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Shin JM, Son YJ, Ha IJ, Erdenebileg S, Jung DS, Song DG, Kim YS, Kim SM, Nho CW. Artemisia argyi extract alleviates inflammation in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model and enhances immunomodulatory effects in lymphoid tissues. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:64. [PMID: 35277165 PMCID: PMC8917695 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal system has increased. IBD, characterized by aberrant immune responses against antigens, is thought to be caused by the invasion of enterobacteria. The pathogenesis of IBD is complicated, hence novel effective therapeutic agents are warranted. Therefore, this study evaluates the potential of Artemisia argyi, a medicinal herb, in alleviating IBD.
Methods
The effectiveness of the A. argyi ethanol extract was verified both in vitro and in vivo. Inflammation was induced in RAW 264.7 cells by 1 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and by 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model. During the ten-day colitis induction, 200 mg/kg of A. argyi ethanol extract was orally administered to the treatment group. Levels of inflammation-related proteins and genes were analyzed in the colon, serum, and lymphoid tissues, i.e., Peyer’s patches (PPs) and spleen. The chemical constituent of the A. argyi ethanol extract was identified using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis.
Results
A. argyi ethanol extract treatment ameliorated IBD symptoms and reduced the expression of inflammation-related proteins and genes in the colon and serum samples. Furthermore, A. argyi treatment induced the activation of anti-oxidative associated proteins, such as nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1); and the treatment have also inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a central mediator of inflammatory responses. A. argyi enhanced the immunomodulatory effects in the PPs and spleen, which may stem from interleukin-10 (IL-10) upregulation. Chemical analysis identified a total of 28 chemical compounds, several of which have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects.
Conclusions
The effectiveness of the A. argyi ethanol extract in alleviating IBD was demonstrated; application of the extract successfully mitigated IBD symptoms, and enhanced immunomodulatory responses in lymphoid tissues. These findings suggest A. argyi as a promising herbal medicine for IBD treatment.
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2
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Shou Y, Koroleva E, Spencer CM, Shein SA, Korchagina AA, Yusoof KA, Parthasarathy R, Leadbetter EA, Akopian AN, Muñoz AR, Tumanov AV. Redefining the Role of Lymphotoxin Beta Receptor in the Maintenance of Lymphoid Organs and Immune Cell Homeostasis in Adulthood. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712632. [PMID: 34335629 PMCID: PMC8320848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) is a promising therapeutic target in autoimmune and infectious diseases as well as cancer. Mice with genetic inactivation of LTβR display multiple defects in development and organization of lymphoid organs, mucosal immune responses, IgA production and an autoimmune phenotype. As these defects are imprinted in embryogenesis and neonate stages, the impact of LTβR signaling in adulthood remains unclear. Here, to overcome developmental defects, we generated mice with inducible ubiquitous genetic inactivation of LTβR in adult mice (iLTβRΔ/Δ mice) and redefined the role of LTβR signaling in organization of lymphoid organs, immune response to mucosal bacterial pathogen, IgA production and autoimmunity. In spleen, postnatal LTβR signaling is required for development of B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), recruitment of neutrophils and maintenance of the marginal zone. Lymph nodes of iLTβRΔ/Δ mice were reduced in size, lacked FDCs, and had disorganized subcapsular sinus macrophages. Peyer`s patches were smaller in size and numbers, and displayed reduced FDCs. The number of isolated lymphoid follicles in small intestine and colon were also reduced. In contrast to LTβR-/- mice, iLTβRΔ/Δ mice displayed normal thymus structure and did not develop signs of systemic inflammation and autoimmunity. Further, our results suggest that LTβR signaling in adulthood is required for homeostasis of neutrophils, NK, and iNKT cells, but is dispensable for the maintenance of polyclonal IgA production. However, iLTβRΔ/Δ mice exhibited an increased sensitivity to C. rodentium infection and failed to develop pathogen-specific IgA responses. Collectively, our study uncovers new insights of LTβR signaling in adulthood for the maintenance of lymphoid organs, neutrophils, NK and iNKT cells, and IgA production in response to mucosal bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Shou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States,Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ekaterina Koroleva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Sergey A. Shein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Anna A. Korchagina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kizil A. Yusoof
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Raksha Parthasarathy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Leadbetter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Armen N. Akopian
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Amanda R. Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Alexei V. Tumanov,
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3
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Tsuruhara A, Aso K, Tokuhara D, Ohori J, Kawabata M, Kurono Y, McGhee JR, Fujihashi K. Rejuvenation of mucosal immunosenescence by adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int Immunol 2017; 29:5-10. [PMID: 28391291 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated alterations in the mucosal immune system are generally termed mucosal immunosenescence. The major change seen in the aged mucosa is a failure to elicit an antigen-specific secretory IgA (SIgA) antibody response, which is a central player for host defense from various pathogens at mucosal surfaces. In this regard, it would be a first priority to compensate for mucosal dysregulation in the elderly in order to maintain their health in aging. We have successfully established antigen-specific SIgA antibody responses in aged (2 years old) mice, which provide protective immunity from Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza virus infections, by using a new adjuvant system consisting of a plasmid encoding Flt3 ligand (pFL) and CpG ODN. In order to explore possible use of current mucosal vaccine strategies for the elderly, we have adoptively transferred adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) to aged mice prior to mucosal vaccination. This immune therapy successfully resulted in protective antigen-specific antibody responses in the intestinal mucosa of aged mice that were comparable to those seen in young adult mice. In this regard, we postulate that adoptively transferred AMSCs could augment dendritic cell functions in aged mice. The potential cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby AMSCs restore mucosal immunity in immunosenescence are discussed in this short review. A stem cell transfer system could be an attractive and effective immunologic intervention strategy to reverse mucosal immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Tsuruhara
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1919 7th Avenue South, SDB 801 A1, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1919 7th Avenue South, SDB 801 A1, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Asahi-cho 1-5-7, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Osaka 545-0051, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tokuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Asahi-cho 1-5-7, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Osaka 545-0051, Japan
| | - Junichiro Ohori
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1919 7th Avenue South, SDB 801 A1, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Masaki Kawabata
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1919 7th Avenue South, SDB 801 A1, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kurono
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Jerry R McGhee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1919 7th Avenue South, SDB 801 A1, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1919 7th Avenue South, SDB 801 A1, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
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4
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Tang H, Zhu M, Qiao J, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin signalling in tertiary lymphoid structures and immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:809-818. [PMID: 28413217 PMCID: PMC5649108 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) often develop at sites of persistent inflammation, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. In most cases, the presence of TLS correlates with active immune responses. Because of their proximity to pathological loci, TLS are an intriguing target for the manipulation of immune responses. For several years, it has become clear that lymphotoxin (LT) signalling plays critical roles in lymphoid tissue organogenesis and maintenance. In the current review, we will discuss the role of LT signalling in the development of TLS. With a focus on cancers and autoimmune diseases, we will highlight the correlations between TLS and disease progression. We will also discuss the current efforts and potential directions for manipulating TLS for immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- IBP-UTSW Joint Immunotherapy Group, Chinese Academy of Science, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian Qiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- IBP-UTSW Joint Immunotherapy Group, Chinese Academy of Science, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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5
