi B. Patel
- Pharmacy Section, LM. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, NY, United States
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12
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A Virus Is a Community: Diversity within Negative-Sense RNA Virus Populations. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0008621. [PMID: 35658541 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00086-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-sense RNA virus populations are composed of diverse viral components that interact to form a community and shape the outcome of virus infections. At the genomic level, RNA virus populations consist not only of a homogeneous population of standard viral genomes but also of an extremely large number of genome variants, termed viral quasispecies, and nonstandard viral genomes, which include copy-back viral genomes, deletion viral genomes, mini viral RNAs, and hypermutated RNAs. At the particle level, RNA virus populations are composed of pleomorphic particles, particles missing or having additional genomes, and single particles or particle aggregates. As we continue discovering more about the components of negative-sense RNA virus populations and their crucial functions during virus infection, it will become more important to study RNA virus populations as a whole rather than their individual parts. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the components of negative-sense RNA virus communities, speculate how the components of the virus community interact, and summarize what vaccines and antiviral therapies are being currently developed to target or harness these components.
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Yang JX, Tseng JC, Yu GY, Luo Y, Huang CYF, Hong YR, Chuang TH. Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020423. [PMID: 35214155 PMCID: PMC8878135 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and potent adjuvant to boost the immune response to the antigen. After a slow start, over the last decade there has been increased developments on adjuvants for human vaccines. The development of adjuvants has paralleled our increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms for the pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated activation of immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of PRRs that recognize microbial pathogens to initiate a host’s response to infection. Activation of TLRs triggers potent and immediate innate immune responses, which leads to subsequent adaptive immune responses. Therefore, these TLRs are ideal targets for the development of effective adjuvants. To date, TLR agonists such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and CpG-1018 have been formulated in licensed vaccines for their adjuvant activity, and other TLR agonists are being developed for this purpose. The COVID-19 pandemic has also accelerated clinical research of vaccines containing TLR agonist-based adjuvants. In this paper, we reviewed the agonists for TLR activation and the molecular mechanisms associated with the adjuvants’ effects on TLR activation, emphasizing recent advances in the development of TLR agonist-based vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xing Yang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Yunping Luo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China;
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
- Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-37-246166 (ext. 37611)
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14
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Abstract
A favorable outcome of the COVID-19 crisis might be achieved with massive vaccination. The proposed vaccines contain several different vaccine active principles (VAP), such as inactivated virus, antigen, mRNA, and DNA, which are associated with either standard adjuvants or nanomaterials (NM) such as liposomes in Moderna's and BioNTech/Pfizer's vaccines. COVID-19 vaccine adjuvants may be chosen among liposomes or other types of NM composed for example of graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, micelles, exosomes, membrane vesicles, polymers, or metallic NM, taking inspiration from cancer nano-vaccines, whose adjuvants may share some of their properties with those of viral vaccines. The mechanisms of action of nano-adjuvants are based on the facilitation by NM of targeting certain regions of immune interest such as the mucus, lymph nodes, and zones of infection or blood irrigation, the possible modulation of the type of attachment of the VAP to NM, in particular VAP positioning on the NM external surface to favor VAP presentation to antigen presenting cells (APC) or VAP encapsulation within NM to prevent VAP degradation, and the possibility to adjust the nature of the immune response by tuning the physico-chemical properties of NM such as their size, surface charge, or composition. The use of NM as adjuvants or the presence of nano-dimensions in COVID-19 vaccines does not only have the potential to improve the vaccine benefit/risk ratio, but also to reduce the dose of vaccine necessary to reach full efficacy. It could therefore ease the overall spread of COVID-19 vaccines within a sufficiently large portion of the world population to exit the current crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Alphandéry
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France. .,Nanobacterie SARL, 36 Boulevard Flandrin, 75116, Paris, France.,Institute of Anatomy, UZH University of Zurich, Instiute of Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Bhat T, Cao A, Yin J. Virus-like Particles: Measures and Biological Functions. Viruses 2022; 14:383. [PMID: 35215979 PMCID: PMC8877645 DOI: 10.3390/v14020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles resemble infectious virus particles in size, shape, and molecular composition; however, they fail to productively infect host cells. Historically, the presence of virus-like particles has been inferred from total particle counts by microscopy, and infectious particle counts or plaque-forming-units (PFUs) by plaque assay; the resulting ratio of particles-to-PFUs is often greater than one, easily 10 or 100, indicating that most particles are non-infectious. Despite their inability to hijack cells for their reproduction, virus-like particles and the defective genomes they carry can exhibit a broad range of behaviors: interference with normal virus growth during co-infections, cell killing, and activation or inhibition of innate immune signaling. In addition, some virus-like particles become productive as their multiplicities of infection increase, a sign of cooperation between particles. Here, we review established and emerging methods to count virus-like particles and characterize their biological functions. We take a critical look at evidence for defective interfering virus genomes in natural and clinical isolates, and we review their potential as antiviral therapeutics. In short, we highlight an urgent need to better understand how virus-like genomes and particles interact with intact functional viruses during co-infection of their hosts, and their impacts on the transmission, severity, and persistence of virus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N. Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, USA; (T.B.); (A.C.)
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16
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Braganza CD, Kodar K, Teunissen T, Andreassend SK, Khan A, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Lipophilic glucose monoesters and glycosides are potent human Mincle agonists. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3096-3104. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02111g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is a pattern recognition receptor on myeloid cells that represents a promising target for Th1-stimulating adjuvants. We report on the synthesis of branched and aromatic...
