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Ogongo P, Tran A, Marzan F, Gingrich D, Krone M, Aweeka F, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Ernst JD. High-parameter phenotypic characterization reveals a subset of human Th17 cells that preferentially produce IL-17 against M. tuberculosis antigen. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1378040. [PMID: 38698866 PMCID: PMC11064812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1378040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-17-producing CD4 T cells contribute to the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans; whether infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disproportionately affects distinct Th17-cell subsets that respond to Mtb is incompletely defined. Methods We performed high-definition characterization of circulating Mtb-specific Th17 cells by spectral flow cytometry in people with latent TB and treated HIV (HIV-ART). We also measured kynurenine pathway activity by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on plasma and tested the hypothesis that tryptophan catabolism influences Th17-cell frequencies in this context. Results We identified two subsets of Th17 cells: subset 1 defined as CD4+Vα7.2-CD161+CD26+and subset 2 defined as CD4+Vα7.2-CCR6+CXCR3-cells of which subset 1 was significantly reduced in latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with HIV-ART, yet Mtb-responsive IL-17-producing CD4 T cells were preserved; we found that IL-17-producing CD4 T cells dominate the response to Mtb antigen but not cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and tryptophan catabolism negatively correlates with both subset 1 and subset 2 Th17-cell frequencies. Conclusions We found differential effects of ART-suppressed HIV on distinct subsets of Th17 cells, that IL-17-producing CD4 T cells dominate responses to Mtb but not CMV antigen or SEB, and that kynurenine pathway activity is associated with decreases of circulating Th17 cells that may contribute to tuberculosis immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Tran
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Florence Marzan
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David Gingrich
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Krone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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2
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Chen C, Luo N, Dai F, Zhou W, Wu X, Zhang J. Advance in pathogenesis of sarcoidosis: Triggers and progression. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27612. [PMID: 38486783 PMCID: PMC10938127 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis, a multisystemic immune disease, significantly impacts patients' quality of life. The complexity and diversity of its pathogenesis, coupled with limited comprehensive research, had hampered both diagnosis and treatment, resulting in an unsatisfactory prognosis for many patients. In recent years, the research had made surprising progress in the triggers of sarcoidosis (genetic inheritance, infection and environmental factors) and the abnormal regulations on immunity during the formation of granuloma. This review consolidated the latest findings on sarcoidosis research, providing a systematic exploration of advanced studies on triggers, immune-related regulatory mechanisms, and clinical applications. By synthesizing previous discoveries, we aimed to offer valuable insights for future research directions and the development of clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610097, China
| | - Nanzhi Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610097, China
| | - Fuqiang Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610097, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610097, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610097, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610097, China
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3
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Nanda N, Alphonse MP. From Host Defense to Metabolic Signatures: Unveiling the Role of γδ T Cells in Bacterial Infections. Biomolecules 2024; 14:225. [PMID: 38397462 PMCID: PMC10886488 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The growth of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections necessitates focusing on host-derived immunotherapies. γδ T cells are an unconventional T cell subset, making up a relatively small portion of healthy circulating lymphocytes but a substantially increased proportion in mucosal and epithelial tissues. γδ T cells are activated and expanded in response to bacterial infection, having the capability to produce proinflammatory cytokines to recruit neutrophils and clear infection. They also play a significant role in dampening immune response to control inflammation and protecting the host against secondary challenge, making them promising targets when developing immunotherapy. Importantly, γδ T cells have differential metabolic states influencing their cytokine profile and subsequent inflammatory capacity. Though these differential metabolic states have not been well studied or reviewed in the context of bacterial infection, they are critical in understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of the host's innate immune response. Therefore, this review will focus on the context-specific host defense conferred by γδ T cells during infection with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin P. Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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4
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Nguyen M, Ahn P, Dawi J, Gargaloyan A, Kiriaki A, Shou T, Wu K, Yazdan K, Venketaraman V. The Interplay between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Human Microbiome. Clin Pract 2024; 14:198-213. [PMID: 38391403 PMCID: PMC10887847 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a significant cause of mortality worldwide. The lung, a breeding ground for Mtb, was once thought to be a sterile environment, but has now been found to host its own profile of microbes. These microbes are critical in the development of the host immune system and can produce metabolites that aid in host defense against various pathogens. Mtb infection as well as antibiotics can shift the microbial profile, causing dysbiosis and dampening the host immune response. Additionally, increasing cases of drug resistant TB have impacted the success rates of the traditional therapies of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Recent years have produced tremendous research into the human microbiome and its role in contributing to or attenuating disease processes. Potential treatments aimed at altering the gut-lung bacterial axis may offer promising results against drug resistant TB and help mitigate the effects of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Phillip Ahn
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - John Dawi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Areg Gargaloyan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Anthony Kiriaki
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Tiffany Shou
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Kevin Wu
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Kian Yazdan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Weeratunga P, Moller DR, Ho LP. Immune mechanisms of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e175264. [PMID: 38165044 PMCID: PMC10760966 DOI: 10.1172/jci175264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a complex immune-mediated disease characterized by clusters of immune cells called granulomas. Despite major steps in understanding the cause of this disease, many questions remain. In this Review, we perform a mechanistic interrogation of the immune activities that contribute to granuloma formation in sarcoidosis and compare these processes with its closest mimic, tuberculosis, highlighting shared and divergent immune activities. We examine how Mycobacterium tuberculosis is sensed by the immune system; how the granuloma is initiated, formed, and perpetuated in tuberculosis compared with sarcoidosis; and the role of major innate and adaptive immune cells in shaping these processes. Finally, we draw these findings together around several recent high-resolution studies of the granuloma in situ that utilized the latest advances in single-cell technology combined with spatial methods to analyze plausible disease mechanisms. We conclude with an overall view of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Weeratunga
- MRC Translational Immunology Discovery Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Translational Immunology Discovery Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Liu Y, Ouyang Y, You W, Liu W, Cheng Y, Mai X, Shen Z. Physiological roles of human interleukin-17 family. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e14964. [PMID: 37905720 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 s (IL-17s) are well-known proinflammatory cytokines, and their antagonists perform excellently in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis. However, their physiological functions have not been given sufficient attention by clinicians. IL-17s can protect the host from extracellular pathogens, maintain epithelial integrity, regulate cognitive processes and modulate adipocyte activity through distinct mechanisms. Here, we present a systematic review concerning the physiological functions of IL-17s. Our goal is not to negate the therapeutic effect of IL-17 antagonists, but to ensure their safe use and reasonably explain the possible adverse events that may occur in their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Liu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Ouyang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanchun You
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufan Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinming Mai
- Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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HONG H, DILL-MCFARLAND KA, BENSON B, SIMMONS JD, PETERSON GJ, BENCHEK P, STEIN CM, BOOM WH, MAYANJA-KIZZA H, HAWN TR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis -induced monocyte transcriptional responses associated with resistance to tuberculin skin test/interferon-γ release assay conversion in people with HIV. AIDS 2023; 37:2287-2296. [PMID: 37696247 PMCID: PMC10873024 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-induced monocyte transcriptional responses differ in people with HIV (PWH) who do (RSTR) or do not (LTBI) resist tuberculin skin test/interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assay (TST/IGRA) conversion after exposure. DESIGN We compared ex-vivo Mtb-induced monocyte transcriptional responses in a Ugandan tuberculosis (TB) household contact study of RSTR and LTBI individuals among PWH. METHODS Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 19 household contacts of pulmonary TB patients, and their transcriptional profiles were measured with RNA-Seq after a 6 h infection with Mtb (H37Rv) or media. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by a linear mixed effects model and pathways by gene set enrichment analysis that compared RSTR and LTBI phenotypes with and without Mtb stimulation. RESULTS Among PWH, we identified 8341 DEGs that were dependent on Mtb stimulation [false discovery rate (FDR) <0.01]. Of these, 350 were not significant (FDR >0.2) in individuals without HIV. Additionally, we found 26 genes that were differentially expressed between RSTR and LTBI monocytes in PWH, including 20 which were Mtb-dependent (FDR <0.2). In unstimulated monocytes, several gene sets [TGF-β signaling, TNF-α signaling via NF-κB, NOTCH signaling, coagulation, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)] were enriched in RSTR relative to LTBI monocytes (FDR <0.1). These patterns were not observed in individuals without HIV. CONCLUSION RSTR monocytes in PWH show different gene expressions in response to Mtb infection when compared with those with LTBI and RSTR without HIV. These differential expression patterns are enriched in inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejeong HONG
- Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Basilin BENSON
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason D. SIMMONS
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Penelope BENCHEK
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Catherine M. STEIN
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - W. Henry BOOM
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Thomas R. HAWN
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Ouaked N, Demoitié MA, Godfroid F, Mortier MC, Vanloubbeeck Y, Temmerman ST. Non-clinical evaluation of local and systemic immunity induced by different vaccination strategies of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine M72/AS01. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143:102425. [PMID: 38180028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A new efficacious tuberculosis vaccine targeting adolescents/adults represents an urgent medical need. The M72/AS01E vaccine candidate protected half of the latently-infected adults against progression to pulmonary tuberculosis in a Phase IIb trial (NCT01755598). We report that three immunizations of mice, two weeks apart, with AS01-adjuvanted M72 induced polyfunctional, Th1-cytokine-expressing M72-specific CD4+/CD8+ T cells in blood and lungs, with the highest frequencies in lungs. Antigen-dose reductions across the three vaccinations skewed pulmonary CD4+ T-cell profiles towards IL-17 expression. In blood, reducing antigen and adjuvant doses of only the third injection (to 1/5th or 1/25th of those of the first injections) did not significantly alter CD4+ T-cell/antibody responses; applying a 10-week delay for the fractional third dose enhanced antibody titers. Delaying a full-dose booster enhanced systemic CD4+ T-cell and antibody responses. Cross-reactivity with PPE and non-PPE proteins was assessed, as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) virulence factors and evasion mechanisms are often associated with PE/PPE proteins, to which Mtb39a (contained in M72) belongs. In silico/in vivo analyses revealed that M72/AS01 induced cross-reactive systemic CD4+ T-cell responses to epitopes in a non-vaccine antigen (putative latency-associated Mtb protein PPE24/Rv1753c). These preclinical data describing novel mechanisms of M72/AS01-induced immunity could guide future clinical development of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ouaked
- GSK, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium
