1
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Gao R, Feng C, Sheng Z, Li F, Wang D. Research progress in Fc-effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29638. [PMID: 38682662 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused more than 676 million cases in the global human population with approximately 7 million deaths and vaccination has been proved as the most effective countermeasure in reducing clinical complications and mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people. However, the protective elements and correlation of protection induced by vaccination are still not completely understood. Various antibodies with multiple protective mechanisms can be induced simultaneously by vaccination in vivo, thereby complicating the identification and characterization of individual correlate of protection. Recently, an increasing body of observations suggests that antibody-induced Fc-effector functions play a crucial role in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections, including neutralizing antibodies-escaping variants. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the impact of Fc-effector functions in broadly disarming SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and discuss various efforts in harnessing this conserved antibody function to develop an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that can protect humans against infections by SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Chenchen Feng
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Torrance BL, Cadar AN, Panier HA, Martin DE, Lorenzo EC, Jellison ER, Bartley JM, Haynes L. Cellular senescence is a double-edged sword in regulating aged immune responses to influenza. Aging Cell 2024:e14162. [PMID: 38689516 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Clearance of senescent cells has demonstrated therapeutic potential in the context of chronic age-related diseases. Little is known, however, how clearing senescent cells affects the ability to respond to an acute infection and form quality immunological memory. We aimed to probe the effects of clearing senescent cells in aged mice on the immune response to influenza (flu) infection. We utilized a p16 trimodality reporter mouse model (p16-3MR) to allow for identification and selective clearance of p16-expressing cells upon administration of ganciclovir (GCV). While p16-expressing cells may exacerbate dysfunctional responses to a primary infection, our data suggest they may play a role in fostering memory cell generation. We demonstrate that although clearance of p16-expressing cells enhanced viral clearance, this also severely limited antibody production in the lungs of flu-infected aged mice. 30 days later, there were fewer flu-specific CD8 memory T cells and lower levels of flu-specific antibodies in the lungs of GCV-treated mice. Furthermore, GCV-treated mice were unable to mount an optimal memory response and demonstrated increased viral load following heterosubtypic challenge. These results suggest that targeting senescent cells may potentiate primary responses while limiting the ability to form durable and protective immune memory with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake L Torrance
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andreia N Cadar
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hunter A Panier
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dominique E Martin
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erica C Lorenzo
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jenna M Bartley
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laura Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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3
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Rijnink WF, Stadlbauer D, Puente-Massaguer E, Okba NMA, Kirkpatrick Roubidoux E, Strohmeier S, Mudd PA, Schmitz A, Ellebedy A, McMahon M, Krammer F. Characterization of non-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies that target the M1 and NP of influenza A viruses. J Virol 2023; 97:e0164622. [PMID: 37916834 PMCID: PMC10688359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01646-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Currently, many groups are focusing on isolating both neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies to the mutation-prone hemagglutinin as a tool to treat or prevent influenza virus infection. Less is known about the level of protection induced by non-neutralizing antibodies that target conserved internal influenza virus proteins. Such non-neutralizing antibodies could provide an alternative pathway to induce broad cross-reactive protection against multiple influenza virus serotypes and subtypes by partially overcoming influenza virus escape mediated by antigenic drift and shift. Accordingly, more information about the level of protection and potential mechanism(s) of action of non-neutralizing antibodies targeting internal influenza virus proteins could be useful for the design of broadly protective and universal influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eduard Puente-Massaguer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ericka Kirkpatrick Roubidoux
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip A. Mudd
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron Schmitz
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ali Ellebedy
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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4
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Rak A, Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. Nucleoprotein as a Promising Antigen for Broadly Protective Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1747. [PMID: 38140152 PMCID: PMC10747533 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual vaccination is considered as the main preventive strategy against seasonal influenza. Due to the highly variable nature of major viral antigens, such as hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza vaccine strains should be regularly updated to antigenically match the circulating viruses. The influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) is much more conserved than HA and NA, and thus seems to be a promising target for the design of improved influenza vaccines with broad cross-reactivity against antigenically diverse influenza viruses. Traditional subunit or recombinant protein influenza vaccines do not contain the NP antigen, whereas live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) express the viral NP within infected cells, thus inducing strong NP-specific antibodies and T-cell responses. Many strategies have been explored to design broadly protective NP-based vaccines, mostly targeted at the T-cell mode of immunity. Although the NP is highly conserved, it still undergoes slow evolutionary changes due to selective immune pressure, meaning that the particular NP antigen selected for vaccine design may have a significant impact on the overall immunogenicity and efficacy of the vaccine candidate. In this review, we summarize existing data on the conservation of the influenza A viral nucleoprotein and review the results of preclinical and clinical trials of NP-targeting influenza vaccine prototypes, focusing on the ability of NP-specific immune responses to protect against diverse influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (A.R.); (I.I.-S.)
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5
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Hogan MJ, Maheshwari N, Begg BE, Nicastri A, Hedgepeth EJ, Muramatsu H, Pardi N, Miller MA, Reilly SP, Brossay L, Lynch KW, Ternette N, Eisenlohr LC. Cryptic MHC-E epitope from influenza elicits a potent cytolytic T cell response. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1933-1946. [PMID: 37828378 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which unconventional forms of antigen presentation drive T cell immunity is unknown. By convention, CD8 T cells recognize viral peptides, or epitopes, in association with classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, or MHC-Ia, but immune surveillance can, in some cases, be directed against peptides presented by nonclassical MHC-Ib, in particular the MHC-E proteins (Qa-1 in mice and HLA-E in humans); however, the overall importance of nonclassical responses in antiviral immunity remains unclear. Similarly uncertain is the importance of 'cryptic' viral epitopes, defined as those undetectable by conventional mapping techniques. Here we used an immunopeptidomic approach to search for unconventional epitopes that drive T cell responses in mice infected with influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934. We identified a nine amino acid epitope, termed M-SL9, that drives a co-immunodominant, cytolytic CD8 T cell response that is unconventional in two major ways: first, it is presented by Qa-1, and second, it has a cryptic origin, mapping to an unannotated alternative reading frame product of the influenza matrix gene segment. Presentation and immunogenicity of M-SL9 are dependent on the second AUG codon of the positive sense matrix RNA segment, suggesting translation initiation by leaky ribosomal scanning. During influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 infection, M-SL9-specific T cells exhibit a low level of egress from the lungs and strong differentiation into tissue-resident memory cells. Importantly, we show that M-SL9/Qa-1-specific T cells can be strongly induced by messenger RNA vaccination and that they can mediate antigen-specific cytolysis in vivo. Our results demonstrate that noncanonical translation products can account for an important fraction of the T cell repertoire and add to a growing body of evidence that MHC-E-restricted T cells could have substantial therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Nikita Maheshwari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bridget E Begg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Annalisa Nicastri
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma J Hedgepeth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Century Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shanelle P Reilly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicola Ternette
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurence C Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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Langenmayer MC, Luelf-Averhoff AT, Marr L, Jany S, Freudenstein A, Adam-Neumair S, Tscherne A, Fux R, Rojas JJ, Blutke A, Sutter G, Volz A. Newly Designed Poxviral Promoters to Improve Immunogenicity and Efficacy of MVA-NP Candidate Vaccines against Lethal Influenza Virus Infection in Mice. Pathogens 2023; 12:867. [PMID: 37513714 PMCID: PMC10383309 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza, a respiratory disease mainly caused by influenza A and B, viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae, is still a burden on our society's health and economic system. Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate in mammalian and avian populations, causing seasonal outbreaks with high numbers of cases. Due to the high variability in seasonal IAV triggered by antigenic drift, annual vaccination is necessary, highlighting the need for a more broadly protective vaccine against IAV. The safety tested Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is licensed as a third-generation vaccine against smallpox and serves as a potent vector system for the development of new candidate vaccines against different pathogens. Here, we generated and characterized recombinant MVA candidate vaccines that deliver the highly conserved internal nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV under the transcriptional control of five newly designed chimeric poxviral promoters to further increase the immunogenic properties of the recombinant viruses (MVA-NP). Infections of avian cell cultures with the recombinant MVA-NPs demonstrated efficient synthesis of the IAV-NP which was expressed under the control of the five new promoters. Prime-boost or single shot immunizations in C57BL/6 mice readily induced circulating serum antibodies' binding to recombinant IAV-NP and the robust activation of IAV-NP-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Moreover, the MVA-NP candidate vaccines protected C57BL/6 mice against lethal respiratory infection with mouse-adapted IAV (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934/H1N1). Thus, further studies are warranted to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of these recombinant MVA-NP vaccines in other IAV challenge models in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Langenmayer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Marr
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Jany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Freudenstein
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Adam-Neumair
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Tscherne
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan J Rojas
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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7
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Kim CU, Lim D, Kim YS, Ku B, Kim DJ. Influenza viral matrix 1 protein aggravates viral pathogenicity by inducing TLR4-mediated reactive oxygen species production and apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:228. [PMID: 36990977 PMCID: PMC10060384 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus is one of the most challenging viruses threating human health. Since infection with influenza virus triggers inflammatory responses and induces cell death, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the virus-infected cells undergo apoptotic and necrotic cell death have been widely studied. However, most of the studies have focused on the molecular events occurring in the cytosol and there is limited information on the physiological correlation between virus-induced cell death and the viral pathogenesis in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that the influenza virus matrix 1 (M1) protein is released from virus-infected cells and triggers apoptotic cell death of lung epithelial and pulmonary immune cells, through the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Treatment with M1 protein led to robust cellular inflammatory responses, such as the production of proinflammatory cytokines and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of cell death. When M1 protein was administered in vivo, it induced the activation of inflammatory responses and cell death in the lungs. Furthermore, the administration of M1 aggravated lung pathology and mortality of the virus-infected mice in a TLR4-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that M1 is an important pathogenic factor contributing to influenza virus pathogenicity by enhancing cell death in the lungs, thereby expanding our understanding of the molecular mechanism of influenza virus-induced cell death through the interaction with an innate immune receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dahwan Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea.
