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Wang L, Feng L, Prabahar K, Hernández-Wolters B, Wang Z. The effect of phytosterol supplementation on lipid profile: A critical umbrella review of interventional meta-analyses. Phytother Res 2024; 38:507-519. [PMID: 37905579 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite multiple investigations assessing the impact of phytosterol supplementation on serum lipid levels, there is still a great deal of debate regarding the benefits of this intervention in the management of dyslipidemia. Therefore, we aimed at clarifying this dilemma by conducting the present umbrella review of interventional meta-analyses. Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE were used to search for pertinent publications on the effect of phytosterol supplementation on the lipid profile in humans up to June 2023. To compute the overall effect size (ES) and confidence intervals (CI), the random-effects model was used. The I2 statistic and Cochrane's Q-test were applied to estimate the heterogeneity among the studies. Seventeen meta-analyses with 23 study arms were included in the umbrella meta-analysis. Data pooled from the 23 eligible arms revealed that phytosterol supplementation reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (ES = -11.47 mg/dL; 95% CI: -12.76, -10.17, p < 0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (ES = -13.02 mg/dL; 95% CI: -15.68, -10.37, p < 0.001), and triglyceride (TG) (ES = -3.77 mg/dL; 95% CI: -6.04, -1.51, p = 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that phytosterol administration with dosage ≥2 g/day and duration over 8 weeks and in hypercholesterolemic subjects was more likely to decrease LDL-C, TC, and TG. Phytosterol administration did not significantly modify HDL-C (ES = 0.18 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.13, -0.51, p = 258) levels when compared to controls. The present umbrella meta-analysis confirms that phytosterol administration significantly reduces LDL-C, TC, and TG, with a greater effect with doses of ≥2 g/day and treatment duration >8 weeks, suggesting its possible application as a complementary therapy for cardiovascular risk reduction. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of phytosterols in patients with specific health conditions, as well as to ascertain the adverse effects, the maximum tolerable dose, and the maximum recommended duration of phytosterol administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, People's Hospital of Huaiyin. Jinan, Jinan, China
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinan Huaiyin People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Kousalya Prabahar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin Hernández-Wolters
- School of medicine, University Center for Health Science, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Pederiva C, Biasucci G, Banderali G, Capra ME. Plant Sterols and Stanols for Pediatric Patients with Increased Cardiovascular Risk. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:129. [PMID: 38275439 PMCID: PMC10814923 DOI: 10.3390/children11010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The atherosclerotic process begins in childhood and progresses throughout adult age. Hypercholesterolemia, especially familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and metabolic dysfunctions linked to weight excess and obesity, are the main atherosclerosis risk factors in pediatric patients and can be detected and treated starting from childhood. Nutritional intervention and a healthy-heart lifestyle are cornerstones and first-line treatments, with which, if necessary, drug therapy should be associated. For several years, functional foods enriched with plant sterols and stanols have been studied in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, mainly as nutritional complements that can reduce LDL cholesterol; however, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials defining their long-term efficacy and safety, especially in pediatric age. This review aims to evaluate what the main published studies on sterols and stanols in pediatric subjects with dyslipidemia have taught us, providing an updated picture of the possible use of these dietary supplements in children and adolescents with dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risk. Nowadays, we can state that plant sterols and stanols should be considered as a valuable therapy in pediatric patients with hypercholesterolemia, bearing in mind that nutritional and lifestyle counseling and, when necessary, pharmacologic therapy, are the cornerstones of the treatment in developmental age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pederiva
- Clinical Service for Dyslipidemias, Study and Prevention of Atherosclerosis in Childhood, Pediatrics Unit, ASST-Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biasucci
- Centre for Pediatric Dyslipidemias, Pediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, University of Parma, 29121 Piacenza, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banderali
- Clinical Service for Dyslipidemias, Study and Prevention of Atherosclerosis in Childhood, Pediatrics Unit, ASST-Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Capra
- Centre for Pediatric Dyslipidemias, Pediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, University of Parma, 29121 Piacenza, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Rezig L, Abdelkrim YZ. Phytosterols: Potential Therapeutic Effects and Challenges in Food Industry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:453-462. [PMID: 38036893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Increases in serum total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are known as hypercholesterolemia, and it is a significant risk factor for the emergence of cardiovascular illnesses. Any action strategy for lowering serum cholesterol is supported by lifestyle changes. Phytosterols are organic substances from the triterpene family. Phytosterols can lower serum LDL cholesterol levels because of their structural resemblance to cholesterol. Phytosterols are used to enrich or fortify a broad spectrum of food products. Phytosterols are quickly oxidized, just like cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids. The utilization of free phytosterols for the manufacture of functional meals is highlighted in this chapter, which also focuses on the therapeutic effects of phytosterols and their technological concerns in the industrial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rezig
- University of Carthage, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, LR11ES24, LIP-MB 'Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules', Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Food Industries, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosser Zina Abdelkrim
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR11IPT04/LR16IPT04)/Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Tunis - University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Process Engineering Department, Institut Supérieur des Études Technologiques de Bizerte, Direction Générale des Études Technologiques, Tunis, Tunisia
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Priscila Busch Furlan C, Berilli Batista P, Akemi Kido L, Garbellini Duft R, Regina Cavaglieri C, de Oliveira Carvalho P, Roberto Maróstica Junior M. Synergistic effect rescue animal model from NASH caused by diet-inflammation inducer. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113562. [PMID: 37986439 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Excessive intake of pro-inflammatory fatty acids is related to the development of insulin resistance, impaired oxidative stress enzymes, and lipid disorders, leading to inflammation and development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Diet and physical exercise are considered to prevent and treat metabolic disorders caused by chronic inflammatory states (responsible for insulin resistance and diabetes type 2) in individuals with obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). Our investigation tested the hypothesis that Hass avocado oil, a monounsaturated fatty acid and a source of phytosterol, may improve liver and metabolic parameters without adverse effects when combined with physical exercise. Rats ingested a high-fat diet for seven weeks and were then subjected to more six weeks with a standard diet, Hass avocado-oil ingestion, and swimming. The intervention showed significantly improvements by synergistic effect between Hass avocado-oil and swimming exercise (P < 0.05), including improving adiponectin, leptin, and fasting blood glucose levels, alleviating insulin resistance, reducing serum TNF-α, improving glutathione enzyme levels, and decreasing lipotoxicity in the liver and blood and serum triacylglycerides in blood (P < 0.05). Liver tissue markers of apoptosis and necrosis such as CK-18 filaments and dimethylamine (DMA) were significantly higher in the intervention group (P < 0.05). We were unable to fully confirm our hypothesis. Although the synergistic effects between Hass avocado-oil and the swimming regimen offer a promising chance of recovering liver health by improving 10 health biological markers, we must not ignore the cellular damage due to apoptosis and necrosis in liver cells and DMA. The data on metabolomic profile and avocado-oil-treated livers highlight the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Priscila Busch Furlan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Berilli Batista
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Akemi Kido
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Garbellini Duft
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Regina Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Ashfaq R, Rasul A, Asghar S, Kovács A, Berkó S, Budai-Szűcs M. Lipid Nanoparticles: An Effective Tool to Improve the Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15764. [PMID: 37958750 PMCID: PMC10648376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-range bioactive colloidal carrier systems are envisaged to overcome the challenges associated with treatments of numerous diseases. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), one of the extensively investigated drug delivery systems, not only improve pharmacokinetic parameters, transportation, and chemical stability of encapsulated compounds but also provide efficient targeting and reduce the risk of toxicity. Over the last decades, nature-derived polyphenols, vitamins, antioxidants, dietary supplements, and herbs have received more attention due to their remarkable biological and pharmacological health and medical benefits. However, their poor aqueous solubility, compromised stability, insufficient absorption, and accelerated elimination impede research in the nutraceutical sector. Owing to the possibilities offered by various LNPs, their ability to accommodate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules and the availability of various preparation methods suitable for sensitive molecules, loading natural fragile molecules into LNPs offers a promising solution. The primary objective of this work is to explore the synergy between nature and nanotechnology, encompassing a wide range of research aimed at encapsulating natural therapeutic molecules within LNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ashfaq
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.A.)
| | - Akhtar Rasul
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.R.); (S.A.)
| | - Sajid Asghar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.R.); (S.A.)
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.A.)
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.A.)
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.A.)