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Kudsk KA, Gomez FE, Kang W, Ueno C. Enteral Feeding of a Chemically Defined Diet Preserves Pulmonary Immunity but Not Intestinal Immunity: The Role of Lymphotoxin β Receptor. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 31:477-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607107031006477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Kudsk
- From the Veterans Administration Surgical Services, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; and the Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - F. Enrique Gomez
- From the Veterans Administration Surgical Services, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; and the Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Woodae Kang
- From the Veterans Administration Surgical Services, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; and the Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Chikara Ueno
- From the Veterans Administration Surgical Services, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; and the Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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6
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Zhang M, Perrin L, Pardo P. A Randomized Phase 1 Study to Assess the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of the Subcutaneously Injected Anti-LIGHT Antibody, SAR252067. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2016; 6:292-301. [PMID: 27545119 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
LIGHT, a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, is potentially involved in mucosal inflammation associated with inflammatory bowel disease. The safety and pharmacokinetics of the fully human monoclonal anti-LIGHT antibody, SAR252067, was evaluated in healthy volunteers in a phase 1 study as a potential treatment for diseases related to LIGHT-mediated mucosal inflammation. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, sequential ascending single-dose, single-center, 16-week study randomized 48 subjects to a single subcutaneous dose of SAR252067 (40, 120, 300, 600, 900, or 1200 mg) or placebo. Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), injection-site reactions, and antidrug antibody (ADA) titer. Pharmacokinetic end points were serum parameters of SAR252067 (Cmax , AUC0-∞ , tmax , t1/2z ). Serum-soluble LIGHT concentrations were also determined. Safety analyses included all 48 participants; pharmacokinetic analyses included 36 subjects who received SAR252067. No serious AEs were reported, and no dose-effect relationship was apparent. Injection-site reactions were minimal. ADAs were not clinically relevant. SAR252067 exposure increased in a near-dose-proportional manner, median tmax ranged from 5.0 to 8.5 days, and t1/2z ranged from 18.0 to 27.0 days. Serum-soluble LIGHT significantly increased after SAR252067 administration with the 40-mg dose only. SAR252067 had a good safety profile, was well tolerated in healthy humans, and displayed a predictable pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Perrin
- Biostatistics Department, Sanofi-Aventis Recherche Développement, Montpellier, France
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7
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Olivier BJ, Cailotto C, van der Vliet J, Knippenberg M, Greuter MJ, Hilbers FW, Konijn T, Te Velde AA, Nolte MA, Boeckxstaens GE, de Jonge WJ, Mebius RE. Vagal innervation is required for the formation of tertiary lymphoid tissue in colitis. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2467-2480. [PMID: 27457277 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid tissue (TLT) is lymphoid tissue that forms in adult life as a result of chronic inflammation in a tissue or organ. TLT has been shown to form in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, though it is not clear if and how TLT develops in the inflamed colon during inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we show that TLT develops as newly formed lymphoid tissue in the colon following dextran sulphate sodium induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice, where it can be distinguished from the preexisting colonic patches and solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue. TLT in the inflamed colon develops following the expression of lymphoid tissue-inducing chemokines and adhesion molecules, such as CXCL13 and VCAM-1, respectively, which are produced by stromal organizer cells. Surprisingly, this process of TLT formation was independent of the lymphotoxin signaling pathway, but rather under neuronal control, as we demonstrate that selective surgical ablation of vagus nerve innervation inhibits CXCL13 expression and abrogates TLT formation without affecting colitis. Sympathetic neuron denervation does not affect TLT formation. Hence, we reveal that inflammation in the colon induces the formation of TLT, which is controlled by innervation through the vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Olivier
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, ,University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Cailotto
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Vliet
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlene Knippenberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mascha J Greuter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisca W Hilbers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Konijn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anje A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, ,University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Yeh DYW, Wu CC, Chin YP, Lu CJ, Wang YH, Chen MC. Mechanisms of human lymphotoxin beta receptor activation on upregulation of CCL5/RANTES production. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:220-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Brightbill HD, Jackman JK, Suto E, Kennedy H, Jones C, Chalasani S, Lin Z, Tam L, Roose-Girma M, Balazs M, Austin CD, Lee WP, Wu LC. Conditional Deletion of NF-κB-Inducing Kinase (NIK) in Adult Mice Disrupts Mature B Cell Survival and Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:953-64. [PMID: 26116508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) is a primary regulator of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, which plays a vital role downstream of BAFF, CD40L, lymphotoxin, and other inflammatory mediators. Germline deletion or inactivation of NIK in mice results in the defective development of B cells and secondary lymphoid organs, but the role of NIK in adult animals has not been studied. To address this, we generated mice containing a conditional allele of NIK. Deletion of NIK in adult mice results in decreases in B cell populations in lymph nodes and spleen, similar to what is observed upon blockade of BAFF. Consistent with this, B cells from mice in which NIK is acutely deleted fail to respond to BAFF stimulation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, mice with induced NIK deletion exhibit a significant decrease in germinal center B cells and serum IgA, which is indicative of roles for NIK in additional pathways beyond BAFF signaling. Our conditional NIK-knockout mice may be broadly useful for assessing the postdevelopmental and cell-specific roles of NIK and the noncanonical NF-κB pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans D Brightbill
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080;
| | - Janet K Jackman
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Heather Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Charles Jones
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Sreedevi Chalasani
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Zhonghua Lin
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Meron Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Mercedesz Balazs
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080;
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10
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Abstract
The inflammatory status of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been heavily investigated in recent years. Chemokine- and cytokine-signaling pathways such as CCR7, CXCR5, lymphotoxin, and IL-36, which are involved in the generation of secondary lymphoid organs and effector immune responses, are now recognized as having value both as prognostic factors and as immunomodulatory therapeutics in the context of cancer. Furthermore, when produced in the TME, these mediators have been shown to promote the recruitment of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and other specialized immune cell subsets such as follicular DCs and T follicular helper cells, in association with the formation of "tertiary" lymphoid structures (TLSs) within or adjacent to sites of disease. Although TLSs are composed of a heterogeneous collection of immune cell types, whose composition differs based on cancer subtype, the qualitative presence of TLSs has been shown to represent a biomarker of good prognosis for cancer patients. A comprehensive understanding of the role each of these pathways plays within the TME may support the rational design of future immunotherapies to selectively promote/bolster TLS formation and function, leading to improved clinical outcomes across the vast range of solid cancer types.