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17
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Soleymani S, Tavassoli A, Housaindokht MR. An overview of progress from empirical to rational design in modern vaccine development, with an emphasis on computational tools and immunoinformatics approaches. Comput Biol Med 2022; 140:105057. [PMID: 34839187 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for preventing and controlling infectious diseases. Numerous conventional vaccines, especially live attenuated, inactivated (killed) microorganisms and subunit vaccines, lead to an effective induction of protective immune responses, mainly antibody-mediated responses against pathogens. However, it has become known that a wide range of highly dangerous pathogens are uncontrollable via conventional vaccination strategies. Recent advances in molecular biology, immunology, genetics, biochemistry, and bioinformatics have provided new prospects for vaccine development. As a result of these advances, several new strategies for vaccine design, development, and production have appeared. These strategies show advantages over conventional vaccines. In this review, we discuss some of the major novel approaches, including recombinant protein vaccines, live recombinant viral and bacterial vectors, DNA and RNA vaccines, reverse vaccinology and reverse genetics approaches. Moreover, we have described the recent progresses on computational tools and immunoinformatics approaches for identifying, designing, and developing new candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Soleymani
- Research and Technology Center of Biomolecules, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amin Tavassoli
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Housaindokht
- Research and Technology Center of Biomolecules, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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18
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Current view on novel vaccine technologies to combat human infectious diseases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:25-56. [PMID: 34889981 PMCID: PMC8661323 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines have improved human life and significantly reduced morbidity and mortality of several human infectious diseases. However, these vaccines have faults, such as reactivity or suboptimal efficacy and expensive and time-consuming development and production. Additionally, despite the enormous efforts to develop vaccines against some infectious diseases, the traditional technologies have not been successful in achieving this. At the same time, the concerns about emerging and re-emerging diseases urge the need to develop technologies that can be rapidly applied to combat the new challenges. Within the last two decades, the research of vaccine technologies has taken several directions to achieve safe, efficient, and economic platforms or technologies for novel vaccines. This review will give a brief overview of the current state of the novel vaccine technologies, new vaccine candidates in clinical trial phases 1-3 (listed by European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)), and vaccines based on the novel technologies which have already been commercially available (approved by EMA and FDA) with the special reference to pandemic COVID-19 vaccines. KEY POINTS: • Vaccines of the new generation follow the minimalist strategy. • Some infectious diseases remain a challenge for the vaccine development. • The number of new vaccine candidates in the late phase clinical trials remains low.
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19
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Abstract
Defective interfering (DI) genomes restrict viral replication and induce type I interferon. Since DI genomes have been proposed as vaccine adjuvants or therapeutic antiviral agents, it is important to understand their generation, delineate their mechanism of action, develop robust production capacities, assess their safety and in vivo longevity, and determine their long-term effects. To address this, we generated a recombinant canine distemper virus (rCDV) from an entirely synthetic molecular clone designed using the genomic sequence from a clinical isolate obtained from a free-ranging raccoon with distemper. rCDV was serially passaged in vitro to identify DI genomes that naturally arise during rCDV replication. Defective genomes were identified by Sanger and next-generation sequencing techniques, and predominant genomes were synthetically generated and cloned into T7-driven plasmids. Fully encapsidated DI particles (DIPs) were then generated using a rationally attenuated rCDV as a producer virus to drive DI genome replication. We demonstrate that these DIPs interfere with rCDV replication in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Finally, we show sustained replication of a fluorescent DIP in experimentally infected ferrets over a period of 14 days. Most importantly, DIPs were isolated from the lymphoid tissues, which are a major site of CDV replication. Our established pipeline for detection, generation, and assaying DIPs is transferable to highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses and will allow qualitative and quantitative assessment of the therapeutic effects of DIP administration on disease outcome. IMPORTANCE Defective interfering (DI) genomes have long been considered inconvenient artifacts that suppressed viral replication in vitro. However, advances in sequencing technologies have led to DI genomes being identified in clinical samples, implicating them in disease progression and outcome. It has been suggested that DI genomes might be harnessed therapeutically. Negative-strand RNA virus research has provided a rich pool of natural DI genomes over many years, and they are probably the best understood in vitro. Here, we demonstrate the identification, synthesis, production, and experimental inoculation of novel CDV DI genomes in highly susceptible ferrets. These results provide important evidence that rationally designed and packaged DI genomes can survive the course of a wild-type virus infection.
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20
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Ong GH, Lian BSX, Kawasaki T, Kawai T. Exploration of Pattern Recognition Receptor Agonists as Candidate Adjuvants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:745016. [PMID: 34692565 PMCID: PMC8526852 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.745016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are used to maximize the potency of vaccines by enhancing immune reactions. Components of adjuvants include pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are agonists for innate immune receptors. Innate immune responses are usually activated when pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize PAMPs derived from invading pathogens or DAMPs released by host cells upon tissue damage. Activation of innate immunity by PRR agonists in adjuvants activates acquired immune responses, which is crucial to enhance immune reactions against the targeted pathogen. For example, agonists for Toll-like receptors have yielded promising results as adjuvants, which target PRR as adjuvant candidates. However, a comprehensive understanding of the type of immunological reaction against agonists for PRRs is essential to ensure the safety and reliability of vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview of the current progress in development of PRR agonists as vaccine adjuvants, the molecular mechanisms that underlie activation of immune responses, and the enhancement of vaccine efficacy by these potential adjuvant candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Han Ong
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Benedict Shi Xiang Lian
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
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21
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has touched every country globally except five countries (North Korea, Turkmenistan, Tonga, Tuvalu and Nauru). Vaccination is the most effective method to protect against infectious diseases. The objective is to ensure that everyone has access to a COVID-19 vaccine. The conventional vaccine development platforms are complex and time-consuming to obtain desired approved vaccine candidates through rigorous regulatory pathways. These safeguards guarantee that the optimized vaccine product is safe and efficacious for various demographic populations prior to it being approved for general use. Nucleic acid vaccines employ genetic material from a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, to induce an immune response against it. Based on the vaccination, the genetic material might be DNA or RNA; as such, it offers instructions for producing a specific pathogen protein that the immune system will perceive as foreign and mount an immune response. Nucleic acid vaccines for multiple antigens might be made in the same facility, lowering costs even more. Most traditional vaccine regimens do not allow for this. Herein, we demonstrate the recent understanding and advances in nucleic acid vaccines (DNA and mRNA based) against COVID-19, specifically those in human clinical trials.
