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Ajendra J, Allen JE. Neutrophils: Friend or Foe in Filariasis? Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12918. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesuthas Ajendra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology University Hospital of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Judith E. Allen
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Wellcome Centre for Cell‐Matrix Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Center University of Manchester Manchester UK
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2
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Wysmołek ME, Długosz E, Wiśniewski M. The Immunological Role of Vascular and Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Filarial Infections. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040426. [PMID: 35203133 PMCID: PMC8868237 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The endothelium is a monolayer of cells forming a thin membrane that lines the inside of blood vessels. These cells release molecules that regulate vascular relaxation, contraction, and can control blood clotting and the immune response. During infections with filarial nematodes, common parasites of humans and animals, the endothelium is believed to play a key role in the communication between the host and the parasite, since the embryonic stage of filaroids is distributed in the bloodstream. Therefore, this review aims to gather research from different scientists in order to better understand the host immune response in infections with filarial nematodes. Abstract The embryonic stage of filarial nematodes, or microfilariae (Mf), shows daily and seasonal periodicity that requires their migration through blood vessels into the lungs, where they are sequestered when not circulating in the peripheral blood. Therefore, Mf and the host endothelium are likely in a permanent state of hide and seek. Interestingly, filarial nematodes co-cultured in media with a murine endothelial cell line survive eight times longer than those cultured in media alone. This suggests that the endothelium is an important element of the immune response in filarial nematodes, perversely promoting their survival in the host. In this review, we will focus on potential pathways involved in the relationship between filarial nematodes and the host endothelium, including the role of endothelial ICAM/VCAM/PECAM adhesion molecules, surface markers involved in the passage of Mf through host tissue, anti-thrombolic effects caused by the presence of filarial nematodes (including plasmins), endothelial cell proliferation (VEGF), and other aspects of the immune activation of the endothelium. The aim of this review is to merge the knowledge about the cross-talk between Mf of different filarial nematode species and endothelial cells (EC), thus allowing a better understanding of the mechanism of these parasitic infections.
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Israelov H, Ravid O, Atrakchi D, Rand D, Elhaik S, Bresler Y, Twitto-Greenberg R, Omesi L, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Gosselet F, Schnaider Beeri M, Cooper I. Caspase-1 has a critical role in blood-brain barrier injury and its inhibition contributes to multifaceted repair. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:267. [PMID: 32907600 PMCID: PMC7488082 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01927-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive inflammation might activate and injure the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a common feature of many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. We previously developed an in vitro BBB injury model in which the organophosphate paraoxon (PX) affects the BBB endothelium by attenuating junctional protein expression leading to weakened barrier integrity. The objective of this study was to investigate the inflammatory cellular response at the BBB to elucidate critical pathways that might lead to effective treatment in CNS pathologies in which the BBB is compromised. We hypothesized that caspase-1, a core component of the inflammasome complex, might have important role in BBB function since accumulating evidence indicates its involvement in brain inflammation and pathophysiology. Methods An in vitro human BBB model was employed to investigate BBB functions related to inflammation, primarily adhesion and transmigration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Caspase-1 pathway was studied by measurements of its activation state and its role in PBMCs adhesion, transmigration, and BBB permeability were investigated using the specific caspase-1 inhibitor, VX-765. Expression level of adhesion and junctional molecules and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in vitro and in vivo at the BBB endothelium after exposure to PX. The potential repair effect of blocking caspase-1 and downstream molecules was evaluated by immunocytochemistry, ELISA, and Nanostring technology. Results PX affected the BBB in vitro by elevating the expression of the adhesion molecules E-selectin and ICAM-1 leading to increased adhesion of PBMCs to endothelial monolayer, followed by elevated transendothelial-migration which was ICAM-1 and LFA-1 dependent. Blocking caspase-8 and 9 rescued the viability of the endothelial cells but not the elevated transmigration of PBMCs. Inhibition of caspase-1, on the other hand, robustly restored all of barrier insults tested including PBMCs adhesion and transmigration, permeability, and VE-cadherin protein levels. The in vitro inflammatory response induced by PX and the role of caspase-1 in BBB injury were corroborated in vivo in isolated blood vessels from hippocampi of mice exposed to PX and treated with VX-765. Conclusions These results shed light on the important role of caspase-1 in BBB insult in general and specifically in the inflamed endothelium, and suggest therapeutic potential for various CNS disorders, by targeting caspase-1 in the injured BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Israelov
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orly Ravid
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Dana Atrakchi
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Daniel Rand
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shirin Elhaik
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yael Bresler
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Twitto-Greenberg
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liora Omesi
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Pharmacology, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute for Health and Medical Professions, Department of Sports Therapy, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- UR 2465, Blood-brain barrier Laboratory (LBHE), Artois University, F-62300, Lens, France
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Itzik Cooper
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel. .,The Nehemia Rubin Excellence in Biomedical Research - The TELEM Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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4
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Ghosh S, Padmanabhan A, Vaidya T, Watson AM, Bhutto IA, Hose S, Shang P, Stepicheva N, Yazdankhah M, Weiss J, Das M, Gopikrishna S, Aishwarya, Yadav N, Berger T, Mak TW, Xia S, Qian J, Lutty GA, Jayagopal A, Zigler JS, Sethu S, Handa JT, Watkins SC, Ghosh A, Sinha D. Neutrophils homing into the retina trigger pathology in early age-related macular degeneration. Commun Biol 2019; 2:348. [PMID: 31552301 PMCID: PMC6754381 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an expanding problem as longevity increases worldwide. While inflammation clearly contributes to vision loss in AMD, the mechanism remains controversial. Here we show that neutrophils are important in this inflammatory process. In the retinas of both early AMD patients and in a mouse model with an early AMD-like phenotype, we show neutrophil infiltration. Such infiltration was confirmed experimentally using ribbon-scanning confocal microscopy (RSCM) and IFNλ- activated dye labeled normal neutrophils. With neutrophils lacking lipocalin-2 (LCN-2), infiltration was greatly reduced. Further, increased levels of IFNλ in early AMD trigger neutrophil activation and LCN-2 upregulation. LCN-2 promotes inflammation by modulating integrin β1 levels to stimulate adhesion and transmigration of activated neutrophils into the retina. We show that in the mouse model, inhibiting AKT2 neutralizes IFNλ inflammatory signals, reduces LCN-2-mediated neutrophil infiltration, and reverses early AMD-like phenotype changes. Thus, AKT2 inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in early, dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | | | - Alan M. Watson
- Center for Biologic Imaging and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Imran A. Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Nadezda Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Joseph Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | | | - Aishwarya
- Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Naresh Yadav
- Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Thorsten Berger
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shuli Xia
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Gerard A. Lutty
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ashwath Jayagopal
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
- Present Address: Kodiak Sciences, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - J. Samuel Zigler
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - James T. Handa
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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5