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.
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Kumari R, Sharma SD, Kumar A, Ende Z, Mishina M, Wang Y, Falls Z, Samudrala R, Pohl J, Knight PR, Sambhara S. Antiviral Approaches against Influenza Virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0004022. [PMID: 36645300 PMCID: PMC10035319 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00040-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing and controlling influenza virus infection remains a global public health challenge, as it causes seasonal epidemics to unexpected pandemics. These infections are responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and substantial economic impact. Vaccines are the prophylaxis mainstay in the fight against influenza. However, vaccination fails to confer complete protection due to inadequate vaccination coverages, vaccine shortages, and mismatches with circulating strains. Antivirals represent an important prophylactic and therapeutic measure to reduce influenza-associated morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk populations. Here, we review current FDA-approved influenza antivirals with their mechanisms of action, and different viral- and host-directed influenza antiviral approaches, including immunomodulatory interventions in clinical development. Furthermore, we also illustrate the potential utility of machine learning in developing next-generation antivirals against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumari
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Suresh D. Sharma
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zachary Ende
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), CDC Fellowship Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Margarita Mishina
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zackary Falls
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ram Samudrala
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul R. Knight
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Sanchez MV, Ebensen T, Schulze K, Cargnelutti DE, Scodeller EA, Guzmán CA. Protective Efficacy of a Mucosal Influenza Vaccine Formulation Based on the Recombinant Nucleoprotein Co-Administered with a TLR2/6 Agonist BPPcysMPEG. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030912. [PMID: 36986773 PMCID: PMC10057018 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines target highly variable surface glycoproteins; thus, mismatches between vaccine strains and circulating strains often diminish vaccine protection. For this reason, there is still a critical need to develop effective influenza vaccines able to protect also against the drift and shift of different variants of influenza viruses. It has been demonstrated that influenza nucleoprotein (NP) is a strong candidate for a universal vaccine, which contributes to providing cross-protection in animal models. In this study, we developed an adjuvanted mucosal vaccine using the recombinant NP (rNP) and the TLR2/6 agonist S-[2,3-bispalmitoyiloxy-(2R)-propyl]-R-cysteinyl-amido-monomethoxyl-poly-ethylene-glycol (BPPcysMPEG). The vaccine efficacy was compared with that observed following parenteral vaccination of mice with the same formulation. Mice vaccinated with 2 doses of rNP alone or co-administered with BPPcysMPEG by the intranasal (i.n.) route showed enhanced antigen-specific humoral and cellular responses. Moreover, NP-specific humoral immune responses, characterized by significant NP-specific IgG and IgG subclass titers in sera and NP-specific IgA titers in mucosal territories, were remarkably increased in mice vaccinated with the adjuvanted formulation as compared with those of the non-adjuvanted vaccination group. The addition of BPPcysMPEG also improved NP-specific cellular responses in vaccinated mice, characterized by robust lymphoproliferation and mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 immune profiles. Finally, it is notable that the immune responses elicited by the novel formulation administered by the i.n. route were able to confer protection against the influenza H1N1 A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza M5500, Argentina; (M.V.S.); (D.E.C.); (E.A.S.)
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Diego Esteban Cargnelutti
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza M5500, Argentina; (M.V.S.); (D.E.C.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Eduardo A. Scodeller
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza M5500, Argentina; (M.V.S.); (D.E.C.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Carlos A. Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.E.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-61814600; Fax: +49-531-618414699
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10
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Xu P, Li W, Zhao S, Cui Z, Chen Y, Zhang YN, Chen J, Xia P. Proteomic Characterization of PAMs with PRRSV-ADE Infection. Viruses 2022; 15:36. [PMID: 36680075 PMCID: PMC9864506 DOI: 10.3390/v15010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect of a PRRSV infection is that the preexisting sub- or non-neutralizing antibodies specific against PRRSV can facilitate the virus entry and replication, and it is likely to be a great obstacle for the selection of immune strategies and the development of high-efficiency PRRSV vaccines. However, the proteomic characterization of primary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with a PRRSV-ADE infection has not yet been investigated so far. Therefore, we performed a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis of PAMs with a PRRSV-ADE infection in this study. The results showed that a total of 3935 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in the PAMs infected with PRRSV-ADE, including 2004 up-regulated proteins and 1931 down-regulated proteins. Further, the bioinformatics analysis for these DEPs revealed that a PRRSV-ADE infection might disturb the functions of ribosome, proteasome and mitochondria. Interestingly, we also found that the expression of the key molecules in the innate immune pathways and antiviral proteins were significantly down-regulated during a PRRSV-ADE infection. This study was the first attempt to analyze the proteomic characterization of PAMs with a PRRSV-ADE infection in vitro. Additionally, the findings will provide valuable information for a better understanding of the mechanism of virus-antibody-host interactions during a PRRSV-ADE infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengli Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shijie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhiying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yi-na Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Pingan Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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11
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van de Ven K, Lanfermeijer J, van Dijken H, Muramatsu H, Vilas Boas de Melo C, Lenz S, Peters F, Beattie MB, Lin PJC, Ferreira JA, van den Brand J, van Baarle D, Pardi N, de Jonge J. A universal influenza mRNA vaccine candidate boosts T cell responses and reduces zoonotic influenza virus disease in ferrets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9937. [PMID: 36516261 PMCID: PMC9750153 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Universal influenza vaccines should protect against continuously evolving and newly emerging influenza viruses. T cells may be an essential target of such vaccines, as they can clear infected cells through recognition of conserved influenza virus epitopes. We evaluated a novel T cell-inducing nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine that encodes the conserved nucleoprotein, matrix protein 1, and polymerase basic protein 1 of an H1N1 influenza virus. To mimic the human situation, we applied the mRNA vaccine as a prime-boost regimen in naïve ferrets (mimicking young children) and as a booster in influenza-experienced ferrets (mimicking adults). The vaccine induced and boosted broadly reactive T cells in the circulation, bone marrow, and respiratory tract. Booster vaccination enhanced protection against heterosubtypic infection with a potential pandemic H7N9 influenza virus in influenza-experienced ferrets. Our findings show that mRNA vaccines encoding internal influenza virus proteins represent a promising strategy to induce broadly protective T cell immunity against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen van de Ven
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Josien Lanfermeijer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Dijken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caroline Vilas Boas de Melo
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Lenz
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Florence Peters
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | | | - José A. Ferreira
- Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Judith van den Brand
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Virology and Immunology Research Group, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jørgen de Jonge
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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12
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Longevity and Mechanism of Heterosubtypic Protection Induced by M2SR (M2-Deficient Single-Replication) Live Influenza Virus Vaccine in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122131. [PMID: 36560540 PMCID: PMC9781428 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza and the threat of global pandemics present a continuing threat to public health. However, conventional inactivated influenza vaccines (IAVs) provide little cross-protective immunity and suboptimal efficacy, even against well-matched strains. Furthermore, the protection against matched strains has been shown to be of a short duration in both mouse models and humans. M2SR (M2-deficient single-replication influenza virus) is a single-replication vaccine that has been shown to provide effective cross-protection against heterosubtypic influenza viruses in both mouse and ferret models. In the present study, we investigated the duration and mechanism of heterosubtypic protection induced by M2SR in a mouse model. We previously showed that M2SR generated from influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) significantly protected C57BL/6 mice against lethal challenge with both influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1, homosubtypic) and influenza A/Aichi/2/1968 (H3N2, heterosubtypic), whereas the inactivated influenza vaccine provided no heterosubtypic protection. The homosubtypic protection induced by M2SR was robust and lasted for greater than 1 year, whereas that provided by the inactivated vaccine lasted for less than 6 months. The heterosubtypic protection induced by M2SR was of a somewhat shorter duration than the homosubtypic protection, with protection being evident 9 months after vaccination. However, heterosubtypic protection was not observed at 14 months post vaccination. M2SR has been shown to induce strong systemic and mucosal antibody and T cell responses. We investigated the relative importance of these immune mechanisms in heterosubtypic protection, using mice that were deficient in B cells or mice that were depleted of T cells immediately before challenge. Somewhat surprisingly, the heterosubtypic protection was completely dependent on B cells in this model, whereas the depletion of T cells had no significant effect on survival after a lethal heterosubtypic challenge. While antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been demonstrated to be important in the response to some influenza vaccines, a lack of Fc receptors did not affect the survival of M2SR-vaccinated mice following a lethal challenge. We examined the influenza proteins targeted by the heterosubtypic antibody response. Shortly after the H1N1 M2SR vaccination, high titers of cross-reactive antibodies to heterosubtypic H3N2 nucleoprotein (NP) and lower titers to the stalk region of the hemagglutinin (HA2) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins were observed. The high antibody titers to heterosubtypic NP persisted one year after vaccination, whereas the antibody titers to the heterosubtypic HA2 and NA proteins were very low, or below the limit of detection, at this time. These results show that the intranasal M2SR vaccine elicits durable protective immune responses against homotypic and heterosubtypic influenza infection not seen with intramuscular inactivated vaccines. Both the homo- and heterosubtypic protection induced by the single-replication vaccine are dependent on B cells in this model. While the homosubtypic protection is mediated by antibodies to the head region of HA, our data suggest that the heterosubtypic protection for M2SR is due to cross-reactive antibodies elicited against the NP, HA2, and NA antigens that are not targeted by current seasonal influenza vaccines.