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22
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Gupta A, Styczynski MP, Galinski MR, Voit EO, Fonseca LL. Dramatic transcriptomic differences in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis with Plasmodium knowlesi infections. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19519. [PMID: 34593836 PMCID: PMC8484567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi, a model malaria parasite, is responsible for a significant portion of zoonotic malaria cases in Southeast Asia and must be controlled to avoid disease severity and fatalities. However, little is known about the host-parasite interactions and molecular mechanisms in play during the course of P. knowlesi malaria infections, which also may be relevant across Plasmodium species. Here we contrast P. knowlesi sporozoite-initiated infections in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis using whole blood RNA-sequencing and transcriptomic analysis. These macaque hosts are evolutionarily close, yet malaria-naïve M. mulatta will succumb to blood-stage infection without treatment, whereas malaria-naïve M. fascicularis controls parasitemia without treatment. This comparative analysis reveals transcriptomic differences as early as the liver phase of infection, in the form of signaling pathways that are activated in M. fascicularis, but not M. mulatta. Additionally, while most immune responses are initially similar during the acute stage of the blood infection, significant differences arise subsequently. The observed differences point to prolonged inflammation and anti-inflammatory effects of IL10 in M. mulatta, while M. fascicularis undergoes a transcriptional makeover towards cell proliferation, consistent with its recovery. Together, these findings suggest that timely detection of P. knowlesi in M. fascicularis, coupled with control of inflammation while initiating the replenishment of key cell populations, helps contain the infection. Overall, this study points to specific genes and pathways that could be investigated as a basis for new drug targets that support recovery from acute malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Gupta
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark P Styczynski
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eberhard O Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Luis L Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Laboratory for Systems Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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23
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Hennessy C, McKernan DP. Anti-Viral Pattern Recognition Receptors as Therapeutic Targets. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092258. [PMID: 34571909 PMCID: PMC8466445 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a central role in the inflammation that ensues following microbial infection by their recognition of molecular patterns present in invading microorganisms but also following tissue damage by recognising molecules released during disease states. Such receptors are expressed in a variety of cells and in various compartments of these cells. PRR binding of molecular patterns results in an intracellular signalling cascade and the eventual activation of transcription factors and the release of cytokines, chemokines, and vasoactive molecules. PRRs and their accessory molecules are subject to tight regulation in these cells so as to not overreact or react in unnecessary circumstances. They are also key to reacting to infection and in stimulating the immune system when needed. Therefore, targeting PRRs offers a potential therapeutic approach for chronic inflammatory disease, infections and as vaccine adjuvants. In this review, the current knowledge on anti-viral PRRs and their signalling pathways is reviewed. Finally, compounds that target PRRs and that have been tested in clinical trials for chronic infections and as adjuvants in vaccine trials are discussed.
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24
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The Expression of Hemagglutinin by a Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Causes Structural Changes and Alters Innate Immune Sensing. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070758. [PMID: 34358174 PMCID: PMC8310309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (rNDV) have been used as bivalent vectors for vaccination against multiple economically important avian pathogens. NDV-vectored vaccines expressing the immunogenic H5 hemagglutinin (rNDV-H5) are considered attractive candidates to protect poultry from both highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease (ND). However, the impact of the insertion of a recombinant protein, such as H5, on the biological characteristics of the parental NDV strain has been little investigated to date. The present study compared a rNDV-H5 vaccine and its parental NDV LaSota strain in terms of their structural and functional characteristics, as well as their recognition by the innate immune sensors. Structural analysis of the rNDV-H5 demonstrated a decreased number of fusion (F) and a higher number of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoproteins compared to NDV LaSota. These structural differences were accompanied by increased hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities of rNDV-H5. During in vitro rNDV-H5 infection, increased mRNA expression of TLR3, TLR7, MDA5, and LGP2 was observed, suggesting that the recombinant virus is recognized differently by sensors of innate immunity when compared with the parental NDV LaSota. Given the growing interest in using NDV as a vector against human and animal diseases, these data highlight the importance of thoroughly understanding the recombinant vaccines’ structural organization, functional characteristics, and elicited immune responses.
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25
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Chan Y, Ng SW, Singh SK, Gulati M, Gupta G, Chaudhary SK, Hing GB, Collet T, MacLoughlin R, Löbenberg R, Oliver BG, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Revolutionizing polymer-based nanoparticle-linked vaccines for targeting respiratory viruses: A perspective. Life Sci 2021; 280:119744. [PMID: 34174324 PMCID: PMC8223024 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections have significantly impacted global health as well as socio-economic growth. Respiratory viruses such as the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the recent SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) typically infect the upper respiratory tract by entry through the respiratory mucosa before reaching the lower respiratory tract, resulting in respiratory disease. Generally, vaccination is the primary method in preventing virus pathogenicity and it has been shown to remarkably reduce the burden of various infectious diseases. Nevertheless, the efficacy of conventional vaccines may be hindered by certain limitations, prompting the need to develop novel vaccine delivery vehicles to immunize against various strains of respiratory viruses and to mitigate the risk of a pandemic. In this review, we provide an insight into how polymer-based nanoparticles can be integrated with the development of vaccines to effectively enhance immune responses for combating viral respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghan Chan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sin Wi Ng
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Chaudhary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Mussoorie-Diversion Road, Makkawala, Dehradun 248 009, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Goh Bey Hing
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Trudi Collet
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N8, Canada
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kamal Dua
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N8, Canada; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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26
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Andrianov AK, Fuerst TR. Immunopotentiating and Delivery Systems for HCV Vaccines. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060981. [PMID: 34070543 PMCID: PMC8227888 DOI: 10.3390/v13060981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of preventive vaccines against hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains one of the main strategies in achieving global elimination of the disease. The effort is focused on the quest for vaccines capable of inducing protective cross-neutralizing humoral and cellular immune responses, which in turn dictate the need for rationally designed cross-genotype vaccine antigens and potent immunoadjuvants systems. This review provides an assessment of the current state of knowledge on immunopotentiating compounds and vaccine delivery systems capable of enhancing HCV antigen-specific immune responses, while focusing on the synergy and interplay of two modalities. Structural, physico-chemical, and biophysical features of these systems are discussed in conjunction with the analysis of their in vivo performance. Extreme genetic diversity of HCV-a well-known hurdle in the development of an HCV vaccine, may also present a challenge in a search for an effective immunoadjuvant, as the effort necessitates systematic and comparative screening of rationally designed antigenic constructs. The progress may be accelerated if the preference is given to well-defined molecular immunoadjuvants with greater formulation flexibility and adaptability, including those capable of spontaneous self-assembly behavior, while maintaining their robust immunopotentiating and delivery capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas R. Fuerst
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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27