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Trudinger B, Wang J, Athayde N, Beutler L, Wang X. Association of Umbilical Placental Vascular Disease With Fetal Acute Inflammatory Cytokine Responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760200900306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Trudinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Wentworthville, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Xin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Wentworthville, New South Wales, Australia
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Hise AG, Gillette-Ferguson I, Pearlman E. Immunopathogenesis of Onchocerca volvulus keratitis (river blindness): a novel role for TLR4 and endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519030090060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus is associated with inflammation of the skin and cornea that can lead to blindness. Corneal damage is thought to occur as a result of the host inflammatory responses to degenerating microfilariae in the eye. We have utilized a murine model of corneal inflammation (keratitis) to investigate the immune and inflammatory responses associated with river blindness. Soluble extracts of O. volvulus, a filarial species that contains the endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia or Acanthocheilonema viteae (a nematode not naturally infected with the bacteria) were injected into mouse corneas. Inflammatory responses and corneal changes were measured. We demonstrated a major role for endosymbiont Wolbachia bacteria and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the pathogenesis of ocular onchocerciasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G. Hise
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Eric Pearlman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,
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7
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Taube MA, del Mar Cendra M, Elsahn A, Christodoulides M, Hossain P. Pattern recognition receptors in microbial keratitis. Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:1399-415. [PMID: 26160532 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratitis is a significant cause of global visual impairment and blindness. Corneal infection can be caused by a wide variety of pathogens, each of which exhibits a range of mechanisms by which the immune system is activated. The complexity of the immune response to corneal infection is only now beginning to be elucidated. Crucial to the cornea's defences are the pattern-recognition receptors: Toll-like and Nod-like receptors and the subsequent activation of inflammatory pathways. These inflammatory pathways include the inflammasome and can lead to significant tissue destruction and corneal damage, with the potential for resultant blindness. Understanding the immune mechanisms behind this tissue destruction may enable improved identification of therapeutic targets to aid development of more specific therapies for reducing corneal damage in infectious keratitis. This review summarises current knowledge of pattern-recognition receptors and their downstream pathways in response to the major keratitis-causing organisms and alludes to potential therapeutic approaches that could alleviate corneal blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Taube
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M del Mar Cendra
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Elsahn
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M Christodoulides
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - P Hossain
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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8
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Cole N, Hume EBH, Khan S, Garthwaite L, Conibear TCR, Willcox MDP. The role of CXC chemokine receptor 2 in Staphylococcus aureus keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2014; 127:184-9. [PMID: 25107538 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of corneal infection. CXC receptor 2 binding chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. The role of this receptor in immune responses during Staphylococcus keratitis remains to be fully understood. Corneas of CXC receptor 2 knockout and wild-type mice (Cmkar -/- & Cmkar +/+) were scratched and 1 × 10(8) cfu/ml of strain Staph 38 applied. Twenty-four hours post-infection, mice were sacrificed and eyes harvested for enumeration of bacteria and measurement of myeloperoxidase levels. Production of inflammatory mediators, cellular adhesion molecules and chemokines in response to infection were investigated by ELISA, and PCR. 24 h after challenge with S. aureus, Cmkar -/- mice had developed a more severe response with a 50-fold higher bacterial load than WT mice. PMNs failed to penetrate the corneas of Cmkar -/- mice. However, concentrations of KC, MIP-2, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly elevated (6-13 fold) in Cmkar-/- mice. The concentration of LTB4 was decreased (2 fold). Cmkar-/- mice failed to upregulate mRNA for VCAM-1 or PECAM-1 in response to infection, but had constitutively higher levels of ICAM-1. A lack of CXC receptor 2 lead to an inability to control bacterial numbers as a result of failure of PMNs to penetrate the cornea to the site of infection, even when chemokines were more highly produced. These results imply that CXCR2-mediated signaling through upregulation of adhesion molecules is essential to margination of PMNs in this infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerida Cole
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia; School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Emma B H Hume
- School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Shamila Khan
- School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Tim C R Conibear
- School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
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Bento AF, Leite DFP, Marcon R, Claudino RF, Dutra RC, Cola M, Martini AC, Calixto JB. Evaluation of chemical mediators and cellular response during acute and chronic gut inflammatory response induced by dextran sodium sulfate in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1459-69. [PMID: 23000912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects millions of people worldwide but its pathophysiology remains unclear. Therefore, experimental models of colitis have contributed crucially for the understanding of IBD, and also in the investigations for effective therapies. Herein we investigated the kinetics of inflammatory mediator production and cell infiltration during acute and chronic dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. The induction phases with DSS were characterized by severe disease activity with massive colonic polymorphonuclear infiltration and increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), keratinocyte-derived chemokine (CXCL1/KC), interleukin (IL)-17 and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Interestingly, in the recovery periods, we found marked increase of anti-inflammatory mediators IL-10, IL-4, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) that seems be essential for the resolution of intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and regulatory T cell marker forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) were increased gradually during experimental colitis, demonstrating a discrepant profile response and evident immune disbalance in the chronic phase of intestinal mucosal inflammation. Taken together, these results provide valuable information for studies on DSS-induced colitis and especially for the identification of biomarkers that predict disease course and possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allisson Freire Bento
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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10
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Relationship between pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines profiles and some haematological parameters in some Cameroonians infected with Onchocerca volvulus. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:713-7. [PMID: 22805723 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and Interleukin(IL)-1 α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 production in Cameroonians with Onchocerca volvulus (O. volvulus) infection. METHODS A total of 357 individuals from five sites at Upper Sanga, Lekkie, Nyong, Kelle and Sanaga Maritime divisions and located along Sanaga valley of Sanaga River in South Cameroon were screened for the presence of O. volvulus using the skin snip. The levels of the interleukins (IL-) namely IL-1 α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 were evaluated using enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay techniques. Haematological parameters were evaluated using standard laboratory automated analyser. RESULTS O. volvulus microfilariae were found in skin tissues of 85 (23.81%) volunteers. The mean interleukin (IL-) levels in the O. volvulus control and infected individuals were IL-1 α in (1.65 ± 0.79 and 2.31 ± 0.5) pg/mL; IL-6 in (278.36 ± 55.34 and 201.74 ± 34.56) pg/mL; IL-10 in (436.03 ± 208.64 and 418.49 ± 147.88) pg/mL and IL-13 in (8.98 ± 7.28 and 38.06 ± 11.92) pg/mL. There was a negative correlation between monocyte counts and IL-10 concentration in positive individuals. A negative correlation of IL-6 with white blood cell and lymphocyte counts was observed (P<0.05). The level of IL-13 was positively associated with microfilarial load (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS We observed depressed IL-6 and raised IL-13 concentrations in the sera of individuals with onchocerciasis which implicate these interleukins in the immunological responses of the disease. Therefore, these IL-6 and IL-13 are associated with O. volvulus infection among Cameroonians.