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13
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Creisher PS, Campbell AD, Perry JL, Roznik K, Burd I, Klein SL. Influenza subtype-specific maternal antibodies protect offspring against infection but inhibit vaccine-induced immunity and protection in mice. Vaccine 2022; 40:6818-6829. [PMID: 36253217 PMCID: PMC10024894 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Following influenza A virus (IAV) infection or vaccination during pregnancy, maternal antibodies are transferred to offspring in utero and during lactation. The age and sex of offspring may differentially impact the transfer and effects of maternal immunity on offspring. To evaluate the effects of maternal IAV infection on immunity in offspring, we intranasally inoculated pregnant mice with sublethal doses of mouse-adapted (ma) H1N1, maH3N2, or media (mock) at embryonic day 10. In offspring of IAV-infected dams, maternal subtype-specific antibodies peaked at postnatal day (PND) 23, remained detectable through PND 50, and were undetectable by PND 105 in both sexes. When offspring were challenged with homologous IAV at PND 23, both male and female offspring had greater clearance of pulmonary virus and less morbidity and mortality than offspring from mock-inoculated dams. Inactivated influenza vaccination (IIV) against homologous IAV at PND 23 caused lower vaccine-induced antibody responses and protection following live virus challenge in offspring from IAV than mock-infected dams, with this effect being more pronounced among female than male offspring. At PND 105, there was no impact of maternal infection status, but vaccination induced greater antibody responses and protection against challenge in female than male offspring of both IAV-infected and mock-inoculated dams. To determine if maternal antibody or infection interfered with vaccine-induced immunity and protection in early life, offspring were vaccinated and challenged against a heterosubtypic IAV (i.e., different IAV group than dam) at PND 23 or 105. Heterosubtypic IAV maternal immunity did not affect antibody responses after IIV or protection after live IAV challenge of vaccinated offspring at either age. Subtype-specific maternal IAV antibodies, therefore, provide protection independent of offspring sex but interfere with vaccine-induced immunity and protection in offspring with more pronounced effects among females than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ariana D Campbell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie L Perry
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katerina Roznik
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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14
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Focosi D, Franchini M, Casadevall A. On the Need to Determine the Contribution of Anti-Nucleocapsid Antibodies as Potential Contributors to COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Efficacy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112378. [PMID: 36366476 PMCID: PMC9697776 DOI: 10.3390/v14112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically the therapeutic potential of polyclonal passive immunotherapies in viral diseases has been related to antiviral neutralizing antibodies, but there is also considerable evidence that non-neutralizing antibodies can translate into clinical benefit as well. In the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we review here in vitro and in vivo evidence supporting a contributing role for anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. Retrospective investigation of anti-nucleocapsid antibody levels in randomized clinical trials of COVID-19 convalescent plasma is warranted to better understand whether there is an association with efficacy or lack thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Massimo Franchini
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, 46100 Mantua, Italy
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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15
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López-Muñoz AD, Kosik I, Holly J, Yewdell JW. Cell surface SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein modulates innate and adaptive immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp9770. [PMID: 35921414 PMCID: PMC9348789 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N) induces strong antibody (Ab) and T cell responses. Although considered to be localized in the cytosol, we readily detect N on the surface of live cells. N released by SARS-CoV-2-infected cells or N-expressing transfected cells binds to neighboring cells by electrostatic high-affinity binding to heparan sulfate and heparin, but not other sulfated glycosaminoglycans. N binds with high affinity to 11 human chemokines, including CXCL12β, whose chemotaxis of leukocytes is inhibited by N from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and MERS-CoV. Anti-N Abs bound to the surface of N-expressing cells activate Fc receptor-expressing cells. Our findings indicate that cell surface N manipulates innate immunity by sequestering chemokines and can be targeted by Fc-expressing innate immune cells. This, in combination with its conserved antigenicity among human CoVs, advances its candidacy for vaccines that induce cross-reactive B and T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants and other human CoVs, including novel zoonotic strains.
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16
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Carascal MB, Pavon RDN, Rivera WL. Recent Progress in Recombinant Influenza Vaccine Development Toward Heterosubtypic Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878943. [PMID: 35663997 PMCID: PMC9162156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flu, a viral infection caused by the influenza virus, is still a global public health concern with potential to cause seasonal epidemics and pandemics. Vaccination is considered the most effective protective strategy against the infection. However, given the high plasticity of the virus and the suboptimal immunogenicity of existing influenza vaccines, scientists are moving toward the development of universal vaccines. An important property of universal vaccines is their ability to induce heterosubtypic immunity, i.e., a wide immune response coverage toward different influenza subtypes. With the increasing number of studies and mounting evidence on the safety and efficacy of recombinant influenza vaccines (RIVs), they have been proposed as promising platforms for the development of universal vaccines. This review highlights the current progress and advances in the development of RIVs in the context of heterosubtypic immunity induction toward universal vaccine production. In particular, this review discussed existing knowledge on influenza and vaccine development, current hemagglutinin-based RIVs in the market and in the pipeline, other potential vaccine targets for RIVs (neuraminidase, matrix 1 and 2, nucleoprotein, polymerase acidic, and basic 1 and 2 antigens), and deantigenization process. This review also provided discussion points and future perspectives in looking at RIVs as potential universal vaccine candidates for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Carascal
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.,Clinical and Translational Research Institute, The Medical City, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Rance Derrick N Pavon
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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17
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Kim CU, Jeong YJ, Lee P, Lee MS, Park JH, Kim YS, Kim DJ. Extracellular nucleoprotein exacerbates influenza virus pathogenesis by activating Toll-like receptor 4 and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:715-725. [PMID: 35459853 PMCID: PMC9026019 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immune responses, such as those initiated by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) activation, are important for viral clearance and pathogenesis. However, little is known about the interactions of viral proteins with surface PRRs or, more importantly, the association of innate immune activation with viral pathogenesis. In this study, we showed that internal influenza virus proteins were released from infected cells. Among these proteins, nucleoprotein (NP) played a critical role in viral pathogenesis by stimulating neighboring cells through toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Through the activation of these PRRs, NP induced the production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, which subsequently led to the induction of trypsin. Trypsin induced by NP increased the infectivity of influenza virus, leading to increases in viral replication and pathology upon subsequent viral infection. These results reveal the role of released NP in influenza pathogenesis and highlight the importance of the interactions of internal viral proteins with PRRs in the extracellular compartment during viral pathogenesis.
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18
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Reduction of Influenza A Virus Transmission in Mice by a Universal Intranasal Vaccine Candidate is Long-Lasting and Does Not Require Antibodies. J Virol 2022; 96:e0032022. [PMID: 35638848 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00320-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against influenza virus infection can protect the vaccinee and also reduce transmission to contacts. Not all types of vaccines induce sterilizing immunity via neutralizing antibodies; some instead permit low-level, transient infection. There has been concern that infection-permissive influenza vaccines may allow continued spread in the community despite minimizing symptoms in the vaccinee. We have explored that issue for a universal influenza vaccine candidate that protects recipients by inducing T cell responses and nonneutralizing antibodies. Using a mouse model, we have shown previously that an adenoviral vectored vaccine expressing nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 2 (M2) provides broad protection against diverse strains and subtypes of influenza A viruses and reduces transmission to contacts in an antigen-specific manner. Here, we use this mouse model to further explore the mechanism and features of that reduction in transmission. Passive immunization did not reduce transmission from infected donors to naive contact animals to whom passive serum had been transferred. Vaccination of antibody-deficient mIgTg-JHD-/- mice, which have intact T cell responses and antigen presentation, reduced transmission in an antigen-specific manner, despite the presence of some virus in the lungs and nasal wash, pointing to a role for cellular immunity. Vaccination at ages ranging from 8 to 60 weeks was able to achieve reduction in transmission. Finally, the immune-mediated reduction in transmission persisted for at least a year after a single-dose intranasal vaccination. Thus, this infection-permissive vaccine reduces virus transmission in a long-lasting manner that does not require antibodies. IMPORTANCE Universal influenza virus vaccines targeting antigens conserved among influenza A virus strains can protect from severe disease but do not necessarily prevent infection. Despite allowing low-level infection, intranasal immunization with adenovirus vectors expressing the conserved antigens influenza nucleoprotein (A/NP) and M2 reduces influenza virus transmission from vaccinated to unvaccinated contact mice. Here, we show that antibodies are not required for this transmission reduction, suggesting a role for T cells. We also show that transmission blocking could be achieved in recipients of different ages and remained effective for at least a year following a single-dose vaccination. Such vaccines could have major public health impacts by limiting viral transmission in the community.