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Abbasi S, Uchida S. Multifunctional Immunoadjuvants for Use in Minimalist Nucleic Acid Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:644. [PMID: 34062771 PMCID: PMC8147386 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines based on antigen-encoding nucleic acids have shown great promise for antigen-specific immunization against cancer and infectious diseases. Vaccines require immunostimulatory adjuvants to activate the innate immune system and trigger specific adaptive immune responses. However, the incorporation of immunoadjuvants into nonviral nucleic acid delivery systems often results in fairly complex structures that are difficult to mass-produce and characterize. In recent years, minimalist approaches have emerged to reduce the number of components used in vaccines. In these approaches, delivery materials, such as lipids and polymers, and/or pDNA/mRNA are designed to simultaneously possess several functionalities of immunostimulatory adjuvants. Such multifunctional immunoadjuvants encode antigens, encapsulate nucleic acids, and control their pharmacokinetic or cellular fate. Herein, we review a diverse class of multifunctional immunoadjuvants in nucleic acid subunit vaccines and provide a detailed description of their mechanisms of adjuvanticity and induction of specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saed Abbasi
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
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28
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López CB. Defective Viral Particles. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Faber E, Tshilwane SI, Kleef MV, Pretorius A. Virulent African horse sickness virus serotype 4 interferes with the innate immune response in horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104836. [PMID: 33798756 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS) is caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV), a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. For the development of new generation AHS vaccines or antiviral treatments, it is crucial to understand the host immune response against the virus and the immune evasion strategies the virus employs. To achieve this, the current study used transcriptome analysis of RNA sequences to characterize and compare the innate immune responses activated during the attenuated AHSV serotype 4 (attAHSV4) (in vivo) and the virulent AHSV4 (virAHSV4) (in vitro) primary and secondary immune responses in horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after 24 h. The pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses were negatively regulated by anti-inflammatory cytokines, whereas the parallel type I and type III IFN responses were maintained downstream of nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signalling pathways during the attAHSV4 primary and secondary immune responses. It appeared that after translation, virAHSV4 proteins were able to interfere with the C-terminal IRF association domain (IAD)-type 1 (IAD1) containing IRFs, which inhibited the expression of type I and type III IFNs downstream of PRR signalling during the virAHSV4 primary and secondary immune responses. Viral interference resulted in an impaired innate immune response that was not able to eliminate virAHSV4-infected PBMC and gave rise to prolonged expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during the virAHSV4 induced primary immune response. Indicating that virAHSV4 interference with the innate immune response may give rise to an excessive inflammatory response that causes immunopathology, which could be a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of AHS in a naïve horse. Viral interference was overcome by the fast kinetics and increased effector responses of innate immune cells due to trained innate immunity and memory T cells and B cells during the virAHSV4 secondary immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Faber
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Selaelo Ivy Tshilwane
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mirinda Van Kleef
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Alri Pretorius
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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An Overview of Nanocarrier-Based Adjuvants for Vaccine Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040455. [PMID: 33801614 PMCID: PMC8066039 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines is one of the most significant medical accomplishments which has helped to eradicate a large number of diseases. It has undergone an evolutionary process from live attenuated pathogen vaccine to killed whole organisms or inactivated toxins (toxoids), each of them having its own advantages and disadvantages. The crucial parameters in vaccination are the generation of memory response and protection against infection, while an important aspect is the effective delivery of antigen in an intelligent manner to evoke a robust immune response. In this regard, nanotechnology is greatly contributing to developing efficient vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems. These can protect the encapsulated antigen from the host’s in-vivo environment and releasing it in a sustained manner to induce a long-lasting immunostimulatory effect. In view of this, the present review article summarizes nanoscale-based adjuvants and delivery vehicles such as viral vectors, virus-like particles and virosomes; non-viral vectors namely nanoemulsions, lipid nanocarriers, biodegradable and non-degradable nanoparticles, calcium phosphate nanoparticles, colloidally stable nanoparticles, proteosomes; and pattern recognition receptors covering c-type lectin receptors and toll-like receptors.
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Lisk C, Yuen R, Kuniholm J, Antos D, Reiser ML, Wetzler LM. CD169+ Subcapsular Macrophage Role in Antigen Adjuvant Activity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624197. [PMID: 33815376 PMCID: PMC8012505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have played a pivotal role in improving public health, however, many infectious diseases lack an effective vaccine. Controlling the spread of infectious diseases requires continuing studies to develop new and improved vaccines. Our laboratory has been investigating the immune enhancing mechanisms of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand-based adjuvants, including the TLR2 ligand Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein, PorB. Adjuvant use of PorB increases costimulatory factors on antigen presenting cells (APC), increases antigen specific antibody production, and cytokine producing T cells. We have demonstrated that macrophage expression of MyD88 (required for TLR2 signaling) is an absolute requirement for the improved antibody response induced by PorB. Here-in, we specifically investigated the role of subcapsular CD169+ marginal zone macrophages in antibody production induced by the use of TLR-ligand based adjuvants (PorB and CpG) and non-TLR-ligand adjuvants (aluminum salts). CD169 knockout mice and mice treated with low dose clodronate treated animals (which only remove marginal zone macrophages), were used to investigate the role of these macrophages in adjuvant-dependent antibody production. In both sets of mice, total antigen specific immunoglobulins (IgGs) were diminished regardless of adjuvant used. However, the greatest reduction was seen with the use of TLR ligands as adjuvants. In addition, the effect of the absence of CD169+ macrophages on adjuvant induced antigen and antigen presenting cell trafficking to the lymph nodes was examined using immunofluorescence by determining the relative extent of antigen loading on dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen deposition on follicular dendritic cells (FDC). Interestingly, only vaccine preparations containing PorB had significant decreases in antigen deposition in lymphoid follicles and germinal centers in CD169 knockout mice or mice treated with low dose clodronate as compared to wildtype controls. Mice immunized with CpG containing preparations demonstrated decreased FDC networks in the mice treated with low dose clodronate. Conversely, alum containing preparations only demonstrated significant decreases in IgG in CD169 knockout mice. These studies stress that importance of subcapsular macrophages and their unique role in adjuvant-mediated antibody production, potentially due to an effect of these adjuvants on antigen trafficking to the lymph node and deposition on follicular dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lisk
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachel Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeff Kuniholm
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Danielle Antos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Lee M. Wetzler
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Dorostkar F, Arashkia A, Roohvand F, Shoja Z, Navari M, Mashhadi Abolghasem Shirazi M, Shahosseini Z, Farahmand M, Shams Nosrati MS, Jalilvand S. Co-administration of 2'3'-cGAMP STING activator and CpG-C adjuvants with a mutated form of HPV 16 E7 protein leads to tumor growth inhibition in the mouse model. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:7. [PMID: 33499895 PMCID: PMC7836183 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer. The HPV oncoprotein E7 is constitutively expressed in cervical cancer and considered as an essential target for tumor-specific immunity. The goal of this study was to develop a candidate therapeutic vaccine based on the mutated E7 protein that had possibly reduced transformation capacity while was able to elicit a robust immune response. Therefore, the mutant type of HPV 16 E7 (E7GRG) protein was recombinantly expressed in E. coli. The protein was then purified and formulated with 2’-3’cGAMP CDN and/or CpG-C ODN adjuvants and subcutaneously injected to female C57BL/6 mice. To evaluate the immunogenic response, lymphocyte proliferation, secretion levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines, granzyme B level, and total IgG and subclasses of IgG antibody were measured. The anti-tumor activity was evaluated in tumor-harboring C57BL/6 mice. The highest rate of cell proliferation, IFN-γ and granzyme B levels, and amount of IgG antibody were found in mice group that were injected by E7GRG + 2′-3′cGAMP + CpG-C. Therapeutic immunization with E7GRG + 2′-3′cGAMP + CpG-C also significantly suppressed TC-1 tumor growth in mice. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that E7GRG + 2′-3′cGAMP + CpG-C induced strong cell-mediated and humoral immune responses that resulted in inhibition of tumor in mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Dorostkar
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Navari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Shahosseini
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155, Tehran, Iran.