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11
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Gentil K, Hoerauf A, Pearlman E. Differential induction of Th2- and Th1-associated responses by filarial antigens and endosymbiotic Wolbachia in a murine model of river blindness. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012; 2:134-9. [PMID: 24672682 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.2.2012.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to filarial parasites like the river blindness inducing Onchocerca volvulus are obscured by combined reactions to the filarial nematodes themselves and their endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia. Overall, infection with filarial nematodes induces a strong Th2 response characterized by IL-5 production and to a lesser degree a Th1 response and IFNγ production. Neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration into the corneal stroma are hallmark features of Onchocerca volvulus stimulation in a mouse model of river blindness. To determine the splenic and corneal response to filarial antigens in the absence of Wolbachia, C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with either endosymbiotic Wolbachia alone, a soluble extract from the filaria Acanthocheilonema viteae that does not contain Wolbachia, or both, and injected into the corneal stroma. Neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration into the cornea was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, Th1- and Th2-associated responses to filaria or Wolbachia were investigated by determining IL-5 and IFN-γ production by splenocytes. We found that A. viteae in the absence of Wolbachia induced IL-5 production and eosinophil infiltration, but not IFN-γ. Conversely, Wolbachia induced IFN-γ production and no migration of eosinophils. There was no difference in neutrophil infiltration. Together, these findings demonstrate a distinct Th-associated phenotype induced by filaria and Wolbachia.
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12
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Xiaoyan Zhang, Xinyi Wu, Li Gao. Pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide modulates innate immunity in corneal fibroblasts challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus. Innate Immun 2010; 17:237-44. [PMID: 20305039 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910365364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus triggers inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR2 and TLR4. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a ligand of TLR4, can induce tolerance of A. fumigatus hyphae in telomerase-immortalized human stroma fibroblasts (THSFs). The THSFs were pretreated with low-dose LPS for various times and then challenged with A. fumigatus hyphae. We observed that pretreatment of THSFs with low-dose LPS resulted in diminished production of cytokines IL-8 and IL-6 and elevated expression of antimicrobial peptides, such as CC chemokine-ligand 20 (CCL20) and thymosin β4 (Tβ4), upon subsequent A. fumigatus challenge. Furthermore, LPS pretreatment also resulted in suppression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) migration. Our results suggested that THSFs pretreated with LPS develop a state of A. fumigatus hyphae tolerance. This may induce protective mechanisms during fungal keratitis to prevent an excessive inflammatory response and to control infection of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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13
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Cadman ET, Lawrence RA. Granulocytes: effector cells or immunomodulators in the immune response to helminth infection? Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:1-19. [PMID: 20042003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Granulocytes are effector cells in defence against helminth infections. We review the current evidence for the role of granulocytes in protective immunity against different helminth infections and note that for each parasite species the role of granulocytes as effector cells can vary. Emerging evidence also points to granulocytes as immunomodulatory cells able to produce many cytokines, chemokines and modulatory factors which can bias the immune response in a particular direction. Thus, the role of granulocytes in an immunomodulatory context is discussed including the most recent data that points to an important role for basophils under this guise.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Cadman
- Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
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14
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Byeseda SE, Burns AR, Dieffenbaugher S, Rumbaut RE, Smith CW, Li Z. ICAM-1 is necessary for epithelial recruitment of gammadelta T cells and efficient corneal wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:571-9. [PMID: 19608878 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing and inflammation are both significantly reduced in mice that lack gammadelta T cells. Here, the role of epithelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in gammadelta T cell migration in corneal wound healing was assessed. Wild-type mice had an approximate fivefold increase in epithelial gammadelta T cells at 24 hours after epithelial abrasion. ICAM-1(-/-) mice had 50.9% (P < 0.01) fewer gammadelta T cells resident in unwounded corneal epithelium, which failed to increase in response to epithelial abrasion. Anti-ICAM-1 blocking antibody in wild-type mice reduced epithelial gammadelta T cells to a number comparable to that of ICAM-1(-/-) mice, and mice deficient in lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (CD11a/CD18), a principal leukocyte receptor for ICAM-1, exhibited a 48% reduction (P < 0.01) in peak epithelial gammadelta T cells. Re-epithelialization and epithelial cell division were both significantly reduced ( approximately 50% at 18 hours, P < 0.01) after abrasion in ICAM-1(-/-) mice versus wild-type, and at 96 hours, recovery of epithelial thickness was only 66% (P < 0.01) of wild-type. ICAM-1 expression by corneal epithelium in response to epithelial abrasion appears to be critical for accumulation of gammadelta T cells in the epithelium, and deficiency of ICAM-1 significantly delays wound healing. Since gammadelta T cells are necessary for efficient epithelial wound healing, ICAM-1 may contribute to wound healing by facilitating gammadelta T cell migration into the corneal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Byeseda