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19
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Šantak M, Matić Z. The Role of Nucleoprotein in Immunity to Human Negative-Stranded RNA Viruses—Not Just Another Brick in the Viral Nucleocapsid. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030521. [PMID: 35336928 PMCID: PMC8955406 DOI: 10.3390/v14030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-stranded RNA viruses (NSVs) are important human pathogens, including emerging and reemerging viruses that cause respiratory, hemorrhagic and other severe illnesses. Vaccine design traditionally relies on the viral surface glycoproteins. However, surface glycoproteins rarely elicit effective long-term immunity due to high variability. Therefore, an alternative approach is to include conserved structural proteins such as nucleoprotein (NP). NP is engaged in myriad processes in the viral life cycle: coating and protection of viral RNA, regulation of transcription/replication processes and induction of immunosuppression of the host. A broad heterosubtypic T-cellular protection was ascribed very early to this protein. In contrast, the understanding of the humoral immunity to NP is very limited in spite of the high titer of non-neutralizing NP-specific antibodies raised upon natural infection or immunization. In this review, the data with important implications for the understanding of the role of NP in the immune response to human NSVs are revisited. Major implications of the elicited T-cell immune responses to NP are evaluated, and the possible multiple mechanisms of the neglected humoral response to NP are discussed. The intention of this review is to remind that NP is a very promising target for the development of future vaccines.
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20
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Ma Y, Wang Y, Dong C, Gonzalez GX, Song Y, Zhu W, Kim J, Wei L, Wang BZ. Influenza NP core and HA or M2e shell double-layered protein nanoparticles induce broad protection against divergent influenza A viruses. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 40:102479. [PMID: 34743020 PMCID: PMC8897236 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viral infection causes acute upper respiratory diseases in humans, posing severe risks to global public health. However, current vaccines provide limited protection against mismatched circulating influenza A viruses. Here, the immune responses induced in mice by novel double-layered protein nanoparticles were investigated. The nanoparticles were composed of influenza nucleoprotein (NP) cores and hemagglutinin (HA) or matrix 2 protein ectodomain (M2e) shells. Vaccination with the nanoparticles significantly enhanced M2e-specific serum antibody titers and concomitant ADCC responses. Robust NP-specific T cell responses and robust HA neutralization were also detected. Moreover, vaccination with a trivalent nanoparticle combination containing two routinely circulated HA, conserved M2e, and NP reduced lung virus titers, pulmonary pathologies, and weight loss after homologous virus challenge. This combination also improved survival rates against heterologous and heterosubtypic influenza virus challenges. Our results demonstrate that the trivalent combination elicited potent and long-lasting immune responses conferring influenza viral cross-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ma
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Ye Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Gilbert X Gonzalez
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Yufeng Song
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Wandi Zhu
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Joo Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Lai Wei
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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21
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López-Muñoz AD, Kosik I, Holly J, Yewdell JW. Cell Surface SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Modulates Innate and Adaptive Immunity. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-1162804. [PMID: 34931184 PMCID: PMC8687477 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1162804/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N) induces strong antibody and T cell responses. Although considered to be localized in the cytosol, we readily detect N on the surface of live cells. N released by SARS-CoV-2 infected cells or N-expressing transfected cells binds to neighboring cells by electrostatic high-affinity binding to heparan sulfate and heparin, but not other sulfated glycosaminoglycans. N binds with high affinity to 11 human chemokines, including CXCL12β, whose chemotaxis of leukocytes is inhibited by N from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and MERS CoV. Anti-N Abs bound to the surface of N expressing cells activate Fc receptor-expressing cells. Our findings indicate that cell surface N manipulates innate immunity by sequestering chemokines and can be targeted by Fc expressing innate immune cells. This, in combination with its conserved antigenicity among human CoVs, advances its candidacy for vaccines that induce cross-reactive B and T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants and other human CoVs, including novel zoonotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Kosik
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jaroslav Holly
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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22
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López-Muñoz AD, Kosik I, Holly J, Yewdell JW. Cell Surface SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Modulates Innate and Adaptive Immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.10.472169. [PMID: 34931195 PMCID: PMC8687480 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.10.472169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N) induces strong antibody and T cell responses. Although considered to be localized in the cytosol, we readily detect N on the surface of live cells. N released by SARS-CoV-2 infected cells or N-expressing transfected cells binds to neighboring cells by electrostatic high-affinity binding to heparan sulfate and heparin, but not other sulfated glycosaminoglycans. N binds with high affinity to 11 human chemokines, including CXCL12β, whose chemotaxis of leukocytes is inhibited by N from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and MERS CoV. Anti-N Abs bound to the surface of N expressing cells activate Fc receptor-expressing cells. Our findings indicate that cell surface N manipulates innate immunity by sequestering chemokines and can be targeted by Fc expressing innate immune cells. This, in combination with its conserved antigenicity among human CoVs, advances its candidacy for vaccines that induce cross-reactive B and T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants and other human CoVs, including novel zoonotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Kosik
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jaroslav Holly
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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23
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Kiss L, James LC. The molecular mechanisms that drive intracellular neutralization by the antibody-receptor and RING E3 ligase TRIM21. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:99-107. [PMID: 34823983 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic antibody receptor and RING E3 ligase TRIM21 targets intracellular, antibody-coated immune complexes for degradation and activates the immune system. Here we review how TRIM21 degrades diverse targets and how this activity can be exploited in molecular biology and for the development of new therapeutics. In addition, we compare what is known about TRIM21's mechanism to other TRIM proteins and RING E3 ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Kiss
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, UK.
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24
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Virus neutralisation by intracellular antibodies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:108-116. [PMID: 34782185 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For decades antibodies were largely thought to provide protection in extracellular spaces alone, mediating their effector functions by mechanisms such as entry-blocking, complement activation and phagocyte recruitment. However, a wealth of research has shown that antibodies are also capable of neutralising numerous viruses inside cells. Efficacy has now been demonstrated at virtually all intracellular stages of the viral life cycle. Antibodies can neutralise viruses in endosomes by blocking uncoating, fusion mechanisms, or new particle egress. Neutralisation can also occur in the cytosol via recruitment of the intracellular antibody receptor TRIM21. In addition to these direct neutralisation effects, recent research has shown that antibodies can mediate virus control indirectly by promoting MHC class I presentation and thereby increasing the CD8 T cell response. This provides valuable new insight into how non-neutralising antibodies can mediate potent protection in vivo. Overall, the importance of understanding the mechanisms of intracellular neutralisation by antibodies is highlighted by the ongoing need to develop new methods to control viruses. Using or inducing antibodies to block virus replication inside cells is now an innovative approach used by several vaccination and therapeutic strategies.