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Wang M, Yu M, Amrouche AT, Jie F, Ji S, Lu B. Human intestinal Caco-2 cell model to evaluate the absorption of 7-ketophytosterols and their effects on cholesterol transport. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Barkas F, Bathrellou E, Nomikos T, Panagiotakos D, Liberopoulos E, Kontogianni MD. Plant Sterols and Plant Stanols in Cholesterol Management and Cardiovascular Prevention. Nutrients 2023; 15:2845. [PMID: 37447172 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the major mortality cause in developed countries with hypercholesterolaemia being one of the primary modifiable causes. Lifestyle intervention constitutes the first step in cholesterol management and includes dietary modifications along with the use of functional foods and supplements. Functional foods enriched with plant sterols/stanols have become the most widely used nonprescription cholesterol-lowering approach, despite the lack of randomized trials investigating their long-term safety and cardiovascular efficacy. The cholesterol-lowering effect of plant-sterol supplementation is well-established and a potential beneficial impact on other lipoproteins and glucose homeostasis has been described. Nevertheless, experimental and human observational studies investigating the association of phytosterol supplementation or circulating plant sterols with various markers of atherosclerosis and ASCVD events have demonstrated controversial results. Compelling evidence from recent genetic studies have also linked elevated plasma concentrations of circulating plant sterols with ASCVD presence, thus raising concerns about the safety of phytosterol supplementation. Thus, the aim of this review is to provide up-to-date data on the effect of plant sterols/stanols on lipid-modification and cardiovascular outcomes, as well as to discuss any safety issues and practical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Barkas
- Department of Hygiene & Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eirini Bathrellou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Kallithea, Greece
| | - Tzortzis Nomikos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Kallithea, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Kallithea, Greece
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- 1st Propaedeutic Department of Medicine, General Hospital of Atherns 'Laiko', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrιan University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Meropi D Kontogianni
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Kallithea, Greece
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β-sitosterol ameliorates inflammation and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in a mouse model. J Cyst Fibros 2023; 22:156-160. [PMID: 35973900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that β-sitosterol (BSS) inhibits the expression of the chemokine IL-8 in CF bronchial epithelial cells exposed to P. aeruginosa. In the mouse model of lung chronic infection, herein shown, BSS significantly reduced leukocyte recruitment in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and decreased bacteria recovered in the airways. Treatment with BSS decreased the expression of key cytokines involved in immune response, mainly neutrophil chemotaxis, in the lung homogenate. This anti-inflammatory activity is accompanied by a beneficial protecting activity against infection and improvement of health status. Our data suggest that BSS has the potential to become a new drug to target the excessive neutrophil recruitment in lungs chronically infected by P. aeruginosa and encourage future investigations on mechanism of protection driven by BSS.
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Althwab SA, Alamro SA, Al Abdulmonem W, Allemailem KS, Alarifi SA, Hamad EM. Fermented camel milk enriched with plant sterols improves lipid profile and atherogenic index in rats fed high -fat and -cholesterol diets. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10871. [PMID: 36237975 PMCID: PMC9552119 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to explore the effect of fermented camel milk, plant sterols and their combination on the blood levels of sd-LDL and atherogenicity in rats fed on high-fat-cholesterol diets (HFC). Forty male Wistar rats were distributed into five groups: Normal control (NC), Positive control (PC, HFC), plant sterol (PS, HFC containing 1% (w/w) β-sitosterol:Stigmasterols; 9:1), FM (HFC containing 4% (w/w) lyophilized fermented camel milk), and PSFM (HFC containing 1% (w/w) plant sterols +4% (w/w) lyophilized fermented camel milk). Antioxidant activity showed that β-sitosterol had the highest radical scavenging activity, followed by fermented camel milk and stigmasterol (p < 0.05). Feeding rats on HFC for 8 weeks resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in blood lipids of PC group compared with NC group. Administration of PS, FM, and PSFM resulted in a significant reduction in atherogenic index (50, 24.5, and 41.5 %, p < 0.05), and sd-LDL levels (73, 45, and 59%, p < 0.05), respectively. Only the FM group showed a significant reduction in triglycerides levels of rats. Administration of PS, FM and PSFM decreased serum MDA levels significantly by 58.7, 45.4, and 69% (p < 0.05), and increased total antioxidant capacity by 35.9, 84.8, and 38.3% (p < 0.05), respectively. This is the first report to the best of our knowledge that shows fermented camel milk enriched with plant sterol could reduce atherogenesis and cardiovascular diseases activity via inhibition of the status of small dense LDL and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami A. Althwab
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar A. Alamro
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 6699, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud A. Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam M. Hamad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
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Fogacci F, Di Micoli V, Veronesi M, Cicero AFG. Comparative effect of a nutraceutical compound based on a flavonoid complex from bergamot on plasma lipids, glucose metabolism, and liver enzymes: a 3-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Arch Med Sci 2022; 19:1180-1185. [PMID: 37732027 PMCID: PMC10507781 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/152791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bergamot and opuntia (prickly pear cladodes) standardized extracts have been demonstrated to have positive metabolic effects in preclinical and clinical models. Material and methods The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic effect of a combined nutraceutical containing 150 mg of Opuntia ficus Indica extract, 400 mg of plant sterols, 12.5 mg of thiamine, and 200 mg of Brumex® a phytocomplex from bergamot fruit (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau, fructus) standardized 40% in total flavonoids and min 5% in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-flavanones. Thus, we carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on 75 hypercholesterolaemic subjects randomized to take the active compound (2 tablets per day), placebo (2 tablets per day), or both (1 per product per day). Results After 12 weeks of treatment with 1 tablet per day, we observed a significant reduction of a number of metabolic parameters: total cholesterol (TC) (-14.6%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (-19.9%), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDLC) (-22.1%), triglycerides (TG) (-13.1%), Apolipoprotein B (-16%) (all p < 0.05 both versus baseline and versus placebo), fasting plasma glucose (-5.1%), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (-7.8%), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (-7.3%), and γ-glutamyl transferase (-34.4%) (all p < 0.05 versus baseline). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was increased 6.9% by the use of 1 tablet per day (p < 0.05 versus baseline). All parameters were reduced to the same extent when taking the full dose (2 tablets), beyond TG. Conclusions the tested nutraceutical compound based on a flavonoid complex from bergamot and opuntia showed a short-term positive impact on plasma lipids, fasting plasma glucose, and liver enzyme in overall healthy subjects affected by hypercholesterolaemia with low cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fogacci
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Research Centre, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Micoli
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Research Centre, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maddalena Veronesi
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Research Centre, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Research Centre, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Avocado consumption is associated with a reduction in hypertension incidence in Mexican women. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1976-1983. [PMID: 35979778 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Avocado is a fruit rich in dietary fibre, potassium, Mg, mono and PUFA and bioactive phytochemicals, which are nutritional components that have been associated with cardiovascular health. Yet, despite the boom in avocado consumption, we lack evidence on its association with CVD risk in the general population. To estimate the prospective association between avocado consumption and incident hypertension in Mexican women, we estimated the association in participants from the Mexican Teachers’ Cohort who were ≥ 25 years, free of hypertension, CVD and cancer at baseline (n 67 383). We assessed baseline avocado consumption with a semi-quantitative FFQ (never to six or more times per week). Incident hypertension cases were identified if participants self-reported a diagnosis and receiving treatment. To assess the relation between categories of avocado consumption (lowest as reference) and incident hypertension, we estimated incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95 % CI using Poisson regression models and adjusting for confounding. We identified 4002 incident cases of hypertension during a total of 158 706 person-years for a median follow-up of 2·2 years. The incidence rate of hypertension was 25·1 cases per 1000 person-years. Median avocado consumption was 1·0 (interquartile range: 0·23, 1·0) serving per week (half an avocado). After adjustment for confounding, consuming 5 + servings per week of avocado was associated with a 17 % decrease in the rate of hypertension, compared with non- or low consumers (IRR = 0·83; 95 % CI: 0·70, 0·99; Ptrend = 0·01). Frequent consumption of avocado was associated with a lower incidence of hypertension.
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12
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New insights on the analysis of phytosterols in pollen and anther wall of tree peony (Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’) revealed by GC-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1212:339891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tsiantas K, Konteles SJ, Kritsi E, Sinanoglou VJ, Tsiaka T, Zoumpoulakis P. Effects of Non-Polar Dietary and Endogenous Lipids on Gut Microbiota Alterations: The Role of Lipidomics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084070. [PMID: 35456888 PMCID: PMC9024800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies over the past 15 years have led to a substantially greater appreciation of the importance of the gut microbiome to the health of the host. Recent outcomes indicate that aspects of nutrition, especially lipids (exogenous or endogenous), can influence the gut microbiota composition and consequently, play an important role in the metabolic health of the host. Thus, there is an increasing interest in applying holistic analytical approaches, such as lipidomics, metabolomics, (meta)transcriptomics, (meta)genomics, and (meta)proteomics, to thoroughly study the gut microbiota and any possible interplay with nutritional or endogenous components. This review firstly summarizes the general background regarding the interactions between important non-polar dietary (i.e., sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, and carotenoids) or amphoteric endogenous (i.e., eicosanoids, endocannabinoids-eCBs, and specialized pro-resolving mediators-SPMs) lipids and gut microbiota. In the second stage, through the evaluation of a vast number of dietary clinical interventions, a comprehensive effort is made to highlight the role of the above lipid categories on gut microbiota and vice versa. In addition, the present status of lipidomics in current clinical interventions as well as their strengths and limitations are also presented. Indisputably, dietary lipids and most phytochemicals, such as sterols and carotenoids, can play an important role on the development of medical foods or nutraceuticals, as they exert prebiotic-like effects. On the other hand, endogenous lipids can be considered either prognostic indicators of symbiosis or dysbiosis or even play a role as specialized mediators through dietary interventions, which seem to be regulated by gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tsiantas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (K.T.); (S.J.K.); (E.K.); (V.J.S.)
| | - Spyridon J. Konteles
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (K.T.); (S.J.K.); (E.K.); (V.J.S.)
| | - Eftichia Kritsi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (K.T.); (S.J.K.); (E.K.); (V.J.S.)
| | - Vassilia J. Sinanoglou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (K.T.); (S.J.K.); (E.K.); (V.J.S.)
| | - Thalia Tsiaka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (K.T.); (S.J.K.); (E.K.); (V.J.S.)