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11
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Lycke N, Bemark M, Spencer J. Mucosal B Cell Differentiation and Regulation. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Colonic patch and colonic SILT development are independent and differentially regulated events. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:511-21. [PMID: 22990625 PMCID: PMC3570605 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal lymphoid tissues have to simultaneously ensure protection against pathogens and tolerance toward commensals. Despite such vital functions, their development in the colon is poorly understood. Here, we show that the two distinct lymphoid tissues of the colon-colonic patches and colonic solitary intestinal lymphoid tissues (SILTs)-can easily be distinguished based on anatomical location, developmental timeframe, and cellular organization. Furthermore, whereas colonic patch development depended on CXCL13-mediated lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cell clustering followed by LTα-mediated consolidation, early LTi clustering at SILT anlagen did not require CXCL13, CCR6, or CXCR3. Subsequent dendritic cell recruitment to and gp38(+)VCAM-1(+) lymphoid stromal cell differentiation within SILTs required LTα; B-cell recruitment and follicular dendritic cell differentiation depended on MyD88-mediated signaling, but not the microflora. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that different mechanisms, mediated mainly by programmed stimuli, induce the formation of distinct colonic lymphoid tissues, therefore suggesting that these tissues may have different functions.
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13
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Upadhyay V, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin signalling in immune homeostasis and the control of microorganisms. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:270-9. [PMID: 23524463 PMCID: PMC3900493 DOI: 10.1038/nri3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily that was originally thought to be functionally redundant to TNF, but these proteins were later found to have independent roles in driving lymphoid organogenesis. More recently, LT-mediated signalling has been shown to actively contribute to effector immune responses. LT regulates dendritic cell and CD4(+) T cell homeostasis in the steady state and determines the functions of these cells during pathogenic challenges. The LT receptor pathway is essential for controlling pathogens and even contributes to the regulation of the intestinal microbiota, with recent data suggesting that LT-induced changes in the microbiota promote metabolic disease. In this Review, we discuss these newly defined roles for LT, with a particular focus on how the LT receptor pathway regulates innate and adaptive immune responses to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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14
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OTUD7B controls non-canonical NF-κB activation through deubiquitination of TRAF3. Nature 2013; 494:371-4. [PMID: 23334419 PMCID: PMC3578967 DOI: 10.1038/nature11831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The noncanonical NF-κB pathway forms a major arm of NF-κB signaling that mediates important biological functions, including lymphoid organogenesis, B lymphocyte function, and cell growth and survival1-3. Activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway involves degradation of an inhibitory protein, TNF receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3), but how this signaling event is controlled is still unknown1,2. Here we have identified the deubiquitinase Otud7b as a pivotal regulator of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Otud7b deficiency in mice has no appreciable effect on canonical NF-κB activation but causes hyper-activation of noncanonical NF-κB. In response to noncanonical NF-κB stimuli, Otud7b binds and deubiquitinates TRAF3, thereby inhibiting TRAF3 proteolysis and preventing aberrant noncanonical NF-κB activation. Consequently, the Otud7b deficiency results in B-cell hyperresponsiveness to antigens, lymphoid follicular hyperplasia in the intestinal mucosa, and elevated host-defense ability against an intestinal bacterial pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. These findings establish Otud7b as a crucial regulator of signal-induced noncanonical NF-κB activation and suggest a mechanism of immune regulation that involves Otud7b-mediated deubiquitination and stabilization of TRAF3.
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15
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Re-utilization of germinal centers in multiple Peyer's patches results in highly synchronized, oligoclonal, and affinity-matured gut IgA responses. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:122-35. [PMID: 22785230 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whereas gut IgA responses to the microbiota may be multi-centered and diverse, little is known about IgA responses to T-cell-dependent antigens following oral immunizations. Using a novel approach, gut IgA responses to oral hapten (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl-cholera toxin (NP-CT) conjugates were followed at the cellular and molecular level. Surprisingly, these responses were highly synchronized, strongly oligoclonal, and dominated by affinity matured cells. Extensive lineage trees revealed clonal relationships between NP-specific IgA cells in gut inductive and effector sites, suggesting expansion of the same B-cell clone in multiple Peyer's patches (PPs). Adoptive transfer experiments showed that this was achieved through re-utilization of already existing germinal centers (GCs) in multiple PPs by previously activated GC GL7(+) B cells, provided oral NP-CT was given before cell transfer. Taken together, these results explain why repeated oral immunizations are mandatory for an effective oral vaccine.
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Abstract
Recently a new lymphocyte subset called innate lymphoid cells has emerged and it includes key producers of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 in the mucosal environment. Using Citrobacter rodentium infection to deliver a pathogenic insult to the colon, two studies have revealed an underlying role for lymphotoxin-β receptor signaling in the generation of IL-22 by these cells. This observation links a system well known for its ability to organize lymphoid microenvironments into a basic mucosal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Browning
- Department of Immunobiology, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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17
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Gommerman JL, Summers deLuca L. LTβR and CD40: working together in dendritic cells to optimize immune responses. Immunol Rev 2012; 244:85-98. [PMID: 22017433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Generating an immune response tailored to destroy an infecting organism while limiting bystander damage involves guiding T-cell activation using a variety of cues taken from the immunogen (antigen type, dose, and persistence, accompanying danger signals) as well as the host (tissue environment, T-cell frequency, and affinity for antigen). Dendritic cells (DCs) serve as translators of much of this information and are critically required for effective pathogen and tumor clearance. Moreover, dysregulation of DC activation can lead to autoimmunity. Inhibition of the lymphotoxin (LT) and CD40 pathways has been shown to be effective at quieting inflammation in settings where DC-T-cell interactions are key instigators of disease progression. In this review, we compare and contrast the CD40 and LT pathways in the context of receptor/ligand expression, signal transduction, and DC biology. We provide evidence that these two pathways play complementary roles in DC cytokine secretion, thus indirectly shaping the nature of the CD8(+) T-cell response to foreign antigen. Given the distinct role of these pathways in the context of DC function, we propose that dual therapies targeted at both the CD40 and LTβ receptor may have therapeutic potential in silencing DC-driven autoimmunity or in promoting tumor clearance.
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Motallebzadeh R, Rehakova S, Conlon TM, Win TS, Callaghan CJ, Goddard M, Bolton EM, Ruddle NH, Bradley JA, Pettigrew GJ. Blocking lymphotoxin signaling abrogates the development of ectopic lymphoid tissue within cardiac allografts and inhibits effector antibody responses. FASEB J 2011; 26:51-62. [PMID: 21926237 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-186973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) may develop within allografts, but their contribution to graft rejection remains unclear. Here, we study a mouse model of autoantibody-mediated cardiac allograft vasculopathy to clarify the alloimmune responses mediated by intragraft TLOs and whether blocking lymphotoxin-β-receptor (LTβR) signaling, a pathway essential for lymphoid organogenesis, abrogates TLO development. TLOs (defined as discrete lymphoid aggregates associated with high endothelial venules) were detectable in 9 of 13 heart allografts studied and were predominantly B cell in composition, harboring germinal-center activity. These are most likely manifestations of the humoral autoimmunity triggered in this model after transplantation; TLOs did not develop if autoantibody production was prevented. Treatment with inhibitory LTβR-Ig fusion protein virtually abolished allograft TLO formation (mean TLOs/heart: 0.2 vs. 2.2 in control recipients; P=0.02), with marked attenuation of the autoantibody response. Recipients primed for autoantibody before transplantation rejected grafts rapidly, but this accelerated rejection was prevented by postoperative administration of LTβR-Ig (median survival time: 18 vs. >50 d, respectively, P=0.003). Our results provide the first demonstration that TLOs develop within chronically rejecting heart allografts, are predominantly B cell in origin, and can be targeted pharmacologically to inhibit effector humoral responses.
