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Myers JE, Guidry JT, Scott ML, Zwolinska K, Raikhy G, Prasai K, Bienkowska-Haba M, Bodily JM, Sapp MJ, Scott RS. Detecting episomal or integrated human papillomavirus 16 DNA using an exonuclease V-qPCR-based assay. Virology 2019; 537:149-156. [PMID: 31493653 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Screening for human papillomavirus (HPV) integration into host cell chromosomes typically requires large amounts of time and reagents. We developed a rapid and sensitive assay based on exonuclease V (ExoV) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to determine HPV genome configurations in cell lines and tissues. We established the assay using genomic DNA from cell lines known to harbor integrated or episomal HPV16. DNA was incubated with ExoV, which is specific for linear DNA, and the DNA fraction resistant to digestion was measured by qPCR. The percent of DNA resistant to ExoV digestion was calculated relative to undigested DNA for determination of episomal or integrated HPV16. The ExoV assay was accurate, capable of distinguishing episomal from integrated HPV16 in cell lines and tissues. Future applications of the ExoV assay may include screening of HPV genome configurations in the progression of HPV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - J T Guidry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - M L Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - K Zwolinska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - G Raikhy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - K Prasai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - M Bienkowska-Haba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - J M Bodily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - M J Sapp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - R S Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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Xu H, Tong X, Mugundu G, Scott ML, Cook C, Arfvidsson C, Pease E, Zhou D, Lyne P, Al-Huniti N. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of danvatirsen supporting flat dosing switch. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2019; 46:65-74. [PMID: 30661177 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-019-09619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Danvatirsen is a Generation 2.5 antisense oligonucleotide under clinical development. Population PK modelling was conducted using data from 3 available danvatirsen Phase I/II studies in oncology patients to investigate the impact of flat dosing on exposure compared to ideal body weight-based dosing. A total of 126 patients who received danvatirsen doses ranging from 1 to 4 mg/kg as monotherapy or in combination with durvalumab, most at 3 mg/kg (n = 70), was used in the danvatirsen population PK analysis. A 2-compartment model with linear elimination described the data well. Covariate analysis revealed ideal body weight was not a significant covariate on the PK of danvatirsen; nor was age, sex or race. The model-based simulation suggested that steady state weekly AUC and Cmax were very similar between 3 mg/kg and 200 mg flat dosing (geometric mean of AUC: 62.5 vs. 63.4 mg h/L and Cmax: 26.2 vs. 26.5 mg/L for two dose groups) with slightly less overall between-subject variability in the flat dosing regimen. The switch to flat dosing was approved by multiple regulatory agencies, including FDA, EMA, PMDA and ANSM. Several ongoing studies have been evaluating flat dosing. Interim analysis from an ongoing study (D5660C00016, NCT03421353) has shown the observed steady state concentration from 200 mg flat dose is in agreement with the model predictions. The population PK model could be further utilized in subsequent exposure-response efficacy and safety modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Xu
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Tong
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ganesh Mugundu
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA. .,AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.
| | | | - Carl Cook
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA
| | - Cecilia Arfvidsson
- Clinical Sample and Bioanalytical Science, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Diansong Zhou
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Lyne
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA
| | - Nidal Al-Huniti
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
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George JT, Kakkar R, Marshall J, Scott ML, Finkelman RD, Ho TW, Veldhuis J, Skorupskaite K, Anderson RA, McIntosh S, Webber L. Neurokinin B Receptor Antagonism in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4313-4321. [PMID: 27459523 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrinopathy in women, is characterized by high secretion levels of LH and T. Currently, there is no treatment licensed specifically for PCOS. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate whether a targeted therapy would decrease LH pulse frequency in women with PCOS, subsequently reducing serum LH and T concentrations and thereby presenting a novel therapeutic approach to the management of PCOS. DESIGN This study is a double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. SETTINGS University hospitals and private clinical research centers were included. PARTICIPANTS Women with PCOS aged 18-45 years participated. INTERVENTION Intervention included AZD4901 (a specific neurokinin-3 [NK3] receptor antagonist) at a dose of 20, 40, or 80 mg/day or matching placebo for 28 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Change from baseline in the area under the LH serum concentration-time curve over 8 hours (area under the curve) on day 7 relative to placebo was measured. RESULTS Of a total 67 randomized patients, 65 were evaluable. On day 7, the following baseline-adjusted changes relative to placebo were observed in patients receiving AZD4901 80 mg/day: 1) a reduction of 52.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 29.6-67.3%) in LH area under the curve; 2) a reduction of 28.7% (95% CI, 13.9-40.9%) in total T concentration; and 3) a reduction of 3.55 LH pulses/8 hours (95% CI, 2.0-5.1) (all nominal P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The NK3 receptor antagonist AZD4901 specifically reduced LH pulse frequency and subsequently serum LH and T concentrations, thus presenting NK3 receptor antagonism as a potential approach to treating the central neuroendocrine pathophysiology of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothis T George
- Diabetes Trials Unit (J.T.G.), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (R.K., M.L.S.) Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.M., S.M., L.W.), Wilmington, Delaware (R.D.F.); and Gaithersburg Maryland (T.W.H.); Endocrine Research Unit (J.V.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Kakkar
- Diabetes Trials Unit (J.T.G.), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (R.K., M.L.S.) Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.M., S.M., L.W.), Wilmington, Delaware (R.D.F.); and Gaithersburg Maryland (T.W.H.); Endocrine Research Unit (J.V.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Marshall