- Section of Leukocyte Biology, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Room 6014, 1100 Bates, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Gamma interferon and interleukin-1 receptor 1 regulate neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma in a murine model of Onchocerca volvulus keratitis. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1606-12. [PMID: 19168746 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00671-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is an essential mediator of corneal inflammation induced by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus, which harbors endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria. TLR2 is also required for dendritic cell activation, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production, and neutrophil recruitment to the cornea. To examine the role of IFN-gamma in O. volvulus keratitis, C57BL/6 and IFN-gamma(-/-) mice were immunized subcutaneously, and a soluble antigen extract from O. volvulus adult worms (OvAg) was injected into the corneal stroma of each animal. We found that, in the absence of IFN-gamma, neutrophil recruitment to the cornea was significantly impaired, whereas there was no effect on eosinophil infiltration. Since the cornea contains resident macrophages and fibroblasts and our previous studies showed that CXC chemokines mediate neutrophil recruitment, we examined the role of recombinant IFN-gamma (rIFN-gamma) on each cell type. We found no effect of rIFN-gamma on CXC chemokine production by macrophages or corneal fibroblasts, either alone or with filarial extracts; in contrast, rIFN-gamma was found to enhance OvAg-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1alpha, and IL-1beta in macrophages. Furthermore, we found that rTNF-alpha, rIL-1alpha, or rIL-1beta induced CXC chemokine production by corneal fibroblasts but not by macrophages. To determine the relative contributions of endogenous cytokines, we injected OvAg into the corneal stroma of C57BL/6, IL-1 receptor 1(-/-) (IL-1R1(-/-)), and TNF-alphaR1/2(-/-) mice and examined neutrophil recruitment. We found that neutrophil infiltration was impaired in IL-1R1(-/-) mice but not in TNF-alphaR1/2(-/-) mice. IFN-gamma therefore appears to regulate neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma by enhancing TLR2 expression and OvAg-induced IL-1alpha and IL-1beta production by macrophages in the cornea, which then induce IL-1R1-dependent production of CXC chemokine by resident corneal fibroblasts.
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Identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in inflammatory genes as risk factors associated with trachomatous trichiasis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3600. [PMID: 18974840 PMCID: PMC2572999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trachoma is the leading preventable cause of global blindness. A balanced Th1/Th2/Th3 immune response is critical for resolving Chlamydia trachomatis infection, the primary cause of trachoma. Despite control programs that include mass antibiotic treatment, reinfection and recurrence of trachoma are common after treatment cessation. Furthermore, a subset of infected individuals develop inflammation and are at greater risk for developing the severe sequela of trachoma known as trachomatous trichiasis (TT). While there are a number of environmental and behavioral risk factors for trachoma, genetic factors that influence inflammation and TT risk remain ill defined. Methodology/Findings We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 36 candidate inflammatory genes and interactions among these SNPs that likely play a role in the overall risk for TT. We conducted a case control study of 538 individuals of Tharu ethnicity residing in an endemic region of Nepal. Trachoma was graded according to World Health Organization guidelines. A linear array was used to genotype 51 biallelic SNPs in the 36 genes. Analyses were performed using logic regression modeling, which controls for multiple comparisons. We present, to our knowledge, the first significant association of TNFA (-308GA), LTA (252A), VCAM1 (-1594TC), and IL9 (T113M) polymorphisms, synergistic SNPs and risk of TT. TT risk decreased 5 times [odds ratio = 0.2 (95% confidence interval 0.11.–0.33), p = 0.001] with the combination of TNFA (-308A), LTA (252A), VCAM1 (-1594C), SCYA 11 (23T) minor allele, and the combination of TNFA (-308A), IL9 (113M), IL1B (5′UTR-T), and VCAM1 (-1594C). However, TT risk increased 13.5 times [odds ratio = 13.5 (95% confidence interval 3.3–22), p = 0.001] with the combination of TNFA (-308G), VDR (intron G), IL4R (50V), and ICAM1 (56M) minor allele. Conclusions Evaluating genetic risk factors for trachoma will advance our understanding of disease pathogenesis, and should be considered in the context of designing global control programs.
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Gillette-Ferguson I, Daehnel K, Hise AG, Sun Y, Carlson E, Diaconu E, McGarry HF, Taylor MJ, Pearlman E. Toll-like receptor 2 regulates CXC chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment to the cornea in Onchocerca volvulus/Wolbachia-induced keratitis. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5908-15. [PMID: 17875630 PMCID: PMC2168349 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00991-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus is the causative organism of river blindness. Our previous studies demonstrated an essential role for endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in corneal disease, which is characterized by neutrophil infiltration into the corneal stroma and the development of corneal haze. To determine the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in neutrophil recruitment and activation, we injected a soluble extract of O. volvulus containing Wolbachia bacteria into the corneal stromata of C57BL/6, TLR2-/-, TLR4-/-, TLR2/4-/-, and TLR9-/- mice. We found an essential role for TLR2, but not TLR4 or TLR9, in neutrophil recruitment to the cornea and development of corneal haze. Furthermore, chimeric mouse bone marrow studies showed that resident bone marrow-derived cells in the cornea can initiate this response. TLR2 expression was also essential for CXC chemokine production by resident cells in the cornea, including corneal fibroblasts, and for neutrophil activation. Taken together, these findings indicate that Wolbachia activates TLR2 on resident bone marrow-derived cells in the corneal stroma to produce CXC chemokines, leading to neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma, and that TLR2 mediates O. volvulus/Wolbachia-induced neutrophil activation and development of corneal haze.