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vas. Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (T.T.); (P.Z.)
| | - Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (K.T.); (S.J.K.); (E.K.); (V.J.S.)
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vas. Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (T.T.); (P.Z.)
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Development of sodium hydroxide-induced homogenous liquid-liquid extraction-effervescent assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvents; Application in the extraction of phytosterols from cow cream samples. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Bafna PS, Patil PH, Maru SK, Mutha RE. Cissus quadrangularis L: A comprehensive multidisciplinary review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114355. [PMID: 34181958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cissus quadrangularis L. is a perennial herb of the Vitaceae family and is utilized comprehensively as a medicinal herb in most tropical regions by various names. This herb is documented to possess a wide-ranging ethnomedicinal uses in malaria, fever, epilepsy, gout, piles, skin diseases, colic, etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW: A organized summary of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, available marketed formulations and filed patents were presented to explore the future therapeutic potential and scientific potential of this herb. MATERIALS AND METHODS For a review of the literature, various databases were searched, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus etc. From, total 408 records of this herb, we have screened 155 articles consist of desired information and available as full text. Present manuscript is structured from comprehensive information on this herb from screened 155 records. Plant taxonomy was confirmed to the database "The Plant List". RESULTS Phytochemical assessment as a whole indicated the presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, iridoids, stilbenes, vitamins, steroids, and glycosides. A toxicity study revealed that its LD50 value is above 3000 mg/kg in animals indicating its safety. A variety of pharmacological studies of aerial parts of this herb by different extracts have demonstrated analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-osteoporotic activity and other bone-related disorders to justify its name as Hadjod. Still, the herb has been utilized in clinical practice and several patents were filed in India and US for its antiosteoporotic property. CONCLUSION The studies on Cissus quadrangularis Linn. are extensive, but gaps still remain. The molecular mechanism, structure-activity relationship, potential synergistic and antagonistic effects of these components needs to be further elucidated. These findings suggest the need for further research on this herb for the management of several other chronic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush S Bafna
- H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, 425 405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Payal H Patil
- H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, 425 405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurabh K Maru
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, 425 405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh E Mutha
- H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, 425 405, Maharashtra, India.
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Poli A, Marangoni F, Corsini A, Manzato E, Marrocco W, Martini D, Medea G, Visioli F. Phytosterols, Cholesterol Control, and Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082810. [PMID: 34444970 PMCID: PMC8399210 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of phytosterols (or plant sterols) for the control of plasma cholesterol concentrations has recently gained traction because their efficacy is acknowledged by scientific authorities and leading guidelines. Phytosterols, marketed as supplements or functional foods, are formally classified as food in the European Union, are freely available for purchase, and are frequently used without any health professional advice; therefore, they are often self-prescribed, either inappropriately or in situations in which no significant advantage can be obtained. For this reason, a panel of experts with diverse medical and scientific backgrounds was convened by NFI—Nutrition Foundation of Italy—to critically evaluate and summarize the literature available on the topic, with the goal of providing medical doctors and all health professionals useful information to actively govern the use of phytosterols in the context of plasma cholesterol control. Some practical indications to help professionals identify subjects who will most likely benefit from the use of these products, optimizing the therapeutic outcomes, are also provided. The panel concluded that the use of phytosterols as supplements or functional foods to control Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels should be preceded by the assessment of some relevant individual characteristics: cardiovascular risk, lipid profile, correct understanding of how to use these products, and willingness to pay for the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poli
- Nutrition Foundation of Italy, 20124 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-7600-6271
| | | | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
| | - Enzo Manzato
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Walter Marrocco
- FIMMG—Italian Federation of General Medicine Doctors and SIMPeSV–Italian Society of Preventive and Lifestyle Medicine, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniela Martini
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gerardo Medea
- SIMG—Italian Society of General Medicine, 50142 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Witkowska AM, Waśkiewicz A, Zujko ME, Mirończuk-Chodakowska I, Cicha-Mikołajczyk A, Drygas W. Assessment of Plant Sterols in the Diet of Adult Polish Population with the Use of a Newly Developed Database. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082722. [PMID: 34444882 PMCID: PMC8398305 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols are compounds with multiple biological functions, mainly cholesterol-reducing. There are no comprehensive databases on plant sterols, which makes it difficult to estimate their intake in the Polish population. This work attempted to use international food databases, additionally supplemented by scientific data from the literature, to create a database of plant sterols, which would cover various kinds of foods and dishes consumed in Poland. The aim was to assess the size and sources of dietary plant sterols in the adult population of Poland. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify possible sources of published food composition data for plant sterols. The study group consisted of 5690 participants of the WOBASZ II survey. We identified 361 dietary sources of plant sterols based on the consumption of foods and dishes reported by participants. Cereals and fats provided 61% of the total plant sterols, and together with vegetables and fruits, this totaled 80%. The median intake of plant sterols in the Polish population was 255.96 mg/day, and for men and women 291.76 and 230.61 mg/day, respectively. Canola oil provided the most plant sterols at 16.92%, followed by white bread at 16.65% and soft margarine at 8.33%. The study found that plant sterol intake in Poland is comparable to other populations, and women’s diets are more dense in plant sterols. Due to the lack of literature sources on plant sterol content in some foods, future studies should expand and complete the databases on plant sterol content in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Witkowska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (M.E.Z.); (I.M.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-6865088; Fax: +48-85-6865089
| | - Anna Waśkiewicz
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (A.C.-M.); (W.D.)
| | - Małgorzata Elżbieta Zujko
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (M.E.Z.); (I.M.-C.)
| | - Iwona Mirończuk-Chodakowska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (M.E.Z.); (I.M.-C.)
| | - Alicja Cicha-Mikołajczyk
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (A.C.-M.); (W.D.)
| | - Wojciech Drygas
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (A.C.-M.); (W.D.)