- Diabetes Trials Unit (J.T.G.), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (R.K., M.L.S.) Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.M., S.M., L.W.), Wilmington, Delaware (R.D.F.); and Gaithersburg Maryland (T.W.H.); Endocrine Research Unit (J.V.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Martin L Scott
- Diabetes Trials Unit (J.T.G.), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (R.K., M.L.S.) Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.M., S.M., L.W.), Wilmington, Delaware (R.D.F.); and Gaithersburg Maryland (T.W.H.); Endocrine Research Unit (J.V.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Finkelman
- Diabetes Trials Unit (J.T.G.), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (R.K., M.L.S.) Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.M., S.M., L.W.), Wilmington, Delaware (R.D.F.); and Gaithersburg Maryland (T.W.H.); Endocrine Research Unit (J.V.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tony W Ho
- Diabetes Trials Unit (J.T.G.), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (R.K., M.L.S.) Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.M., S.M., L.W.), Wilmington, Delaware (R.D.F.); and Gaithersburg Maryland (T.W.H.); Endocrine Research Unit (J.V.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Veldhuis
- Diabetes Trials Unit (J.T.G.), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (R.K., M.L.S.) Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.M., S.M., L.W.), Wilmington, Delaware (R.D.F.); and Gaithersburg Maryland (T.W.H.); Endocrine Research Unit (J.V.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karolina Skorupskaite
- Diabetes Trials Unit (J.T.G.), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (R.K., M.L.S.) Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.M., S.M., L.W.), Wilmington, Delaware (R.D.F.); and Gaithersburg Maryland (T.W.H.); Endocrine Research Unit (J.V.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Anderson
- Diabetes Trials Unit (J.T.G.), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (R.K., M.L.S.) Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.M., S.M., L.W.), Wilmington, Delaware (R.D.F.); and Gaithersburg Maryland (T.W.H.); Endocrine Research Unit (J.V.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart McIntosh
- Diabetes Trials Unit (J.T.G.), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (R.K., M.L.S.) Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.M., S.M., L.W.), Wilmington, Delaware (R.D.F.); and Gaithersburg Maryland (T.W.H.); Endocrine Research Unit (J.V.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Webber
- Diabetes Trials Unit (J.T.G.), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (R.K., M.L.S.) Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.M., S.M., L.W.), Wilmington, Delaware (R.D.F.); and Gaithersburg Maryland (T.W.H.); Endocrine Research Unit (J.V.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health (K.S., R.A.A.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Scott ML. Nutrition of the young chick. World Rev Nutr Diet 2015; 9:274-85. [PMID: 4883820 DOI: 10.1159/000387558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Ellwood-Yen K, Keilhack H, Kunii K, Dolinski B, Connor Y, Hu K, Nagashima K, O'Hare E, Erkul Y, Di Bacco A, Gargano D, Shomer NH, Angagaw M, Leccese E, Andrade P, Hurd M, Shin MK, Vogt TF, Northrup A, Bobkova EV, Kasibhatla S, Bronson RT, Scott ML, Draetta G, Richon V, Kohl N, Blume-Jensen P, Andersen JN, Kraus M. PDK1 attenuation fails to prevent tumor formation in PTEN-deficient transgenic mouse models. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3052-65. [PMID: 21493594 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PDK1 activates AKT suggesting that PDK1 inhibition might suppress tumor development. However, while PDK1 has been investigated intensively as an oncology target, selective inhibitors suitable for in vivo studies have remained elusive. In this study we present the results of in vivo PDK1 inhibition through a universally applicable RNAi approach for functional drug target validation in oncogenic pathway contexts. This approach, which relies on doxycycline-inducible shRNA expression from the Rosa26 locus, is ideal for functional studies of genes like PDK1 where constitutive mouse models lead to strong developmental phenotypes or embryonic lethality. We achieved more than 90% PDK1 knockdown in vivo, a level sufficient to impact physiological functions resulting in hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. This phenotype was reversible on PDK1 reexpression. Unexpectedly, long-term PDK1 knockdown revealed a lack of potent antitumor efficacy in 3 different mouse models of PTEN-deficient cancer. Thus, despite efficient PDK1 knockdown, inhibition of the PI3K pathway was marginal suggesting that PDK1 was not a rate limiting factor. Ex vivo analysis of pharmacological inhibitors revealed that AKT and mTOR inhibitors undergoing clinical development are more effective than PDK1 inhibitors at blocking activated PI3K pathway signaling. Taken together our findings weaken the widely held expectation that PDK1 represents an appealing oncology target.
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Bossen C, Tardivel A, Willen L, Fletcher CA, Perroud M, Beermann F, Rolink AG, Scott ML, Mackay F, Schneider P. Mutation of the BAFF furin cleavage site impairs B-cell homeostasis and antibody responses. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:787-97. [PMID: 21287546 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF)/BLyS contributes to B-cell homeostasis and function in the periphery. BAFF is expressed as a membrane-bound protein or released by proteolytic cleavage, but the functional importance of this processing event is poorly understood. Mice expressing BAFF with a mutated furin consensus cleavage site, i.e. furin-mutant BAFF (fmBAFF), were not different from BAFF-deficient mice with regard to their B-cell populations and responses to immunization. It is however noteworthy that an alternative processing event releases some soluble BAFF in fmBAFF mice. Mild overexpression (∼ 5-fold) of fmBAFF alone generated intermediate levels of B cells without improving humoral responses to immunization. Processed BAFF was however important for B-cell homeostasis, as peripheral B-cell populations and antibody responses were readily restored by administration of soluble BAFF trimers in BAFF-deficient mice. However, the rescue of CD23 expression in B cells of BAFF-deficient mice required both soluble BAFF trimers and fmBAFF, or a polymeric form of soluble BAFF (BAFF 60-mer). These results point to a predominant role of processed BAFF for B-cell homeostasis and function, and indicate possible accessory roles for membrane-bound BAFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bossen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Myers MJ, Scott ML, Deaver CM, Farrell DE, Yancy HF. Biomarkers of inflammation in cattle determining the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:1-8. [PMID: 20444018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The impact