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25
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Vanderven HA, Esterbauer R, Jegaskanda S, Tan HX, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ. Poor protective potential of influenza nucleoprotein antibodies despite wide prevalence. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 100:49-60. [PMID: 34687553 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to influenza virus through periodic infections. Due to these repeated exposures, human populations commonly have elevated antibody titers targeting the conserved internal influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP). Despite the presence of anti-NP antibodies, humans are acutely susceptible to drifted influenza viruses with antigenically different surface proteins and the protective potential of human NP antibodies is unclear. In this study, high levels of anti-NP antibody and NP-specific B cells were detected in both adult humans and influenza-infected mice, confirming that NP is a major target of humoral immunity. Through sorting single B cells from influenza-exposed human adults, we generated a panel of 11 anti-NP monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The majority of anti-NP human mAbs generated were capable of engaging cellular Fc receptors and bound NP on the surface of influenza-infected cell lines in vitro, suggesting that anti-NP mAbs have the potential to mediate downstream Fc effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent phagocytosis. However, human anti-NP mAbs were not protective in vivo when passively transferred into a murine influenza challenge model. Future in vivo studies examining the synergistic effect of anti-NP mAbs infused with other influenza-specific mAbs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Vanderven
- Biomedicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn Esterbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sinthujan Jegaskanda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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26
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Becker T, Elbahesh H, Reperant LA, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME. Influenza Vaccines: Successes and Continuing Challenges. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S405-S419. [PMID: 34590139 PMCID: PMC8482026 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines have been available for over 80 years. They have contributed to significant reductions in influenza morbidity and mortality. However, there have been limitations in their effectiveness, in part due to the continuous antigenic evolution of seasonal influenza viruses, but also due to the predominant use of embryonated chicken eggs for their production. The latter furthermore limits their worldwide production timelines and scale. Therefore today, alternative approaches for their design and production are increasingly pursued, with already licensed quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccines produced in cell cultures, including based on a baculovirus expression system. Next-generation influenza vaccines aim at inducing broader and longer-lasting immune responses to overcome seasonal influenza virus antigenic drift and to timely address the emergence of a new pandemic influenza virus. Tailored approaches target mechanisms to improve vaccine-induced immune responses in individuals with a weakened immune system, in particular older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Becker
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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27
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Jones EL, Laidlaw SM, Dustin LB. TRIM21/Ro52 - Roles in Innate Immunity and Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738473. [PMID: 34552597 PMCID: PMC8450407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM21 (Ro52/SSA1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with key roles in immune host defence, signal transduction, and possibly cell cycle regulation. It is also an autoantibody target in Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarise the structure and function of this enzyme, its roles in innate immunity, adaptive immunity and cellular homeostasis, the pathogenesis of autoimmunity against TRIM21, and the potential impacts of autoantibodies to this intracellular protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther L Jones
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Laidlaw
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn B Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Albecka A, Clift D, Vaysburd M, Rhinesmith T, Caddy SL, Favara DM, Baxendale HE, James LC. A functional assay for serum detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108588. [PMID: 34323299 PMCID: PMC8408615 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 results in antibodies against spike (S) and nucleoprotein (N). However, whilst there are widely available neutralization assays for S antibodies, there is no assay for N-antibody activity. Here, we present a simple in vitro method called EDNA (electroporated-antibody-dependent neutralization assay) that provides a quantitative measure of N-antibody activity in unpurified serum from SARS-CoV-2 convalescents. We show that N antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 intracellularly and cell-autonomously but require the cytosolic Fc receptor TRIM21. Using EDNA, we show that low N-antibody titres can be neutralizing, whilst some convalescents possess serum with high titres but weak activity. N-antibody and N-specific T-cell activity correlates within individuals, suggesting N antibodies may protect against SARS-CoV-2 by promoting antigen presentation. This work highlights the potential benefits of N-based vaccines and provides an in vitro assay to allow the antibodies they induce to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Albecka
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Dean Clift
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Marina Vaysburd
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Tyler Rhinesmith
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
- CITIIDDepartment of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David M Favara
- Department of OncologyAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
- Department of OncologyThe Queen Elizabeth HospitalThe Queen Elizabeth Hospital King’s Lynn NHS Foundation TrustKings LynnUK
- Department of OncologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
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29
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Mytle N, Leyrer S, Inglefield JR, Harris AM, Hickey TE, Minang J, Lu H, Ma Z, Andersen H, Grubaugh ND, Guina T, Skiadopoulos MH, Lacy MJ. Influenza Antigens NP and M2 Confer Cross Protection to BALB/c Mice against Lethal Challenge with H1N1, Pandemic H1N1 or H5N1 Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:1708. [PMID: 34578289 PMCID: PMC8473317 DOI: 10.3390/v13091708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is considered a major protective antigen of seasonal influenza vaccine but antigenic drift of HA necessitates annual immunizations using new circulating HA versions. Low variation found within conserved non-HA influenza virus (INFV) antigens may maintain protection with less frequent immunizations. Conserved antigens of influenza A virus (INFV A) that can generate cross protection against multiple INFV strains were evaluated in BALB/c mice using modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-vectored vaccines that expressed INFV A antigens hemagglutinin (HA), matrix protein 1 (M1), nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 2 (M2), repeats of the external portion of M2 (M2e) or as tandem repeats (METR), and M2e with transmembrane region and cytoplasmic loop (M2eTML). Protection by combinations of non-HA antigens was equivalent to that of subtype-matched HA. Combinations of NP and forms of M2e generated serum antibody responses and protected mice against lethal INFV A challenge using PR8, pandemic H1N1 A/Mexico/4108/2009 (pH1N1) or H5N1 A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) viruses, as demonstrated by reduced lung viral burden and protection against weight loss. The highest levels of protection were obtained with NP and M2e antigens delivered as MVA inserts, resulting in broadly protective immunity in mice and enhancement of previous natural immunity to INFV A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutan Mytle
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Agency, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC 20201, USA
| | - Sonja Leyrer
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jon R. Inglefield
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrea M. Harris
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Thomas E. Hickey
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jacob Minang
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
- Optimal Health Care, 11377 Robinwood Dr, Hagerstown, MD 21742, USA
| | - Hang Lu
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Zhidong Ma
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Hanné Andersen
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 12301 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tina Guina
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
- AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Mario H. Skiadopoulos
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael J. Lacy
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA; (N.M.); (S.L.); (J.R.I.); (A.M.H.); (T.E.H.); (J.M.); (H.L.); (Z.M.); (N.D.G.); (T.G.); (M.H.S.)
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30
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Improved immunologic responses to heterologous influenza strains in children with low preexisting antibody response vaccinated with MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:5351-5357. [PMID: 34393015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective approach to reduce the substantial morbidity and mortality caused by influenza infection. Vaccine efficacy is highly sensitive to antigenic changes causing differences between circulating and vaccine viruses. Adjuvants such as MF59 increase antibody-mediated cross-reactive immunity and therefore may provide broader seasonal protection. A recent clinical trial showed that an MF59-adjuvanted vaccine was more efficacious than a nonadjuvanted comparator in subjects < 2 years of age, although not in those ≥ 2 years, during influenza seasons in which the predominant circulating virus was an A/H3N2 strain that was antigenically different from the vaccine virus. This finding suggested that the increased efficacy of the adjuvanted vaccine in younger subjects may be mediated by strain cross-reactive antibodies. A subset of the trial population, representing subjects with distinct age and/or immunological history, was tested for antibody responses to the vaccine A/H3N2 strain as well as A/H3N2 drifted strains antigenically matching the viruses circulating during the trial seasons. The neutralizing tests showed that, compared with nonadjuvanted vaccine, the adjuvanted vaccine improved not only the neutralizing antibody response to the vaccine strain but also the cross-reactive antibody response to the drifted strains in subjects with lower preexisting antibody titers, regardless of their age or vaccine history. The results demonstrated an immunological benefit and suggested a potential efficacy benefit by adjuvanted vaccine in subjects with lower preexisting antibody responses.
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Jung J, Mundle ST, Ustyugova IV, Horton AP, Boutz DR, Pougatcheva S, Prabakaran P, McDaniel JR, King GR, Park D, Person MD, Ye C, Tan B, Tanno Y, Kim JE, Curtis NC, DiNapoli J, Delagrave S, Ross TM, Ippolito GC, Kleanthous H, Lee J, Georgiou G. Influenza vaccination in the elderly boosts antibodies against conserved viral proteins and egg-produced glycans. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:148763. [PMID: 34196304 PMCID: PMC8245176 DOI: 10.1172/jci148763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccination elicits a diminished adaptive immune response in the elderly, and the mechanisms of immunosenescence are not fully understood. Using Ig-Seq, we found a marked increase with age in the prevalence of cross-reactive (CR) serum antibodies that recognize both the H1N1 (vaccine-H1) and H3N2 (vaccine-H3) components of an egg-produced split influenza vaccine. CR antibodies accounted for 73% ± 18% of the serum vaccine responses in a cohort of elderly donors, 65% ± 15% in late middle-aged donors, and only 13% ± 5% in persons under 35 years of age. The antibody response to non-HA antigens was boosted by vaccination. Recombinant expression of 19 vaccine-H1+H3 CR serum monoclonal antibodies (s-mAbs) revealed that they predominantly bound to non-HA influenza proteins. A sizable fraction of vaccine-H1+H3 CR s-mAbs recognized with high affinity the sulfated glycans, in particular sulfated type 2 N-acetyllactosamine (Galβ1-4GalNAcβ), which is found on egg-produced proteins and thus unlikely to contribute to protection against influenza infection in humans. Antibodies against sulfated glycans in egg-produced vaccine had been identified in animals but were not previously characterized in humans. Collectively, our results provide a quantitative basis for how repeated exposure to split influenza vaccine correlates with unintended focusing of serum antibody responses to non-HA antigens that may result in suboptimal immunity against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Sophia T. Mundle