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Hallera 1, 90-001 Lodz, Poland
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18
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Borin-Crivellenti S, Crivellenti LZ, de Oliveira FR, Costa PB, Alvarenga AWO, Rezende LR, Gouvêa FN, Assef ND, Branco LDO. Effect of phytosterols on reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in dogs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 76:106610. [PMID: 33607308 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is described as an increase in serum and/or plasma levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, or both. This disturbance can be primary in some cases, or combined with other comorbidities such as endocrinopathies, liver diseases, or specific drug use. Among the various ways to control dyslipidemia are specific diets, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, or hypolipemiant treatment. Herbal medicine has been used in the human clinical routine to reduce cholesterol circulation. With an aim to expand its application in veterinary medicine, we analyzed the use of phytosterols in dogs as a potential alternative to control hypercholesterolemia. We performed lipidogram analysis in healthy dogs to examine the possible adverse effects during the treatment. Eight Beagle dogs received orally two 650 mg capsules of phytosterols (Collestra, Aché), for 15 consecutive d, along with the 2 usual meals. All animals remained clinically stable during the trial. There were significant alterations in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels during the trial. LDL was reduced (86.8 ± 29.89 mg/dL [D0], 74.45 ± 31.58 mg/dL [D8], and 58.91 ± 18.65 mg/dL [D15]; P = 0.0442) and HDL was elevated (83.40 ± 12.05 mg/dL [D0], 86.46 ± 13.05 mg/dL [D8], and 101.5 ± 10.52 [D15]; P = 0.0141), while total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations remained constant and within the normal range for canine species. Thus, a 1300 mg dose of phytosterols, administrated orally and fractionated along with the 2 usual meals, was capable of reducing LDL and increasing HDL concentration in healthy nondyslipidemic dogs, which makes them candidates to be included on the list of hypolipemiant drugs for clinical use in dogs with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Borin-Crivellenti
- Professor at College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV) and Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Z Crivellenti
- Professor at College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV) and Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Paula B Costa
- Graduate student of Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Luara R Rezende
- Practicing Veterinary Clinician, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N Gouvêa
- Graduate student of Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Najla D Assef
- Practicing Veterinary Clinician, Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana de O Branco
- Graduate student of Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Alves-Silva JM, Zuzarte M, Girão H, Salgueiro L. The Role of Essential Oils and Their Main Compounds in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123506. [PMID: 34207498 PMCID: PMC8227493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a global health burden that greatly impact patient quality of life and account for a huge number of deaths worldwide. Despite current therapies, several side effects have been reported that compromise patient adherence; thus, affecting therapeutic benefits. In this context, plant metabolites, namely volatile extracts and compounds, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. Indeed, these compounds, in addition to having beneficial bioactivities, are generally more amenable and present less side effects, allowing better patient tolerance. The present review is an updated compilation of the studies carried out in the last 20 years on the beneficial potential of essential oils, and their compounds, against major risk factors of CVDs. Overall, these metabolites show beneficial potential through a direct effect on these risk factors, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes, or by acting on related targets, or exerting general cellular protection. In general, monoterpenic compounds are the most studied regarding hypotensive and anti-dyslipidemic/antidiabetic properties, whereas phenylpropanoids are very effective at avoiding platelet aggregation. Despite the number of studies performed, clinical trials are sparse and several aspects related to essential oil’s features, namely volatility and chemical variability, need to be considered in order to guarantee their efficacy in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. Alves-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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20
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Dash R, Mitra S, Ali MC, Oktaviani DF, Hannan MA, Choi SM, Moon IS. Phytosterols: Targeting Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:383-401. [PMID: 32600224 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200628022812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived sterols, phytosterols, are well known for their cholesterol-lowering activity in serum and their anti-inflammatory activities. Recently, phytosterols have received considerable attention due to their beneficial effects on various non-communicable diseases, and recommended use as daily dietary components. The signaling pathways mediated in the brain by phytosterols have been evaluated, but little is known about their effects on neuroinflammation, and no clinical studies have been undertaken on phytosterols of interest. In this review, we discuss the beneficial roles of phytosterols, including their attenuating effects on inflammation, blood cholesterol levels, and hallmarks of the disease, and their regulatory effects on neuroinflammatory disease pathways. Despite recent advancements made in phytosterol pharmacology, some critical questions remain unanswered. Therefore, we have tried to highlight the potential of phytosterols as viable therapeutics against neuroinflammation and to direct future research with respect to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
| | - Sarmistha Mitra
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Plasma Bio-display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul-01897, Korea
| | - Md Chayan Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh
| | - Diyah Fatimah Oktaviani
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
| | - Md Abdul Hannan
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
| | - Sung Min Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju-38066, Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
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21
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Salehi B, Quispe C, Sharifi-Rad J, Cruz-Martins N, Nigam M, Mishra AP, Konovalov DA, Orobinskaya V, Abu-Reidah IM, Zam W, Sharopov F, Venneri T, Capasso R, Kukula-Koch W, Wawruszak A, Koch W. Phytosterols: From Preclinical Evidence to Potential Clinical Applications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:599959. [PMID: 33519459 PMCID: PMC7841260 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.599959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols (PSs) are plant-originated steroids. Over 250 PSs have been isolated, and each plant species contains a characteristic phytosterol composition. A wide number of studies have reported remarkable pharmacological effects of PSs, acting as chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiatherosclerotic agents. However, PS bioavailability is a key issue, as it can be influenced by several factors (type, source, processing, preparation, delivery method, food matrix, dose, time of administration into the body, and genetic factors), and the existence of a close relationship between their chemical structures (e.g., saturation degree and side-chain length) and low absorption rates has been stated. In this sense, the present review intends to provide in-depth data on PS therapeutic potential for human health, also emphasizing their preclinical effects and bioavailability-related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shobhit University, Gangoh, India
| | - Dmitryi Alexeevich Konovalov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Botany and Technology of Phytopreparations, Pyatigorsk Medical-Pharmaceutical Institute, Branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Pyatigorsk, Russia
| | - Valeriya Orobinskaya
- Institute of Service, Tourism and Design (Branch) of North-Caucasus Federal University in Pyatigorsk, Pyatigorsk, Russia
| | - Ibrahim M. Abu-Reidah
- Department of Environmental Science/Boreal Ecosystem Research Initiative, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Wissam Zam
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences, Tartous, Syria
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- “Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products”, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Tommaso Venneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Anna Wawruszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Hirsh SP, Pons M, Joyal SV, Swick AG. Self-Assessed Benefits of a Prostate Health Formulation on Nocturia in Healthy Males With Mild Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: An Open Label Study. Glob Adv Health Med 2020; 9:2164956120973639. [PMID: 33294303 PMCID: PMC7705803 DOI: 10.1177/2164956120973639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nocturia is the most bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and can significantly reduce men's quality of life. It is often poorly managed with conventional treatments. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the self-assessed benefits of a prostate health dietary combination formulation on mild LUTS, especially nocturia in healthy males. Methods In an open label clinical study, thirty healthy male subjects with mild LUTS took one daily capsule of the product for 60 days. The primary outcome was self-assessed severity of LUTS using the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) questionnaire at Day 1 (baseline), Day 30 and Day 60. Safety and compliance were also evaluated. Results At Day 60, IPSS significantly decreased from baseline by 16.3% (3.6 ± 2.1 vs. 4.3 ± 1.5, p < 0.05). Although the reduction in IPSS did not reach statistical significance at Day 30, it was mostly driven by a 30.7% decrease (p < 0.05) in the nocturia sub-score compared with baseline. While 37% of subjects reported at baseline waking up 2‒3 times/night to void, none did so after taking the study product for 60 days. Compliance was very high throughout the study. No adverse events related to the study product were reported. Conclusions The study product might be a safe alternative for individuals willing to explore a non-conventional approach to manage their nocturia. A larger randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial is warranted to confirm these results. Clinical trial registry: Clinical Trials.gov. Registration number (September 1st, 2016): NCT02886832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Hirsh
- Life Extension Clinical Research, Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Marianne Pons
- Life Extension, Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida
- Marianne Pons, Life Extension, Inc., 3600 West Commercial Boulevard, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309, USA.
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Sidor E, Dżugan M. Drone Brood Homogenate as Natural Remedy for Treating Health Care Problem: A Scientific and Practical Approach. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235699. [PMID: 33287191 PMCID: PMC7730673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drone brood homogenate is a little-known bee product used in folk medicine to treat various health problems. It is a very nutritious milky substance with high content of nutrients: proteins, lipids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamins (A, B, E and D), and minerals. Moreover, when collected on early stage of larvae development, it is, most of all, rich source of sex hormone (testosterone, progesterone and estradiol). Some beekeepers consider drone brood as a waste product, although in some countries they use it to fight Varroa. Meanwhile, in many scientific reports a curative effect of bee drone homogenate in treating urgent global health problems have been confirmed, including ovarian dysfunction in women and male infertility, thyroid and immunity disorders, as well as malnutrition in children. A few dietary supplements based on drone brood are available online. Many patents relating to drone brood-based dietary supplements have been filed in Russia, but their prevalence in EU countries is still limited. Further research is needed to fully recognize the pharmacological activity and increase the use of drone brood.