of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) mRNA expression in bovine whole blood (WB) cultures stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was determined, using the blood from six Holstein dairy cattle in various stages of lactation. Peak production of PGE(2) occurred 24 h after LPS stimulation but did not result in detectable concentrations of thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)). The NSAID indomethacin, aspirin, flunixin meglumine, and 4-[5-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] benzene sulfonamide (PTPBS; celecoxib analogue), along with dexamethasone, were all equally effective in reducing the concentration of PGE(2) in the bovine WB culture supernatants. Bradykinin exhibited peak supernatant concentrations 1 h after LPS stimulation. Dexamethasone and the NSAID used in this study were equally effective at inhibiting bradykinin production. Peak induction of COX-2 mRNA occurred 3 h post-LPS stimulation. However, neither dexamethasone nor any of the NSAID used in this study altered COX-2 mRNA concentrations. In contrast, aspirin, flunixin meglumine, and PTPBS reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) mRNA concentration. These results demonstrate that bovine blood cells respond to NSAID therapy like other mammalian cells with respect to inhibition of PGE(2) production and suppression of TNF mRNA induction, but do not inhibit induction of COX-2 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Myers
- Division of Animal Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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Ma Y, Zhao S, Zhu J, Bettano KA, Qu X, Marshall CG, Young JR, Kohl NE, Scott ML, Zhang W, Wang Y. Real-time bioluminescence imaging of polycythemia vera development in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:1073-9. [PMID: 19715759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative disorder involving hematopoietic stem cells. A recurrent somatic missense mutation in JAK2 (JAK2V617F) is thought to play a causal role in PV. Therefore, targeting Jak2 will likely provide a molecular mechanism-based therapy for PV. To facilitate the development of such new and specific therapeutics, a suitable and well-characterized preclinical animal model is essential. Although several mouse models of PV have been reported, the spatiotemporal kinetics of PV formation and progression has not been studied. To address this, we created a bone marrow transplant mouse model that co-expresses mutant Jak2 and luciferase 2 (Luc2) genes. Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) was used to visualize disease cells and analyze the kinetics of PV development in vivo. To better understand the molecular mechanism of PV, we generated mice carrying a kinase inactive mutant Jak2 (Jak2K882E), demonstrating that the PV disease was dependent on constitutive activation of the Jak2 kinase activity. We further showed that the Jak2V617F mutation caused increased stem cell renewal activity and impaired cell differentiation, which was at least in part due to deregulated transcriptional programming. The Jak2V617F-Luc2 PV mice will be a useful preclinical model to characterize novel JAK2 inhibitors for the treatment of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Ma
- Department of Oncology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Dohi T, Borodovsky A, Wu P, Shearstone JR, Kawashima R, Runkel L, Rajman L, Dong X, Scott ML, Michaelson JS, Jakubowski A, Burkly LC. TWEAK/Fn14 pathway: a nonredundant role in intestinal damage in mice through a TWEAK/intestinal epithelial cell axis. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:912-23. [PMID: 19109961 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily members have attracted attention as new therapeutic targets for treating inflammatory disease. TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a unique, multifunctional TNF family cytokine that signals through its receptor, fibroblast growth factor-inducible molecule 14 (Fn14). The role of this pathway in the intestine has not been previously reported. METHODS The 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model was conducted in TWEAK- or Fn14-deficient mice or in normal mice treated with a TWEAK-blocking monoclonal antibody, and clinical severity, histopathology, immunohistochemistry for cell infiltrates, TWEAK and Fn14, gene expression profiling in the colon, and systemic adaptive immunity were assessed. The effect of TWEAK on colon epithelial cell production of inflammatory mediators was analyzed in vitro. The gamma-irradiation injury model was conducted in TWEAK- or Fn14-deficient mice, and crypt epithelial death was assessed. RESULTS Colitis severity and histologic scores were significantly reduced by TWEAK pathway deficiency or TWEAK-blocking monoclonal antibody. Neutrophil and macrophage infiltrates, chemokines, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase expression were reduced in the TWEAK-deficient colon after TNBS administration; however, systemic adaptive immune responses to trinitrophenyl were not altered. Fn14 is expressed on colon epithelial cells in TNBS colitis, and TWEAK induces epithelial production of pathogenic mediators. TWEAK also regulates intestinal epithelial turnover, as evidenced by reduced epithelial cell death after gamma-irradiation injury in TWEAK and Fn14 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Our studies elucidate a nonredundant TWEAK-intestinal epithelial cell axis and suggest that blocking TWEAK may dampen chronic intestinal inflammation and allow normal epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Dohi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
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Pappu BP, Borodovsky A, Zheng TS, Yang X, Wu P, Dong X, Weng S, Browning B, Scott ML, Ma L, Su L, Tian Q, Schneider P, Flavell RA, Dong C, Burkly LC. TL1A-DR3 interaction regulates Th17 cell function and Th17-mediated autoimmune disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1049-62. [PMID: 18411337 PMCID: PMC2373838 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T helper type 17 (Th17) cells play an important pathogenic function in autoimmune diseases; their regulation, however, is not well understood. We show that the expression of a tumor necrosis factor receptor family member, death receptor 3 (DR3; also known as TNFRSF25), is selectively elevated in Th17 cells, and that TL1A, its cognate ligand, can promote the proliferation of effector Th17 cells. To further investigate the role of the TL1A–DR3 pathway in Th17 regulation, we generated a TL1A-deficient mouse and found that TL1A−/− dendritic cells exhibited a reduced capacity in supporting Th17 differentiation and proliferation. Consistent with these data, TL1A−/− animals displayed decreased clinical severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Finally, we demonstrated that during EAE disease progression, TL1A was required for the optimal differentiation as well as effector function of Th17 cells. These observations thus establish an important role of the TL1A–DR3 pathway in promoting Th17 cell function and Th17-mediated autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu P Pappu