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Ota N, Wong K, Valdez PA, Zheng Y, Crellin NK, Diehl L, Ouyang W. IL-22 bridges the lymphotoxin pathway with the maintenance of colonic lymphoid structures during infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:941-8. [PMID: 21874025 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Colonic patches (CLPs) and isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) are two main lymphoid structures in the colon. Lymphoid tissue-inducer cells (LTi cells) are indispensable for the development of ILFs. LTi cells also produce interleukin 17 (IL-17) and IL-22, signature cytokines secreted by IL-17-producing helper T cells. Here we report that IL-22 acted downstream of the lymphotoxin pathway and regulated the organization and maintenance of mature CLPs and ILFs in the colon during infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Lymphotoxin (LTα(1)β(2)) regulated the production of IL-22 during infection with C. rodentium, but the lymphotoxin-like protein LIGHT did not. IL-22 signaling was sufficient to restore the organization of CLPs and ILFs and host defense against infection with C. rodentium in mice lacking lymphotoxin signals, which suggests that IL-22 connects the lymphotoxin pathway to mucosal epithelial defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruhisa Ota
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
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20
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Takebayashi K, Koboziev I, Ostanin DV, Gray L, Karlsson F, Robinson-Jackson SA, Kosloski-Davidson M, Dooley AB, Zhang S, Grisham MB. Role of the gut-associated and secondary lymphoid tissue in the induction of chronic colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:268-78. [PMID: 20812332 PMCID: PMC3072787 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that enteric bacterial antigens drive the development of chronic colitis in a variety of different mouse models of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT; Peyer's patches, isolated lymphoid follicles), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and spleen in the pathogenesis of chronic colitis in mice. METHODS Surgical as well as genetic approaches were used to generate lymphopenic mice devoid of one or more of these lymphoid tissues. For the first series of studies, we subjected recombinase activating gene-1-deficient mice (RAG(-/-) ) to sham surgery (Sham), mesenteric lymphadenectomy (MLNx), splenectomy (Splx) or both (MLNx/Splx). In a second series of studies we intercrossed lymphotoxinβ-deficient (LTβ(-/-) ) mice with RAG(-/-) animals to generate LTβ(-/-) x RAG(-/-) offspring that were anticipated to contain functional MLNs but be devoid of GALT and most peripheral lymph nodes. Flow purified naïve (CD4(+) CD45RB(high) ) T-cells were adoptively transferred into the different groups of RAG(-/-) recipients to induce chronic colitis. RESULTS We found that at 3-5 wks following T-cell transfer, all four of the surgically-manipulated RAG(-/-) groups (Sham, MLNx, Splx and MLNx/Splx) developed chronic colitis that was similar in onset and severity. Flow cytometric analysis revealed no differences among the different groups with respect to surface expression of different gut-homing markers nor were there any differences noted in IFN-γ and IL-17 generation by mononuclear cells isolated among these surgically-manipulated mice. Although we anticipated that LTβ(-/-) x RAG(-/-) mice would contain functional MLNs but be devoid of GALT and peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs), we found that LTβ(-/-) x RAG(-/-) mice were in fact devoid of MLNs as well as GALT and PLNs. Adoptive transfer of CD45RB(high) T-cells into LTβ(-/-) x RAG(-/-) mice or their littermate controls (LTβ(+/+) x RAG(-/-) ) induced rapid and severe colitis in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data demonstrate that: a) neither the GALT, MLNs nor PLNs are required for induction of chronic gut inflammation in this model of IBD and b) T-and/or B-cells may be required for the development of MLNs in LTβ(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Takebayashi
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Iurii Koboziev
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Dmitry V. Ostanin
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Laura Gray
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Fridrik Karlsson
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Sherry A. Robinson-Jackson
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Melissa Kosloski-Davidson
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Angela Burrows Dooley
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Songlin Zhang
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Matthew B. Grisham
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
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21
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Summers Deluca L, Gommerman JL. The lymphotoxin pathway as a novel regulator of dendritic cell function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 691:363-74. [PMID: 21153340 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Shui JW, Steinberg MW, Kronenberg M. Regulation of inflammation, autoimmunity, and infection immunity by HVEM-BTLA signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:517-23. [PMID: 21106644 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0910528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The HVEM, or TNFRSF14, is a membrane-bound receptor known to activate the NF-κB pathway, leading to the induction of proinflammatory and cell survival-promoting genes. HVEM binds several ligands that are capable of mediating costimulatory pathways, predominantly through its interaction with LIGHT (TNFSF14). However, it can also mediate coinhibitory effects, predominantly by interacting with IGSF members, BTLA or CD160. Therefore, it can function like a "molecular switch" for various activating or inhibitory functions. Furthermore, recent studies suggest the existence of bidirectional signaling with HVEM acting as a ligand for signaling through BTLA, which may act as a ligand in other contexts. Bidirectional signaling, together with new information indicating signaling in cis by cells that coexpress HVEM and its ligands, makes signaling within a HVEM-mediated network complicated, although potentially rich in biology. Accumulating in vivo evidence has shown that HVEM-mediated, coinhibitory signaling may be dominant over HVEM-mediated costimulatory signaling. In several disease models the absence of HVEM-BTLA signaling predominantly resulted in severe mucosal inflammation in the gut and lung, autoimmune-like disease, and impaired immunity during bacterial infection. Here, we will summarize the current view about how HVEM-BTLA signaling is involved in the regulation of mucosal inflammation, autoimmunity, and infection immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Wen Shui
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Koboziev I, Karlsson F, Grisham MB. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, T cell trafficking, and chronic intestinal inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1207 Suppl 1:E86-93. [PMID: 20961311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The etiologies of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD; Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) have not been fully elucidated. However, there is very good evidence implicating T cell and T cell trafficking to the gut and its associated lymphoid tissue as important components in disease pathogenesis. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in naive and effector T cell trafficking to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT; Peyer's patches, isolated lymphoid follicles), mesenteric lymph nodes and intestine in response to commensal enteric antigens under physiological conditions as well as during the induction of chronic gut inflammation. In addition, recent data suggests that the GALT may not be required for enteric antigen-driven intestinal inflammation in certain mouse models of IBD. These new data suggest a possible paradigm shift in our understanding of how and where naive T cells become activated to yield disease-producing effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Koboziev
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
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24
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The unexpected role of lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling in carcinogenesis: from lymphoid tissue formation to liver and prostate cancer development. Oncogene 2010; 29:5006-18. [PMID: 20603617 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cytokines lymphotoxin (LT) alpha, beta and their receptor (LTbetaR) belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, whose founder-TNFalpha-was initially discovered due to its tumor necrotizing activity. LTbetaR signaling serves pleiotropic functions including the control of lymphoid organ development, support of efficient immune responses against pathogens due to maintenance of intact lymphoid structures, induction of tertiary lymphoid organs, liver regeneration or control of lipid homeostasis. Signaling through LTbetaR comprises the noncanonical/canonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathways thus inducing chemokine, cytokine or adhesion molecule expression, cell proliferation and cell survival. Blocking LTbetaR signaling or Fcgamma-receptor mediated immunoablation of LT-expressing cells was demonstrated to be beneficial in various infectious or noninfectious inflammatory or autoimmune disorders. Only recently, LTbetaR signaling was shown to initiate inflammation-induced carcinogenesis, to influence primary tumorigenesis and to control reemergence of carcinoma in various cancer models through distinct mechanisms. Indeed, LTbetaR signaling inhibition has already been used as efficient anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer therapy in some experimental models. Here, we review the pleiotropic functions attributed to LT, the effects of its deregulation and extensively discuss the recent literature on LT's link to carcinogenesis.