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Wieczorek K, Szutkowska B, Kierzek E. Anti-Influenza Strategies Based on Nanoparticle Applications. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1020. [PMID: 33287259 PMCID: PMC7761763 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has the potential for being one of the deadliest viruses, as we know from the pandemic's history. The influenza virus, with a constantly mutating genome, is becoming resistant to existing antiviral drugs and vaccines. For that reason, there is an urgent need for developing new therapeutics and therapies. Despite the fact that a new generation of universal vaccines or anti-influenza drugs are being developed, the perfect remedy has still not been found. In this review, various strategies for using nanoparticles (NPs) to defeat influenza virus infections are presented. Several categories of NP applications are highlighted: NPs as immuno-inducing vaccines, NPs used in gene silencing approaches, bare NPs influencing influenza virus life cycle and the use of NPs for drug delivery. This rapidly growing field of anti-influenza methods based on nanotechnology is very promising. Although profound research must be conducted to fully understand and control the potential side effects of the new generation of antivirals, the presented and discussed studies show that nanotechnology methods can effectively induce the immune responses or inhibit influenza virus activity both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, with its variety of modification possibilities, nanotechnology has great potential for applications and may be helpful not only in anti-influenza but also in the general antiviral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Wieczorek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (K.W.); (B.S.)
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Szutkowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (K.W.); (B.S.)
| | - Elzbieta Kierzek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (K.W.); (B.S.)
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Federico S, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G, Relitti N. Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Targeting Toll-like Receptors: A Perspective on Their Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13466-13513. [PMID: 32845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and they are involved in the regulation of innate immune system. These transmembrane receptors, localized at the cellular or endosomal membrane, trigger inflammatory processes through either myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. In the last decades, extensive research has been performed on TLR modulators and their therapeutic implication under several pathological conditions, spanning from infections to cancer, from metabolic disorders to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. This Perspective will highlight the recent discoveries in this field, emphasizing the role of TLRs in different diseases and the therapeutic effect of their natural and synthetic modulators, and it will discuss insights for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Xu Z, Rivera-Hernandez T, Moyle PM. Development of an Enzyme-Mediated, Site-Specific Method to Conjugate Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonists onto Protein Antigens: Toward a Broadly Protective, Four Component, Group A Streptococcal Self-Adjuvanting Lipoprotein-Fusion Combination Vaccine. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1770-1782. [PMID: 32407620 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines composed of protein antigens covalently attached to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists elicit superior immune responses compared to mixtures of antigens and TLR agonists. Among different conjugation approaches, enzyme-mediated ligation is one of the few that provides an opportunity for the generation of homogeneous, molecularly defined products in which protein antigens are maintained with native structures, which is most critical to elicit protective immune responses upon vaccination. Four highly conserved protein antigens from Group A Streptococcus (GAS) have the potential to be safe and efficacious vaccine candidates. After a TLR2 agonist fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide-1 (FSL-1) was successfully attached onto each antigen using sortase A and techniques for their purification were developed, a combination vaccine containing interleukin 8 (IL-8) protease (Streptococcus pyogenes cell envelope proteinase [SpyCEP]), Group A Streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCPA), anchorless virulence factor arginine deiminase (ADI), and trigger factor (TF)-TLR2 conjugates was produced. This combination was assessed for immunity in mice and compared with mixtures of the four antigens with FSL-1 or alum. High titer antigen-specific IgG antibodies were detected from all vaccine groups, with antibodies elicited from FSL-1 conjugates around 10-fold higher compared to the FSL-1 mixture group. Furthermore, the FSL-1 conjugates afforded a more balanced TH1/TH2 immune response than the alum-adjuvanted group, suggesting that this combination vaccine represents a promising candidate for the prevention of GAS diseases. Thus, we established a conjugation platform that allows for the production of defined, site-specific antigen-adjuvant conjugates, which maintain the native three-dimensional structure of antigens and can be potentially applied to a variety of protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Cátedras CONACYT - Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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36
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Sepulveda-Crespo D, Resino S, Martinez I. Innate Immune Response against Hepatitis C Virus: Targets for Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020313. [PMID: 32560440 PMCID: PMC7350220 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite successful treatments, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections continue to be a significant world health problem. High treatment costs, the high number of undiagnosed individuals, and the difficulty to access to treatment, particularly in marginalized susceptible populations, make it improbable to achieve the global control of the virus in the absence of an effective preventive vaccine. Current vaccine development is mostly focused on weakly immunogenic subunits, such as surface glycoproteins or non-structural proteins, in the case of HCV. Adjuvants are critical components of vaccine formulations that increase immunogenic performance. As we learn more information about how adjuvants work, it is becoming clear that proper stimulation of innate immunity is crucial to achieving a successful immunization. Several hepatic cell types participate in the early innate immune response and the subsequent inflammation and activation of the adaptive response, principally hepatocytes, and antigen-presenting cells (Kupffer cells, and dendritic cells). Innate pattern recognition receptors on these cells, mainly toll-like receptors, are targets for new promising adjuvants. Moreover, complex adjuvants that stimulate different components of the innate immunity are showing encouraging results and are being incorporated in current vaccines. Recent studies on HCV-vaccine adjuvants have shown that the induction of a strong T- and B-cell immune response might be enhanced by choosing the right adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador Resino
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.M.); Tel.: +34-91-8223266 (S.R.); +34-91-8223272 (I.M.); Fax: +34-91-5097919 (S.R. & I.M.)
| | - Isidoro Martinez
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.M.); Tel.: +34-91-8223266 (S.R.); +34-91-8223272 (I.M.); Fax: +34-91-5097919 (S.R. & I.M.)