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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11
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Shinners NP, Carlesso G, Castro I, Hoek KL, Corn RA, Woodland RT, Woodland RL, Scott ML, Wang D, Khan WN. Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Mediates NF-κB Activation and B Cell Survival by B Cell-Activating Factor Receptor of the TNF-R Family. J Immunol 2007; 179:3872-80. [PMID: 17785824 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Loss of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) function results in mouse Xid disease characterized by a reduction in mature B cells and impaired humoral immune responses. These defects have been mainly attributed to impaired BCR signaling including reduced activation of the classical NF-kappaB pathway. In this study we show that Btk also couples the receptor for B cell-activating factor (BAFF) of the TNF family (BAFF-R) to the NF-kappaB pathway. Loss of Btk results in defective BAFF-mediated activation of both classical and alternative NF-kappaB pathways. Btk appears to regulate directly the classical pathway in response to BAFF such that Btk-deficient B cells exhibit reduced kinase activity of IkappaB kinase gamma-containing complexes and defective IkappaBalpha degradation. In addition, Btk-deficient B cells produce reduced levels of NF-kappaB2 (p100) basally and in response to stimulation via the BCR or BAFF-R, resulting in impaired activation of the alternative NF-kappaB pathway by BAFF. These results suggest that Btk regulates B cell survival by directly regulating the classical NF-kappaB pathway under both BCR and BAFF-R, as well as by inducing the expression of the components of alternative pathway for sustained NF-kappaB activation in response BAFF. Thus, impaired BCR- and BAFF-induced signaling to NF-kappaB may contribute to the observed defects in B cell survival and humoral immune responses in Btk-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Shinners
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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12
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Ridgwell K, Dixey J, Scott ML. Production of soluble recombinant proteins with Kell, Duffy and Lutheran blood group antigen activity, and their use in screening human sera for Kell, Duffy and Lutheran antibodies. Transfus Med 2007; 17:384-94. [PMID: 17725551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2007.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to show that soluble recombinant (sr) proteins can mimic blood group antigens and be used to screen human sera for blood-group-specific antibodies. The blood of all pregnant women and pretransfusion patients should be screened for blood-group-specific antibodies to identify and monitor pregnancies at risk of haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN), and to prevent haemolytic transfusion reactions. Current antibody screening and identification methods use human red blood cell panels, which can complicate antibody identification if more than one antibody specificity is present. COS-7 cells were transfected to produce sr forms of the extracellular domains of the red blood cell membrane proteins that express Kell, Duffy or Lutheran blood group antigens. These sr proteins were used to screen for and identify anti-Kell, anti-Duffy or anti-Lutheran blood-group-specific allo-antibodies in human sera by haemagglutination inhibition and in solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). There is a positive correlation (correlation coefficient 0.605, P value 0.002) between antibody titre by standard indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) and signal intensity in the ELISA test. This work shows that sr proteins can mimic blood group antigens and react with human allogeneic antibodies, and that such proteins could be used to develop solid-phase, high-throughput blood group antibody screening and identification platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ridgwell
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, Bristol, UK.
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13
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Abstract
The T cell, Ig domain, and mucin domain-1 (TIM-1) gene is associated with Th2 T cell responses and human atopic diseases. The mechanism by which TIM-1 influences T cell responses remains unknown. We demonstrate that TIM-1 is recruited to the TCR-signaling complex via association with CD3. TIM-1 up-regulates TCR-associated signaling events, including phosphorylation of Zap70 and IL-2-inducible T cell kinase. This activity requires TIM-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. TIM-1 expression induces formation of a novel complex that includes PI3K and ITK. Finally, the consequences of TIM-1 activation include increased expression of effector cytokines. These results demonstrate that TIM-1 is a critical component of the human T cell response and provide a mechanistic hypothesis for the role of TIM-1 in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri L Binné
- Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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14
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Rubinson DA, Dillon CP, Kwiatkowski AV, Sievers C, Yang L, Kopinja J, Zhang M, McManus MT, Gertler FB, Scott ML, Van Parijs L. Erratum: Corrigendum: A lentivirus-based system to functionally silence genes in primary mammalian cells, stem cells and transgenic mice by RNA interference. Nat Genet 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/ng0607-803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Sizing ID, Bailly V, McCoon P, Chang W, Rao S, Pablo L, Rennard R, Walsh M, Li Z, Zafari M, Dobles M, Tarilonte L, Miklasz S, Majeau G, Godbout K, Scott ML, Rennert PD. Epitope-dependent effect of anti-murine TIM-1 monoclonal antibodies on T cell activity and lung immune responses. J Immunol 2007; 178:2249-61. [PMID: 17277130 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The TAPR locus containing the TIM gene family is implicated in the development of atopic inflammation in mouse, and TIM-1 allelic variation has been associated with the incidence of atopy in human patient populations. In this study, we show that manipulation of the TIM-1 pathway influences airway inflammation and pathology. Anti-TIM-1 mAbs recognizing distinct epitopes differentially modulated OVA-induced lung inflammation in the mouse. The epitopes recognized by these Abs were mapped, revealing that mAbs to both the IgV and stalk domains of TIM-1 have therapeutic activity. Unexpectedly, mAbs recognizing unique epitopes spanning exon 4 of the mucin/stalk domains exacerbated immune responses. Using Ag recall response studies, we demonstrate that the TIM-1 pathway acts primarily by modulating the production of T(H)2 cytokines. Furthermore, ex vivo cellular experiments indicate that TIM-1 activity controls CD4(+) T cell activity. These studies validate the genetic hypothesis that the TIM-1 locus is linked to the development of atopic disease and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for targeting asthma and other atopic disorders.