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9
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Kurosu T, Okuzaki D, Sakai Y, Kadi MA, Phanthanawiboon S, Ami Y, Shimojima M, Yoshikawa T, Fukushi S, Nagata N, Suzuki T, Kamimura D, Murakami M, Ebihara H, Saijo M. Dengue virus infection induces selective expansion of Vγ4 and Vγ6TCR γδ T cells in the small intestine and a cytokine storm driving vascular leakage in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011743. [PMID: 37939119 PMCID: PMC10659169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a major health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. Some patients develop a severe form of dengue, called dengue hemorrhagic fever, which can be fatal. Severe dengue is associated with a transient increase in vascular permeability. A cytokine storm is thought to be the cause of the vascular leakage. Although there are various research reports on the pathogenic mechanism, the complete pathological process remains poorly understood. We previously reported that dengue virus (DENV) type 3 P12/08 strain caused a lethal systemic infection and severe vascular leakage in interferon (IFN)-α/β and γ receptor knockout mice (IFN-α/β/γRKO mice), and that blockade of TNF-α signaling protected mice. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis of liver and small intestine samples collected chronologically from P12/08-infected IFN-α/β/γRKO mice in the presence/absence of blockade of TNF-α signaling and evaluated the cytokine and effector-level events. Blockade of TNF-α signaling mainly protected the small intestine but not the liver. Infection induced the selective expansion of IL-17A-producing Vγ4 and Vγ6 T cell receptor (TCR) γδ T cells in the small intestine, and IL-17A, together with TNF-α, played a critical role in the transition to severe disease via the induction of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and particularly the excess production of IL-6. Infection also induced the infiltration of neutrophils, as well as neutrophil collagenase/matrix metalloprotease 8 production. Blockade of IL-17A signaling reduced mortality and suppressed the expression of most of these cytokines, including TNF-α, indicating that IL-17A and TNF-α synergistically enhance cytokine expression. Blockade of IL-17A prevented nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in stroma-like cells and epithelial cells in the small intestine but only partially prevented recruitment of immune cells to the small intestine. This study provides an overall picture of the pathogenesis of infection in individual mice at the cytokine and effector levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kurosu
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Genomics), WPI Immunology Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohamad Al Kadi
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Genomics), WPI Immunology Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yasusi Ami
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshikawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kamimura
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Team of Quantumimmunology, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Liu X, Wang X, Zhang P, Fang Y, Liu Y, Ding Y, Zhang W. Intestinal homeostasis in the gut-lung-kidney axis: a prospective therapeutic target in immune-related chronic kidney diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1266792. [PMID: 38022571 PMCID: PMC10646503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1266792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of intestinal homeostasis in health has received increasing interest, significantly improving our understanding of the complex pathophysiological interactions of the gut with other organs. Microbiota dysbiosis, impaired intestinal barrier, and aberrant intestinal immunity appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of immune-related chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Meanwhile, the relationship between the pathological changes in the respiratory tract (e.g., infection, fibrosis, granuloma) and immune-related CKD cannot be ignored. The present review aimed to elucidate the new underlying mechanism of immune-related CKD. The lungs may affect kidney function through intestinal mediation. Communication is believed to exist between the gut and lung microbiota across long physiological distances. Following the inhalation of various pathogenic factors (e.g., particulate matter 2.5 mum or less in diameter, pathogen) in the air through the mouth and nose, considering the anatomical connection between the nasopharynx and lungs, gut microbiome regulates oxidative stress and inflammatory states in the lungs and kidneys. Meanwhile, the intestine participates in the differentiation of T cells and promotes the migration of various immune cells to specific organs. This better explain the occurrence and progression of CKD caused by upper respiratory tract precursor infection and suggests the relationship between the lungs and kidney complications in some autoimmune diseases (e.g., anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies -associated vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus). CKD can also affect the progression of lung diseases (e.g., acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). We conclude that damage to the gut barrier appears to contribute to the development of immune-related CKD through gut-lung-kidney interplay, leading us to establish the gut-lung-kidney axis hypothesis. Further, we discuss possible therapeutic interventions and targets. For example, using prebiotics, probiotics, and laxatives (e.g., Rhubarb officinale) to regulate the gut ecology to alleviate oxidative stress, as well as improve the local immune system of the intestine and immune communication with the lungs and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiande First People’s Hospital, Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Lin’an District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Fang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Geriatric, Zhejiang Aged Care Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueyue Ding
- Department of Geriatric, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
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11
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Morrison AL, Sarfas C, Sibley L, Williams J, Mabbutt A, Dennis MJ, Lawrence S, White AD, Bodman-Smith M, Sharpe SA. IV BCG Vaccination and Aerosol BCG Revaccination Induce Mycobacteria-Responsive γδ T Cells Associated with Protective Efficacy against M. tb Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1604. [PMID: 37897006 PMCID: PMC10611416 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenously (IV) delivered BCG provides superior tuberculosis (TB) protection compared with the intradermal (ID) route in non-human primates (NHPs). We examined how γδ T cell responses changed in vivo after IV BCG vaccination of NHPs, and whether these correlated with protection against aerosol M. tuberculosis challenge. In the circulation, Vδ2 T cell populations expanded after IV BCG vaccination, from a median of 1.5% (range: 0.8-2.3) of the CD3+ population at baseline, to 5.3% (range: 1.4-29.5) 4 weeks after M. tb, and were associated with TB protection. This protection was related to effector and central memory profiles; homing markers; and production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and granulysin. In comparison, Vδ2 cells did not expand after ID BCG, but underwent phenotypic and functional changes. When Vδ2 responses in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were compared between routes, IV BCG vaccination resulted in highly functional mucosal Vδ2 cells, whereas ID BCG did not. We sought to explore whether an aerosol BCG boost following ID BCG vaccination could induce a γδ profile comparable to that induced with IV BCG. We found evidence that the aerosol BCG boost induced significant changes in the Vδ2 phenotype and function in cells isolated from the BAL. These results indicate that Vδ2 population frequency, activation and function are characteristic features of responses induced with IV BCG, and the translation of responses from the circulation to the site of infection could be a limiting factor in the response induced following ID BCG. An aerosol boost was able to localise activated Vδ2 populations at the mucosal surfaces of the lung. This vaccine strategy warrants further investigation to boost the waning human ID BCG response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Morrison
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Laura Sibley
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Jessica Williams
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Adam Mabbutt
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Mike J. Dennis
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Steve Lawrence
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Andrew D. White
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London SW17 0BD, UK
| | - Sally A. Sharpe
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
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12
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Jain R, Kumari R, Chakraborty S, Mitra DK, Mohan A, Hadda V, Madan K, Guleria R. T-cell signature cytokines distinguish pulmonary sarcoidosis from pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250255. [PMID: 37505436 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by tissue infiltration due to mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes and associated noncaseating granuloma formation. Pulmonary sarcoidosis (PS) shares a number of clinical, radiological, and histopathological characteristics with that of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Due to this, clinicians face issues in differentiating between PS and PTB in a substantial number of cases. There is a lack of any specific biomarker that can diagnose PS distinctively from PTB. We compared T-cell-based signature cytokines in patients with PS and PTB. In this study, we proposed a serum biomarker panel consisting of cytokines from cells: T helper (Th) 1 [interferon-gamma (IFN-γ); tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)], Th9 [interleukin (IL)-9], Th17 [IL-17], and T regulatory (Treg) [IL-10; transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)]. We performed the principal component analysis that demonstrated that our serum cytokine panel has a significant predictive ability to differentiate PS from PTB. Our results could aid clinicians to improve the diagnostic workflow for patients with PS in TB endemic settings where the diagnosis between PS and PTB is often ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Jain
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rinkee Kumari
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sushmita Chakraborty
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipendra K Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Hadda
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Karan Madan
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Randeep Guleria
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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13
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Kang I, Kim Y, Lee HK. Double-edged sword: γδ T cells in mucosal homeostasis and disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1895-1904. [PMID: 37696894 PMCID: PMC10545763 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosa is a tissue that covers numerous body surfaces, including the respiratory tract, digestive tract, eye, and urogenital tract. Mucosa is in direct contact with pathogens, and γδ T cells perform various roles in the tissue. γδ T cells efficiently defend the mucosa from various pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In addition, γδ T cells are necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis because they select specific organisms in the microbiota and perform immunoregulatory functions. Furthermore, γδ T cells directly facilitate pregnancy by producing growth factors. However, γδ T cells can also play detrimental roles in mucosal health by amplifying inflammation, thereby worsening allergic responses. Moreover, these cells can act as major players in autoimmune diseases. Despite their robust roles in the mucosa, the application of γδ T cells in clinical practice is lacking because of factors such as gaps between mice and human cells, insufficient knowledge of the target of γδ T cells, and the small population of γδ T cells. However, γδ T cells may be attractive targets for clinical use due to their effector functions and low risk of inducing graft-versus-host disease. Therefore, robust research on γδ T cells is required to understand the crucial features of these cells and apply these knowledges to clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Zhao Y, Zhu R, Wang Y, Wang K. Classification and function of γδT cells and its research progress in anti-glioblastoma. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:150. [PMID: 37597083 PMCID: PMC10439874 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood T lymphocytes are classified into alpha-beta T (αβΤ) cells and gamma-delta T (γδΤ) cells based on the difference in T cell receptors (TCRs). αβT cells are crucial for the acquired immune response, while γδΤ cells, though only a small subset, can recognize antigenic substances. These antigens do not need to be processed and presented and are not restricted by MHC. This distinguishes γδΤ cells from αβT cells and highlights their distinct role in innate immunity. Despite their small number, γδΤ cells hold significant significance in anti-tumor, anti-infection and immune regulation. Glioblastoma (GBM) represents one of the most prevalent malignant tumors within the central nervous system (CNS). Surgical resection alone proves to be an ineffective method for curing this type of cancer. Even with the combination of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis of some individuals with glioblastoma is still poor, and the recurrence rate is high. In this research, the classification, biological, and immunological functions of γδT cells and their research progress in anti-glioblastoma were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Zhao
- Comprehensive Ward, Yingsheng Hospital District of The Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, China
| | - Renhong Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tai'an Tumor Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Yashu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, China
| | - Keqiang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China.