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An update on β-sitosterol: A potential herbal nutraceutical for diabetic management. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Kaur R, Myrie SB. Association of Dietary Phytosterols with Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers in Humans. Lipids 2020; 55:569-584. [PMID: 32557606 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Elevated concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are major lipid biomarkers that contribute to the risk of CVD. Phytosterols well known for their cholesterol-lowering ability, are non-nutritive compounds that are naturally found in plant-based foods and can be classified into plant sterols and plant stanols. Numerous clinical trials demonstrated that 2 g phytosterols per day have LDL-C lowering efficacy ranges of 8-10%. Some observational studies also showed an inverse association between phytosterols and LDL-C reduction. Beyond the cholesterol-lowering beneficial effects of phytosterols, the association of phytosterols with CVD risk events such as coronary artery disease and premature atherosclerosis in sitosterolemia patients have also been reported. Furthermore, there is an increasing demand to determine the association of circulating phytosterols with vascular health biomarkers such as arterial stiffness biomarkers. Therefore, this review aims to examine the ability of phytosterols for CVD risk prevention by reviewing the current data that looks at the association between dietary phytosterols intake and serum lipid biomarkers, and the impact of circulating phytosterols level on vascular health biomarkers. The clinical studies in which the impact of phytosterols on vascular function is investigated show minor but beneficial phytosterols effects over vascular health. The aforementioned vascular health biomarkers are pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and arterial blood pressure. The current review will serve to begin to address the research gap that exists between the association of dietary phytosterols with CVD risk biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Richardson Centre for Functional Food and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, R3T 2N2, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Semone B Myrie
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Richardson Centre for Functional Food and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, R3T 2N2, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Zhang ZS, Xie QF, Che L. Synergistic effects of ultrasound and extraction solvent on the bioactive compound in kenaf seed oil. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 57:2118-2128. [PMID: 32431338 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Kenaf seed oil was extracted with 3 different solvents, i.e. hexane, ethanol and aqueous enzymatic medium with or without ultrasonic assistance. The synergistic effects of ultrasound and extraction solvent on the content of bioactive compound in kenaf seed oil was investigated. Results show that ultrasound-assisted extraction with hexane obtained the highest yield (84.71%), while yield with aqueous enzymatic medium was the lowest (51.12%). Two endothermic peaks exhibited on the melting curve of kenaf seed oil at the temperature range - 37 to - 25 °C and - 12 to - 2 °C, respectively. Linoleic, oleic and palmitic acid are the major fatty acids, accounting for above 96% of the total fatty acids. The content of vitamin E, phosphatide, total phenols and sterol are 92.38-105.01 mg/100 g oil, 0.38-22.28 g/kg, 0.51-71.02 mg GAE/100 g and 161.79-533.12 mg/100 g, respectively. The solvent employed has significant effect (p < 0.05) on the thermal property, fatty acid composition and bioactive constituents of the extracted kenaf seed oil. The oil extracted with ethanol contained more nervonic acid and bioactive components such as β-carotene, phosphatide, total phenols and sterols. The introduction of ultrasound reduced the extraction time remarkably. The results demonstrate that extraction with ethanol combined with ultrasound is an effective method to extract kenaf seed oil, as more reasonable fatty acid composition and higher content of bioactive components can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Shan Zhang
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, No. 100, Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, 45001 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Fang Xie
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, No. 100, Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, 45001 People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Che
- 2Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 People's Republic of China
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Tolve R, Cela N, Condelli N, Di Cairano M, Caruso MC, Galgano F. Microencapsulation as a Tool for the Formulation of Functional Foods: The Phytosterols' Case Study. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040470. [PMID: 32283860 PMCID: PMC7230576 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia, which is an increase in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) serum cholesterol, is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modifications underpin any action plan for reducing serum cholesterol. Phytosterols are natural compounds belonging to the triterpenes family. Thanks to their structural analogy with cholesterol, phytosterols have the ability to reduce serum LDL-cholesterol levels. Phytosterols are used to enrich or fortify a broad spectrum of food products. Like unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, phytosterols are easily oxidized. Microencapsulation could be a useful tool to overcome this and other drawbacks linked to the use of phytosterols in food fortification. In this review, in addition to explaining the phytosterols’ mechanisms of action, a focus on the use of free and encapsulated phytosterols for the formulation of functional foods, taking also into account both technological and legislative issues, is given.
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Dierckx T, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA. The Impact of Phytosterols on the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:6750-6765. [PMID: 29984647 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180706113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the most cholesterol-rich organ in mammals. Cholesterol homeostasis is essential for proper brain functioning and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism can lead to neurological problems. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are examples of neurological diseases that are characterized by a disturbed cholesterol metabolism. Phytosterols (PS) are plant-derived components that structurally and functionally resemble cholesterol. PS are known for their cholesterol-lowering properties. Due to their ability to reach the brain, researchers have started to investigate the physiological role of PS in the CNS. In this review, the metabolism and function of PS in the diseased and healthy CNS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Dierckx
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
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Tata CM, Ndinteh D, Nkeh-Chungag BN, Oyedeji OO, Sewani-Rusike CR. Fractionation and bioassay-guided isolation of antihypertensive components of Senecio serratuloides. COGENT MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2020.1716447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Mungho Tata
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University Mthatha 5117 South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Derek Ndinteh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | - Opeopluwa Oyehan Oyedeji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare PBX1314 Alice Eastern Cape Province 5700 South Africa
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Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, Fang Z. Hempseed in food industry: Nutritional value, health benefits, and industrial applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:282-308. [PMID: 33319519 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds have been consumed in Asian communities since prehistoric times. Recently, Australia, Canada, and the United States have legalized the cultivation and consumption of hempseed at low (<0.3%) tetrahydrocannabinol levels, and there's a growing interest in hempseed due to its nutritional value and pharmaceutical potential. This review aims to summarize the chemical composition, nutritional value, and potential health benefits of hempseed, as researched via in vitro and in vivo trials. The application of hempseed in the food industry is limited due to its poor performance on some functional properties, so the latest processing methods developed to improve these properties were compared. Additionally, manufacturing technologies incorporating hemp seeds into existing food products are also elaborated. This review would promote further in-depth research on this recently approved food resources and maximize its utilization in new food product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Leonard
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danyang Ying
- Agriculture & Food, CSIRO, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Cedó L, Farràs M, Lee-Rueckert M, Escolà-Gil JC. Molecular Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying the Cholesterol- Lowering Effects of Phytosterols. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6704-6723. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190822154701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary phytosterols, which comprise plant sterols and stanols, reduce plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels when given 2 g/day. Since this dose has not been reported to cause health-related side effects in long-term human studies, food products containing these plant compounds are used as potential therapeutic dietary options to reduce LDL-C and cardiovascular disease risk. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cholesterol-lowering action of phytosterols. They may compete with dietary and biliary cholesterol for micellar solubilization in the intestinal lumen, impairing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Recent evidence indicates that phytosterols may also regulate other pathways. Impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption is usually associated with reduced cholesterol transport to the liver, which may reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into Very-Low- Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, thereby lowering the rate of VLDL assembly and secretion. Impaired liver VLDL production may reduce the rate of LDL production. On the other hand, significant evidence supports a role for plant sterols in the Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion (TICE) pathway, although the exact mechanisms by which they promote the flow of cholesterol from the blood to enterocytes and the intestinal lumen remains unknown. Dietary phytosterols may also alter the conversion of bile acids into secondary bile acids, and may lower the bile acid hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio, thereby reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. This article reviews the progress to date in research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Farràs
- Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Cofán M, Ros E. Use of Plant Sterol and Stanol Fortified Foods in Clinical Practice. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6691-6703. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180709114524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant sterols and stanols (PS) are natural, non-nutritive molecules that play a structural
role in plant membranes similar to that of cholesterol in animal membranes and abound
in seeds and derived oils. PS exert their physical effect of interference with micellar solubilization
of cholesterol within the intestinal lumen and are marginally absorbed by enterocytes,
with negiglible increases in circulating levels. The physiological role of PS in plants and their
natural origin and non-systemic action, together with their cholesterol-lowering effect, make
them an attractive option as non-pharmacological agents for the management of hypercholesterolemia.