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16
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Girgenrath M, Weng S, Kostek CA, Browning B, Wang M, Brown SAN, Winkles JA, Michaelson JS, Allaire N, Schneider P, Scott ML, Hsu YM, Yagita H, Flavell RA, Miller JB, Burkly LC, Zheng TS. TWEAK, via its receptor Fn14, is a novel regulator of mesenchymal progenitor cells and skeletal muscle regeneration. EMBO J 2006; 25:5826-39. [PMID: 17124496 PMCID: PMC1698888 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation participates in tissue repair through multiple mechanisms including directly regulating the cell fate of resident progenitor cells critical for successful regeneration. Upon surveying target cell types of the TNF ligand TWEAK, we observed that TWEAK binds to all progenitor cells of the mesenchymal lineage and induces NF-kappaB activation and the expression of pro-survival, pro-proliferative and homing receptor genes in the mesenchymal stem cells, suggesting that this pro-inflammatory cytokine may play an important role in controlling progenitor cell biology. We explored this potential using both the established C2C12 cell line and primary mouse muscle myoblasts, and demonstrated that TWEAK promoted their proliferation and inhibited their terminal differentiation. By generating mice deficient in the TWEAK receptor Fn14, we further showed that Fn14-deficient primary myoblasts displayed significantly reduced proliferative capacity and altered myotube formation. Following cardiotoxin injection, a known trigger for satellite cell-driven skeletal muscle regeneration, Fn14-deficient mice exhibited reduced inflammatory response and delayed muscle fiber regeneration compared with wild-type mice. These results indicate that the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is a novel regulator of skeletal muscle precursor cells and illustrate an important mechanism by which inflammatory cytokines influence tissue regeneration and repair. Coupled with our recent demonstration that TWEAK potentiates liver progenitor cell proliferation, the expression of Fn14 on all mesenchymal lineage progenitor cells supports a broad involvement of this pathway in other tissue injury and disease settings.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins/pharmacology
- Cytokine TWEAK
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Development/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Myoblasts/cytology
- Myoblasts/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Regeneration/drug effects
- TWEAK Receptor
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawn Weng
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Beth Browning
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Monica Wang
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sharron AN Brown
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Winkles
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Norm Allaire
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Ch. Des Boveresses, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Martin L Scott
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yen-ming Hsu
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Linda C Burkly
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy S Zheng
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Tel.: +1 617 679 3348; Fax: +1 617 679 3208; E-mail:
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17
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Jacob CO, Pricop L, Putterman C, Koss MN, Liu Y, Kollaros M, Bixler SA, Ambrose CM, Scott ML, Stohl W. Paucity of clinical disease despite serological autoimmunity and kidney pathology in lupus-prone New Zealand mixed 2328 mice deficient in BAFF. J Immunol 2006; 177:2671-80. [PMID: 16888029 PMCID: PMC2896675 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive overexpression of B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) promotes development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and treatment of SLE mice with BAFF antagonists ameliorates disease. To determine whether SLE can develop de novo in BAFF-deficient hosts, BAFF-deficient New Zealand Mixed (NZM) 2328 (NZM.Baff(-/-)) mice were generated. In NZM.Baff(-/-) mice, spleen B cells (including CD5(+) B1a and CD5(-) B1b B cells), germinal centers, Ig-secreting cells, and T cells were reduced in comparison to NZM.Baff(+/+) mice. Serum total Ig and autoantibody levels were reduced at 4-6 mo but approached wild-type levels with increasing age, indicating that autoreactive B cells can survive and secrete autoantibodies despite the complete absence of BAFF. At least some of these autoantibodies are nephrophilic in that glomerular deposition of total IgG and IgG1 (but not of IgG2a, IgG2b, or C3) was substantial in NZM.Baff(-/-) mice by 12-13 mo of age. Despite proliferative glomerulonephritis, highlighted by widespread glomerular hyaline thrombi, being common among NZM.Baff(-/-) mice by 6-7 mo of age, severe proteinuria and mortality were greatly attenuated. These results demonstrate that the lifelong absence of BAFF does not protect NZM 2328 mice from serological autoimmunity and renal pathology. Nevertheless, the character of the renal pathology is altered, and the mice are largely spared from clinically overt disease (severe proteinuria and premature death). These observations may have profound ramifications for the use of BAFF antagonists in human SLE and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim O. Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Luminita Pricop
- Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Michael N. Koss
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Maria Kollaros
- Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | | | | | - William Stohl
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. William Stohl, Division of Rheumatology, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 711, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
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18
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Gavin AL, Duong B, Skog P, Aït-Azzouzene D, Greaves DR, Scott ML, Nemazee D. ΔBAFF, a Splice Isoform of BAFF, Opposes Full-Length BAFF Activity In Vivo in Transgenic Mouse Models. J Immunol 2005; 175:319-28. [PMID: 15972664 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DeltaBAFF is a novel splicing isoform of the regulator B cell-activating factor (BAFF, BLyS), a TNF family protein with powerful immunoregulatory effects. Overexpression of BAFF leads to excessive B cell accumulation, activation, autoantibodies, and lupus-like disease, whereas an absence of BAFF causes peripheral B cell immunodeficiency. Based on the ability of DeltaBAFF to multimerize with full-length BAFF and to limit BAFF proteolytic shedding from the cell surface, we previously proposed a role for DeltaBAFF in restraining the effects of BAFF and in regulating B lymphocyte homeostasis. To test these ideas we generated mice transgenic for DeltaBAFF under the control of human CD68 regulatory elements, which target expression to myeloid and dendritic cells. We also generated in parallel BAFF transgenic mice using the same expression elements. Analysis of the transgenic mice revealed that DeltaBAFF and BAFF had opposing effects on B cell survival and marginal zone B cell numbers. DeltaBAFF transgenic mice had reduced B cell numbers and T cell-dependent Ab responses, but normal preimmune serum Ig levels. In contrast, BAFF transgenic mice had extraordinarily elevated Ig levels and increases in subsets of B cells. Unexpectedly, both BAFF and DeltaBAFF appeared to modulate the numbers of B-1 phenotype B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Gavin