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25
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Finke D. Induction of intestinal lymphoid tissue formation by intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Semin Immunopathol 2009; 31:151-69. [PMID: 19506873 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of inducer cells as a separate lineage for organogenesis of Peyer's patches in the small intestine of fetal mice, a lot of progress has been made in understanding the molecular pathways involved in the generation of lymphoid tissue and the maintenance of the lymphoid architecture. The findings that inducer cells also exist in adult mice and in humans, have a lineage relationship to natural killer cells, and can be stimulated during infections highlight their possible role in establishing innate and adaptive immune responses. Novel concepts in the development of intestinal lymphoid tissues have been made in the past few years suggesting that lymphoid organs are more plastic as previously thought and depend on antigenic stimulation. In addition, the generation of novel lymphoid organs in the gut under inflammatory conditions indicates a function in chronic diseases. The present review summarizes current knowledge on the basic framework of signals required for developing lymphoid tissue under normal and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Finke
- Department of Biomedicine, Developmental Immunology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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26
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Steinberg MW, Shui JW, Ware CF, Kronenberg M. Regulating the mucosal immune system: the contrasting roles of LIGHT, HVEM, and their various partners. Semin Immunopathol 2009; 31:207-21. [PMID: 19495760 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
LIGHT and herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) comprise a ligand-receptor pair in the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. These molecules play an important role in regulating immunity, particularly in the intestinal mucosa. LIGHT also binds the lymphotoxin beta receptor, and HVEM can act as a ligand for immunoglobulin family molecules, including B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator, which suppresses immune responses. Complexity in this pivotal system arises from several factors, including the non-monogamous pairing of ligands and receptors, and reverse signaling or the ability of some ligands to serve as receptors. As a result, recognition events in this fascinating network of interacting molecules can have pro- or anti-inflammatory consequences. Despite complexity, experiments we and others are carrying out are establishing rules for understanding when and in what cell types these molecules contribute to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos W Steinberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Dohi T, Borodovsky A, Wu P, Shearstone JR, Kawashima R, Runkel L, Rajman L, Dong X, Scott ML, Michaelson JS, Jakubowski A, Burkly LC. TWEAK/Fn14 pathway: a nonredundant role in intestinal damage in mice through a TWEAK/intestinal epithelial cell axis. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:912-23. [PMID: 19109961 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily members have attracted attention as new therapeutic targets for treating inflammatory disease. TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a unique, multifunctional TNF family cytokine that signals through its receptor, fibroblast growth factor-inducible molecule 14 (Fn14). The role of this pathway in the intestine has not been previously reported. METHODS The 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model was conducted in TWEAK- or Fn14-deficient mice or in normal mice treated with a TWEAK-blocking monoclonal antibody, and clinical severity, histopathology, immunohistochemistry for cell infiltrates, TWEAK and Fn14, gene expression profiling in the colon, and systemic adaptive immunity were assessed. The effect of TWEAK on colon epithelial cell production of inflammatory mediators was analyzed in vitro. The gamma-irradiation injury model was conducted in TWEAK- or Fn14-deficient mice, and crypt epithelial death was assessed. RESULTS Colitis severity and histologic scores were significantly reduced by TWEAK pathway deficiency or TWEAK-blocking monoclonal antibody. Neutrophil and macrophage infiltrates, chemokines, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase expression were reduced in the TWEAK-deficient colon after TNBS administration; however, systemic adaptive immune responses to trinitrophenyl were not altered. Fn14 is expressed on colon epithelial cells in TNBS colitis, and TWEAK induces epithelial production of pathogenic mediators. TWEAK also regulates intestinal epithelial turnover, as evidenced by reduced epithelial cell death after gamma-irradiation injury in TWEAK and Fn14 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Our studies elucidate a nonredundant TWEAK-intestinal epithelial cell axis and suggest that blocking TWEAK may dampen chronic intestinal inflammation and allow normal epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Dohi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Hermsen JL, Sano Y, Kudsk KA. Food fight! Parenteral nutrition, enteral stimulation and gut-derived mucosal immunity. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009; 394:17-30. [PMID: 18521625 PMCID: PMC2739933 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-008-0339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutrition support is an integral component of modern patient care. Type and route of nutritional support impacts clinical infectious outcomes in critically injured patients. DISCUSSION This article reviews the relationships between type and route of nutrition and gut-derived mucosal immunity in both the clinical and laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hermsen
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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29
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Miura S, Kubes P, Granger DN. Gastrointestinal and Liver Microcirculations: Roles in Inflammation and Immunity. Compr Physiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Miura S, Kubes P, Granger DN. Gastrointestinal and Liver Microcirculations. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Brandtzaeg P, Kiyono H, Pabst R, Russell MW. Terminology: nomenclature of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:31-7. [PMID: 19079158 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2007.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of mucosal immunity has great potential in vaccinology and immunotherapy. However, the mucosal immune system is more complex than the systemic counterpart, both in terms of anatomy (inductive and effector tissues) and effectors (cells and molecules). Therefore, immunologists entering this field need a precise terminology as a crucial means of communication. Abbreviations for mucosal immune-function molecules related to the secretory immunoglobulin A system were defined by the Society for Mucosal Immunolgy Nomenclature Committee in 1997, and are briefly recapitulated in this article. In addition, we recommend and justify standard nomenclature and abbreviations for discrete mucosal immune-cell compartments, belonging to, and beyond, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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32
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Oxelius VA. Personal glimpses of Robert A. Good. Immunol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Jungbeck M, Stopfer P, Bataille F, Nedospasov SA, Männel DN, Hehlgans T. Blocking lymphotoxin beta receptor signalling exacerbates acute DSS-induced intestinal inflammation--opposite functions for surface lymphotoxin expressed by T and B lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:34-41. [PMID: 17590442 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR) signalling pathway is involved in the development of secondary lymphoid organs and the maintenance of organized lymphoid tissues. Additionally, previous studies clearly demonstrated the involvement of the LTbetaR interaction with its ligands in promoting intestinal inflammation. In order to dissect the role of LTbetaR activation in the mouse model of acute DSS-induced colitis we treated mice with a functional inhibitor of LTbetaR activation (LTbetaR:Ig) and compared it to disease in LTbetaR-deficient and LTalphabeta-deficient mice. All these modes of LTbetaR signalling ablation resulted in significant aggravation of the disease and in release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-6, and IFNgamma. Finally, using mice with conditionally ablated expression of membrane bound LTbeta on T or B cells, respectively, distinct and opposite contributions of surface LTbeta expressed on T or B cells was found. Thus, activation of LTbetaR by LTalphabeta mainly expressed on T lymphocytes is crucial for the down regulation of the inflammatory response in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Jungbeck