- Sanofi Pasteur Inc., Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Irina V. Ustyugova
- Sanofi Pasteur Inc., Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ponraj Prabakaran
- Sanofi Pasteur Inc., Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Daechan Park
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Maria D. Person
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Congxi Ye
- Department of Molecular Biosciences
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Bing Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | | | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Curtis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joshua DiNapoli
- Sanofi Pasteur Inc., Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon Delagrave
- Sanofi Pasteur Inc., Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory C. Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Harry Kleanthous
- Sanofi Pasteur Inc., Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Molecular Biosciences
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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32
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Guthmiller JJ, Utset HA, Wilson PC. B Cell Responses against Influenza Viruses: Short-Lived Humoral Immunity against a Life-Long Threat. Viruses 2021; 13:965. [PMID: 34067435 PMCID: PMC8224597 DOI: 10.3390/v13060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are critical for providing protection against influenza virus infections. However, protective humoral immunity against influenza viruses is limited by the antigenic drift and shift of the major surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Importantly, people are exposed to influenza viruses throughout their life and tend to reuse memory B cells from prior exposure to generate antibodies against new variants. Despite this, people tend to recall memory B cells against constantly evolving variable epitopes or non-protective antigens, as opposed to recalling them against broadly neutralizing epitopes of hemagglutinin. In this review, we discuss the factors that impact the generation and recall of memory B cells against distinct viral antigens, as well as the immunological limitations preventing broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Lastly, we discuss how next-generation vaccine platforms can potentially overcome these obstacles to generate robust and long-lived protection against influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna J. Guthmiller
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
| | - Henry A. Utset
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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33
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Yin Y, Li B, Zhou L, Luo J, Liu X, Wang S, Lu Q, Tan W, Chen Z. Protein transduction domain-mediated influenza NP subunit vaccine generates a potent immune response and protection against influenza virus in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1933-1942. [PMID: 32811334 PMCID: PMC8284974 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1812436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoprotein (NP) is a highly conserved internal protein of the influenza virus, a major target for universal influenza vaccine. Our previous studies have proven NP-based subunit vaccine can provide partial protection in mice. It is reported that the protein transduction domain (PTD) TAT protein from human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is able to penetrate cells when added exogenous protein and could effectively enhance the immune response induced by the exogenous protein. In present study, the recombinant protein TAT-NP, a fusion of TAT and NP was effectively expressed in Escherichia coli and purified as a candidate component for an influenza vaccine. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant influenza TAT-NP vaccine by intranasal immunization. In vitro experiments showed that TAT-NP could efficiently penetrate into cells. Animal results showed that mice vaccinated with TAT-NP could not only induce higher levels of IgG and mucosal IgA, but also elicit a robust cellular immune response. Moreover, the TAT-NP fusion protein could significantly increase the protection of mice against lethal doses of homologous influenza virus PR8 and could also provide mice protection against a lethal dose challenge against heterosubtypic H9N2 and H3N2 influenza virus. In conclusion, the recombinant TAT-NP might be a universal vaccine candidate against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - BeiBei Li
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Linting Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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34
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Jang YH, Seong BL. Immune Responses Elicited by Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines as Correlates of Universal Protection against Influenza Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040353. [PMID: 33916924 PMCID: PMC8067561 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection remains a major public health challenge, causing significant morbidity and mortality by annual epidemics and intermittent pandemics. Although current seasonal influenza vaccines provide efficient protection, antigenic changes of the viruses often significantly compromise the protection efficacy of vaccines, rendering most populations vulnerable to the viral infection. Considerable efforts have been made to develop a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) able to confer long-lasting and broad protection. Recent studies have characterized multiple immune correlates required for providing broad protection against influenza viruses, including neutralizing antibodies, non-neutralizing antibodies, antibody effector functions, T cell responses, and mucosal immunity. To induce broadly protective immune responses by vaccination, various strategies using live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) and novel vaccine platforms are under investigation. Despite superior cross-protection ability, very little attention has been paid to LAIVs for the development of UIV. This review focuses on immune responses induced by LAIVs, with special emphasis placed on the breadth and the potency of individual immune correlates. The promising prospect of LAIVs to serve as an attractive and reliable vaccine platforms for a UIV is also discussed. Several important issues that should be addressed with respect to the use of LAIVs as UIV are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Major in Bio-Vaccine Engineering, Andong National University, Andong 1375, Korea;
- Vaccine Industry Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong 1375, Korea
| | - Baik L. Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Vaccine Innovation Technology Alliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-7416
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35
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Tung Yep A, Takeuchi Y, Engelhardt OG, Hufton SE. Broad Reactivity Single Domain Antibodies against Influenza Virus and Their Applications to Vaccine Potency Testing and Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030407. [PMID: 33802072 PMCID: PMC8001348 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic variability of influenza presents many challenges to the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics. However, it is apparent that there are epitopes on the virus that have evolved to remain largely constant due to their functional importance. These more conserved regions are often hidden and difficult to access by the human immune system but recent efforts have shown that these may be the Achilles heel of the virus through development and delivery of appropriate biological drugs. Amongst these, single domain antibodies (sdAbs) are equipped to target these vulnerabilities of the influenza virus due to their preference for concave epitopes on protein surfaces, their small size, flexible reformatting and high stability. Single domain antibodies are well placed to provide a new generation of robust analytical reagents and therapeutics to support the constant efforts to keep influenza in check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tung Yep
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Yasu Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Advanced Therapies Division, NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | | | - Simon E. Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Correspondence:
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36
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A highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain LC16m8-based vaccine for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008859. [PMID: 33534867 PMCID: PMC7886154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) caused by a species Dabie bandavirus (formerly SFTS virus [SFTSV]) is an emerging hemorrhagic infectious disease with a high case-fatality rate. One of the best strategies for preventing SFTS is to develop a vaccine, which is expected to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. We applied a highly attenuated but still immunogenic vaccinia virus strain LC16m8 (m8) as a recombinant vaccine for SFTS. Recombinant m8s expressing SFTSV nucleoprotein (m8-N), envelope glycoprotein precursor (m8-GPC), and both N and GPC (m8-N+GPC) in the infected cells were generated. Both m8-GPC- and m8-N+GPC-infected cells were confirmed to produce SFTSV-like-particles (VLP) in vitro, and the N was incorporated in the VLP produced by the infection of cells with m8-N+GPC. Specific antibodies to SFTSV were induced in mice inoculated with each of the recombinant m8s, and the mice were fully protected from lethal challenge with SFTSV at both 103 TCID50 and 105 TCID50. In mice that had been immunized with vaccinia virus strain Lister in advance of m8-based SFTSV vaccine inoculation, protective immunity against the SFTSV challenge was also conferred. The pathological analysis revealed that mice immunized with m8-GPC or m8-N+GPC did not show any histopathological changes without any viral antigen-positive cells, whereas the control mice showed focal necrosis with inflammatory infiltration with SFTSV antigen-positive cells in tissues after SFTSV challenge. The passive serum transfer experiments revealed that sera collected from mice inoculated with m8-GPC or m8-N+GPC but not with m8-N conferred protective immunity against lethal SFTSV challenge in naïve mice. On the other hand, the depletion of CD8-positive cells in vivo did not abrogate the protective immunity conferred by m8-based SFTSV vaccines. Based on these results, the recombinant m8-GPC and m8-N+GPC were considered promising vaccine candidates for SFTS. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging viral hemorrhagic fever with a high case-fatality rate (approximately 5% to >40%). Indigenous SFTS has been reported in China, Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam. Thus, the development of an effective vaccine for SFTS is urgently needed. Vaccinia virus (VAC) was previously used as a vaccine for smallpox. Unfortunately, after these strains, the so-called second generation of VAC used during the eradication campaign was associated with severe adverse events, and the third generation of VAC strains such as LC16m8 (m8) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) was established. m8 is confirmed to be highly attenuated while still maintaining immunogenicity. m8 is licensed for use in healthy people in Japan. At the present time, approximately 100,000 people have undergone vaccination with m8 without experiencing any severe postvaccine complications. At present, third-generation VAC strains are attractive for a recombinant vaccine vector, especially for viral hemorrhagic infectious diseases, such as Ebola virus disease, Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and SFTS. We investigated the practicality of an m8-based recombinant vaccine for SFTS as well as other promising recombinant VAC-based vaccines for viral hemorrhagic infectious diseases.