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McInnis KA, Britain A, Lausch RN, Oakes JE. Human corneal epithelial cells synthesize ELR(-)alpha-chemokines in response to proinflammatory mediators. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2007; 15:295-302. [PMID: 17763126 DOI: 10.1080/09273940701397117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the synthesis of alpha-chemokines IP-10, MIG, and I-TAC by human corneal epithelial cells (HCE) following exposure to proinflammatory mediators. Supernatants were collected from HCE cultures stimulated with individual or combinations of TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, and IFN-gamma, and assayed for alpha-chemokines by ELISA. RT-PCR was used to detect IFN-gamma receptor mRNA. Activation of STAT 1 was determined by Western blotting. Stimulation of HCE with either IL-1alpha or TNF-alpha increased IP-10 protein synthesis up to 6-fold, whereas insignificant levels of MIG and I-TAC were induced. The epithelial cells were found to express IFN-gamma receptors constitutively. Exposure to the ligand resulted in STAT 1 phosphorylation and production of nanogram amounts of IP-10, I-TAC, and MIG. When HCE were stimulated with combinations of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, or IL-1alpha and IFN-gamma, the levels of IP-10 and I-TAC secreted were > 150-fold higher than that produced following exposure to a single cytokine. In contrast, MIG protein synthesis was not enhanced upon stimulation with cytokine combinations. The abundant production of ELR(-)alpha -chemokines following appropriate stimulation suggests that HCE may play an important role in the recruitment of effector cells such as activated T-lymphocytes to inflamed corneal tissue. The data also indicate that the synthesis of IP-10, I-TAC, and MIG are differentially regulated in HCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla A McInnis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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Li Z, Burns AR, Smith CW. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1-dependent inhibition of corneal wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1590-600. [PMID: 17071583 PMCID: PMC1780217 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abrasion of murine corneal epithelium induces neutrophil emigration through limbal vessels into the avascular corneal stroma, peaking within 12 to 18 hours after wounding. A central corneal wound closes within 24 hours by epithelial cell migration and division, and during wound closure corneal epithelial cells express intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 (CD54). We investigated the contributions of lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 (CD11a/CD18) and Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) by analyzing wound closure in mice with targeted deletions of CD11a (CD11a-/-) or CD11b (CD11b-/-). In contrast to CD11a-/- mice, CD11b deficiency revealed a much greater delay in epithelial wound closure with >90% inhibition of epithelial cell division at a time when neutrophil accumulation in the cornea was approximately threefold higher than normal. Treating CD11b-/- mice with anti-CD11a monoclonal antibody at the time of epithelial abrasion resulted in significant reductions in neutrophils and significant increases in corneal epithelial cell division and migration. Treating CD11b-/- mice with anti-ICAM-1 significantly increased measures of healing but marginally reduced neutrophil influx. In conclusion, wound healing after corneal epithelial abrasion is disrupted by the absence of CD11b. The disruption is apparently linked to excessive neutrophil accumulation at a time when epithelial division is essential to wound repair, and neutrophils appear to be detrimental through processes involving LFA-1 and ICAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Li
- Section of Leukocyte Biology, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA
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Suchankova J, Voprsalova M, Kottova M, Semecky V, Visnovsky P. Effects of oral alpha-tocopherol on lung response in rat model of allergic asthma. Respirology 2006; 11:414-21. [PMID: 16771910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance plays an important role. d-alpha-tocopherol (biologically the most active form of vitamin E) has redox properties and by scavenging the free radicals can act as an antioxidant. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of orally administered alpha-tocopherol in a rat model of allergic asthma. METHODOLOGY Actively sensitized rats (OA) were treated with alpha-tocopherol (400 mg/kg/day for 10 days) or vehicle; 1 h after the last dose, they were challenged with antigen aerosol. The antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to direct bronchoconstrictor (serotonin), the inflammatory cell infiltrate and histological changes were determined 1 or 24 h after the antigen challenge. RESULTS Alpha-tocopherol pretreatment was not significantly effective at reducing the studied parameters when compared with controls, even though there was a tendency to a reduction in bronchial responsiveness and in eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSION Alpha-tocopherol when administered in the chosen study design in an animal model of asthma had no major effect on airway inflammation. The effect of antioxidants deserves further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Suchankova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Khalfaoui T, Kria L, Anane R, Erraies K, Beltaief O, Mkannez G, Zhioua R, Ben Jilani S, Ouertani Meddeb A. [Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 in the conjunctiva of diabetic patients: a preliminary study]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2006; 29:783-8. [PMID: 16988628 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(06)73847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent research has incriminated adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. These molecules have been found to be expressed in many cells participating in inflammatory processes and neovascularization. The purpose of our investigation was to study the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (ICAM-1) in the conjunctiva of diabetic patients without retinopathy in comparison with normal human conjunctiva. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifteen conjunctival biopsies were obtained from diabetic patients without retinopathy. The ocular fundus examination and retinal fluorescein angiography were normal. The normal human conjunctiva were taken from five patients undergoing senile cataract surgery. Immunohistochemical analysis consisted of indirect immunoperoxidase using the monoclonal antibody ICAM-1. RESULTS The adhesion molecule ICAM-1 was immunolocalized in epithelial, vascular endothelial, and inflammatory cells. The expression of this molecule was different in diabetic patients for the same duration. In the normal human conjunctiva, the expression of ICAM-1 was very low. CONCLUSION This preliminary study shows that ICAM-1 is present in the conjunctiva of diabetic patients without retinopathy and thus may add new insights into the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Khalfaoui
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, EPS Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisie.