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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34
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Barreau F, Meinzer U, Chareyre F, Berrebi D, Niwa-Kawakita M, Dussaillant M, Foligne B, Ollendorff V, Heyman M, Bonacorsi S, Lesuffleur T, Sterkers G, Giovannini M, Hugot JP. CARD15/NOD2 is required for Peyer's patches homeostasis in mice. PLoS One 2007; 2:e523. [PMID: 17565376 PMCID: PMC1885825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CARD15/NOD2 mutations are associated with susceptibility to Crohn's Disease (CD) and Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD). CD and GVHD are suspected to be related with the dysfunction of Peyer's patches (PP) and isolated lymphoid follicles (LFs). Using a new mouse model invalidated for Card15/Nod2 (KO), we thus analysed the impact of the gene in these lymphoid formations together with the development of experimental colitis. Methodology/Principal Findings At weeks 4, 12 and 52, the numbers of PPs and LFs were higher in KO mice while no difference was observed at birth. At weeks 4 and 12, the size and cellular composition of PPs were analysed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. PPs of KO mice were larger with an increased proportion of M cells and CD4+ T-cells. KO mice were also characterised by higher concentrations of TNFα, IFNγ, IL12 and IL4 measured by ELISA. In contrast, little differences were found in the PP-free ileum and the spleen of KO mice. By Ussing chamber experiments, we found that this PP phenotype is associated with an increased of both paracellular permeability and yeast/bacterial translocation. Finally, KO mice were more susceptible to the colitis induced by TNBS. Conclusions Card15/Nod2 deficiency induces an abnormal development and function of the PPs characterised by an exaggerated immune response and an increased permeability. These observations provide a comprehensive link between the molecular defect and the Human CARD15/NOD2 associated disorders: CD and GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérick Barreau
- U843, INSERM, Paris, France
- UMR-S843, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Meinzer
- U843, INSERM, Paris, France
- UMR-S843, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital R. Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Chareyre
- Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- U674, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Berrebi
- EA3102, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Michiko Niwa-Kawakita
- Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- U674, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Monique Dussaillant
- U843, INSERM, Paris, France
- UMR-S843, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Foligne
- Laboratoire des Bactéries Lactiques et Immunité des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Ollendorff
- IMRN and UMR 1111 INRA, Faculté Saint-Jérôme, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | - Martine Heyman
- U793, INSERM, Paris, France
- IFR94, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bonacorsi
- EA3105, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital R. Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Thecla Lesuffleur
- U843, INSERM, Paris, France
- UMR-S843, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Marco Giovannini
- Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- U674, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- U843, INSERM, Paris, France
- UMR-S843, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital R. Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Xu Y, Tamada K, Chen L. LIGHT-related molecular network in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunol Res 2007; 37:17-32. [PMID: 17496344 DOI: 10.1007/bf02686093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The LIGHT-related molecular network is composed of at least seven interacting receptors and ligands. Recent studies reveal that this network has profound immune regulatory functions for both innate and adaptive immunity. Experimental data support the concept that this network may also play roles in the pathogenesis of human diseases including cancer, infection, transplantation tolerance, and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we attempt to dissect each molecular interaction in detail and assemble them in the context of their roles in the pathogenesis and possible therapeutic potential in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Xu
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Abrogation of mucosal T cell homeostasis by exaggerated not only T helper 1, but also T helper 2 cells is a major problem that leads to intestinal inflammation. In this regard, it is important to understand these different aspects of mucosal inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Both T helper 1 and 2 cells play central roles in the induction of mucosal immune responses including secretory IgA antibody production, which would be the most beneficial aspect for the host defense mechanism. T helper 1- and 2-type responses, however, exhibit other roles in the abrogation of intestinal homeostasis. Although it has been shown that T helper 1-type immune responses are key players in the induction of intestinal inflammation in mice colitis models and also in inflammatory bowel diseases in humans, studies in murine colitis models clearly show that T helper 2-type responses are also involved in the pathophysiology of the intestinal inflammation. Both regulatory type T cells and T helper 17 cells are involved to down- or upregulate aberrant T helper 1 and 2 cell responses. SUMMARY Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of crosstalk among T helper 1, 2, 17 and T regulatory 1 cells is central for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Dohi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
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Kang W, Gomez FE, Lan J, Sano Y, Ueno C, Kudsk KA. Parenteral nutrition impairs gut-associated lymphoid tissue and mucosal immunity by reducing lymphotoxin Beta receptor expression. Ann Surg 2006; 244:392-9. [PMID: 16926565 PMCID: PMC1856545 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000234797.42935.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of parenteral nutrition (PN) on LTbetaR in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), particularly the intestine and Peyer's patches (PP). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Lack of enteral stimulation with PN impairs mucosal immunity and reduces IgA levels through depression of GALT cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and GALT specific adhesion molecules. We have shown that each is critical to intact mucosal immunity through effects on lymphocyte homing, IgA production, and resistance to antibacterial and antiviral immunity. IgA is the principal specific immunologic mucosal defense. LTbetaR stimulation controls production of IL-4, the adhesion molecule MAdCAM-1, and other key components of GALT, all of which are important in increasing IgA levels and maintaining mucosal defenses. METHODS Experiment 1: LTbetaR expression in intestine and PP was analyzed by Western blot after 5 days of chow, a complex enteral diet (CED), or PN. Diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous except for chow. Experiment 2: After completing pilot experiments to determine the appropriate dose of the LTbetaR agonistic antibody, mice received chow, PN + 5 mug of anti-LTbetaR mAb (2 times/d, i.v.) or PN + isotype control antibody. PP lymphocytes and intestinal IgA levels were measured after 2 days. RESULTS Lack of enteral stimulation with PN significantly decreased LTbetaR expression in intestine and PP compared with chow and CED. LTbetaR stimulation with an agonistic anti-LTbetaR mAb significantly increased PP lymphocyte counts and intestinal IgA in PN fed-mice. CONCLUSIONS LTbetaR expression is critical for GALT control mechanisms and intact mucosal immunity. PN reduces LTbetaR expression, PP lymphocytes, and intestinal IgA production. Exogenous LTbetaR stimulation reverses PN-induced depression of gut mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woodae Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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38
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Abstract
During evolution, the development of secondary lymphoid organs has evolved as a strategy to promote adaptive immune responses at sites of antigen sequestration. Mesenteric lymph nodes (LNs) and Peyer's patches (PPs) are localized in proximity to mucosal surfaces, and their development is coordinated by a series of temporally and spatially regulated molecular events involving the collaboration between hematopoietic, mesenchymal, and, for PPs, epithelial cells. Transcriptional control of cellular differentiation, production of cytokines as well as adhesion molecules are mandatory for organogenesis, recruitment of mature leukocytes, and lymphoid tissue organization. Similar to fetal and neonatal organogenesis, lymphoid tissue neoformation can occur in adult individuals at sites of chronic stimulation via cytokines and TNF-family member molecules. These molecules represent new therapeutic targets to manipulate the microenvironment during autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Finke