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37
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Kerstetter LJ, Buckley S, Bliss CM, Coughlan L. Adenoviral Vectors as Vaccines for Emerging Avian Influenza Viruses. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607333. [PMID: 33633727 PMCID: PMC7901974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is evident that the emergence of infectious diseases, which have the potential for spillover from animal reservoirs, pose an ongoing threat to global health. Zoonotic transmission events have increased in frequency in recent decades due to changes in human behavior, including increased international travel, the wildlife trade, deforestation, and the intensification of farming practices to meet demand for meat consumption. Influenza A viruses (IAV) possess a number of features which make them a pandemic threat and a major concern for human health. Their segmented genome and error-prone process of replication can lead to the emergence of novel reassortant viruses, for which the human population are immunologically naïve. In addition, the ability for IAVs to infect aquatic birds and domestic animals, as well as humans, increases the likelihood for reassortment and the subsequent emergence of novel viruses. Sporadic spillover events in the past few decades have resulted in human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, with high mortality. The application of conventional vaccine platforms used for the prevention of seasonal influenza viruses, such as inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs), in the development of vaccines for HPAI viruses is fraught with challenges. These issues are associated with manufacturing under enhanced biosafety containment, and difficulties in propagating HPAI viruses in embryonated eggs, due to their propensity for lethality in eggs. Overcoming manufacturing hurdles through the use of safer backbones, such as low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAI), can also be a challenge if incompatible with master strain viruses. Non-replicating adenoviral (Ad) vectors offer a number of advantages for the development of vaccines against HPAI viruses. Their genome is stable and permits the insertion of HPAI virus antigens (Ag), which are expressed in vivo following vaccination. Therefore, their manufacture does not require enhanced biosafety facilities or procedures and is egg-independent. Importantly, Ad vaccines have an exemplary safety and immunogenicity profile in numerous human clinical trials, and can be thermostabilized for stockpiling and pandemic preparedness. This review will discuss the status of Ad-based vaccines designed to protect against avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Kerstetter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephen Buckley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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38
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Swarnalekha N, Schreiner D, Litzler LC, Iftikhar S, Kirchmeier D, Künzli M, Son YM, Sun J, Moreira EA, King CG. T resident helper cells promote humoral responses in the lung. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/55/eabb6808. [PMID: 33419790 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb6808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a deadly and costly infectious disease, even during flu seasons when an effective vaccine has been developed. To improve vaccines against respiratory viruses, a better understanding of the immune response at the site of infection is crucial. After influenza infection, clonally expanded T cells take up permanent residence in the lung, poised to rapidly respond to subsequent infection. Here, we characterized the dynamics and transcriptional regulation of lung-resident CD4+ T cells during influenza infection and identified a long-lived, Bcl6-dependent population that we have termed T resident helper (TRH) cells. TRH cells arise in the lung independently of lymph node T follicular helper cells but are dependent on B cells, with which they tightly colocalize in inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT). Deletion of Bcl6 in CD4+ T cells before heterotypic challenge infection resulted in redistribution of CD4+ T cells outside of iBALT areas and impaired local antibody production. These results highlight iBALT as a homeostatic niche for TRH cells and advocate for vaccination strategies that induce TRH cells in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedya Swarnalekha
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Schreiner
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludivine C Litzler
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saadia Iftikhar
- Personalised Health Basel- Oncology Cluster Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kirchmeier
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Künzli
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Carolyn G King
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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39
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Caddy SL, Vaysburd M, Papa G, Wing M, O'Connell K, Stoycheva D, Foss S, Terje Andersen J, Oxenius A, James LC. Viral nucleoprotein antibodies activate TRIM21 and induce T cell immunity. EMBO J 2020; 40:e106228. [PMID: 33258165 PMCID: PMC7917548 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (N) is an immunodominant antigen in many enveloped virus infections. While the diagnostic value of anti‐N antibodies is clear, their role in immunity is not. This is because while they are non‐neutralising, they somehow clear infection by coronavirus, influenza and LCMV in vivo. Here, we show that anti‐N immune protection is mediated by the cytosolic Fc receptor and E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21. Exploiting LCMV as a model system, we demonstrate that TRIM21 uses anti‐N antibodies to target N for cytosolic degradation and generate cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) against N peptide. These CTLs rapidly eliminate N‐peptide‐displaying cells and drive efficient viral clearance. These results reveal a new mechanism of immune synergy between antibodies and T cells and highlights N as an important vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Caddy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,CITIID, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Wing
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diana Stoycheva
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stian Foss
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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40
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Guilfoyle K, Major D, Skeldon S, James H, Tingstedt JL, Polacek C, Lassauniére R, Engelhardt OG, Fomsgaard A. Protective efficacy of a polyvalent influenza A DNA vaccine against both homologous (H1N1pdm09) and heterologous (H5N1) challenge in the ferret model. Vaccine 2020; 39:4903-4913. [PMID: 33036805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the protective efficacy of a novel influenza plasmid DNA vaccine in the ferret challenge model. The rationally designed polyvalent influenza DNA vaccine encodes haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins derived from less glycosylated pandemic H1N1 (2009) and H3N2 (1968) virus strains as well as the nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix proteins (M1 and M2) from a different pandemic H1N1 (1918) strain. Needle-free intradermal immunisation with the influenza DNA vaccine protected ferrets against homologous challenge with an H1N1pdm09 virus strain, demonstrated by restriction of viral replication to the upper respiratory tract and reduced duration of viral shedding post-challenge. Breadth of protection was demonstrated in two heterologous efficacy experiments in which animals immunised with the influenza DNA vaccine were protected against challenge with a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus strain with reproducible survival and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Guilfoyle
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG Hertfordshire, UK; Viroclinics Xplore, Nistelrooise Baan 3, 5374 Schaijk, The Netherlands(1)
| | - Diane Major
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Sarah Skeldon
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Heather James
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jeanette L Tingstedt
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassauniére
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; Infectious Disease Research Unit, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
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41
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Emerging Role of Mucosal Vaccine in Preventing Infection with Avian Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080862. [PMID: 32784697 PMCID: PMC7472103 DOI: 10.3390/v12080862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs), as a zoonotic agent, dramatically impacts public health and the poultry industry. Although low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) incidence and mortality are relatively low, the infected hosts can act as a virus carrier and provide a resource pool for reassortant influenza viruses. At present, vaccination is the most effective way to eradicate AIVs from commercial poultry. The inactivated vaccines can only stimulate humoral immunity, rather than cellular and mucosal immune responses, while failing to effectively inhibit the replication and spread of AIVs in the flock. In recent years, significant progresses have been made in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the vaccine antigen activities at the mucosal surfaces and the development of safe and efficacious mucosal vaccines that mimic the natural infection route and cut off the AIVs infection route. Here, we discussed the current status and advancement on mucosal immunity, the means of establishing mucosal immunity, and finally a perspective for design of AIVs mucosal vaccines. Hopefully, this review will help to not only understand and predict AIVs infection characteristics in birds but also extrapolate them for distinction or applicability in mammals, including humans.
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42
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Kavian N, Hachim A, Poon LLM, Valkenburg SA. Vaccination with ADCC activating HA peptide epitopes provides partial protection from influenza infection. Vaccine 2020; 38:5885-5890. [PMID: 32718818 PMCID: PMC7524583 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza-specific antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies have a broad cross reactivity and potential as an immune correlate for universal vaccines. Peptide-mapping for ADCC reactivity of H1-HA and H7-HA proteins from human serum samples identified high ADCC-inducing peptides in both the HA1 and HA2 regions. Vaccination of mice with single ADCC-peptides induced ADCC activity leading to partial protection from lethal influenza challenge, with increased survival, reduced viral loads, and reduced activation of NK cells in the lungs. Targeted vaccination strategies to elicit ADCC responses may provide an approach for universal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Faculté de Médecine Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Serviced'Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France; Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Leo L M Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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43
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Cookenham T, Lanzer KG, Gage E, Lorenzo EC, Carter D, Coler RN, Baldwin SL, Haynes L, Reiley WW, Blackman MA. Vaccination of aged mice with adjuvanted recombinant influenza nucleoprotein enhances protective immunity. Vaccine 2020; 38:5256-5267. [PMID: 32540272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elderly individuals are highly susceptible to influenza virus (IAV) infection and respond poorly to influenza vaccines. Although the generally accepted correlate of protection following influenza vaccination is neutralizing antibody titers, cytotoxic T cell activity has been found to be a better correlate in the elderly. This suggests that vaccines designed to protect against influenza in the elderly should induce both humoral and cellular immunity. The co-induction of T cell immunity is additionally advantageous, as virus-specific T cells are frequently cross-reactive against different strains of IAV. Here, we tested the capacity of a synthetic TLR-4 adjuvant, SLA-SE (second-generation lipid adjuvant formulated in a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion) to elicit T cell immunity to a recombinant influenza nucleoprotein (rNP), in both young and aged mice. IAV challenge of vaccinated mice resulted in a modest increase in the numbers of NP-specific CD4 and CD8 effector T cells in the spleen, but did not increase numbers of memory phenotype CD8 T cells generated following viral clearance (compared to control vaccinated mice). Cytotoxic activity of CD8, but not CD4 T cells was increased. In addition, SLA-SE adjuvanted vaccination specifically enhanced the production of NP-specific IgG2c antibodies in both young and aged mice. Although NP-specific antibodies are not neutralizing, they can cooperate with CD8 T cells and antigen-presenting cells to enhance protective immunity. Importantly, SLA-SE adjuvanted rNP-vaccination of aged mice resulted in significantly enhanced viral clearance. In addition, vaccination of aged mice resulted in enhanced survival after lethal challenge compared to control vaccination, that approached statistical significance. These data demonstrate the potential of SLA-SE adjuvanted rNP vaccines to (i) generate both cellular and humoral immunity to relatively conserved IAV proteins and (ii) elicit protective immunity to IAV in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily Gage
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erica C Lorenzo
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Laura Haynes
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, USA
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44