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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19
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Mi S, Miller RH, Lee X, Scott ML, Shulag-Morskaya S, Shao Z, Chang J, Thill G, Levesque M, Zhang M, Hession C, Sah D, Trapp B, He Z, Jung V, McCoy JM, Pepinsky RB. LINGO-1 negatively regulates myelination by oligodendrocytes. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8:745-51. [PMID: 15895088 DOI: 10.1038/nn1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The control of myelination by oligodendrocytes in the CNS is poorly understood. Here we show that LINGO-1 is an important negative regulator of this critical process. LINGO-1 is expressed in oligodendrocytes. Attenuation of its function by dominant-negative LINGO-1, LINGO-1 RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) or soluble human LINGO-1 (LINGO-1-Fc) leads to differentiation and increased myelination competence. Attenuation of LINGO-1 results in downregulation of RhoA activity, which has been implicated in oligodendrocyte differentiation. Conversely, overexpression of LINGO-1 leads to activation of RhoA and inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Treatment of oligodendrocyte and neuron cocultures with LINGO-1-Fc resulted in highly developed myelinated axons that have internodes and well-defined nodes of Ranvier. The contribution of LINGO-1 to myelination was verified in vivo through the analysis of LINGO-1 knockout mice. The ability to recapitulate CNS myelination in vitro using LINGO-1 antagonists and the in vivo effects seen in the LINGO-1 knockout indicate that LINGO-1 signaling may be critical for CNS myelination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/embryology
- Central Nervous System/growth & development
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Coculture Techniques
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Myelin Sheath/genetics
- Myelin Sheath/metabolism
- Myelin Sheath/ultrastructure
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/genetics
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/metabolism
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/metabolism
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/ultrastructure
- Nerve Tissue Proteins
- Oligodendroglia/drug effects
- Oligodendroglia/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/ultrastructure
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn
- RNA Interference/drug effects
- RNA Interference/physiology
- Ranvier's Nodes/genetics
- Ranvier's Nodes/metabolism
- Ranvier's Nodes/ultrastructure
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- src-Family Kinases/genetics
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Mi
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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20
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Shao Z, Browning JL, Lee X, Scott ML, Shulga-Morskaya S, Allaire N, Thill G, Levesque M, Sah D, McCoy JM, Murray B, Jung V, Pepinsky RB, Mi S. TAJ/TROY, an Orphan TNF Receptor Family Member, Binds Nogo-66 Receptor 1 and Regulates Axonal Regeneration. Neuron 2005; 45:353-9. [PMID: 15694322 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Myelin-associated inhibitory factors (MAIFs) are inhibitors of CNS axonal regeneration following injury. The Nogo receptor complex, composed of the Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgR1), neurotrophin p75 receptor (p75), and LINGO-1, represses axon regeneration upon binding to these myelin components. The limited expression of p75 to certain types of neurons and its temporal expression during development prompted speculation that other receptors are involved in the NgR1 complex. Here, we show that an orphan receptor in the TNF family called TAJ, broadly expressed in postnatal and adult neurons, binds to NgR1 and can replace p75 in the p75/NgR1/LINGO-1 complex to activate RhoA in the presence of myelin inhibitors. In vitro exogenously added TAJ reversed neurite outgrowth caused by MAIFs. Neurons from Taj-deficient mice were more resistant to the suppressive action of the myelin inhibitors. Given the limited expression of p75, the discovery of TAJ function is an important step for understanding the regulation of axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Shao
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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21
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Ye Q, Wang L, Wells AD, Tao R, Han R, Davidson A, Scott ML, Hancock WW. BAFF binding to T cell-expressed BAFF-R costimulates T cell proliferation and alloresponses. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:2750-9. [PMID: 15368291 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Binding of the TNF family member, B cell activating factor (BAFF), to its receptor (BAFF-R, TNFRSF13C) is required for generation and maintenance of mature B cells, but there are no data as to any role for the BAFF/BAFF-R pathway in T cell functions. We report that the binding of BAFF to BAFF-R expressed by a subset of primarily CD4(+) T cells costimulates T cell activation and allo-proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and that mice with a mutation in the BAFF-R, or with a targeted deletion of BAFF, show prolonged cardiac allograft survival as compared to wild-type or transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI)(-/-) controls. Taken together, these data indicate the BAFF/BAFF-R pathway contributes to both T and B cell responses and may be an attractive target for control of acute and chronic allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunrui Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Shulga-Morskaya S, Dobles M, Walsh ME, Ng LG, MacKay F, Rao SP, Kalled SL, Scott ML. B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family acts through separate receptors to support B cell survival and T cell-independent antibody formation. J Immunol 2004; 173:2331-41. [PMID: 15294946 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TNF-related ligand, B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF), is necessary for normal B cell development and survival, and specifically binds the receptors transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), B cell maturation Ag (BCMA), and BAFF-R. Similarities between mice completely lacking BAFF and A/WySnJ strain mice that express a naturally occurring mutant form of BAFF-R suggest that BAFF acts primarily through BAFF-R. However, the nearly full-length BAFF-R protein expressed by A/WySnJ mice makes unambiguous interpretation of receptor function in these animals impossible. Using homologous recombination we created mice completely lacking BAFF-R and compared them directly to A/WySnJ mice and to mice lacking BAFF. BAFF-R-null mice exhibit loss of mature B cells similar to that observed in BAFF(-/-) and A/WySnJ mice. Also, mice lacking both TACI and BCMA simultaneously exhibit no B cell loss, thus confirming that BAFF-R is the primary receptor for transmitting the BAFF-dependent B cell survival signal. However, while BAFF-R-null mice cannot carry out T cell-dependent Ab formation, they differ from BAFF-deficient mice in generating normal levels of Ab to at least some T cell-independent Ags. These studies clearly demonstrate that BAFF regulates Ab responses in vivo through receptors in addition to BAFF-R.