- Center for Biomedicine, Developmental Immunology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (DKBW), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Spahn TW, Müller MK, Domschke W, Kucharzik T. Role of Lymphotoxins in the Development of Peyer's Patches and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes: Relevance to Intestinal Inflammation and Treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1072:187-93. [PMID: 17057199 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1326.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hallmarks of the adaptive immune system are antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Secondary lymphoid organs serve as sites of contact between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and immune effector T and B lymphocytes. The gut-associated lymphatic system (GALT) as the intestinal branch of the immune system provides different mechanisms to protect organisms against pathogens. Simultaneously, immune activation secondary to genetic factors and/or environmental signals can induce detrimental autoimmunity. The effector pathways in host defense and autoimmunity use similar cytokines and chemokines. Unlike few other cytokines, lymphotoxin (LT) alpha/beta regulates the development of intestinal lymphoid organs, including Peyer's patches (PPs) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). In addition, intestinal inflammation is suppressed by inhibition of LTbeta signalling, an observation which has initiated clinical studies using this treatment principle. Conversely, the course of Citrobacter rodentium-induced infectious colitis is more severe in mice with impaired LTbeta-receptor-mediated signalling. This report provides an overview on the role of the different organs of the GALT in intestinal inflammation. Moreover, it describes the role of the LTbeta-receptor-mediated signalling in intestinal inflammation as encountered in autoimmune and infectious pathology. The contribution of LT to the delicate balance of immune effector functions in host defense and autoimmunity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Spahn
- Department of Medicine B, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48129 Münster, Germany.
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40
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Kawashima R, Kawamura YI, Kato R, Mizutani N, Toyama-Sorimachi N, Dohi T. IL-13 receptor alpha2 promotes epithelial cell regeneration from radiation-induced small intestinal injury in mice. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:130-41. [PMID: 16831597 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 have pleiotropic effects on a variety of cell types and impact both pathologic changes and tissue remodeling. The aim of this study was to clarify the roles of IL-13 receptor alpha2 (IL-13Ralpha2), which is the high-affinity decoy receptor for IL-13, in gastrointestinal tract epithelial cell turnover and repair. METHODS We have compared the regenerative process following mucosal damage induced by whole-body 3-Gy X-ray irradiation of wild-type (WT) and IL-4 receptor alpha gene-deficient (IL-4R(-/-)) mice. Then we treated mice with IL-13Ralpha2 human immunoglobulin (Ig) chimeric protein. RESULTS Up-regulation of mRNA levels for IL-13 in NK cells in the lamina propria was seen after irradiation of WT mice. Concomitant with vigorous epithelial cell division in the jejunum following irradiation, expression of the IL-13Ralpha2 dramatically increased in myofibroblasts and fibroblasts. In contrast, epithelial cell repair was delayed in IL-4R(-/-) mice, which did not show transient up-regulation of IL-13Ralpha2, although up-regulation of IL-13 was seen. Addition of IL-13 but not IL-4 to primary cultures of small intestine from both WT and IL-4R(-/-) mice induced epithelial cell damage. Treatment of IL-4R(-/-) mice with IL-13Ralpha2-Ig resulted in increased numbers of dividing epithelial cells and improved tissue repair after irradiation. Further, treatment with IL-13Ralpha2-Ig increased numbers of microcolonies of regenerating epithelial cells in the intestine of WT mice after severe damage induced by 12-Gy irradiation. CONCLUSIONS The IL-13Ralpha2 is a major regulatory factor involved in the regeneration of epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Kawashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Little MC, Bell LV, Cliffe LJ, Else KJ. The characterization of intraepithelial lymphocytes, lamina propria leukocytes, and isolated lymphoid follicles in the large intestine of mice infected with the intestinal nematode parasite Trichuris muris. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:6713-22. [PMID: 16272327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing understanding of the role of cytokines in immunity to the parasitic helminth Trichuris muris, the local effector mechanism culminating in the expulsion of worms from the large intestine is not known. We used flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry to characterize the phenotype of large intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and lamina propria leukocytes (LPL) from resistant and susceptible strains of mouse infected with T. muris. Leukocytes accumulated in the epithelium and lamina propria after infection, revealing marked differences between the different strains of mouse. In resistant mice, which mount a Th2 response, the number of infiltrating CD4+, CD8+, B220+, and F4/80+ IEL and LPL was generally highest around the time of worm expulsion from the gut, at which point the inflammation was dominated by CD4+ IEL and F4/80+ LPL. In contrast, in susceptible mice, which mount a Th1 response, the number of IEL and LPL increased more gradually and was highest after a chronic infection had developed. At this point, CD8+ IEL and F4/80+ LPL were predominant. Therefore, this study reveals the local immune responses underlying the expulsion of worms or the persistence of a chronic infection in resistant and susceptible strains of mouse, respectively. In addition, for the first time, we illustrate isolated lymphoid follicles in the large intestine, consisting of B cells interspersed with CD4+ T cells and having a central zone of rapidly proliferating cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate the organogenesis of these structures in response to T. muris infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Little
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Browning JL, Allaire N, Ngam-Ek A, Notidis E, Hunt J, Perrin S, Fava RA. Lymphotoxin-beta receptor signaling is required for the homeostatic control of HEV differentiation and function. Immunity 2005; 23:539-50. [PMID: 16286021 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The lymphotoxin axis is important for the maintenance of several specialized lymphoid microenvironments in secondary lymphoid tissue. Lymphoid-tissue architecture is highly plastic and requires continual homeostatic signaling to maintain its basal functional state. The cellularity of lymph nodes in adult mice was reduced by systemic blockade of lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTbeta R) signaling with a soluble decoy receptor both in resting and reactive settings. This reduction in cellularity resulted from greatly impaired lymphocyte entry into lymph nodes due to decreased levels of peripheral lymph node addressing (PNAd) and MAdCAM on high endothelial venules (HEV). LTbeta R signaling was required to maintain normal levels of RNA expression of MAdCAM, and also of PNAd by regulating the expression of key enzymes and scaffold proteins required for its assembly. Thus, the homeostatic maintenance of functional HEV status in adult mice relies largely on LTbeta R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Browning
- Department of Immunobiology, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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43
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Spahn TW, Eugster HP, Fontana A, Domschke W, Kucharzik T. Role of lymphotoxin in experimental models of infectious diseases: potential benefits and risks of a therapeutic inhibition of the lymphotoxin-beta receptor pathway. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7077-88. [PMID: 16239501 PMCID: PMC1273913 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7077-7088.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Spahn