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37
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Wignall-Fleming EB, Vasou A, Young D, Short JAL, Hughes DJ, Goodbourn S, Randall RE. Innate Intracellular Antiviral Responses Restrict the Amplification of Defective Virus Genomes of Parainfluenza Virus 5. J Virol 2020; 94:e00246-20. [PMID: 32295916 PMCID: PMC7307174 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00246-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the replication of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), copyback defective virus genomes (DVGs) are erroneously produced and are packaged into "infectious" virus particles. Copyback DVGs are the primary inducers of innate intracellular responses, including the interferon (IFN) response. While DVGs can interfere with the replication of nondefective (ND) virus genomes and activate the IFN-induction cascade before ND PIV5 can block the production of IFN, we demonstrate that the converse is also true, i.e., high levels of ND virus can block the ability of DVGs to activate the IFN-induction cascade. By following the replication and amplification of DVGs in A549 cells that are deficient in a variety of innate intracellular antiviral responses, we show that DVGs induce an uncharacterized IFN-independent innate response(s) that limits their replication. High-throughput sequencing was used to characterize the molecular structure of copyback DVGs. While there appears to be no sequence-specific break or rejoining points for the generation of copyback DVGs, our findings suggest there are region, size, and/or structural preferences selected for during for their amplification.IMPORTANCE Copyback defective virus genomes (DVGs) are powerful inducers of innate immune responses both in vitro and in vivo They impact the outcome of natural infections, may help drive virus-host coevolution, and promote virus persistence. Due to their potent interfering and immunostimulatory properties, DVGs may also be used therapeutically as antivirals and vaccine adjuvants. However, little is known of the host cell restrictions which limit their amplification. We show here that the generation of copyback DVGs readily occurs during parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) replication, but that their subsequent amplification is restricted by the induction of innate intracellular responses. Molecular characterization of PIV5 copyback DVGs suggests that while there are no genome sequence-specific breaks or rejoin points for the generation of copyback DVGs, genome region, size, and structural preferences are selected for during their evolution and amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andri Vasou
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Young
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - John A L Short
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - David J Hughes
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Goodbourn
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard E Randall
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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Alshammari AM, Smith DD, Parriott J, Stewart JP, Curran SM, McCulloh RJ, Barry PA, Iyer SS, Palermo N, Phillips JA, Dong Y, Ronning DR, Vennerstrom JL, Sanderson SD, Vetro JA. Targeted Amino Acid Substitution Overcomes Scale-Up Challenges with the Human C5a-Derived Decapeptide Immunostimulant EP67. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1169-1181. [PMID: 32233506 PMCID: PMC7279522 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
EP67 is a second-generation, human C5a-derived decapeptide agonist of C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1/CD88) that selectively activates mononuclear phagocytes over neutrophils to potentiate protective innate and adaptive immune responses while potentially minimizing neutrophil-mediated toxicity. Pro7 and N-methyl-Leu8 (Me-Leu8) amino acid residues within EP67 likely induce backbone structural changes that increase potency and selective activation of mononuclear phagocytes over neutrophils versus first-generation EP54. The low coupling efficiency between Pro7 and Me-Leu8 and challenging purification by HPLC, however, greatly increase scale-up costs of EP67 for clinical use. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine whether replacing Pro7 and/or Me-Leu8 with large-scale amenable amino acid residues predicted to induce similar structural changes (cyclohexylalanine7 and/or leucine8) sufficiently preserves EP67 activity in primary human mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils. We found that EP67 analogues had similar potency, efficacy, and selective activation of mononuclear phagocytes over neutrophils. Thus, replacing Pro7 and/or Me-Leu8 with large-scale amenable amino acid residues predicted to induce similar structural changes is a suitable strategy to overcome scale-up challenges with EP67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulraman M. Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - D. David Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Jake Parriott
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Jason P. Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Stephen M. Curran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Russell J. McCulloh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68114, USA
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Smita S. Iyer
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, UC Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Nicholas Palermo
- Holland Computing Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Joy A. Phillips
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92115, USA
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Donald R. Ronning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Vennerstrom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Sam D. Sanderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Joseph A. Vetro
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
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39
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Kaur D, Arora C, Raghava GPS. A Hybrid Model for Predicting Pattern Recognition Receptors Using Evolutionary Information. Front Immunol 2020; 11:71. [PMID: 32082326 PMCID: PMC7002473 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a method developed for predicting pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are an integral part of the immune system. The models developed here were trained and evaluated on the largest possible non-redundant PRRs, obtained from PRRDB 2.0, and non-pattern recognition receptors (Non-PRRs), obtained from Swiss-Prot. Firstly, a similarity-based approach using BLAST was used to predict PRRs and got limited success due to a large number of no-hits. Secondly, machine learning-based models were developed using sequence composition and achieved a maximum MCC of 0.63. In addition to this, models were developed using evolutionary information in the form of PSSM composition and achieved maximum MCC value of 0.66. Finally, we developed hybrid models that combined a similarity-based approach using BLAST and machine learning-based models. Our best model, which combined BLAST and PSSM based model, achieved a maximum MCC value of 0.82 with an AUROC value of 0.95, utilizing the potential of both similarity-based search and machine learning techniques. In order to facilitate the scientific community, we also developed a web server "PRRpred" based on the best model developed in this study (http://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/prrpred/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilraj Kaur
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Chakit Arora
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Gajendra P S Raghava
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
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40
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Arulraj T, Binder SC, Robert PA, Meyer-Hermann M. Synchronous Germinal Center Onset Impacts the Efficiency of Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2116. [PMID: 31555300 PMCID: PMC6742702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center reaction is an important target for modulating antibody responses. Antibody production from germinal centers is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism termed antibody feedback. By imposing antibody feedback, germinal centers can interact and regulate the output of other germinal centers. Using an agent-based model of the germinal center reaction, we studied the impact of antibody feedback on kinetics and efficiency of a germinal center. Our simulations predict that high feedback of antibodies from germinal centers reduces the production of plasma cells and subsequently the efficiency of the germinal center reaction by promoting earlier termination. Affinity maturation is only weakly improved by increased antibody feedback and ultimately interrupted because of premature termination of the reaction. The model predicts that the asynchronous onset and changes in number of germinal centers could alter the efficiency of antibody response due to changes in feedback by soluble antibodies. Consequently, late initialized germinal centers have a compromised output due to higher antibody feedback from the germinal centers formed earlier. The results demonstrate potential effects of germinal center intercommunication and highlight the importance of understanding germinal center interactions for optimizing the antibody response, in particular, in the elderly and in the context of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian C Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CIIM), Hanover, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CIIM), Hanover, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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41