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Semnani RT, Keiser PB, Coulibaly YI, Keita F, Diallo AA, Traore D, Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Traore SF, Kubofcik J, Klion AD, Nutman TB. Filaria-induced monocyte dysfunction and its reversal following treatment. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4409-17. [PMID: 16861626 PMCID: PMC1539612 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01106-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte dysfunction in filarial infection has been proposed as one mechanism underlying the diminished antigen-specific T-cell response seen in patent lymphatic filariasis. Cytokine/chemokine production and gene expression in monocytes from filaria-infected patients and uninfected healthy donors were assessed unstimulated and in response to stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I bacteria plus gamma interferon both before and 8 months following treatment. Monocytes from filaria-infected individuals were studded with intracellular microfilarial antigens. Furthermore, monocytes from these individuals were less capable of producing interleukin-8 (IL-8), Exodus II, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and IL-1alpha and preferentially expressed genes involved in apoptosis and adhesion compared with monocytes from uninfected donors. Eight months following treatment with a single dose of ivermectin-albendazole, some of these defects were reversed, with monocyte production of IL-8, IL-1alpha, MIP-1alpha, and IL-10 being comparable to that seen in the uninfected controls. In addition, a marked increase in mRNA expression of genes associated with protein metabolism, particularly heat shock proteins, was seen compared with pretreatment expression. These data suggest that the function and gene expression of monocytes in filaria-infected patients are altered but that this dysfunction is partially reversible following antifilarial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Tolouei Semnani
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 4 Center Drive, Room 4/126, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Gonlugur U, Efeoglu T. Vascular adhesion and transendothelial migration of eosinophil leukocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 318:473-82. [PMID: 15578268 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissues respond to injury with inflammation in an effort to protect and repair the damaged site. During inflammation, leukocytes typically accumulate in response to certain chemicals produced within the tissue itself. The passage of leukocytes through the vascular lumen into tissues occurs in several phases, including rolling, activation, firm adhesion, transendothelial migration, and subendothelial migration. Although infiltration of eosinophil leukocytes is one of the most important aspects of allergic inflammatory reactions, eosinophils also participate in nonallergic inflammation. Eosinophil accumulation is regulated not only by endothelial adhesion molecules, but also by interactions between eosinophil adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix elements. This review summarizes the regulation of eosinophil leukocyte adhesion and migration. A better understanding of eosinophil recruitment responses may lead to the development of novel therapeutics for chronic allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Gonlugur
- Department of Chest Diseases, Cumhuriyet University Medical School Gogus, Hastaliklari Klinigi, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
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Gillette-Ferguson I, Hise AG, McGarry HF, Turner J, Esposito A, Sun Y, Diaconu E, Taylor MJ, Pearlman E. Wolbachia-induced neutrophil activation in a mouse model of ocular onchocerciasis (river blindness). Infect Immun 2004; 72:5687-92. [PMID: 15385467 PMCID: PMC517527 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5687-5692.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria are abundant in the filarial nematodes that cause onchocerciasis (river blindness), including the larvae (microfilariae) that migrate into the cornea. Using a mouse model of ocular onchocerciasis, we recently demonstrated that it is these endosymbiotic bacteria rather than the nematodes per se that induce neutrophil infiltration to the corneal stroma and loss of corneal clarity (Saint Andre et al., Science 295:1892-1895, 2002). To better understand the role of Wolbachia organisms in the pathogenesis of this disease, we examined the fate of these bacteria in the cornea by immunoelectron microscopy. Microfilariae harboring Wolbachia organisms were injected into mouse corneas, and bacteria were detected with antibody to Wolbachia surface protein. Within 18 h of injection, neutrophils completely surrounded the nematodes and were in close proximity to Wolbachia organisms. Wolbachia surface protein labeling was also prominent in neutrophil phagosomes, indicating neutrophil ingestion of Wolbachia organisms. Furthermore, the presence of numerous electron-dense granules around the phagosomes indicated that neutrophils were activated. To determine if Wolbachia organisms directly activate neutrophils, peritoneal neutrophils were incubated with either parasite extracts containing Wolbachia organisms, parasite extracts depleted of Wolbachia organisms (by antibiotic treatment of worms), or Wolbachia organisms isolated from filarial nematodes. After 18 h of incubation, we found that isolated Wolbachia organisms stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and CXC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and KC by neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, these cytokines were induced by filarial extracts containing Wolbachia organisms but not by Wolbachia-depleted extracts. Taken together, these findings indicate that neutrophil activation is an important mechanism by which Wolbachia organisms contribute to the pathogenesis of ocular onchocerciasis.
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Hise AG, Gillette-Ferguson I, Pearlman E. The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in filarial disease. Cell Microbiol 2004; 6:97-104. [PMID: 14706096 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the pathogenic role of Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria in filarial diseases, focusing on the host innate immune responses to filarial and Wolbachia products. A description of the host pathogen recognition and early inflammatory responses including TLR4-mediated signalling, chemokine and cytokine responses and inflammatory cell recruitment is provided from human studies and from animal models of filarial disease. Finally, the impact of the discovery and characterization of Wolbachia on filarial research and treatment programmes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Hise
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, W-137, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4983, USA
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Abstract
The ocular surface is constantly exposed to a wide array of microorganisms. The ability of the outer ocular system to recognize pathogens as foreign and eliminate them is critical to retain corneal transparency, hence preservation of sight. Therefore, a combination of mechanical, anatomical, and immunological defense mechanisms has evolved to protect the outer eye. These host defense mechanisms are classified as either a native, nonspecific defense or a specifically acquired immunological defense requiring previous exposure to an antigen and the development of specific immunity. Sight-threatening immunopathology with autologous cell damage also can take place after these reactions. This article discusses the innate and acquired corneal elements of the immune defense at the ocular surface. The relative roles of the various factors contributing to prevention of eye infection remain to be fully defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Akpek