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15
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Qin Y, Wang Q, Shi J. Immune checkpoint modulating T cells and NK cells response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127393. [PMID: 37182283 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Many subversive mechanisms promote the occurrence and development of chronic infectious diseases and cancer, among which the down-regulated expression of immune-activating receptors and the enhanced expression of immune-inhibitory receptors accelerate the occurrence and progression of the disease. Recently, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of tumors in multiple organs. However, the expression of immune checkpoint molecules on natural killer (NK) cells by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and its impact on NK cell effector functions have been poorly studied. In this review, we focus on what is currently known about the expression of various immune checkpoints in NK cells following Mtb infection and how it alters NK cell-mediated host cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Unraveling the function of NK cells after the infection of host cells by Mtb is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the innate immune mechanism of NK cells involved in tuberculosis and the evaluation of the efficacy of immunotherapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat tuberculosis. In view of some similarities in the immune characteristics of T cells and NK cells, we reviewed the molecular mechanism of the interaction between T cells and Mtb, which can help us to further understand and explore the specific interaction mechanism between NK cells and Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Qin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Qinglan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases in Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China
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16
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Chen R, Li M, Qin S, Lu H, Shen M, Lin X. STAT3 regulation of Mtb-specific T cell function in active pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109748. [PMID: 36753982 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most serious infectious diseases in the world. Our aim was to investigate the regulatory role of STAT3 and pSTAT3 in the regulation of T cell immunophenotype and cell function. METHODS Twenty-five active pulmonary tuberculosis (APTB) patients, 18 latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) patients, and 20 healthy controls (HCs) enrolled in this study. T cell phenotype and expression of STAT3 and pSTAT3 were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with HCs, the expression of pSTAT3 in CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of APTB patients was increased, and the expression was higher in pleural effusion. Multifunctional T cells that simultaneously secrete IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17A have higher pSTAT3 expression levels. Mtb-specific T cells from APTB patients had a higher cell frequency of the STAT3+ pSTAT3+ phenotype and a reduced cell frequency of the STAT3+ pSTAT3- phenotype compared with LTBI patients. Mtb-specific T cells with STAT3+ pSTAT3+ phenotype had higher expression of PD-1 and PD-L1, while cells with STAT3+ pSTAT3- phenotype had higher expression of Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS STAT3 and pSTAT3 in T cells of APTB patients feature in the process of anti-apoptosis and cytokine secretion. At the same time, the higher pSTAT3 may be related to the degree of cell functional exhaustion. The pSTAT3 level of T cells is related to the infection status and may indicate the clinical activity of the disease, which provides a new idea for the clinical identification and treatment of active pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Meihui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan City People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 271100, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Mo Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Xiangyang Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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17
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Duong VT, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Towards the development of subunit vaccines against tuberculosis: The key role of adjuvant. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 139:102307. [PMID: 36706503 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death triggered by a single infectious agent, worldwide. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only currently licensed anti-TB vaccine. However, other strategies, including modification of recombinant BCG vaccine, attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) mutant constructs, DNA and protein subunit vaccines, are under extensive investigation. As whole pathogen vaccines can trigger serious adverse reactions, most current strategies are focused on the development of safe anti-TB subunit vaccines; this is especially important given the rising TB infection rate in immunocompromised HIV patients. The whole Mtb genome has been mapped and major antigens have been identified; however, optimal vaccine delivery mode is still to be established. Isolated protein antigens are typically poorly immunogenic so adjuvants are required to induce strong and long-lasting immune responses. This article aims to review the developmental status of anti-TB subunit vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Tram Duong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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18
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A MAPS Vaccine Induces Multipronged Systemic and Tissue-Resident Cellular Responses and Protects Mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2023; 14:e0361122. [PMID: 36749098 PMCID: PMC9973048 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03611-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, the mainstay of vaccination involves the use of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a live-attenuated vaccine that confers protection against extrapulmonary disease in infants and children but not against lung disease. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel vaccines. Here, we show that a multicomponent acellular vaccine (TB-MAPS) induces robust antibody responses and long-lived systemic and tissue-resident memory Th1, Th17, and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and promotes trained innate immunity mediated by γδT and NKT cells in mice. When tested in a mouse aerosol infection model, TB-MAPS significantly reduced bacterial loads in the lungs and spleens to the same extent as BCG. When used in conjunction with BCG, TB-MAPS further enhanced BCG-mediated protection, especially in the lungs, further supporting this construct as a promising TB vaccine candidate. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Here, we evaluate a novel vaccine which induces a broad immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis including robust antibody responses and long-lived systemic and tissue-resident memory Th1, Th17, and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. When tested in a mouse aerosol infection model, this vaccine significantly reduced bacterial loads in the lungs and spleens to the same extent as BCG. When used in conjunction with BCG, TB-MAPS further enhanced BCG-mediated protection, especially in the lungs, further supporting this construct as a promising TB vaccine candidate.
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19
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Lee JH, Park HT, Shim S, Kim S, Woo SH, Kim DY, Yoo HS. Immunopathological mechanisms in the early stage of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection via different administration routes in a murine model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281880. [PMID: 36795721 PMCID: PMC9934400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic emaciating disease of ruminants that causes enormous economic losses to the bovine industry, globally. However, there are still remaining clues to be solved in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, an in vivo murine experimental model was tried to understand responses in early stage of MAP infection by oral and intraperitoneal (IP) routes. In the MAP infection size, and weight of spleen and liver were increased in the IP group compared with oral groups. Severe histopathological changes were also observed in the spleen and liver of IP infected mice at 12 weeks post-infection (PI). Acid-fast bacterial burden in the organs was closely related to histopathological lesions. In the cytokine production from splenocytes of MAP-infected mice, higher amounts of in TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ were produced at early stage of IP-infected mice while IL-17 production was different at time and infected groups. This phenomenon may indicate the immune shift from Th1 to Th17 through the time course of MAP infection. Systemic and local responses in the MAP-infection were analyzed by using transcriptomic analysis in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Based on the analysis of biological processes at 6 weeks PI in spleen and MLN in each infection group, canonical pathways were analyzed with ingenuity pathway analysis in the immune responses and metabolism especially lipid metabolism. Infected host cells with MAP increased in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced the availability of glucose at early stage of infection (p < 0.05). Also, host cells secreted cholesterol through cholesterol efflux to disturb energy source of MAP. These results reveal immunopathological and metabolic responses in the early stage of MAP infection through the development of a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Shim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Woo
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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20
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Li L, Li Y, Zhu X, Wu B, Tang Z, Wen H, Yuan J, Zheng Q, Chen W. Conjunctiva Resident γδ T Cells Expressed High Level of IL-17A and Promoted the Severity of Dry Eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:13. [PMID: 36350619 PMCID: PMC9652718 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Conjunctival inflammation promotes ocular surface disorders in dry eye disease (DED). Here we identified γδ T cells as the predominant source of IL-17A in the murine conjunctiva and assessed their contribution to the pathogenesis of DED. Methods We enrolled 22 patients with DED, and analyzed the proportion of γδ T cells in the conjunctival epithelial samples by flow cytometry. Adult C57Bl/6 wild-type and TCRδ−/− mice were used to induce DED models to investigate the role of γδ T cells. The characteristics of immune cell infiltration and the expression of immune-related cytokines or markers in mouse conjunctiva were analyzed by flow cytometry, Western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results The proportion of γδ T cells in the human DED conjunctiva is significantly higher in patients with severe corneal epithelial defects than in mild ones, which is consistently observed in the murine DED model. Further, a high level of IL-17A but not IFN-γ is detected in the conjunctiva of mice. The increased murine IL-17A–producing cells on the conjunctiva are identified as γδ T cells predominantly and Th17 cells to a lesser extent. Ablation of γδ T cells by antibody depletion or genetic deletion of TCRδ alleviates ocular surface damage in the murine DED model. Conclusions Our studies evaluate human and experimental murine DED for evidence of γδ T-cell–mediated inflammation and highlight a potential therapeutic synergy by targeting IL-17 and γδ T cells in DED treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanxiao Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhao Zhu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Shaoxing people's hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuo Tang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Wen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianshu Yuan
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinxiang Zheng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Gupta A, Sharma K, Sharma V, Singh J, Nada R, Saikia B, Minz RW, Anand S, Kumar M. Comparative evaluation of interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, and interleukin-17 in gastrointestinal tuberculosis and crohn's disease. Int J Mycobacteriol 2022; 11:384-388. [PMID: 36510922 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_131_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal tuberculosis (GITB) and Crohn's disease (CD) are close mimickers and difficult to discriminate. Recent work has focused on the immunological differences between GITB and CD based on cytokines related to T-regulatory cells and Th17 cells. In the present cross-sectional study, suspected cases of GITB or CD underwent extensive clinical, radiological, endoscopic, histological, and microbiological assessment. The diagnosis was based on standard criteria and response to antitubercular therapy endoscopically. Methods Interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and IL-17 were measured and compared between GITB and CD along with other parameters. Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were used as per the data type. Results Of the 27 patients, 11 had CD, 9 had GITB, and 7 had other conditions. Chronic diarrhea, involvement of left and long segments of the colon, and aphthous ulcers were significantly more frequent in CD; however, transverse ulcers were in GITB. IL-10 was reduced in both GITB (median-interquartile range [IQR] 9.54 [3.65-24.04]) and CD (median-IQR 13.28 [6.91-22.50]) compared to control (median-IQR 26.72 [10.34-35.43]). TGF-β showed little variation, but IL-17 was below the detection limit in most cases. None of these cytokines were significantly different between CD and GITB. The sensitivity and specificity of multiplex Mycobacterium tuberculosis-polymerase chain reaction were 44.44% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion Serum cytokine profiling (IL-10, IL-17, and TGF-β) could not significantly differentiate GITB and CD. Moreover, extensive molecular, transcriptomic, chemokines, and cytokine analyses may shed light on these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagdeep Singh
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritambhra Nada
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Biman Saikia
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana W Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shashi Anand
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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22
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A Distinctive γδ T Cell Repertoire in NOD Mice Weakens Immune Regulation and Favors Diabetic Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101406. [PMID: 36291615 PMCID: PMC9599391 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in mice and humans suggesting that γδ T cells play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes have been inconsistent and contradictory. We attempted to resolve this for the type 1 diabetes-prone NOD mice by characterizing their γδ T cell populations, and by investigating the functional contributions of particular γδ T cells subsets, using Vγ-gene targeted NOD mice. We found evidence that NOD Vγ4+ γδ T cells inhibit the development of diabetes, and that the process by which they do so involves IL-17 production and/or promotion of regulatory CD4+ αβ T cells (Tregs) in the pancreatic lymph nodes. In contrast, the NOD Vγ1+ cells promote diabetes development. Enhanced Vγ1+ cell numbers in NOD mice, in particular those biased to produce IFNγ, appear to favor diabetic disease. Within NOD mice deficient in particular γδ T cell subsets, we noted that changes in the abundance of non-targeted T cell types also occurred, which varied depending upon the γδ T cells that were missing. Our results indicate that while certain γδ T cell subsets inhibit the development of spontaneous type 1 diabetes, others exacerbate it, and they may do so via mechanisms that include altering the levels of other T cells.