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23
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Ng LG, Sutherland APR, Newton R, Qian F, Cachero TG, Scott ML, Thompson JS, Wheway J, Chtanova T, Groom J, Sutton IJ, Xin C, Tangye SG, Kalled SL, Mackay F, Mackay CR. B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF)-R is the principal BAFF receptor facilitating BAFF costimulation of circulating T and B cells. J Immunol 2004; 173:807-17. [PMID: 15240667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BAFF (B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family) is a cell survival and maturation factor for B cells, and overproduction of BAFF is associated with systemic autoimmune disease. BAFF binds to three receptors, BAFF-R, transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), and B cell maturation Ag (BCMA). Using specific mAbs, BAFF-R was found to be the predominant BAFF receptor expressed on peripheral B cells, in both humans and mice, and antagonist mAbs to BAFF-R blocked BAFF-mediated costimulation of anti- micro responses. The other BAFF receptors showed a much more restricted expression pattern, suggestive of specialized roles. BCMA was expressed by germinal center B cells, while TACI was expressed predominantly by splenic transitional type 2 and marginal zone B cells, as well as activated B cells, but was notably absent from germinal center B cells. BAFF was also an effective costimulator for T cells, and this costimulation occurs entirely through BAFF-R. BAFF-R, but not TACI or BCMA, was expressed on activated/memory subsets of T cells, and T cells from BAFF-R mutant A/WySnJ mice failed to respond to BAFF costimulation. Thus, BAFF-R is important not only for splenic B cell maturation, but is the major mediator of BAFF-dependent costimulatory responses in peripheral B and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Guan Ng
- Arthritis and Asthma Research Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Scott
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Blood Service, Southmead Road, Bristol BS10 5ND, UK.
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25
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Gorelik L, Cutler AH, Thill G, Miklasz SD, Shea DE, Ambrose C, Bixler SA, Su L, Scott ML, Kalled SL. Cutting edge: BAFF regulates CD21/35 and CD23 expression independent of its B cell survival function. J Immunol 2004; 172:762-6. [PMID: 14707045 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate that B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF), a B cell survival factor, also regulates CD21/35 and CD23 expression. BAFF blockade in wild-type mice down-modulates CD21/35 and CD23 on B cells while survival remains intact, and BAFF exposure causes elevated CD21/35 and CD23 expression. Similar down-modulation is observed in bcl-2-transgenic mice treated with a BAFF inhibitor. This is the first evidence that BAFF has a function independent of B cell survival. Reports using CD21/35 and CD23 expression to assess splenic B cell subsets in BAFF-null mice concluded a lack of B cells beyond the immature stage. Since CD21/35 and CD23 are inadequate for delineating B cell subpopulations in BAFF-null mice, we used expression of BAFF-R and several B cell markers to identify more mature splenic B cells in these mice. These data broaden our understanding of BAFF function and correct the view that BAFF-null mice lack mature B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Gorelik
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Biogen Idec Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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26
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Abstract
Retroviral gene transfer is presently one of the most powerful techniques for introducing stably heritable genetic material into mammalian cells (reviewed in ref. 1). One serious drawback of this technique, however, has been the difficulty in readily producing high-titer recombinant retroviruses. For many applications, such as infecting rare target cells or the majority of cells in tissue culture, the recombinant virus titer must be at least 10(6) infectious units/mL. Although one can usually obtain high-titer mixtures of recombinant and replication-competent retroviruses in a relatively short time, many applications such as cell marking studies or studying genes in vivo demand freedom from replication-competent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Pear
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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27
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Gorelik L, Gilbride K, Dobles M, Kalled SL, Zandman D, Scott ML. Normal B cell homeostasis requires B cell activation factor production by radiation-resistant cells. J Exp Med 2003; 198:937-45. [PMID: 12975458 PMCID: PMC2194202 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular source of B cell activation factor (BAFF) required for peripheral B cell survival/maturation is unknown. To determine the nature of BAFF-producing cells we established and analyzed reciprocal bone marrow (BM) chimeras with wild-type (WT) and BAFF-deficient mice. The results revealed that BAFF production by radiation-resistant stromal cells is completely sufficient to provide a necessary signal for B cell survival/maturation, as BAFF-/- BM cells transferred into lethally irradiated WT mice gave rise to normal numbers of follicular (FO) and marginal zone (MZ) B cell subpopulations. On the other hand, transfer of WT BM into BAFF-/- lethally irradiated mice resulted only in minimal reconstitution of mature FO B cells and no restoration of MZ B cells. Thus, in the absence of BAFF+/+ stromal cells, BAFF production by BM-derived cells, presumably by macrophages, dendritic cells, and/or neutrophils, was not at all sufficient to support normal B cell homeostasis. Interestingly, immunization of both types of chimeras stimulated high levels of antigen-specific antibody secretion, indicating that either stromal cell- or hematopoietic cell-derived BAFF is sufficient for B cell antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Gorelik
- Biogen Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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28
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Vora KA, Wang LC, Rao SP, Liu ZY, Majeau GR, Cutler AH, Hochman PS, Scott ML, Kalled SL. Cutting edge: germinal centers formed in the absence of B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family exhibit impaired maturation and function. J Immunol 2003; 171:547-51. [PMID: 12847217 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) form in B cell follicles and require specific signals for development and maintenance. B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) is a fundamental B cell survival factor and therefore may influence GC reactions and subsequent Ab responses. To test this possibility, the effect of BAFF neutralization in immunized mice was assessed. Using B cell maturation Ag-Fc, we demonstrate that BAFF blockade does not inhibit GC formation or somatic hypermutation. However, GCs in B cell maturation Ag-Fc-treated mice dissipated more rapidly than those of control mice and did not form a mature follicular dendritic cell reticulum. Examination of immunized BAFF-null mice validated the BAFF-independent nature of GC formation. Furthermore, Ab responses, including high-affinity responses, were attenuated. This is the first evidence that BAFF is required for maintenance, but not initiation, of the GC reaction, and it further hints that somatic hypermutation within the GC and selection of Ag-specific high-affinity Ab could be uncoupled.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Cell Activating Factor
- B-Cell Maturation Antigen
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/pathology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Gene Frequency/immunology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Nitrophenols/administration & dosage
- Nitrophenols/immunology
- Phenylacetates
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpit A Vora
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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29