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Rudicell RS, Garinot M, Kanekiyo M, Kamp HD, Swanson K, Chou TH, Dai S, Bedel O, Simard D, Gillespie RA, Yang K, Reardon M, Avila LZ, Besev M, Dhal PK, Dharanipragada R, Zheng L, Duan X, Dinapoli J, Vogel TU, Kleanthous H, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Haensler J, Wei CJ, Nabel GJ. Comparison of adjuvants to optimize influenza neutralizing antibody responses. Vaccine 2019; 37:6208-6220. [PMID: 31493950 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines represent a positive intervention to limit the spread of the virus and protect public health. Yet continual influenza evolution and its ability to evade immunity pose a constant threat. For these reasons, vaccines with improved potency and breadth of protection remain an important need. We previously developed a next-generation influenza vaccine that displays the trimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) on a ferritin nanoparticle (NP) to optimize its presentation. Similar to other vaccines, HA-nanoparticle vaccine efficacy is increased by the inclusion of adjuvants during immunization. To identify the optimal adjuvants to enhance influenza immunity, we systematically analyzed TLR agonists for their ability to elicit immune responses. HA-NPs were compatible with nearly all adjuvants tested, including TLR2, TLR4, TLR7/8, and TLR9 agonists, squalene oil-in-water mixtures, and STING agonists. In addition, we chemically conjugated TLR7/8 and TLR9 ligands directly to the HA-ferritin nanoparticle. These TLR agonist-conjugated nanoparticles induced stronger antibody responses than nanoparticles alone, which allowed the use of a 5000-fold-lower dose of adjuvant than traditional admixtures. One candidate, the oil-in-water adjuvant AF03, was also tested in non-human primates and showed strong induction of neutralizing responses against both matched and heterologous H1N1 viruses. These data suggest that AF03, along with certain TLR agonists, enhance strong neutralizing antibody responses following influenza vaccination and may improve the breadth, potency, and ultimately vaccine protection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca A Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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42
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Yang Y, Lyu T, Zhou R, He X, Ye K, Xie Q, Zhu L, Chen T, Shen C, Wu Q, Zhang B, Zhao W. The Antiviral and Antitumor Effects of Defective Interfering Particles/Genomes and Their Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1852. [PMID: 31447826 PMCID: PMC6696905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective interfering particles (DIPs), derived naturally from viral particles, are not able to replicate on their own. Several studies indicate that DIPs exert antiviral effects via multiple mechanisms. DIPs are able to activate immune responses and suppress virus replication cycles, such as competing for viral replication products, impeding the packaging, release and invasion of viruses. Other studies show that DIPs can be used as a vaccine against viral infection. Moreover, DIPs/DI genomes display antitumor effects by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and promoting dendritic cell maturation. With genetic modified techniques, it is possible to improve its safety against both viruses and tumors. In this review, a comprehensive discussion on the effects exerted by DIPs is provided. We further highlight the clinical significance of DIPs and propose that DIPs can open up a new platform for antiviral and antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taibiao Lyu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runing Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyan Ye
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chu Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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43
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Defective viral genomes are key drivers of the virus-host interaction. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1075-1087. [PMID: 31160826 PMCID: PMC7097797 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses survive often harsh host environments, yet we know little about the strategies they utilize to adapt and subsist given their limited genomic resources. We are beginning to appreciate the surprising versatility of viral genomes and how replication-competent and -defective virus variants can provide means for adaptation, immune escape and virus perpetuation. This Review summarizes current knowledge of the types of defective viral genomes generated during the replication of RNA viruses and the functions that they carry out. We highlight the universality and diversity of defective viral genomes during infections and discuss their predicted role in maintaining a fit virus population, their impact on human and animal health, and their potential to be harnessed as antiviral tools. This Review describes recent findings on the biogenesis and the role of defective viral genomes during replication of RNA viruses and discusses their impact on viral dynamics and evolution.
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44
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Abstract
Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are generated during viral replication and are unable to carry out a full replication cycle unless coinfected with a full-length virus. DVGs are produced by many viruses, and their presence correlates with alterations in infection outcomes. Historically, DVGs were studied for their ability to interfere with standard virus replication as well as for their association with viral persistence. More recently, a critical role for DVGs in inducing the innate immune response during infection was appreciated. Here we review the role of DVGs of RNA viruses in shaping outcomes of experimental as well as natural infections and explore the mechanisms by which DVGs impact infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Genoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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45
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Mohebbi A, Ebrahimzadeh MS, Baghban Rahimi S, Saeidi M, Tabarraei A, Mohebbi SR, Shirian S, Gorji A, Ghaemi A. Non-replicating Newcastle Disease Virus as an adjuvant for DNA vaccine enhances antitumor efficacy through the induction of TRAIL and granzyme B expression. Virus Res 2018; 261:72-80. [PMID: 30599161 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The potential of non-replicating Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) as an adjuvant for DNA vaccination remains to be elucidated. To assess the therapeutic effects of DNA vaccine (HPV-16 E7 gene) adjuvanted with NDV, female C57/BL6 mice were inoculated with murine TC-1 cells of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinoma, expressing human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) E6/E7 antigens, and immunized with DNA vaccine alone or pretreated with NDV. One week after third immunization, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), splenocyte proliferation, cytokine balance (IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-12 secretions) and intratumoral expression of cytotoxicity related proteins in tumor lysates were investigated. The results showed that treatment with non-replicating NDV prior to DNA vaccine induced tumor-specific cytolytic and splenocyte proliferation responses. The levels of cytokines IL-12, IL-4 and IFN-γ after treating with combined E7-DNA -non-replicating NDV (NDV-DNA Vaccine) were significantly higher than those of control groups. The intratumoral granzyme B and Tumor Necrosis Factor Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis was also significantly increased. Tumor therapeutic experiments showed that the NDV pretreatment could reduce the tumor progression of established E7-expressing TC-tumors. Taken together these data suggest that the significant antitumor responses evidenced during treatment with non-replicating NDV prior to DNA vaccine are due, in part, to strong E7-induced cellular immunity and enhanced expression of cytotoxicity related proteins in the tumor microenvironment. These observations indicated the potential of non-replicating NDV as an adjuvant for enhancing therapeutic DNA vaccines -induced immunity and antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mohebbi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Sanaz Baghban Rahimi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saeidi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Shirian
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 27a, 48149, Münster, Germany; Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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46