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Ritter K, Behrends J, Rückerl D, Hölscher A, Volz J, Prinz I, Hölscher C. High-Dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37rv Infection in IL-17A- and IL-17A/F-Deficient Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182875. [PMID: 36139450 PMCID: PMC9496946 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During experimental tuberculosis (TB), interleukin (IL)-17A appears to be involved in the formation of lung granulomas, possibly through the attraction of neutrophils to the sites of infection. However, the protective impact of cytokine appears to depend on the degree of its induction. Hence, robust production of IL-17A in mice infected with the hypervirulent isolate Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) HN878 mediates protection, while the cytokine is dispensable for protective immune responses against low-dose infection with the less virulent strain H37rv. Here, we show that after experimental infection with high doses of Mtb H37rv, IL-17A-deficient (−/−) mice exhibited high susceptibility to the infection, which was mediated by the strong accumulation of neutrophils in the infected lung tissue. Accordingly, we observed nearly unrestricted bacterial replication within the neutrophils, indicating that they may serve as a survival niche for Mtb. By use of IL-17A/IL-17F-double-deficient mice, we demonstrated that the susceptibility in the absence of IL-17A is mediated by a compensatory expression of IL-17F, which, however, appeared not to be dependent on neutrophils. Together, our results illustrate the compensatory potential of the Th17-secreted cytokines IL-17A and IL-17F in the context of experimental TB and once again emphasize the detrimental effect of excessive neutrophil infiltration in response to Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ritter
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Jochen Behrends
- Fluorescence Cytometry Core Unit, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Johanna Volz
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Eppendorf University Medical Center, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
- Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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24
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Helminth species dependent effects on Th1 and Th17 cytokines in active tuberculosis patients and healthy community controls. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010721. [PMID: 35976976 PMCID: PMC9423606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite that the impact of different helminth species is not well explored, the current dogma states that helminths affect the Th1/Th2 balance which in turn affects the risk of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation and severity of disease. We investigated the influence of helminth species on cytokine profiles including IL-17A in TB patients and healthy community controls (CCs). In total, 104 newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients and 70 HIV negative and QuantiFERON negative CCs in Gondar, Ethiopia were included following helminth screening by stool microscopy. Plasma samples and ex vivo stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with purified protein derivative (PPD) and Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) was used to determine cytokine profiles by cytometric bead array. In CCs, Ascaris lumbricoides or Schistosoma mansoni infections were associated with an impaired Th1-type response (IFN-gamma, IL-6 and TNF-alpha) in PBMCs mainly with SEB stimulations, whereas in TB patients only hookworm infection showed a similar pattern. Among CCs, the IL-17A response in PBMCs stimulated with SEB was higher only for S. mansoni, whereas in TB patients, the elevated systemic IL-17A plasma level was significantly suppressed in hookworm infected TB patients compared to patients without helminth coinfection. Following treatment of TB and helminth infection there was a general decrease in ex vivio IL-10 and TNF-alpha production in unstimulated, PPD or SEB stimulated PBMCs that was the most pronounced and significant in TB patients infected with S. mansoni, whereas the follow-up levels of IFN-gamma and IL-17A was significantly increased only in TB patients without helminth coinfection from PBMCs stimulated mainly with SEB. In summary, in addition to confirming helminth specific effects on the Th1/Th2 response before and after TB treatment, our novel finding is that IL-17A was impaired in helminth infected TB patients especially for hookworm, indicating a helminth species-specific immunoregulatory effect on IL-17A which needs to be further investigated.
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25
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Leal-Silva T, Lopes CDA, Vieira-Santos F, Oliveira FMS, Kraemer L, Padrão LDLS, Amorim CCO, Souza JLN, Russo RC, Fujiwara RT, Magalhães LMD, Bueno LL. IL-17RA receptor signaling contributes to lung inflammation and parasite burden during Toxocara canis infection in mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864632. [PMID: 35844540 PMCID: PMC9277699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is a cytokine produced by innate and acquired immunity cells that have an action against fungi and bacteria. However, its action in helminth infections is unclear, including in Toxocara canis infection. Toxocariasis is a neglected zoonosis representing a significant public health problem with an estimated seroprevalence of 19% worldwide. In the present study, we describe the immunopathological action of IL-17RA in acute T. canis infection. C57BL/6j (WT) and IL-17RA receptor knockout (IL-17RA-/-) mice were infected with 1000 T. canis eggs. Mice were evaluated 3 days post-infection for parasite load and white blood cell count. Lung tissue was harvested for histopathology and cytokine expression. In addition, we performed multiparametric flow cytometry in the BAL and peripheral blood, evaluating phenotypic and functional changes in myeloid and lymphoid populations. We showed that IL-17RA is essential to control larvae load in the lung; however, IL-17RA contributed to pulmonary inflammation, inducing inflammatory nodular aggregates formation and presented higher pulmonary IL-6 levels. The absence of IL-17RA was associated with a higher frequency of neutrophils as a source of IL-4 in BAL, while in the presence of IL-17RA, mice display a higher frequency of alveolar macrophages expressing the same cytokine. Taken together, this study indicates that neutrophils may be an important source of IL-4 in the lungs during T. canis infection. Furthermore, IL-17/IL-17RA axis is important to control parasite load, however, its presence triggers lung inflammation that can lead to tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Leal-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila de Almeida Lopes
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flaviane Vieira-Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Kraemer
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiza de Lima Silva Padrão
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Chiara Cássia Oliveira Amorim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jorge Lucas Nascimento Souza
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Remo Castro Russo
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luisa Mourão Dias Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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26
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Quan DH, Kwong AJ, Hansbro PM, Britton WJ. No smoke without fire: the impact of cigarette smoking on the immune control of tuberculosis. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:210252. [PMID: 35675921 PMCID: PMC9488690 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0252-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is a key risk factor for both active and latent tuberculosis (TB). It is associated with delayed diagnosis, more severe disease progression, unfavourable treatment outcomes and relapse after treatment. Critically, CS exposure is common in heavily populated areas with a high burden of TB, such as China, India and the Russian Federation. It is therefore prudent to evaluate interventions for TB while taking into account the immunological impacts of CS exposure. This review is a mechanistic examination of how CS exposure impairs innate barrier defences, as well as alveolar macrophage, neutrophil, dendritic cell and T-cell functions, in the context of TB infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Quan
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- D.H. Quan and W.J. Britton contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
| | | | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Dept of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- D.H. Quan and W.J. Britton contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
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27
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Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Locht C. Recombinant BCG to Enhance Its Immunomodulatory Activities. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:827. [PMID: 35632582 PMCID: PMC9143156 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated Mycobacterium bovis derivative that has been widely used as a live vaccine against tuberculosis for a century. In addition to its use as a tuberculosis vaccine, BCG has also been found to have utility in the prevention or treatment of unrelated diseases, including cancer. However, the protective and therapeutic efficacy of BCG against tuberculosis and other diseases is not perfect. For three decades, it has been possible to genetically modify BCG in an attempt to improve its efficacy. Various immune-modulatory molecules have been produced in recombinant BCG strains and tested for protection against tuberculosis or treatment of several cancers or inflammatory diseases. These molecules include cytokines, bacterial toxins or toxin fragments, as well as other protein and non-protein immune-modulatory molecules. The deletion of genes responsible for the immune-suppressive properties of BCG has also been explored for their effect on BCG-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. Most studies limited their investigations to the description of T cell immune responses that were modified by the genetic modifications of BCG. Some studies also reported improved protection by recombinant BCG against tuberculosis or enhanced therapeutic efficacy against various cancer forms or allergies. However, so far, these investigations have been limited to mouse models, and the prophylactic or therapeutic potential of recombinant BCG strains has not yet been illustrated in other species, including humans, with the exception of a genetically modified BCG strain that is now in late-stage clinical development as a vaccine against tuberculosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the different molecular engineering strategies adopted over the last three decades in order to enhance the immune-modulatory potential of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kowalewicz-Kulbat
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Camille Locht
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019–UMR9017–CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, F-59000 Lille, France
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28
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Byg KE, Illes Z, Sejbaek T, Lambertsen KL, Ellingsen T, Nielsen HH. Inflammatory profiles in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurosarcoidosis. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 367:577849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Yoshioka K, Sato H, Kawasaki T, Ishii D, Imamoto T, Abe M, Hasegawa Y, Ohara O, Tatsumi K, Suzuki T. Transcriptome Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:822094. [PMID: 35141260 PMCID: PMC8818883 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.822094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous systemic disease of unknown etiology. Mononuclear cells such as macrophages or lymphocytes in lung tissue and hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes have been recognized to play an essential role in granuloma formation in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) consist of several immunocompetent cells and have been shown to play a mechanistic role in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. However, the genetic modifications that occur in bulk PBMCs of sarcoidosis remain to be elucidated. Purpose This study aimed to explore the pathobiological markers of sarcoidosis in PBMCs by comparing the transcriptional signature of PBMCs from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis with those of healthy controls by RNA sequencing. Methods PBMC samples were collected from subjects with pulmonary sarcoidosis with no steroid/immunosuppressant drugs (n = 8) and healthy controls (n = 11) from August 2020 to April 2021, and RNA sequencing was performed with the PBMC samples. Results Principal component analysis using RNA sequencing datasets comparing pulmonary sarcoidosis with healthy controls revealed that the two groups appeared to be differentiated, in which 270 differentially expressed genes were found in PBMCs between sarcoidosis and healthy controls. Enrichment analysis for gene ontology suggested that some biological processes related to the pathobiology of sarcoidosis, such as cellular response to interleukin (IL)-1 and IFN-γ, regulation of IL-6 production, IL-8 secretion, regulation of mononuclear cell migration, and response to lipopolysaccharide, were involved. Enrichment analysis of the KEGG pathway indicated the involvement of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), toll-like receptor signaling, IL-17 signaling pathways, phagosomes, and ribosomes. Most of the genes involved in TNF and IL-17 signaling pathways and phagosomes were upregulated, while most of the ribosome-related genes were downregulated. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that bulk gene expression patterns in PBMCs were different between patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis and healthy controls. The changes in the gene expression pattern of PBMCs could reflect the existence of sarcoidosis lesions and influence granuloma formation in sarcoidosis. These new findings are important to strengthen our understanding of the etiology and pathobiology of sarcoidosis and indicate a potential therapeutic target for sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Yoshioka