Recent meta-analyses have summarized the results of >100 controlled clinical trials
and have firmly established that the consumption of PS-supplemented foods in different formats
at doses of 2-3 g per day results in LDL-cholesterol reductions of 9-12%. PS are both
effective and safe cholesterol-lowering agents and have many clinical applications: adjuncts
to a healthy diet, treatment of common hypercholesterolemia, combination therapy with statins
and other lipid-lowering drugs, and treatment of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. The
cholesterol-lowering efficacy is similar in all clinical situations. PS are also useful agents for
treatment of hypercholesterolemic children who are not yet candidates to statins or receive
low-doses of these agents. In the setting of statin treatment, the average LDL-cholesterol reduction
obtained with PS is equivalent to up- titrating twice the statin dose. However, information
is still scarce on the efficacy of PS as an add-on therapy to ezetimibe, fibrates, omega-
3 fatty acids, or bile acid binding resins. The consistent scientific evidence on the cholesterollowering
efficacy and safety of functional foods supplemented with PS has led several national
and international scientific societies to endorse their use for the non-pharmacologic
treatment of hypercholesterolemia as adjuncts to a healthy diet. There is, however, a lack of
clinical trials of PS with outcomes on cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Cofán
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Spain
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Payab M, Hasani-Ranjbar S, Shahbal N, Qorbani M, Aletaha A, Haghi-Aminjan H, Soltani A, Khatami F, Nikfar S, Hassani S, Abdollahi M, Larijani B. Effect of the herbal medicines in obesity and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Phytother Res 2019; 34:526-545. [PMID: 31793087 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a medical situation in which excess body fat has gathered because of imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. In spite of the fact that the variety of studies are available for obesity treatment and management, its "globesity" still remains a big challenge all over the world. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of effective herbal medicines in the management and treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome in human. We systematically searched all relevant clinical trials via Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and the Cochrane database to assess the effects of raw or refined products derived from plants or parts of plants on obesity and metabolic syndrome in overweight and obesity adult subjects. All studies conducted by the end of May 2019 were considered in the systematic review. Data were extracted independently by two experts. The quality assessment was assessed using Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist. The main outcomes were anthropometric indices and metabolic syndrome components. Pooled effect of herbal medicines on obesity and metabolic syndrome were presented as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 279 relevant clinical trials were included. Herbals containing green tea, Phaseolus vulgaris, Garcinia cambogia, Nigella sativa, puerh tea, Irvingia gabonensis, and Caralluma fimbriata and their active ingredients were found to be effective in the management of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In addition, C. fimbriata, flaxseed, spinach, and fenugreek were able to reduce appetite. Meta-analysis showed that intake of green tea resulted in a significant improvement in weight ([SMD]: -0.75 [-1.18, -0.319]), body mass index ([SMD]: -1.2 [-1.82, -0.57]), waist circumference ([SMD]: -1.71 [-2.66, -0.77]), hip circumference ([SMD]: -0.42 [-1.02, -0.19]), and total cholesterol, ([SMD]: -0.43 [-0.77, -0.09]). In addition, the intake of P. vulgaris and N. sativa resulted in a significant improvement in weight ([SMD]: -0.88, 95 % CI: [-1.13, -0.63]) and triglyceride ([SMD]: -1.67, 95 % CI: [-2.54, -0.79]), respectively. High quality trials are still needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the plants in obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloud Payab
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazila Shahbal
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Azadeh Aletaha
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Haghi-Aminjan
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Akbar Soltani
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khatami
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Nikfar
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Group, Pharmaceutical Science Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Science Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Science Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Alves-Silva JM, Zuzarte M, Marques C, Girão H, Salgueiro L. Protective Effects of Phenylpropanoids and Phenylpropanoid-rich Essential Oils on the Cardiovascular System. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1459-1471. [PMID: 31218957 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190620091915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of global mortality with a tendency to increase due to population ageing as well as an increase in associated risk factors. Although current therapies improve survival rates, they are associated with several side effects, thus justifying the development of novel preventive and/or therapeutic approaches. In this way, plant metabolites such as essential oils have emerged as promising agents due to their biological effects. OBJECTIVE Bearing in mind that several essential oils are characterized by high amounts of phenylpropanoids, which may play a crucial role in the activity of these volatile extracts, a comprehensive and systematic review focusing on the cardiovascular effects of phenylpropanoid-rich essential oils is presented. METHODS Popular search engines including PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar were consulted and papers from 2000 onwards were selected. Non-volatile phenylpropanoids were not considered in this review. RESULTS A compilation of the current knowledge on this thematic pointed out beneficial effects for volatile phenylpropanoids namely hypotensive, vasorelaxant, antiplatelet aggregation, antidyslipidaemic and antidiabetic, as well as protective properties against ischemia/reperfusion injury and heart hypertrophy. CONCLUSION A better understanding of the protective effects of phenylpropanoids on the cardiovascular system is presented, thus paving the way towards future research on plant-based therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Alves-Silva
- iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIEPQPF and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Marques
- iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- CIEPQPF and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
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Escalante-Valdez MJ, Guardado-Félix D, Serna-Saldívar SO, Barrera-Arellano D, Chuck-Hernández C. Effects of Post Anthesis Foliar Application of Sodium Selenite to Soybeans ( Glycine max): Lipid Composition and Oil Stability. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E772. [PMID: 31771157 PMCID: PMC6995593 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at determining whether applying selenium to soybean plants affected composition and oil oxidative stability of the seeds. Soybean was cultivated and sodium selenite (Selenite) added by foliar application (0, 200, or 300 g Selenite/Ha). Physical and chemical characterization was performed on the harvested seeds (thousand seed weight, bulk and true densities, fat, fiber, ash, protein, nitrogen free extract and selenium content). Soybean oil was tested in terms of Oxidation Induction Time (OIT), fatty acid, tocopherols, phytosterols, density, refractive index and saponification and iodine values. All seeds showed similar composition: crude fat (around 20%) and crude fiber (from 8.4 to 9.3%). Control seeds and those treated with 200 g Selenite/Ha contained higher protein concentration (37%), compared to the 300 g treatment (35.9%). All seeds showed similar ash content (7%). OIT values for both treatments were slightly lower (from 39.1 to 43.7 min) compared with 45.02 min in the control. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher for the 300 g Se/Ha (50.2%) compared with 48.2 to 49.4%of the other treatments. All samples showed similar phytosterols and tocopherols concentrations. Results showed that OIT values maintained an inverse relationship with selenium content, suggesting that foliar fertilization enhanced oil oxidation or acted as a pro-oxidant at the applied rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Escalante-Valdez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Col. Tecnologico, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico; (M.J.E.-V.); (D.G.-F.); (S.O.S.-S.)
| | - Daniela Guardado-Félix
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Col. Tecnologico, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico; (M.J.E.-V.); (D.G.-F.); (S.O.S.-S.)
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, FCQB-UAS, AP 1354, C.P. 80000 Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Sergio O. Serna-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Col. Tecnologico, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico; (M.J.E.-V.); (D.G.-F.); (S.O.S.-S.)
| | - Daniel Barrera-Arellano
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, P.O. Box 6121 Campinas, Brazil;
| | - Cristina Chuck-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Col. Tecnologico, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico; (M.J.E.-V.); (D.G.-F.); (S.O.S.-S.)
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Becerra-Tomás N, Papandreou C, Salas-Salvadó J. Legume Consumption and Cardiometabolic Health. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S437-S450. [PMID: 31728491 PMCID: PMC6855964 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes are key components of several plant-based diets and are recognized as having a wide range of potential health benefits. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have summarized the evidence regarding different cardiometabolic outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and legume consumption. However, those studies did not differentiate between nonsoy and soy legumes, which have different nutritional profiles. The aim of the present updated review, therefore, was to summarize and meta-analyze the published evidence regarding legume consumption (making a distinction between nonsoy and soy legumes) and cardiometabolic diseases. In addition, we reviewed randomized clinical trials assessing the effect of legume consumption on CVD risk factors in order to understand their associations. The results revealed a prospective, significant inverse association between total legume consumption and CVD and coronary heart disease risk, whereas a nonsignificant association was observed with T2D and stroke. In the stratified analysis by legume subtypes, only nonsoy legumes were associated with lower risk of T2D. Unfortunately, owing to the paucity of studies analyzing legumes and CVD, it was not possible to stratify the analysis for these outcomes. Because of the high degree of heterogeneity observed for most of the outcomes and the few studies included in some analyses, further prospective studies are warranted to determine the potential role of legume consumption on CVD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Becerra-Tomás
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain,Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher Papandreou
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain,Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain,Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Address correspondence to JS-S (e-mail: )
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Jones PJH, Shamloo M, MacKay DS, Rideout TC, Myrie SB, Plat J, Roullet JB, Baer DJ, Calkins KL, Davis HR, Barton Duell P, Ginsberg H, Gylling H, Jenkins D, Lütjohann D, Moghadasian M, Moreau RA, Mymin D, Ostlund RE, Ras RT, Ochoa Reparaz J, Trautwein EA, Turley S, Vanmierlo T, Weingärtner O. Progress and perspectives in plant sterol and plant stanol research. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:725-746. [PMID: 30101294 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that foods with added plant sterols or stanols can lower serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This review summarizes the recent findings and deliberations of 31 experts in the field who participated in a scientific meeting in Winnipeg, Canada, on the health effects of plant sterols and stanols. Participants discussed issues including, but not limited to, the health benefits of plant sterols and stanols beyond cholesterol lowering, the role of plant sterols and stanols as adjuncts to diet and drugs, and the challenges involved in measuring plant sterols and stanols in biological samples. Variations in interindividual responses to plant sterols and stanols, as well as the personalization of lipid-lowering therapies, were addressed. Finally, the clinical aspects and treatment of sitosterolemia were reviewed. Although plant sterols and stanols continue to offer an efficacious and convenient dietary approach to cholesterol management, long-term clinical trials investigating the endpoints of cardiovascular disease are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maryam Shamloo
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dylan S MacKay
- George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Semone B Myrie
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Division of Metabolism, Child Development and Rehabilitation Center-Portland, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David J Baer
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara L Calkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; and the UCLA Mattel's Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Henry Ginsberg
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Helena Gylling
- University of Helsinki and the Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohammad Moghadasian
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert A Moreau
- Eastern Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Mymin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard E Ostlund
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University, St Louis, USA
| | - Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; Abteilung für Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Oldenburg, Germany
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38
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Yang R, Deng L, Zhang L, Yue X, Mao J, Ma F, Wang X, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Li P. Comparative Metabolomic Analysis of Rapeseeds from Three Countries. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9080161. [PMID: 31374906 PMCID: PMC6724143 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9080161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed is an important oilseed with proper fatty acid composition and abundant bioactive components. Canada and China are the two major rapeseed-producing countries all over the world. Meanwhile, Canada and Mongolia are major importers of rapeseed due to the great demand for rapeseed in China. To investigate the metabolites in rapeseeds from three countries, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)-based metabolomics was employed to analyze rapeseeds from China, Canada, and Mongolia. As results, 67, 53, and 68 metabolites showed significant differences between Chinese and Canadian, Chinese and Mongolian, and Canadian and Mongolian rapeseeds, respectively. Differential metabolites were mainly distributed in the metabolic pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis. Among the differential metabolites, contents of sinapate and sinapine were higher in Chinese rapeseeds, while the contents of brassicasterol, stigmasterol, and campestanol were higher in Canadian rapeseeds. These findings might provide insight into the metabolic characteristics of rapeseeds from three countries to guide processing and consumption of the products of rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruinan Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ligang Deng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Liangxiao Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jin Mao
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiupin Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Wheat Flour, Enriched with γ-Oryzanol, Phytosterol, and Ferulic Acid, Alleviates Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in High-Fat-Fructose-Fed Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071697. [PMID: 31340583 PMCID: PMC6683091 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Modern dietary patterns with a high intake of fat and fructose, as well as refined carbohydrates, closely relate to lipid/glucose metabolic disorders. The main objective of this study is to provide new thoughts in designing functional food with some lipid/glucose metabolism regulating effects for obese people. (2) Methods: The alleviating abilities of γ-oryzanol, phytosterol or ferulic acid-enriched wheat flour on lipid/glucose metabolic dysfunction were evaluated in male SD rats induced by a high-fat-fructose diet. The underlying mechanisms were clarified using western blot. (3) Results: In an in vitro cell model, γ-oryzanol, phytosterol and ferulic acid regulate lipid/glucose metabolism by increasing the phosphorylation of AMPK and Akt, and PI3K expression, as well as decreasing expressions of DGAT1 and SCD. The in vivo study shows that ferulic acid and γ-oryzanol-enriched flours are beneficial for managing body weight, improving glucose metabolism, hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation. Phytosterol-enriched flour exerted remarkable effects in regulating hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and hyperuricemia. Western blot analysis of proteins from liver samples reveals that these enriched flours alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance through their elevation in the phosphorylation of AMPK and Akt. (4) Conclusions: Our study indicates that these enriched flours can serve as a health-promoting functional food to regulate obesity-related lipid/glucose metabolic dysfunction in rats.