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Marienhospital Osnabrück, Johannisfreiheit 2-4, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Wu XF, Fei MJ, Shu RG, Tan RX, Xu Q. Fumigaclavine C, an fungal metabolite, improves experimental colitis in mice via downregulating Th1 cytokine production and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1543-53. [PMID: 16023606 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, the effect of Fumigaclavine C, a fungal metabolite, on experimental colitis was examined. Fumigaclavine C, when administered intraperitoneally once a day, significantly reduced the weight loss and mortality rate of mice with experimental colitis induced by intrarectally injection of 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). This compound also markedly alleviated the macroscopic and microscopic appearances of colitis. Furthermore, Fumigaclavine C, given both in vivo and in vitro, showed a marked inhibition on the expression of several inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-12alpha, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha as well as MMP-9 in sacral lymph node cells, colonic patch lymphocytes and colitis tissues from the TNBS colitis mice. Meanwhile, the compound caused a dose-dependent reduction in IL-2 and IFN-gamma from the lymphocytes at the protein level and MMP-9 activity. These results suggest that Fumigaclavine C may alleviate experimental colitis mainly via down-regulating the production of Th1 cytokines and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Han Kou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
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45
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most potent effector cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous studies strongly implicate the critical involvement of several TNF family members in human IBD. This review focuses on the recent studies of TNF family members in IBD development. In particular, we discuss the findings about LIGHT (homologous to lymphotoxins, inducible expression, competes with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for herpes viral entry mediator, a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes) in the pathogenesis of IBD, and the potential mechanisms by which LIGHT induces IBD. Such mechanisms may also apply to other TNF family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal associated lymphoid tissue can be divided into loosely organized effector sites, which include the lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes, and more organized structures, such as mesenteric lymph nodes (LNs), Peyer's patches (PPs), isolated lymphoid follicles, and cryptopatches (CPs). These organized structures in the gastrointestinal tract have been hypothesized to play the role of primary lymphoid organ, supporting the extrathymic development of T lymphocytes (CPs), secondary lymphoid organs involved in the induction of the mucosal immune response (PPs), and tertiary lymphoid structures whose function is still under debate (isolated lymphoid follicles). The most widely studied lymphoid structure found in the small intestine is the PP. PPs are secondary lymphoid structures, and their development and function have been extensively investigated. However, single lymphoid aggregates resembling PPs have been also described in humans and in the murine small intestines. These isolated lymphoid follicles have both germinal centers and an overlying follicle-associated epithelium, suggesting that they also can function as inductive sites for the mucosal immune response. This review compares and contrasts the development and function of the four main organized gastrointestinal lymphoid tissues: CPs, isolated lymphoid follicles, PPs, and mesenteric LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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47
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Abstract
Lymphotoxins (LT) provide essential communication links between lymphocytes and the surrounding stromal and parenchymal cells and together with the two related cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and LIGHT (LT-related inducible ligand that competes for glycoprotein D binding to herpesvirus entry mediator on T cells), form an integrated signaling network necessary for efficient innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent studies have identified signaling pathways that regulate several genes, including chemokines and interferons, which participate in the development and function of microenvironments in lymphoid tissue and host defense. Disruption of the LT/TNF/LIGHT network alleviates inflammation in certain autoimmune disease models, but decreases resistance to selected pathogens. Pharmacological disruption of this network in human autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis alleviates inflammation in a significant number of patients, but not in other diseases, a finding that challenges our molecular paradigms of autoimmunity and perhaps will reveal novel roles for this network in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl F Ware
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Kweon MN, Yamamoto M, Rennert PD, Park EJ, Lee AY, Chang SY, Hiroi T, Nanno M, Kiyono H. Prenatal blockage of lymphotoxin beta receptor and TNF receptor p55 signaling cascade resulted in the acceleration of tissue genesis for isolated lymphoid follicles in the large intestine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4365-72. [PMID: 15778401 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.4365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by lymphotoxin (LT) and TNF is essential for the organogenesis of secondary lymphoid tissues in systemic and mucosal compartments. In this study, we demonstrated that the progeny of mice treated with fusion protein of LTbetaR and IgGFc (LTbetaR-Ig) or LTbetaR-Ig plus TNFR55-Ig (double Ig) showed significantly increased numbers of isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF) in the large intestine. Interestingly, double Ig treatment accelerated the maturation of large intestinal ILF. Three-week-old progeny of double Ig-treated mice showed increased numbers of ILF in the large intestine, but not in the small intestine. Furthermore, alteration of intestinal microflora by feeding of antibiotic water did not affect the increased numbers of ILF in the large intestine of double Ig-treated mice. Most interestingly, mice that developed numerous ILF also had increased levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression and numbers of IgA-expressing cells in the lamina propria of the large intestine. Taken together, these results suggest that ILF formation in the large intestine is accelerated by blockage of LTbetaR and TNFR55 signals in utero, and ILF, like colonic patches, might play a role in the induction of IgA response in the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Section, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul National University Research Park, Kwanak-Gu, Korea.
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Hehlgans T, Pfeffer K. The intriguing biology of the tumour necrosis factor/tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily: players, rules and the games. Immunology 2005; 115:1-20. [PMID: 15819693 PMCID: PMC1782125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)/tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily are critically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis of the immune system. The biological functions of this system encompass beneficial and protective effects in inflammation and host defence as well as a crucial role in organogenesis. At the same time, members of this superfamily are responsible for host damaging effects in sepsis, cachexia, and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent progress in the immunobiology of the TNF/TNFR superfamily focusing on results obtained from animal studies using gene targeted mice. The different modes of signalling pathways affecting cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune organ development as well as host defence are reviewed. Molecular and cellular mechanisms that demonstrate a therapeutic potential by targeting individual receptors or ligands for the treatment of chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hehlgans
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
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50
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Eberl G. Inducible lymphoid tissues in the adult gut: recapitulation of a fetal developmental pathway? Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:413-20. [PMID: 15841100 DOI: 10.1038/nri1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system faces an extraordinary challenge from the large numbers of commensal bacteria and potential pathogens that are restrained by only a single layer of epithelial cells. Here, I discuss evidence that the intestinal immune system develops an extensive network of inducible, reversible lymphoid tissues that contributes to the vital equilibrium between the gut and the bacterial flora. I propose that this network is induced by cryptopatches, which are small clusters of dendritic cells and lymphoid cells that are identical to fetal inducers of lymph-node and Peyer's-patch development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Eberl
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Tissue Development, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, France.
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