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawasaki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishii
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuro Imamoto
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Abe
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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30
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Ritter K, Rousseau J, Hölscher C. Interleukin-27 in Tuberculosis: A Sheep in Wolf’s Clothing? Front Immunol 2022; 12:810602. [PMID: 35116036 PMCID: PMC8803639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.810602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In tuberculosis (TB), protective inflammatory immune responses and the pathological sequelae of chronic inflammation significantly depend on a timely balance of cytokine expression. In contrast to other anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-27 has fundamental effects in experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection: the absence of IL-27-mediated signalling promotes a better control of mycobacterial growth on the one hand side but also leads to a chronic hyperinflammation and immunopathology later during infection. Hence, in the context of novel host-directed therapeutic approaches and vaccination strategies for the management of TB, the timely restricted blockade of IL-27 signalling may represent an advanced treatment option. In contrast, administration of IL-27 itself may allow to treat the immunopathological consequences of chronic TB. In both cases, a better knowledge of the cell type-specific and kinetic effects of IL-27 after Mtb infection is essential. This review summarizes IL-27-mediated mechanisms affecting protection and immunopathology in TB and discusses possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ritter
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jasmin Rousseau
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Borstel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christoph Hölscher,
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31
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Tissue-resident immunity in the lung: a first-line defense at the environmental interface. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:827-854. [PMID: 36305904 PMCID: PMC9614767 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lung is a vital organ that incessantly faces external environmental challenges. Its homeostasis and unimpeded vital function are ensured by the respiratory epithelium working hand in hand with an intricate fine-tuned tissue-resident immune cell network. Lung tissue-resident immune cells span across the innate and adaptive immunity and protect from infectious agents but can also prove to be pathogenic if dysregulated. Here, we review the innate and adaptive immune cell subtypes comprising lung-resident immunity and discuss their ontogeny and role in distinct respiratory diseases. An improved understanding of the role of lung-resident immunity and how its function is dysregulated under pathological conditions can shed light on the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases.
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32
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Fernández-Ruiz M. Interleukin-12 and -23 Targeted Agents. INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGIC AND TARGETED THERAPIES 2022:199-217. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11363-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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33
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Liang J, Fu L, Li M, Chen Y, Wang Y, Lin Y, Zhang H, Xu Y, Qin L, Liu J, Wang W, Hao J, Liu S, Zhang P, Lin L, Alnaggar M, Zhou J, Zhou L, Guo H, Wang Z, Liu L, Deng G, Zhang G, Wu Y, Yin Z. Allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-Cell Therapy Promotes Pulmonary Lesion Repair: An Open-Label, Single-Arm Pilot Study in Patients With Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:756495. [PMID: 34975844 PMCID: PMC8715986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.756495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The WHO’s “Global tuberculosis report 2020” lists tuberculosis (TB) as one of the leading causes of death globally. Existing anti-TB therapy strategies are far from adequate to meet the End TB Strategy goals set for 2035. Therefore, novel anti-TB therapy protocols are urgently needed. Here, we proposed an allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell-based immunotherapy strategy and clinically evaluated its safety and efficacy in patients with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Eight patients with MDR-TB were recruited in this open-label, single-arm pilot clinical study. Seven of these patients received allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell therapy adjunct with anti-TB drugs in all therapy courses. Cells (1 × 108) were infused per treatment every 2 weeks, with 12 courses of cell therapy conducted for each patient, who were then followed up for 6 months to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cell therapy. The eighth patient initially received four courses of cell infusions, followed by eight courses of cell therapy plus anti-MDR-TB drugs. Clinical examinations, including clinical response, routine blood tests and biochemical indicators, chest CT imaging, immune cell surface markers, body weight, and sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis testing, were conducted. Our study revealed that allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are clinically safe for TB therapy. These cells exhibited clinical efficacy in multiple aspects, including promoting the repair of pulmonary lesions, partially improving host immunity, and alleviating M. tuberculosis load in vivo, regardless of their application in the presence or absence of anti-TB drugs. This pilot study opens a new avenue for anti-TB treatment and exhibits allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells as promising candidates for developing a novel cell drug for TB immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liang
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Fu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Li
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department for gdT Clinical Research and Development, Guangdong GD Kongming Biotech Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyuan Chen
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Xu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linxiu Qin
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juncai Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiyu Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianlei Hao
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peize Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department for gdT Clinical Research and Development, Guangdong GD Kongming Biotech Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Alnaggar
- Tongji Chibi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Chibi, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department for Tuberculosis Control, Foshan Fourth People’s Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department for Tuberculosis Control, Centre for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huixin Guo
- Department for Tuberculosis Control, Centre for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqin Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guofang Deng
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Yangzhe Wu, ; Guoliang Zhang, ; Guofang Deng,
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Yangzhe Wu, ; Guoliang Zhang, ; Guofang Deng,
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Yangzhe Wu, ; Guoliang Zhang, ; Guofang Deng,
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Yangzhe Wu, ; Guoliang Zhang, ; Guofang Deng,
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34
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Muruganandah V, Kupz A. Immune responses to bacterial lung infections and their implications for vaccination. Int Immunol 2021; 34:231-248. [PMID: 34850883 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary immune system plays a vital role in protecting the delicate structures of gaseous exchange against invasion from bacterial pathogens. With antimicrobial resistance becoming an increasing concern, finding novel strategies to develop vaccines against bacterial lung diseases remains a top priority. In order to do so, a continued expansion of our understanding of the pulmonary immune response is warranted. Whilst some aspects are well characterised, emerging paradigms such as the importance of innate cells and inducible immune structures in mediating protection provide avenues of potential to rethink our approach to vaccine development. In this review, we aim to provide a broad overview of both the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in place to protect the pulmonary tissue from invading bacterial organisms. We use specific examples from several infection models and human studies to depict the varying functions of the pulmonary immune system that may be manipulated in future vaccine development. Particular emphasis has been placed on emerging themes that are less reviewed and underappreciated in vaccine development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visai Muruganandah
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
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35
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Giudice V, Risitano AM, Selleri C. Infectious Agents and Bone Marrow Failure: A Causal or a Casual Connection? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:757730. [PMID: 34805223 PMCID: PMC8599277 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.757730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired bone marrow failure (BMF) syndromes are considered immune-mediated disorders because hematological recovery after immunosuppressive therapies is the strongest indirect evidence of the involvement of immune cells in marrow failure development. Among pathophysiology hypotheses, immune derangement after chronic antigen exposure or cross-reactivity between viral particles and cellular components are the most accepted; however, epitopes against whom these lymphocytes are directed to remain unknown. In this study, we showed that BMF-associated immunodominant clones, namely the most represented T cells carrying an antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) sequence in a random pool, were frequently associated with those described in various infectious diseases, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We hypothesize that these pathogens might elicit an autoimmune response triggered by cross-reactivity between pathogen-related components and proteins or might be expanded as an unspecific response to a global immune dysregulation during BMF. However, those frequent intracellular pathogens might not only be passengers in marrow failure development, while playing a central role in starting the autoimmune response against hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giudice
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.,Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonio M Risitano
- Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, AORN San Giuseppe Moscati, Avellino, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.,Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Salerno, Italy
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36
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Ullrich L, Lueder Y, Juergens AL, Wilharm A, Barros-Martins J, Bubke A, Demera A, Ikuta K, Patzer GE, Janssen A, Sandrock I, Prinz I, Rampoldi F. IL-4-Producing Vγ1 +/Vδ6 + γδ T Cells Sustain Germinal Center Reactions in Peyer's Patches of Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729607. [PMID: 34804014 PMCID: PMC8600568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens. Germinal centers (GCs) in the Peyer's patches (PPs) of the small intestine are constantly generated through stimulation of the microbiota. In this study, we investigated the role of γδ T cells in the GC reactions in PPs. Most γδ T cells in PPs localized in the GCs and expressed a TCR composed of Vγ1 and Vδ6 chains. By using mice with partial and total γδ T cell deficiencies, we found that Vγ1+/Vδ6+ T cells can produce high amounts of IL-4, which drives the proliferation of GC B cells as well as the switch of GC B cells towards IgA. Therefore, we conclude that γδ T cells play a role in sustaining gut homeostasis and symbiosis via supporting the GC reactions in PPs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/microbiology