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Qi Z, Xiao J, Ye L, Chuyun W, Chang Z, Shugang L, Fenghong H. The effect of the subcritical fluid extraction on the quality of almond oils: Compared to conventional mechanical pressing method. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:2231-2241. [PMID: 31388415 PMCID: PMC6668568 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of different almond oil extraction techniques, namely, cold-press extraction (CP), hydraulic press extraction (HP), and subcritical fluid extraction (SFE), on the fatty acid composition, physicochemical properties, bioactive substances, and thermal stability. The results showed that oleic acid and linoleic acid were the main unsaturated fatty acids in almond oil (AO). The overall physicochemical properties of the AO (SFE) had the better oil quality compared to cold-press extraction and hydraulic press extraction in three kinds of varieties. Almond oil extracted from SFE contained the highest levels of total phenolics (9.58-11.75 mg/100 g), total phytosterols (92.86-244.21 mg/100 g), total tocopherols, and tocotrienols (48.03-55.74 mg/100 g). Meanwhile, the TG/DTG curves showed AO (SFE) were more thermally stable than AO (CP) and AO (HP) consistent with the result of oxidative induction time. Subcritical fluid extraction may be a useful extraction technology to produce high-quality almond oils in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Qi
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and NutritionMinistry of Agriculture, Oil crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jia Xiao
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and NutritionMinistry of Agriculture, Oil crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Liu Ye
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wan Chuyun
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and NutritionMinistry of Agriculture, Oil crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Zheng Chang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and NutritionMinistry of Agriculture, Oil crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Li Shugang
- School of Biological Engineering and FoodHubei University of TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Huang Fenghong
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and NutritionMinistry of Agriculture, Oil crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering LaboratoryWuhanChina
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Associations between usual food intake and faecal sterols and bile acids: results from the Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region (KORA FF4) study. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:309-321. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451900103x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAnimal sterols, plant sterols and bile acids in stool samples have been suggested as biomarkers of dietary intake. It is still unknown whether they also reflect long-term habitual dietary intake and can be used in aetiological research. In a subgroup of the Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region (KORA FF4) study, habitual dietary intake was estimated based on repeated 24-h food list and a FFQ. Stool samples were collected according to a standard operating procedure and those meeting the quality criteria were extracted and analysed by means of a metabolomics technique. The present study is based on data from 513 men and 495 women with a mean age of 60 and 58 years, respectively, for which faecal animal and plant sterols and bile acids concentrations and dietary intake data were available. In adjusted regression models, the associations between food intake and log-normalised metabolite concentrations were analysed. Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple testing. In this population-based sample, associations between habitual dietary intake and faecal concentrations of animal sterols were identified, while the impact of usual diet on bile acids was limited. A habitual diet high in ‘fruits’ and ‘nuts and seeds’ is associated with lower animal faecal sterols concentrations, whereas a diet high in ‘meat and meat products’ is positively related to faecal concentrations of animal sterols. A positive association between glycocholate and fruit consumption was found. Further studies are necessary for evaluation of faecal animal sterols as biomarkers of diet. The findings need to be confirmed in other populations with diverse dietary habits.
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Jamshidi N, Mantri N, Cohen MM. Acute effects of dietary plant nutrients on transcriptome profiles: evidence from human studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1869-1880. [PMID: 31032630 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1608154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits of long-term dietary plant ingestion are well-established. However, literature on acute nutritional challenges is very limited. This study aimed to identify available evidence on transcriptomics responses to acute ingestion of plants or plant extracts and identify signature gene profiles that may serve as biomarkers of health status. We systematically searched electronic databases and extracted information based-on inclusion criteria such as human clinical studies, single plant-based nutrients and outcomes reported on acute transcriptome responses. A total of 11 studies reported on acute intake of plant dietary interventions. Four studies investigating natural oil extracts with three reporting on whole plants and two studies on natural plant-derived extracts. Gene expression was found to be associated with immune response (7 studies), inflammation (9 studies), metabolism (8 studies), cellular processes and cancer. The finding of this systematic review suggests that acute ingestion may significantly impact diverse physiological and pathological pathways including inflammatory, immune, cancer and oxidative stress pathways. Transcriptomics approach is proven to be an effective strategy in discovery of these anticipated mechanisms. Further studies are now required to validate and continue exploring the short-term health impact of dietary plants and their bioactive phytochemicals on gene expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Jamshidi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitin Mantri
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc M Cohen
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Wang M, Zhang L, Wu X, Zhao Y, Wu L, Lu B. Quantitative determination of free and esterified phytosterol profile in nuts and seeds commonly consumed in China by SPE/GC–MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Baer DJ, Novotny JA. Consumption of cashew nuts does not influence blood lipids or other markers of cardiovascular disease in humans: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:269-275. [PMID: 30753323 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a qualified health claim for tree nuts and reduction of cardiovascular disease. However, cashews are excluded from that claim due to their content of saturated fats, which is predominantly stearic acid. Because stearic acid is neutral with respect to blood lipids, several studies have been conducted to test the effect of cashew nuts on blood lipids, and these studies have produced conflicting results. Objectives The aim of this study was to conduct a highly controlled intervention to determine the effect of cashews fed at the amount specified in the health claim on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Methods A total of 42 adults participated in a controlled-feeding study conducted as a randomized crossover trial with 2 treatment phases. The volunteers were provided the same base diet in both treatment phases, with no additions during the control phase and with the addition of 1.5 servings (42 g) of cashews/d for the cashew nut phase. During the cashew nut phase, the amount of all foods was decreased proportionally to achieve isocaloric overall diets in the 2 phases. After 4 wk of intervention, assessments included blood lipids, blood pressure, central (aortic) pressure, augmentation index, blood glucose, endothelin, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), adhesion molecules, and clotting and inflammatory factors. Results There were no significant differences in blood lipids, blood pressure, augmentation index, blood glucose, endothelin, adhesion molecules, or clotting factors in this weight-stable cohort. PCSK9 was significantly decreased after cashew consumption, although there was no change in LDL cholesterol. Conclusions Consumption of 1.5 servings of cashew nuts/d, the amount associated with the FDA qualified health claim for tree nuts and cardiovascular disease, did not positively or adversely affect any of the primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02628171.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Baer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Janet A Novotny
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD
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Tao C, Shkumatov AA, Alexander ST, Ason BL, Zhou M. Stigmasterol accumulation causes cardiac injury and promotes mortality. Commun Biol 2019; 2:20. [PMID: 30675518 PMCID: PMC6335236 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is expected to remain the leading cause of death worldwide despite the introduction of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors that effectively control cholesterol. Identifying residual risk factors for cardiovascular disease remains an important step for preventing and clinically managing the disease. Here we report cardiac injury and increased mortality occurring despite a 50% reduction in plasma cholesterol in a mouse model of phytosterolemia, a disease characterized by elevated levels of dietary plant sterols in the blood. Our studies show accumulation of stigmasterol, one of phytosterol species, leads to left ventricle dysfunction, cardiac interstitial fibrosis and macrophage infiltration without atherosclerosis, and increased mortality. A pharmacological inhibitor of sterol absorption prevents cardiac fibrogenesis. We propose that the pathological mechanism linking clinical sitosterolemia to the cardiovascular outcomes primarily involves phytosterols-induced cardiac fibrosis rather than cholesterol-driven atherosclerosis. Our studies suggest stigmasterol is a potent and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tao
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Artem A. Shkumatov
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Shawn T. Alexander
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Brandon L. Ason
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
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Cháirez‐Ramírez MH, Gallegos‐Infante JA, Moreno‐Jiménez MR, González‐Laredo RF, Rocha‐Guzmán NE. Absorption and distribution of lupeol in CD‐1 mice evaluated by UPLC–APCI
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–MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4432. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Humberto Cháirez‐Ramírez
- Research Group on Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y BioquímicaTecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango Durango Dgo Mexico