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Hellman S, Hjertner B, Morein B, Fossum C. The adjuvant G3 promotes a Th1 polarizing innate immune response in equine PBMC. Vet Res 2018; 49:108. [PMID: 30348190 PMCID: PMC6389152 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effect of a new particulate adjuvant, G3, alone or in combination with agonists to TLR2/1 or TLR5 was evaluated in cultures of equine PBMC. Exposure to the G3 adjuvant up-regulated genes encoding IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40 and IL-23p19 in the majority of the horses tested, indicating that the G3 adjuvant induced a pro-inflammatory and Th1 dominated profile. In accordance, genes encoding IL-13, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β remained unaffected and genes encoding IFN-α, IL-17A and TNF-α were only occasionally and weakly induced. The two TLR agonists Pam3CSK4 (TLR2/1) and FliC (TLR5) induced cytokine profiles characterized by a clear induction of IL-10 as well as up-regulation of the genes encoding IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. The presence of G3 modified this response, in particular by reducing the FliC and Pam3CSK4 induced production of IL-10. Furthermore, G3 acted in synergy with Pam3CSK4 in enhancing the production of IFN-γ whereas G3 combined with FliC increased the gene expression of IL-8. Thus, the G3 adjuvant seems to have the capacity to promote a Th1 polarizing innate immune response in eqPBMC, both by favouring IFN-γ production and by reducing production of IL-10 induced by co-delivered molecules. These features make G3 an interesting candidate to further evaluate for its potential as an adjuvant in equine vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Hellman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bernt Hjertner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bror Morein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Fossum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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47
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Díaz FE, Abarca K, Kalergis AM. An Update on Host-Pathogen Interplay and Modulation of Immune Responses during Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00076-17. [PMID: 29386235 PMCID: PMC5967693 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00076-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi is the causative agent of scrub typhus in humans, a serious mite-borne disease present in a widespread area of endemicity, which affects an estimated 1 million people every year. This disease may exhibit a broad range of presentations, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal conditions, with the latter being due to disseminated endothelial infection and organ injury. Unique characteristics of the biology and host-pathogen interactions of O. tsutsugamushi, including the high antigenic diversity among strains and the highly variable, short-lived memory responses developed by the host, underlie difficulties faced in the pursuit of an effective vaccine, which is an imperative need. Other factors that have hindered scientific progress relative to the infectious mechanisms of and the immune response triggered by this bacterium in vertebrate hosts include the limited number of mechanistic studies performed on animal models and the lack of genetic tools currently available for this pathogen. However, recent advances in animal model development are promising to improve our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Here, we comprehensively discuss the recent advances in and future perspectives on host-pathogen interactions and the modulation of immune responses related to this reemerging disease, highlighting the role of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Abarca
- Departamento en Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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48
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Leuthard DS, Duda A, Freiberger SN, Weiss S, Dommann I, Fenini G, Contassot E, Kramer MF, Skinner MA, Kündig TM, Heath MD, Johansen P. Microcrystalline Tyrosine and Aluminum as Adjuvants in Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy Protect from IgE-Mediated Reactivity in Mouse Models and Act Independently of Inflammasome and TLR Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3151-3159. [PMID: 29592962 PMCID: PMC5911931 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only modality that can modify immune responses to allergen exposure, but therapeutic coverage is low. One strategy to improve AIT safety and efficacy is the use of new or improved adjuvants. This study investigates immune responses produced by microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT)–based vaccines as compared with conventional aluminum hydroxide (alum). Wild-type, immune-signaling–deficient, and TCR-transgenic mice were treated with different Ags (e.g., OVA and cat dander Fel d 1), plus MCT or alum as depot adjuvants. Specific Ab responses in serum were measured by ELISA, whereas cytokine secretion was measured both in culture supernatants by ELISA or by flow cytometry of spleen cells. Upon initiation of AIT in allergic mice, body temperature and further clinical signs were used as indicators for anaphylaxis. Overall, MCT and alum induced comparable B and T cell responses, which were independent of TLR signaling. Alum induced stronger IgE and IL-4 secretion than MCT. MCT and alum induced caspase-dependent IL-1β secretion in human monocytes in vitro, but inflammasome activation had no functional effect on inflammatory and Ab responses measured in vivo. In sensitized mice, AIT with MCT-adjuvanted allergens caused fewer anaphylactic reactions compared with alum-adjuvanted allergens. As depot adjuvants, MCT and alum are comparably effective in strength and mechanism of Ag-specific IgG induction and induction of T cell responses. The biocompatible and biodegradable MCT seems therefore a suitable alternative adjuvant to alum-based vaccines and AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Leuthard
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agathe Duda
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sina Weiss
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Dommann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Fenini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Contassot
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias F Kramer
- Bencard Allergie GmbH, 80992 Munich, Germany; and.,Allergy Therapeutics Ltd., Worthing BN14 8SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas M Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Heath
- Allergy Therapeutics Ltd., Worthing BN14 8SA, United Kingdom
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; .,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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49
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Palmer CR, Jacobson ME, Fedorova O, Pyle AM, Wilson JT. Environmentally Triggerable Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I Agonists Using Synthetic Polymer Overhangs. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:742-747. [PMID: 29350913 PMCID: PMC6407425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that potently activates antiviral innate immunity upon recognition of 5' triphosphorylated double-stranded RNA (pppRNA). Accordingly, RNA ligands of the RIG-I pathway have recently emerged as promising antiviral agents, vaccine adjuvants, and cancer immunotherapeutics. However, RIG-I is expressed constitutively in virtually all cell types, and therefore administration of RIG-I agonists causes risk for systemic inflammation and possible dose-limiting toxicities. Here, we establish proof-of-concept and initial design criteria for pppRNA prodrugs capable of activating the RIG-I pathway in response to specific environmental stimuli. We show that covalent conjugation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to the 3' end of the complementary strand, i.e., on the same side but opposite strand as the 5' triphosphate group, can generate a synthetic overhang that prevents RIG-I activation. Additionally, conjugation of PEG through a cleavable linker-here, a reducible disulfide bond-allows for removal of the synthetic overhang and restoration of immunostimulatory activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that blockade of RIG-I activation via synthetic overhangs is dependent on PEG molecular weight, with a critical molecular weight between 550 and 1000 Da required to inhibit activity. Additionally, we demonstrate that blockade of RIG-I activity is conjugation site-dependent, as ligation of PEG to the opposite end of the RNA did not influence ligand activity. Collectively, this work demonstrates that conjugation of synthetic polymer overhangs to pppRNA through cleavable linkers is a viable strategy for the development of environmentally triggerable RIG-I-targeting prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R. Palmer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Max E. Jacobson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; Yale University New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Anna M. Pyle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; Yale University New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University
| | - John T. Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology; Vanderbilt University
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation; Vanderbilt University
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50
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Mehrabi M, Dounighi NM, Rezayat Sorkhabadi SM, Doroud D, Amani A, Khoobi M, Ajdary S, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y. Development and physicochemical, toxicity and immunogenicity assessments of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) entrapped in chitosan and mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles: as a novel vaccine delivery system and adjuvant. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:230-240. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1417868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mehrabi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Mohammadpour Dounighi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Rezayat Sorkhabadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Delaram Doroud
- Regulatory Department, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Nanobiomaterials Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Ajdary
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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