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice, Knockout
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Peyer's Patches/metabolism
- Peyer's Patches/microbiology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Salmonella Infections/immunology
- Salmonella Infections/metabolism
- Salmonella Infections/microbiology
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium/pathogenicity
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Ullrich
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvonne Lueder
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anja Bubke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abdi Demera
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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37
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Ritter K, Behrends J, Erdmann H, Rousseau J, Hölscher A, Volz J, Prinz I, Lindenstrøm T, Hölscher C. Interleukin-23 instructs protective multifunctional CD4 T cell responses after immunization with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccine H1 DDA/TDB independently of interleukin-17A. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1585-1602. [PMID: 34351501 PMCID: PMC8541990 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17A-producing T helper (Th)17 cells are increasingly being acknowledged to be associated with protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Subunit vaccines potently promote protective immune responses against Mtb infection that correlate with an expansion of IL-23-dependent Th17 cells. Previous studies revealed that after vaccination, IL-23 is required for protection against challenge with Mtb but the underlying IL-23-dependent-and possibly IL-17A-mediated-mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, we here analyzed the early outcome of Mtb infection in C57BL/6, IL-23p19-deficient (-/-), and IL-17A-/- mice after vaccination with the subunit vaccine H1-DDA/TDB to investigate the role of the IL-23-Th17 immune axis for the instruction of vaccine-induced protection. While in IL-23p19-/- mice the protective effect was reduced, protection after vaccination was maintained in IL-17A-/- animals for the course of infection of 6 weeks, indicating that after vaccination with H1-DDA/TDB early protection against Mtb is-although dependent on IL-23-not mediated by IL-17A. In contrast, IL-17A deficiency appears to have an impact on maintaining long-term protection. In fact, IL-23 instructed the vaccine-induced memory immunity in the lung, in particular the sustained expansion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)+IL-2+ multifunctional T cells, independently of IL-17A. Altogether, a targeted induction of IL-23 during vaccination against Mtb might improve the magnitude and quality of vaccine-induced memory immune responses. KEY MESSAGES: After subunit Mtb vaccination with H1-DDA/TDB, IL-23 but not IL-17A contributes to vaccine-induced early protection against infection with Mtb. IL-17F does not compensate for IL-17A deficiency in terms of H1-DDA/TDB-induced protection against Mtb infection. IL 23 promotes the H1-DDA/TDB-induced accumulation of effector memory T cells independently of IL 17A. IL-23 arbitrates the induction of H1-specific IFN-γ-TNF+IL-2+ double-positive multifunctional CD4 T cells after subunit Mtb vaccination in an IL-17A-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ritter
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jochen Behrends
- Fluorescence Cytometry Core Unit, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Hanna Erdmann
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jasmin Rousseau
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Volz
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Eppendorf University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Risk assessment of latent tuberculosis infection through a multiplexed cytokine biosensor assay and machine learning feature selection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20544. [PMID: 34654869 PMCID: PMC8520014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate detection and risk stratification of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remains a major clinical and public health problem. We hypothesize that multiparameter strategies that probe immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis can provide new diagnostic insights into not only the status of LTBI infection, but also the risk of reactivation. After the initial proof-of-concept study, we developed a 13-plex immunoassay panel to profile cytokine release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated separately with Mtb-relevant and non-specific antigens to identify putative biomarker signatures. We sequentially enrolled 65 subjects with various risk of TB exposure, including 32 subjects with diagnosis of LTBI. Random Forest feature selection and statistical data reduction methods were applied to determine cytokine levels across different normalized stimulation conditions. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) analysis for full and reduced feature sets revealed differences in biomarkers signatures for LTBI status and reactivation risk designations. The reduced set for increased risk included IP-10, IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15, IL-17, CCL3, and CCL8 under varying normalized stimulation conditions. ROC curves determined predictive accuracies of > 80% for both LTBI diagnosis and increased risk designations. Our study findings suggest that a multiparameter diagnostic approach to detect normalized cytokine biomarker signatures might improve risk stratification in LTBI.
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39
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Albumin fusion with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor acts as an immunotherapy against chronic tuberculosis. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2393-2401. [PMID: 32382128 PMCID: PMC8484439 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A long duration of treatment and emerging drug resistance pose significant challenges for global tuberculosis (TB) eradication efforts. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies to shorten TB treatment regimens and to treat drug-resistant TB. Using an albumin-fusion strategy, we created a novel albumin-fused granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (albGM-CSF) molecule that harnesses albumin's long half-life and targeting abilities to enhance the biostability of GM-CSF and direct it to the lymph nodes, where the effects of GM-CSF can increase dendritic cell populations crucial for eliciting a potent immune response. In this study, we demonstrate that albGM-CSF serves as a novel immunotherapy for chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections by enhancing GM-CSF biostability in serum. Specifically, albumin is very safe, stable, and has a long half-life, thereby enhancing the biostability of GM-CSF. In the lungs and draining lymph nodes, albGM-CSF is able to increase the numbers of dendritic cells, which are crucial for the activation of naive T cells and for eliciting potent immune responses. Subcutaneous administration of albGM-CSF alone reduced the mean lung bacillary burden in mice with chronic tuberculosis infection. While GM-CSF administration was associated with IL-1β release from Mtb-infected dendritic cells and macrophages, higher IL-1β levels were observed in albGM-CSF-treated mice with chronic tuberculosis infection than in mice receiving GM-CSF. Albumin fusion with GM-CSF represents a promising strategy for the control of chronic lung tuberculosis infections and serves as a novel therapeutic vaccination platform for other infectious diseases and malignancies.
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40
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Bunjun R, Omondi FMA, Makatsa MS, Keeton R, Wendoh JM, Müller TL, Prentice CSL, Wilkinson RJ, Riou C, Burgers WA. Th22 Cells Are a Major Contributor to the Mycobacterial CD4 + T Cell Response and Are Depleted During HIV Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:1239-1249. [PMID: 34389623 PMCID: PMC8387408 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection substantially increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB). Mechanisms such as defects in the Th1 response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons have been widely reported. However, Th1-independent mechanisms also contribute to protection against TB. To identify a broader spectrum of defects in TB immunity during HIV infection, we examined IL-17A and IL-22 production in response to mycobacterial Ags in peripheral blood of persons with latent TB infection and HIV coinfection. Upon stimulating with mycobacterial Ags, we observed a distinct CD4+ Th lineage producing IL-22 in the absence of IL-17A and IFN-γ. Mycobacteria-specific Th22 cells were present at high frequencies in blood and contributed up to 50% to the CD4+ T cell response to mycobacteria, comparable in magnitude to the IFN-γ Th1 response (median 0.91% and 0.55%, respectively). Phenotypic characterization of Th22 cells revealed that their memory differentiation was similar to M. tuberculosis-specific Th1 cells (i.e., predominantly early differentiated CD45RO+CD27+ phenotype). Moreover, CCR6 and CXCR3 expression profiles of Th22 cells were similar to Th17 cells, whereas their CCR4 and CCR10 expression patterns displayed an intermediate phenotype between Th1 and Th17 cells. Strikingly, mycobacterial IL-22 responses were 3-fold lower in HIV-infected persons compared with uninfected persons, and the magnitude of responses correlated inversely with HIV viral load. These data provide important insights into mycobacteria-specific Th subsets in humans and suggest a potential role for IL-22 in protection against TB during HIV infection. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the role of IL-22 in protective TB immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Bunjun
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fidilia M A Omondi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohau S Makatsa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roanne Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jerome M Wendoh
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tracey L Müller
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Caryn S L Prentice
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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41
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Tamburini B, Badami GD, Azgomi MS, Dieli F, La Manna MP, Caccamo N. Role of hematopoietic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 130:102109. [PMID: 34315045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the most significant causes of mortality worldwide and the current situation shows a re-emergence of TB due to the emergence of new antibiotic-resistant strains and the widespread of disease caused by immunodeficiencies. For these reasons, a big effort is made to improve the therapeutic strategies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to perform new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. This review analyzes the various hematopoietic populations, their role and the different changes they undergo during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection or disease. We have examined the population of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and platelets, in orderto understand how each of them is modulated during the course of infection/disease. In this way it will be possible to highlight the correlations between these cell populations and the different stages of tubercular infection. In fact, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is able to influence both proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Several studies have highlighted that Mycobacterium tuberculosis can also infect progenitor cells in the bone marrow during active disease driving towards an increase of myeloid differentiation. This review focuses how the different stages of tubercular infection could impact on the different hematopoietic populations, with the aim to correlate the changes of different populations as biomarkers useful to discriminate infection from disease and to evaluate the effectiveness of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolo Tamburini
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.); University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Giusto Davide Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.); University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Mojtaba Shekarkar Azgomi
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.); University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.); University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Marco Pio La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.); University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.); University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy.