| | - Jose Alberto Gallegos‐Infante
- Research Group on Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y BioquímicaTecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango Durango Dgo Mexico
| | - Martha Rocio Moreno‐Jiménez
- Research Group on Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y BioquímicaTecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango Durango Dgo Mexico
| | - Ruben Francisco González‐Laredo
- Research Group on Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y BioquímicaTecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango Durango Dgo Mexico
| | - Nuria Elizabeth Rocha‐Guzmán
- Research Group on Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y BioquímicaTecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango Durango Dgo Mexico
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Serum noncholesterol sterols in Alzheimer's disease: the Helsinki Businessmen Study. Transl Res 2018; 202:120-128. [PMID: 30102918 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cholesterol metabolism is perturbed in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), but whether also the extracerebral cholesterol metabolism is perturbed is not known. Thus, we studied whole-body cholesterol synthesis and absorption with serum noncholesterol sterols in men without AD (n = 114) or with (n = 18) "pure" AD (no concomitant atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease) in a long-term cohort (the Helsinki Businessmen Study) of home-dwelling older men without lipid-lowering drugs and on their habitual home diet. Serum lipids did not differ between AD and controls, but age was higher (78 ± 1 vs 74 ± 0.3 years, mean ± standard error, P < 0.001), age-adjusted plasma glucose concentration was lower (4.8 ± 0.3 vs 5.7 ± 0.1 mmol/L, P = 0.011), and APOE ε4 allele and frailty were more frequent in AD than in controls. Of the age and frailty-adjusted serum noncholesterol sterols desmosterol and lathosterol ratios to cholesterol reflecting cholesterol synthesis were lower in AD than in controls (eg, lathosterol 114 ± 12 vs 137 ± 5 102 µmol/mmol cholesterol, P = 0.004). Cholestanol ratio to cholesterol was higher in AD than in controls suggesting increased cholesterol absorption. lathosterol/sitosteroll ratio reflecting cholesterol metabolism was lower in AD than in controls (0.95 ± 0.28 vs 1.52 ± 0.11 102 µmol/mmol cholesterol, P = 0.027). In AD, plasma glucose correlated negatively with cholesterol synthesis, whereas in controls the correlation was positive. In conclusion, extracerebral cholesterol metabolism was altered in AD. This finding along with the low plasma glucose concentration and its paradoxical interaction with cholesterol synthesis opens new perspectives in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and glucose homeostasis in AD.
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Ahmadi K, Wulansari A, Subroto Y, Estiasih T. Lipid profile improvement of food products containing bioactive compounds from unsaponifiable matters of palm fatty acid distillate in hypercholesterolemia rats. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-18201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Unsaponifiable matters (USM) from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) contains vitamin E (mainly tocotrienols), phytosterols, and squalene that have ability to reduce blood cholesterol. Fortification of USM into food products is a way for hypercholesterolemia management. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated effects of fortification of USM from PFAD into instant noodle, bread, and biscuit on lipid profile improvement of hypercholesterolemia rats. It was also aimed to compare the effects of different type of foods as USM carrier that represented different processing steps and nutritional composition. METHODS: Rats were divided into control-standard diet and atherogenic diet fed groups, and 6 hypercholesterolemia groups fed by instant noodle, plain bread, and biscuit with 1% USM fortification and without fortification for 8 weeks. Lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol) was analysed at week 0, 4, and 8. Hepatic and fecal cholesterol and bile acid were also examined at the end of experiment to elucidate some mechanism of cholesterol lowering due to USM fortified foods administration. RESULTS: Some bioactive compounds lost during USM fortified food preparation and the highest retention was found in biscuit. Lipid profile improvement was indicated by reduction of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol, meanwhile HDL cholesterol increased. Type of fortified foods affected the level of alteration of lipid profile. Degree of lipid profile improvement was affected by nutritional composition of fortified foods, food intake of the rats, and level of bioactive content. Bioactive compounds in USM fortified foods inhibited cholesterol absorption that indicated by higher fecal cholesterol and bile acid compared to atherogenic diet fed group. Modulation of cholesterol synthesis was likely to occur that indicated by lower hepatic cholesterol and higher bile acids. CONCLUSIONS: Feeding of USM fortified food products improved lipid profile of hypercholesterolemia rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgs Ahmadi
- Department of Agroindustry Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tribhuwana Tunggadewi University, Indonesia
| | - Angela Wulansari
- Master Program of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
| | - Yunianta Subroto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
| | - Teti Estiasih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
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Javanmardi MA, Mohammad Shahi M, Seyedian SS, Haghighizadeh MH. Effects of Phytosterol Supplementation on Serum Levels of Lipid Profiles, Liver Enzymes, Inflammatory Markers, Adiponectin, and Leptin in Patients Affected by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:1-8. [PMID: 29768109 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1466739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Considering the high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and based on the evidence about the role of dietary cholesterol in liver inflammation, and also with regard to the effect of phytosterols on the metabolism of cholesterol, we aimed at exploring the therapeutic potential of phytosterol supplementation against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. METHOD Thirty-eight patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were randomly divided into two groups: The phytosterol group (n = 19) received a 1.6-g phytosterol supplement daily and the control group (n = 19) received 1.6 g starch daily as placebo for an 8-week period. Blood samples of all patients were taken at baseline (week 0) and at the end of the study (week 8) for measurement of lipid profiles, liver enzymes, inflammatory markers, adiponectin, and leptin. RESULTS Phytosterol supplementation significantly improved the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and tumor necrosis factor alpha compared to the placebo group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the two groups in total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ratios of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, gamma-glutamyl transferase, interleukin 6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and leptin. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that daily consumption of 1.6 g phytosterols efficiently lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Javanmardi
- a Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Majid Mohammad Shahi
- b Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Seyedian
- c Research Institute for Infectious Diseases of the Digestive System, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Haghighizadeh
- d Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
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Wang M, Huang W, Hu Y, Zhang L, Shao Y, Wang M, Zhang F, Zhao Z, Mei X, Li T, Wang D, Liang Y, Li J, Huang Y, Zhang L, Xu T, Song H, Zhong Y, Lu B. Phytosterol Profiles of Common Foods and Estimated Natural Intake of Different Structures and Forms in China. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2669-2676. [PMID: 29397719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are well-known for their cholesterol-lowering effects, and the structures and forms of phytosterols affect their bioactivity. We aimed to illustrate the phytosterol profiles in common foods and estimate their natural intake in five geographical regions and among different age groups in China. In total, 12 phytosterols in free and esterified forms of 119 foods from five regions across China were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Then, the dietary intake of phytosterols was calculated combined with the dietary foods intake data of Chinese people. The total phytosterol content was highest in vegetable oils (150.4-1230.9 mg/100 g), followed by legumes (129.6-275.6 mg/100 g), nuts (18.9-255.2 mg/100 g), and cereals (11.9-93.8 mg/100 g). Vegetables and fruits contained lower contents of total phytosterols. Phytosterols were mainly esterified in most common foods except in nuts. The predominant phytosterols were β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol, all of which belonged to plant sterols and 4-desmethylsterols. Total phytosterol intake varied across different regions, ranging between 257.7 and 473.7 mg/standard-person (sp)/day, with the highest intake in Beijing, followed by Hangzhou, Wuhan, Chongqing, and Guangzhou. However, phytosterol proportion was similar across regions, with β-sitosterol accounting for 46.5-50.3% of the natural intake. Phytosterol intake was mainly constituted by plant sterols and 4-desmethylsterols in esterified form (61.9-74.6%). At the age of 2-70 years, phytosterol intake ranged from 154.3 mg/day to 348.0 mg/day in the national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Weisu Huang
- Department of Applied Technology , Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Yinzhou Hu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Liangxiao Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Yafang Shao
- China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing , Beijing 100097 , China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Ziyan Zhao
- Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Xiaohong Mei
- China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Tao Li
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science , Haikou 571101 , China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Ying Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province , Nanjing 210014 , China
| | - Jing Li
- The Research Institute of Pomology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Xingcheng 125100 , China
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Applied Technology , Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Liuquan Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Huaxin Song
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Yongheng Zhong
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
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