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Hobden JA. Intercellular adhesion molecule-2 (ICAM-2) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular infection. DNA Cell Biol 2003; 22:649-55. [PMID: 14611686 DOI: 10.1089/104454903770238120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, ICAM-1-deficient knockout (KO) mice were able to recruit inflammatory cells into Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected eyes and resolve the infection as well as wild-type (WT) mice. Based on this observation, it was hypothesized that ICAM-2 could serve as a surrogate receptor for leukocyte recruitment in lieu of ICAM-1. To test this hypothesis, ICAM-2 expression was first examined in both uninfected and P. aeruginosa-infected eyes (6 h postinfection) by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Similar to ICAM-1, ICAM-2 was constitutively expressed on the vascular endothelium of the iris, ciliary body, and conjunctiva of uninfected eyes. Unlike ICAM-1, ICAM-2 was not expressed in the cornea nor upregulated following P. aeruginosa infection. The role of ICAM-2 in P. aeruginosa ocular infection was then addressed through a monoclonal antibody (MAb) blockade of ICAM-2 in infected ICAM-1 KO and WT mice. MAb blockade of ICAM-2 resulted in fewer infiltrating inflammatory cells (as ascertained by histopathology) in the anterior chamber of eyes of ICAM-1-KO and WT mice 24 h postinfection. However, a myeloperoxidase assay of infected corneas showed no statistical difference (P > 0.11) between the two groups in infiltrating PMN. Collectively, these data suggest that constitutively expressed ICAM-2 does play a role in recruiting inflammatory cells into the anterior chamber of the eye during P. aeruginosa infection. Furthermore, inflammatory cell recruitment into the P. aeruginosa-infected cornea appears to be mediated by an ICAM-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Hobden
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Semnani RT, Liu AY, Sabzevari H, Kubofcik J, Zhou J, Gilden JK, Nutman TB. Brugia malayi microfilariae induce cell death in human dendritic cells, inhibit their ability to make IL-12 and IL-10, and reduce their capacity to activate CD4+ T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1950-60. [PMID: 12902498 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parasite Ag-specific T cell unresponsiveness and diminished IFN-gamma production are immunologic hallmarks of patent infection with lymph-dwelling filarial nematodes. Although this diminished responsiveness is directed primarily against the intravascular microfilarial (MF) parasite stage and mediated in part by reduced APC function, the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. In this report, we demonstrate that human dendritic cells (DC) exposed to live MF up-regulate both the cell surface and gene expression of CD54 (ICAM-1). Moreover, live MF result in a 3-fold increase in DC death compared with MF-unexposed DC, primarily due to apoptosis. Notably, microarray and real-time RT-PCR data indicate that live MF concurrently up-regulate mRNA expression of proinflammatory molecules such as IL-8, RANTES, IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, and IL-beta in DC, the presence of which is also detected at the protein level, while inhibiting the production of IL-12 (p40 and p70) and IL-10. Soluble excretory-secretory products from live MF diminished IL-12 and IL-10 production and induced DC death, although to a lesser degree. Moreover, exposure of DC to live MF resulted in a decrease in the ability of DC to promote CD4(+) T cell production of IFN-gamma and IL-5. Our findings clearly suggest that the interaction between live MF and DC is complex but contributes to the hyporesponsiveness and parasite persistence associated with the MF(+) state in the infected human. These data further suggest that MF induce an orchestrated response in APC that leads to a diminished capacity to function appropriately, which in turn has significant consequences for CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Tolouei Semnani
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Chauhan S, Leach CH, Kunz S, Bloom JW, Miesfeld RL. Glucocorticoid regulation of human eosinophil gene expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 84:441-52. [PMID: 12732289 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular analysis of steroid-regulated gene expression in freshly isolated human eosinophils is difficult due to the inherent high rate of spontaneous apoptosis and elevated levels of endogenous ribonucleases. To circumvent these limitations, we determined if the human eosinophilic cell line EoL-1 could serve as an in vitro model of glucocorticoid signaling. We found by optimizing growth conditions in low serum-containing media that dexamethasone (Dex) treatment of EoL-1 cells induced an apoptotic pathway that was inhibited by interleukin-5 (IL-5). Moreover, gene expression profiling using RNA from untreated EoL-1 cells and from freshly isolated human eosinophils identified 380 commonly expressed genes, including the eosinophil markers granule major basic protein, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. Expression profiling was performed using EoL-1 cells that had been treated with dexamethasone for 0, 4, 12, 24 and 48h identifying 162 genes as differentially expressed. Two of the most highly upregulated genes based on expression profiling were the transcription factor Ets-2 and the MHC Class II genes (Q, R, and P). Expression of these genes in EoL-1 cells was shown to be dexamethasone-induced at the RNA and protein levels which is consistent with the known function of Ets-2 in controlling cell cycle progression and the role of MHC Class II antigens in mediating eosinophil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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30
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Denkinger CM, Denkinger M, Kort JJ, Metz C, Forsthuber TG. In vivo blockade of macrophage migration inhibitory factor ameliorates acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by impairing the homing of encephalitogenic T cells to the central nervous system. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1274-82. [PMID: 12538686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of macrophage effector functions and T cell activation. However, its role in the pathogenesis of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has remained unresolved. In this study, we report that anti-MIF Ab treatment of SJL mice with acute EAE improved the disease severity and accelerated the recovery. Furthermore, the anti-MIF treatment impaired the homing of neuroantigen-reactive pathogenic T cells to the CNS in a VCAM-1-dependent fashion. Interestingly, MIF blockade also decreased the clonal size of the neuroantigen-specific Th1 cells and increased their activation threshold. Taken together, the results demonstrate an important role for MIF in the pathogenesis of EAE/multiple sclerosis and suggest that MIF blockade may be a promising new strategy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Denkinger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Hoerauf
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Helminthology, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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Wyman TH, Bjornsen AJ, Elzi DJ, Smith CW, England KM, Kelher M, Silliman CC. A two-insult in vitro model of PMN-mediated pulmonary endothelial damage: requirements for adherence and chemokine release. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 283:C1592-603. [PMID: 12388071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00540.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholines (lyso-PCs), generated during blood storage, are etiologic in a two-insult, sepsis-based model of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Individually, endotoxin (LPS) and lyso-PCs prime but do not activate neutrophils (PMNs). We hypothesized that priming of PMNs alters their reactivity such that a second priming agent causes PMN activation and endothelial cell damage. PMNs were primed or not with LPS and then treated with lyso-PCs, and oxidase activation and elastase release were measured. For coculture experiments, activation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) was assessed by ICAM-1 expression and chemokine release. HMVECs were stimulated or not with LPS, PMNs were added, cells were incubated with lyso-PCs, and the number of viable HMVECs was counted. Lyso-PCs activated LPS-primed PMNs. HMVEC activation resulted in increased ICAM-1 and release of ENA-78, GRO alpha, and IL-8. PMN-mediated HMVEC damage was dependent on LPS activation of HMVECs, chemokine release, PMN adhesion, and lyso-PC activation of the oxidase. In conclusion, sequential exposure of PMNs to priming agents activates the microbicidal arsenal, and PMN-mediated HMVEC damage was the result of two insults: HMVEC activation and PMN oxidase assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis H Wyman