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42
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Agerholm R, Bekiaris V. Evolved to protect, designed to destroy: IL-17-producing γδ T cells in infection, inflammation, and cancer. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2164-2177. [PMID: 34224140 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells of the gamma delta (γδ) lineage are evolutionary conserved from jawless to cartilaginous and bony fish to mammals and represent the "swiss army knife" of the immune system capable of antigen-dependent or independent responses, memory, antigen presentation, regulation of other lymphocytes, tissue homeostasis, and mucosal barrier maintenance, to list a few. Over the last 10 years, γδ T cells that produce the cytokine IL-17 (γδT17) have taken a leading position in our understanding of how our immune system battles infection, inflicts tissue damage during inflammation, and gets rewired by the tumor microenvironment. A lot of what we know about γδT17 cells stems from mouse models, however, increasing evidence implicates these cells in numerous human diseases. Herein, we aim to give an overview of the most common mouse models that have been used to study the role of γδT17 cells in infection, inflammation, and cancer, while at the same time we will evaluate evidence for their importance in humans. We hope and believe that in the next 10 years, means to take advantage of the protective and destructive properties of γδ T and in particular γδT17 cells will be part of our standard immunotherapy toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Agerholm
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vasileios Bekiaris
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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43
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Pollara G, Turner CT, Rosenheim J, Chandran A, Bell LCK, Khan A, Patel A, Peralta LF, Folino A, Akarca A, Venturini C, Baker T, Ecker S, Ricciardolo FLM, Marafioti T, Ugarte-Gil C, Moore DAJ, Chain BM, Tomlinson GS, Noursadeghi M. Exaggerated IL-17A activity in human in vivo recall responses discriminates active tuberculosis from latent infection and cured disease. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/592/eabg7673. [PMID: 33952677 PMCID: PMC7610803 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg7673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host immune responses at the site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection can mediate pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) and onward transmission of infection. We hypothesized that pathological immune responses would be enriched at the site of host-pathogen interactions modelled by a standardized tuberculin skin test (TST) challenge in patients with active TB compared to those without disease, and interrogated immune responses by genome-wide transcriptional profiling. We show exaggerated interleukin (IL)-17A and Th17 responses among 48 individuals with active TB compared to 191 with latent TB infection, associated with increased neutrophil recruitment and matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression, both involved in TB pathogenesis. Curative antimicrobial treatment reversed these observed changes. Increased IL-1β and IL-6 responses to mycobacterial stimulation were evident in both circulating monocytes and in molecular changes at the site of TST in individuals with active TB, supporting a model in which monocyte-derived IL-1β and IL-6 promote Th17 differentiation within tissues. Modulation of these cytokine pathways may provide a rational strategy for host-directed therapy in active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Folino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cesar Ugarte-Gil
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David A J Moore
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Laboratorio de Investigación de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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44
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Park HT, Park WB, Kim S, Lim JS, Nah G, Yoo HS. Revealing immune responses in the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected THP-1 cells using single cell RNA-sequencing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254194. [PMID: 34214113 PMCID: PMC8253428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a causative agent of Johne’s disease, which is a chronic and debilitating disease in ruminants. MAP is also considered to be a possible cause of Crohn’s disease in humans. However, few studies have focused on the interactions between MAP and human macrophages to elucidate the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. We sought to determine the initial responses of human THP-1 cells against MAP infection using single-cell RNA-seq analysis. Clustering analysis showed that THP-1 cells were divided into seven different clusters in response to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) treatment. The characteristics of each cluster were investigated by identifying cluster-specific marker genes. From the results, we found that classically differentiated cells express CD14, CD36, and TLR2, and that this cell type showed the most active responses against MAP infection. The responses included the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as CCL4, CCL3, IL1B, IL8, and CCL20. In addition, the Mreg cell type, a novel cell type differentiated from THP-1 cells, was discovered. Thus, it is suggested that different cell types arise even when the same cell line is treated under the same conditions. Overall, analyzing gene expression patterns via scRNA-seq classification allows a more detailed observation of the response to infection by each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Bin Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Sung Lim
- Genome Analysis Center, National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyoungju Nah
- Genome Analysis Center, National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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45
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Duan LY, Liang Y, Gong WP, Xue Y, Mi J, Wang J, Wang L, Jia ZX, Lei H, Liang YM, Liu J, Zheng Y, Wu XQ. Comparative study on the antituberculous effect and mechanism of the traditional Chinese medicines NiuBeiXiaoHe extract and JieHeWan. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:34. [PMID: 34074345 PMCID: PMC8170785 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional Chinese medicine NiuBeiXiaoHe (NBXH) extract and Chinese medicine preparation JieHeWan (JHW) exhibit anti-tuberculosis effects. The anti- tuberculosis effect of NBXH was compared with that of JHW to elucidate the mechanism of action of NBXH. METHODS BALB/c mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into a normal control group, Tuberculosis (TB) model group, JHW treatment group, and NBXH treatment group. After 3 and 13 weeks of treatment, the therapeutic effect in each group was evaluated by comparing lung histopathology, lung and liver colony counts, the number of spots representing effector T cells secreting IFN-γ in an ELISPOT, and the levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines, which were measured by a cytometric bead array (CBA). Mouse RNA samples were subjected to transcriptome sequencing. RESULTS After 13 weeks of treatment, the mean histopathological lesion area of the NBXH group was significantly smaller than that of the TB model group (P < 0.05). Compared with those in the TB model group, the lung colony counts in the JHW and NBXH groups were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the IL-2 and IL-4 levels in the NBXH group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). NBXH partly restored significant changes in gene expression caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection. According to GO and KEGG analyses, the changes in biological process (BP), cell composition (CC) and molecular function (MF) terms and in signaling pathways caused by NBXH and JHW treatment were not completely consistent, but they were mainly related to the immune response and inflammatory response in the mouse TB model. CONCLUSIONS NBXH had therapeutic effects similar to those of JHW in improving lung histopathology, reducing lung colony counts, and regulating the levels of cytokines. NBXH restored significant changes in gene expression and repaired cell damage caused by M. tuberculosis infection by regulating immune-related pathways, which clarified the mechanism of action of NBXH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yao Duan
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Tuberculosis Research Institute, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
- HeBei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000 China
| | - Yan Liang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Tuberculosis Research Institute, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Wen-Ping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Tuberculosis Research Institute, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Yong Xue
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Tuberculosis Research Institute, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Jie Mi
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Tuberculosis Research Institute, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Tuberculosis Research Institute, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Lan Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Tuberculosis Research Institute, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Zai-Xing Jia
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Tuberculosis Research Institute, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
- HeBei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000 China
| | - Hong Lei
- Clinical Laboratory, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Yu-Mei Liang
- Pathology Department, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Jun Liu
- Guangdong Qifang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510075 China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Tuberculosis Research Institute, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
- HeBei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000 China
| | - Xue-Qiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Tuberculosis Research Institute, the 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
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46
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Garcia-Rodriguez KM, Bini EI, Gamboa-Domínguez A, Espitia-Pinzón CI, Huerta-Yepez S, Bulfone-Paus S, Hernández-Pando R. Differential mast cell numbers and characteristics in human tuberculosis pulmonary lesions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10687. [PMID: 34021178 PMCID: PMC8140073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major worldwide health threat and primarily a lung disease. The innate immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is orchestrated by dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells and apparently mast cells (MCs). MCs are located at mucosal sites including the lungs and contribute in host-defence against pathogens, but little is known about their role during Mtb infection. This study investigates the location and characteristics of MCs in TB lesions to assess their contribution to TB pathology. To this purpose, number, location and phenotype of MCs was studied in 11 necropsies of pulmonary TB and 3 necropsies of non-TB infected lungs that were used as controls. MCs were localised at pneumonic areas, in the granuloma periphery and particularly abundant in fibrotic tissue. Furthermore, MCs displayed intracellular Mtb and IL-17A and TGF-β immunostaining. These findings were validated by analysing, post-mortem lung tissue microarrays from 44 individuals with pulmonary TB and 25 control subjects. In affected lungs, increased numbers of MCs expressing intracellularly both tryptase and chymase were found at fibrotic sites. Altogether, our data suggest that MCs are recruited at the inflammatory site and that actively produce immune mediators such as proteases and TGF-β that may be contributing to late fibrosis in TB lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Magdalena Garcia-Rodriguez
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester, UK
| | - Estela Isabel Bini
- Seccion de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion "Salvador Zubiran", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando Gamboa-Domínguez
- Seccion de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion "Salvador Zubiran", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Clara Inés Espitia-Pinzón
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester, UK.,Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Seccion de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion "Salvador Zubiran", Mexico City, Mexico.