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Choi A, Ibañez LI, Strohmeier S, Krammer F, García-Sastre A, Schotsaert M. Non-sterilizing, Infection-Permissive Vaccination With Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine Reshapes Subsequent Virus Infection-Induced Protective Heterosubtypic Immunity From Cellular to Humoral Cross-Reactive Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1166. [PMID: 32582220 PMCID: PMC7296151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional influenza vaccines aim at the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies that provide with sterilizing immunity. However, influenza vaccination often confers protection from disease but not from infection. The impact of infection-permissive vaccination on the immune response elicited by subsequent influenza virus infection is not well-understood. Here, we investigated to what extent infection-permissive immunity, in contrast to virus-neutralizing immunity, provided by a trivalent inactivated virus vaccine (TIV) modulates disease and virus-induced host immune responses after sublethal vaccine-matching H1N1 infection in a mouse model. More than one TIV vaccination was needed to induce a serum HI titer and provide sterilizing immunity upon homologous virus infection. However, single TIV administration provided infection-permissive immunity, characterized by lower viral lung titers and faster recovery. Despite the presence of replicating virus, single TIV vaccination prevented induction of pro-inflammatory cyto- and chemokines, alveolar macrophage depletion as well as the establishment of lung-resident B and T cells after infection. To investigate virus infection-induced cross-protective heterosubtypic immune responses in vaccinated and unvaccinated animals, mice were re-infected with a lethal dose of H3N2 virus 4 weeks after H1N1 infection. Single TIV vaccination did not prevent H1N1 virus infection-induced heterosubtypic cross-protection, but shifted the mechanism of cross-protection from the cellular to the humoral branch of the immune system. These results suggest that suboptimal vaccination with conventional influenza vaccines may still positively modulate disease outcome after influenza virus infection, while promoting humoral heterosubtypic immunity after virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lorena I Ibañez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Keilich SR, Lorenzo EC, Torrance BL, Harrison AG, Bartley JM, Haynes L. Vaccination mitigates influenza-induced muscular declines in aged mice. GeroScience 2020; 42:1593-1608. [PMID: 32472355 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza (flu) infection increases the risk for disability, falls, and broken bones in older adults. We have employed a preclinical model to examine the impact of flu on muscle function, which has a direct impact on fall risk. In mice, flu causes mobility and strength impairments with induction of inflammatory and muscle degradation genes that are increased and prolonged with aging. To determine if vaccination could reduce flu-induced muscle decrements, mice were vaccinated with flu nucleoprotein, infected, and muscle parameters were measured. Vaccination of aged mice resulted in significant protection from functional decrements, muscle gene expressions alterations, and morphological damage. Vaccination also improved protection from lung localized and systemic inflammation in aged mice. Despite documented decreased vaccine efficacy with aging, vaccination still provided partial protection to aged mice and represents a potential strategy to prevent flu-induced disability. These findings provide translational insight on ways to reduce flu-induced disability with aging. Graphical abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer R Keilich
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Erica C Lorenzo
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Blake L Torrance
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Andrew G Harrison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jenna M Bartley
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Laura Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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46
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Tipih T, Burt FJ. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus: Advances in Vaccine Development. Biores Open Access 2020; 9:137-150. [PMID: 32461819 PMCID: PMC7247048 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2019.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe human disease with mortality rates of up to 30%. The disease is widespread in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The last few years have seen disease emergence in Spain for the first time and disease re-emergence in other regions of the world after periods of inactivity. Factors, such as climate change, movement of infected ticks, animals, and changes in human activity, are likely to broaden endemic foci. There are therefore concerns that CCHF might emerge in currently nonendemic regions. The absence of approved vaccines or therapies heightens these concerns; thus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is listed by the World Health Organization as a priority organism. However, the current sporadic nature of CCHF cases may call for targeted vaccination of risk groups as opposed to mass vaccinations. CCHF vaccine development has accelerated in recent years, partly because of the discovery of CCHF animal models. In this review, we discuss CCHF risk groups who are most likely to benefit from vaccine development, the merits and demerits of available CCHF animal models, and the various approaches which have been explored for CCHF vaccine development. Lastly, we present concluding remarks and research areas which can be further explored to enhance the available CCHFV vaccine data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tipih
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Felicity Jane Burt
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Abstract
The adaptive immune response to influenza virus infection is multifaceted and complex, involving antibody and cellular responses at both systemic and mucosal levels. Immune responses to natural infection with influenza virus in humans are relatively broad and long-lived, but influenza viruses can escape from these responses over time owing to their high mutation rates and antigenic flexibility. Vaccines are the best available countermeasure against infection, but vaccine effectiveness is low compared with other viral vaccines, and the induced immune response is narrow and short-lived. Furthermore, inactivated influenza virus vaccines focus on the induction of systemic IgG responses but do not effectively induce mucosal IgA responses. Here, I review the differences between natural infection and vaccination in terms of the antibody responses they induce and how these responses protect against future infection. A better understanding of how natural infection induces broad and long-lived immune responses will be key to developing next-generation influenza virus vaccines.
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48
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Vanderven HA, Kent SJ. The protective potential of Fc-mediated antibody functions against influenza virus and other viral pathogens. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:253-263. [PMID: 31914207 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in utilizing antibody fragment crystallizable (Fc) functions to prevent and control viral infections. The protective and therapeutic potential of Fc-mediated antibody functions have been assessed for some clinically important human viruses, including HIV, hemorrhagic fever viruses and influenza virus. There is mounting evidence that influenza-specific antibodies with Fc-mediated functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent phagocytosis, can aid in the clearance of influenza virus infection. Recent influenza challenge studies and intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy studies in humans suggest a protective role for Fc effector functions in vivo. Broadly reactive influenza antibodies with Fc-mediated functions are prevalent in the human population and could inform the development of a universally protective influenza vaccine or therapy. In this review, we explore the utility of antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions against viral infections with a focus on influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Vanderven
- Discipline of Biomedicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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49
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Kavian N, Hachim A, Li APY, Cohen CA, Chin AWH, Poon LLM, Fang VJ, Leung NHL, Cowling BJ, Valkenburg SA. Assessment of enhanced influenza vaccination finds that FluAd conveys an advantage in mice and older adults. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1107. [PMID: 32025302 PMCID: PMC6997034 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enhanced inactivated influenza vaccines (eIIV) aim to increase immunogenicity and protection compared with the widely used standard IIV (S-IIV). METHODS We tested four vaccines in parallel, FluZone high dose, FluBlok and FluAd versus S-IIV in a randomised controlled trial of older adults and in a mouse infection model to assess immunogenicity, protection from lethal challenge and mechanisms of action. RESULTS In older adults, FluAd vaccination stimulated a superior antibody profile, including H3-HA antibodies that were elevated for up to 1 year after vaccination, higher avidity H3HA IgG and larger HA stem IgG responses. In a mouse model, FluAd also elicited an earlier and larger induction of HA stem antibodies with increased germinal centre responses and upregulation and long-term expression of B-cell switch transcription factors. Long-term cross-reactive memory responses were sustained by FluAd following lethal heterosubtypic influenza challenge, with reduced lung damage and viral loads, coinciding with increased T- and B-cell recall. Advantages were also noted for the high-dose FluZone vaccine in both humans and mice. CONCLUSION The early, broadly reactive and long-lived antibody response of FluAd indicates a potential advantage of this vaccine, particularly in years when there is a mismatch between the vaccine strain and the circulating strain of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Kavian
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- Service d'Immunologie BiologiqueCentre Hospitalier Universitaire CochinFaculté de MédecineAssistance Publique–Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Universitaire Paris CentreUniversité Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Athena PY Li
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Carolyn A Cohen
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Alex WH Chin
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Leo LM Poon
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Vicky J Fang
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Nancy HL Leung
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
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50
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Valkenburg SA, Fang VJ, Leung NHL, Chu DKW, Ip DKM, Perera RAPM, Wang Y, Li APY, Peiris JSM, Cowling BJ, Poon LLM. Cross-reactive antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity antibodies are increased by recent infection in a household study of influenza transmission. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1092. [PMID: 31763042 PMCID: PMC6864499 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Influenza causes a spectrum of disease from asymptomatic infection to fatal outcome, and pre-existing immunity can alter susceptibility and disease severity. In a household transmission study, we recruited outpatients with confirmed influenza virus infection and prospectively identified secondary infections in their household contacts, therefore identifying infection cases with baseline samples for determining immune-mediated protection from influenza infection. METHODS We examined baseline broadly reactive immune correlates of relevance to universal vaccine development, specifically antibody-dependent cytotoxic (ADCC) antibodies and T-cell responses in functional assays. Antibodies were assessed in a cell-based NK cell degranulation assay by flow cytometry, and T-cell responses were assessed by IFN-γ intracellular cytokine staining flow cytometry assay. RESULTS The magnitude of antibody responses and ADCC function for multiple influenza-specific proteins was lower in participants who became infected, consolidating the role of pre-existing antibodies in protection from seasonal influenza virus infection. Among H1N1-infected contacts, we found that higher levels of pre-existing H1-haemagglutinin ADCC responses correlated with reduced symptom severity. Recent infection boosted the titre and magnitude of haemagglutinin-, neuraminidase- and nucleoprotein-specific ADCC antibodies. Limited T-cell samples precluded conclusions on the role of pre-existing T-cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Overall, ADCC responses are a protective correlate against influenza virus infection that should be considered in future vaccine development and evaluation.Influenza-specific ADCC responses are elevated in uninfected subjects, associated with reduced symptoms and boosted by recent infection, whilst HA stem and NA IgG are also elevated in uninfected participants irrespective of ADCC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Valkenburg
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineHKU Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public HealthWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Vicky J Fang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public HealthWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Nancy HL Leung
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public HealthWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Daniel KW Chu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public HealthWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Dennis KM Ip
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public HealthWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Ranawaka APM Perera
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public HealthWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public HealthWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Athena PY Li
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineHKU Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - JS Malik Peiris
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public HealthWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public HealthWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Leo LM Poon
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public HealthWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
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