- Bonfils Blood Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80230, USA
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33
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Frydas S, Madhappan B, Kempuraj D. Some aspects of Parasitology and Immunology in general Medicine. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2002; 15:165-170. [PMID: 12575916 DOI: 10.1177/039463200201500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of these studies is to review the role of some parasites and their components in inflammation, allergy and immune system. We also report recent results published by others group as well as our own.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Frydas
- Parasitology Dept. Veterinary Faculty, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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34
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Abstract
A catalytic antioxidant, AEOL 10113, was used in a murine model of asthma to test the hypothesis that oxidants contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma. Balb/c mice were immunized and challenged with ovalbumin. AEOL 10113 was administered to the mice by intratracheal instillation during ovalbumin challenges. Enhanced pause as an indicator of airway reactivity and differential cell count of lavage cells as an indicator of airway inflammation were assessed. Lung expressions of the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were measured. We found that treatment of ovalbumin-challenged mice with AEOL 10113 drastically reduced the severity of airway inflammation as evidenced by the reduced numbers of eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Inhibition of ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation is associated with inhibited expression of VCAM-1, which is a key adhesion molecule responsible for the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the lungs of ovalbumin-challenged mice. In addition, treatment with AEOL 10113 reduced the magnitude of ovalbumin-induced airway hyperreactivity to methacholine. These results suggest that oxidative stress is an important factor in the pathogenesis of asthma and that a synthetic catalytic antioxidant could be effective in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yi Chang
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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35
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Broide D. Fast flowing eosinophils: signals for stopping and stepping out of blood vessels. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26:637-40. [PMID: 12034560 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.6.f240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Broide
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0635, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The recruitment of leukocytes to an extravascular destination requires intercellular communication between tissue cells and leukocytes. The molecules mediating this intercellular communication play differing roles in recruiting different types of leukocytes, in response to different stimuli, in different tissues, and in different hosts. The present communication reviews the adhesion molecules, chemokines, other cytokines, and NF- kappa B proteins which regulate the recruitment of neutrophils elicited by bacteria in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Mizgerd
- Physiology Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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37
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Saint André AV, Blackwell NM, Hall LR, Hoerauf A, Brattig NW, Volkmann L, Taylor MJ, Ford L, Hise AG, Lass JH, Diaconu E, Pearlman E. The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness. Science 2002; 295:1892-5. [PMID: 11884755 DOI: 10.1126/science.1068732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic filarial nematodes infect more than 200 million individuals worldwide, causing debilitating inflammatory diseases such as river blindness and lymphatic filariasis. Using a murine model for river blindness in which soluble extracts of filarial nematodes were injected into the corneal stroma, we demonstrated that the predominant inflammatory response in the cornea was due to species of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria. In addition, the inflammatory response induced by these bacteria was dependent on expression of functional Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on host cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Brugia malayi/physiology
- Cornea/immunology
- Cornea/metabolism
- Cornea/microbiology
- Cornea/parasitology
- Dipetalonema/physiology
- Doxycycline/pharmacology
- Doxycycline/therapeutic use
- Drosophila Proteins
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Keratitis/immunology
- Keratitis/microbiology
- Keratitis/parasitology
- Keratitis/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Neutrophil Infiltration
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Onchocerca volvulus/immunology
- Onchocerca volvulus/microbiology
- Onchocerca volvulus/physiology
- Onchocerciasis, Ocular/immunology
- Onchocerciasis, Ocular/microbiology
- Onchocerciasis, Ocular/parasitology
- Onchocerciasis, Ocular/pathology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Symbiosis
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Wolbachia/immunology
- Wolbachia/pathogenicity
- Wolbachia/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie v Saint André
- Division of Geographic Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Hall LR, Berger RB, Diaconu E, Pearlman E. Onchocerca volvulus keratitis (river blindness) is exacerbated in BALB/c IL-4 gene knockout mice. Cell Immunol 2002; 216:1-5. [PMID: 12381344 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(02)00500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine the outcome of Onchocerca volvulus keratitis in IL-4(-/-) BALB/c mice, animals were immunized subcutaneously and injected into the corneal stroma with soluble O. volvulus antigens. IL-4(-/-) BALB/c mice had a deviated cellular response, with decreased serum IgE and IgG1 and elevated IgG2a compared with control BALB/c mice. In marked contrast to control BALB/c, C57BL/6, and IL-4(-/-) C57BL/6 mice, IL-4(-/-) BALB/c mice developed severe corneal opacification and neovascularization that was associated with a pronounced neutrophil infiltrate to the corneal stroma. STAT-6(-/-) BALB/c mice had the same phenotype as IL-4(-/-) BALB/c mice, and complement depletion had no effect on the severity of O. volvulus keratitis in these mice. These findings indicate that on a BALB/c background, IL-4 has a critical role in regulating neutrophil recruitment to the cornea and development of O. volvulus keratitis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/blood
- Antigens, Helminth/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Cornea/pathology
- Corneal Neovascularization/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interleukin-4/deficiency
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Keratitis/blood
- Keratitis/immunology
- Keratitis/parasitology
- Keratitis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Onchocerca volvulus/immunology
- Onchocerciasis, Ocular/blood
- Onchocerciasis, Ocular/immunology
- Onchocerciasis, Ocular/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie R Hall
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S MacDonald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, USA
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