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47
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Bruyn ED, Fukutani KF, Rockwood N, Schutz C, Meintjes G, Arriaga MB, Cubillos-Angulo JM, Tibúrcio R, Sher A, Riou C, Wilkinson KA, Andrade BB, Wilkinson RJ. Inflammatory profile of patients with tuberculosis with or without HIV-1 co-infection: a prospective cohort study and immunological network analysis. LANCET MICROBE 2021; 2:e375-e385. [PMID: 34386782 PMCID: PMC8357308 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background HIV-1 mediated dysregulation of the immune response to tuberculosis and its effect on the response to antitubercular therapy (ATT) is incompletely understood. We aimed to analyse the inflammatory profile of patients with tuberculosis with or without HIV-1 co-infection undergoing ATT, with specific focus on the effect of ART and HIV-1 viraemia in those co-infected with HIV-1. Methods In this prospective cohort study and immunological network analysis, a panel of 38 inflammatory markers were measured in the plasma of a prospective patient cohort undergoing ATT at Khayelitsha Site B clinic, Cape Town, South Africa. We recruited patients with sputum Xpert MTB/RIF-positive rifampicin-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis. Patients were excluded from the primary discovery cohort if they were younger than 18 years, unable to commence ATT for any reason, pregnant, had unknown HIV-1 status, were unable to consent to study participation, were unable to provide baseline sputum samples, had more than three doses of ATT, or were being re-treated for tuberculosis within 6 months of their previous ATT regimen. Plasma samples were collected at baseline (1–5 days after commencing ATT), week 8, and week 20 of ATT. We applied network and multivariate analysis to investigate the dynamic inflammatory profile of these patients in relation to ATT and by HIV status. In addition to the discovery cohort, a validation cohort of patients with HIV-1 admitted to hospital with CD4 counts less than 350 cells per μL and a high clinical suspicion of new tuberculosis were recruited. Findings Between March 1, 2013, and July 31, 2014, we assessed a cohort of 129 participants (55 [43%] female and 74 [57%] male, median age 35·1 years [IQR 30·1–43·7]) and 76 were co-infected with HIV-1. HIV-1 status markedly influenced the inflammatory profile regardless of ATT duration. HIV-1 viral load emerged as a major factor driving differential inflammatory marker expression and having a strong effect on correlation profiles observed in the HIV-1 co-infected group. Interleukin (IL)-17A emerged as a key correlate of HIV-1-induced inflammation during HIV–tuberculosis co-infection. Interpretation Our findings show the effect of HIV-1 co-infection on the complexity of plasma inflammatory profiles in patients with tuberculosis. Through network analysis we identified IL-17A as an important node in HIV–tuberculosis co-infection, thus implicating this cytokine’s capacity to correlate with, and regulate, other inflammatory markers. Further mechanistic studies are required to identify specific IL-17A-related inflammatory pathways mediating immunopathology in HIV–tuberculosis co-infection, which could illuminate targets for future host-directed therapies. Funding National Institutes of Health, The Wellcome Trust, UK Research and Innovation, Cancer Research UK, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, and South African Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Du Bruyn
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - Kiyoshi F Fukutani
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - Neesha Rockwood
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - Charlotte Schutz
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - María B Arriaga
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - Juan M Cubillos-Angulo
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - Rafael Tibúrcio
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - Alan Sher
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - Catherine Riou
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (E Du Bruyn MD, N Rockwood PhD, C Schutz MD, G Meintjes PhD, C Riou PhD, K A Wilkinson PhD, B B Andrade MD, Prof R J Wilkinson FMedSci) and Department of Medicine (E Du Bruyn, C Schutz, G Meintjes, Prof R J Wilkinson), University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani PhD, M B Arriaga MSc, J M Cubillos-Angulo MSc, R Tibúrcio MSc, B B Andrade); Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani, M B Arriaga, J M Cubillos-Angulo, R Tibúrcio, B B Andrade); Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil (K F Fukutani); Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (N Rockwood, Prof R J Wilkinson); Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (N Rockwood); Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A Sher PhD); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (K A Wilkinson, Prof R J Wilkinson); Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil (B B Andrade); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA (B B Andrade)
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Jabbari P, Sadeghalvad M, Rezaei N. An inflammatory triangle in Sarcoidosis: PPAR-γ, immune microenvironment, and inflammation. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1451-1459. [PMID: 33798017 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1913118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disorder characterized by granuloma formation in several organs. Sarcoidosis patients experience higher inflammatory responses resulting in pulmonary fibrosis. Although the precise mechanisms have not been well elucidated, the relationship between the immune system activation and inflammatory status is pivotal in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. AREAS COVERED Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) includes the transcription factors involved in cell metabolism, proliferation, and immune response. In the alveolar macrophages of patients with sarcoidosis, the reduced activity and a decreased level of PPAR-γ have been shown. In this study, we discuss how reducing the level of PPAR-γ could lead to increased inflammation and immune responses in patients with sarcoidosis. EXPERT OPINION Lack of PPAR-γ may contribute to the development of a suitable milieu for the formation of immune-associated pulmonary granuloma. Reduced levels of PPAR-γ in sarcoidosis could result from over-activation of the immune system and elevated inflammatory responses, as well. Due to the anti-inflammatory function of PPAR-γ, identifying the relation between PPAR-γ, sarcoidosis development, and inflammatory state could be essential to identify the appropriate therapeutic targets. The synthesis of PPAR-γ agonists or PPAR-γ ligands may be an effective step toward the treatment of sarcoidosis patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnia Jabbari
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Sadeghalvad
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hong JY, Kim A, Park SY, Cho SN, Dockrell HM, Hur YG. Screening for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Using Beijing/K Strain-Specific Peptides in a School Outbreak Cohort. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:599386. [PMID: 33869073 PMCID: PMC8044942 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.599386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Beijing strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) has been most frequently isolated from TB patients in South Korea, and the hyper-virulent Beijing/K genotype is associated with TB outbreaks. To examine the diagnostic potential of Beijing/K-specific peptides, we performed IFN-γ release assays (IGRA) using a MTBK antigen tube containing Beijing/K MTBK_24800, ESAT-6, and CFP-10 peptides in a cohort studied during a school TB outbreak. Methods A total of 758 contacts were investigated for M. tb infection, and 43 contacts with latent TB infection (LTBI) and 25 active TB patients were enrolled based on serial screening with QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube tests followed by clinical examinations. Blood collected in MTBK antigen tubes was utilized for IGRA and multiplex cytokine bead arrays. Immune responses were retested in 24 patients after TB treatment, and disease progression was investigated in subjects with LTBI. Results Total proportions of active disease and LTBI during the outbreak were 3.7% (28/758) and 9.2% (70/758), respectively. All clinical isolates had a Beijing/K M. tb genotype. IFN-γ responses to the MTBK antigen identified M. tb infection and distinguished between active disease and LTBI. After anti-TB treatment, IFN-γ responses to the MTBK antigen were significantly reduced, and strong TNF-α responses at diagnosis were dramatically decreased. Conclusions MTBK antigen-specific IFN-γ has diagnostic potential for differentiating M. tb infection from healthy controls, and between active TB and LTBI as well. In addition, TNF-α is a promising marker for monitoring therapeutic responses. These data provide informative readouts for TB diagnostics and vaccine studies in regions where the Beijing/K strain is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Hong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Gangwondo, South Korea
| | - Ahreum Kim
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So Yeong Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Gangwondo, South Korea
| | - Sang-Nae Cho
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yun-Gyoung Hur
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Smith K, Kleynhans L, Warren RM, Goosen WJ, Miller MA. Cell-Mediated Immunological Biomarkers and Their Diagnostic Application in Livestock and Wildlife Infected With Mycobacterium bovis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639605. [PMID: 33746980 PMCID: PMC7969648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis has the largest host range of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and infects domestic animal species, wildlife, and humans. The presence of global wildlife maintenance hosts complicates bovine tuberculosis (bTB) control efforts and further threatens livestock and wildlife-related industries. Thus, it is imperative that early and accurate detection of M. bovis in all affected animal species is achieved. Further, an improved understanding of the complex species-specific host immune responses to M. bovis could enable the development of diagnostic tests that not only identify infected animals but distinguish between infection and active disease. The primary bTB screening standard worldwide remains the tuberculin skin test (TST) that presents several test performance and logistical limitations. Hence additional tests are used, most commonly an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) that, similar to the TST, measures a cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to M. bovis. There are various cytokines and chemokines, in addition to IFN-γ, involved in the CMI component of host adaptive immunity. Due to the dominance of CMI-based responses to mycobacterial infection, cytokine and chemokine biomarkers have become a focus for diagnostic tests in livestock and wildlife. Therefore, this review describes the current understanding of host immune responses to M. bovis as it pertains to the development of diagnostic tools using CMI-based biomarkers in both gene expression and protein release assays, and their limitations. Although the study of CMI biomarkers has advanced fundamental understanding of the complex host-M. bovis interplay and bTB progression, resulting in development of several promising diagnostic assays, most of this research remains limited to cattle. Considering differences in host susceptibility, transmission and immune responses, and the wide variety of M. bovis-affected animal species, knowledge gaps continue to pose some of the biggest challenges to the improvement of M. bovis and bTB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Smith
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin M Warren
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele A Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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