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Rubinson DA, Dillon CP, Kwiatkowski AV, Sievers C, Yang L, Kopinja J, Rooney DL, Zhang M, Ihrig MM, McManus MT, Gertler FB, Scott ML, Van Parijs L. A lentivirus-based system to functionally silence genes in primary mammalian cells, stem cells and transgenic mice by RNA interference. Nat Genet 2003; 33:401-6. [PMID: 12590264 DOI: 10.1038/ng1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1177] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2002] [Accepted: 01/29/2003] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has recently emerged as a specific and efficient method to silence gene expression in mammalian cells either by transfection of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs; ref. 1) or, more recently, by transcription of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) from expression vectors and retroviruses. But the resistance of important cell types to transduction by these approaches, both in vitro and in vivo, has limited the use of RNAi. Here we describe a lentiviral system for delivery of shRNAs into cycling and non-cycling mammalian cells, stem cells, zygotes and their differentiated progeny. We show that lentivirus-delivered shRNAs are capable of specific, highly stable and functional silencing of gene expression in a variety of cell types and also in transgenic mice. Our lentiviral vectors should permit rapid and efficient analysis of gene function in primary human and animal cells and tissues and generation of animals that show reduced expression of specific genes. They may also provide new approaches for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Rubinson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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30
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Abstract
Nuclear localization of the transcriptional activator NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) is controlled in mammalian cells by three isoforms of NF-kappaB inhibitor protein: IkappaBalpha, -beta, and - epsilon. Based on simplifying reductions of the IkappaB-NF-kappaB signaling module in knockout cell lines, we present a computational model that describes the temporal control of NF-kappaB activation by the coordinated degradation and synthesis of IkappaB proteins. The model demonstrates that IkappaBalpha is responsible for strong negative feedback that allows for a fast turn-off of the NF-kappaB response, whereas IkappaBbeta and - epsilon function to reduce the system's oscillatory potential and stabilize NF-kappaB responses during longer stimulations. Bimodal signal-processing characteristics with respect to stimulus duration are revealed by the model and are shown to generate specificity in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hoffmann
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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31
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Mizgerd JP, Scott ML, Spieker MR, Doerschuk CM. Functions of IkappaB proteins in inflammatory responses to Escherichia coli LPS in mouse lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27:575-82. [PMID: 12397017 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0015oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation induced by intrapulmonary LPS requires nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB RelA. This study elucidates the effects of intrapulmonary LPS on IkappaB proteins, endogenous inhibitors of RelA, and the effects of deficiency of IkappaB-beta. IkappaB-alpha, IkappaB-beta, and IkappaB-epsilon each complexed with RelA in uninfected murine lungs. Intratracheal instillation of LPS induced the degradation of IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta, as measured by the loss of immunoreactive proteins in non-nuclear fractions. Degradation was apparent by 2 h and sustained through 6 h. In contrast, net IkappaB-epsilon content increased over this period. The small amounts of IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta that were detected in nuclear fractions from the lungs also decreased over this time frame, whereas intranuclear NF-kappaB content (including both RelA and p50) increased. The hypophosphorylated form of IkappaB-beta, which facilitates transcription induced by NF-kappaB, was not detected. Neutrophil recruitment and edema accumulation did not differ between wild type mice and gene-targeted mice deficient in IkappaB-beta, suggesting that IkappaB-beta is not specifically required for these responses. Altogether, these data suggest that RelA is liberated during LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation by the regulated degradation of both IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta. In the absence of IkappaB-beta, IkappaB-alpha or other inhibitory proteins can regulate NF-kappaB functions essential to acute neutrophil emigration in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Mizgerd
- Physiology Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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32
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Ries MD, Scott ML, Jani S. Relationship between gravimetric wear and particle generation in hip simulators: conventional compared with cross-linked polyethylene. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002; 83-A Suppl 2 Pt 2:116-22. [PMID: 11712832 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200100022-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hip-simulator studies have shown reduced gravimetric wear rates for inert-gas gamma-irradiated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene when compared with conventional ethylene-oxide-sterilized ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Analysis shows a greater number of particles generated from inert-gas gamma-irradiated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. This study was undertaken to examine particle-generation rates of polyethylene with different levels of cross-linking and to correlate them with gravimetric wear data. Particle-generation rates did not correlate with gravimetric wear rates. Particle analysis should be performed to predict the in vivo behavior of bearing surface materials. Cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene subjected to 10 Mrad (100,000 Gy) of gamma irradiation generated significantly fewer particles than ethylene-oxide-sterilized ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene; it also demonstrated a 96% reduction in the volume of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Ries
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Routine antenatal prophylaxis with anti-D has become accepted as desirable, but concerns have been expressed about the adequacies of supply and safety of polyclonal anti-D. Human monoclonal anti-D has been produced using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed peripheral B cells, sometimes coupled with fusions to myeloma cell lines. More recently, molecular biology techniques have been used to produce human monoclonal anti-D in a variety of different ways. Many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been characterized for fine specificity and in vitro functional activity in International Workshops. Two mAbs have been shown to cause red cell clearance and immunosuppression in male volunteers. Considerations for the future development of monoclonal anti-D for prophylactic use are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Scott
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, National Blood Service, Southmead Road, Bristol BS10 5ND, UK.
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34
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Schiemann B, Gommerman JL, Vora K, Cachero TG, Shulga-Morskaya S, Dobles M, Frew E, Scott ML. An essential role for BAFF in the normal development of B cells through a BCMA-independent pathway. Science 2001; 293:2111-4. [PMID: 11509691 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 814] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The B cell activating factor BAFF (BlyS/TALL-1/zTNF4) is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related ligand that promotes B cell survival and binds to three receptors (BCMA, TACI, and the recently described BAFF-R). Here we report an absolute requirement for BAFF in normal B cell development. Examination of secondary lymphoid organs from BAFF-deficient mice revealed an almost complete loss of follicular and marginal zone B lymphocytes. In contrast, mice lacking BCMA had normal-appearing B lymphocyte compartments. BAFF therefore plays a crucial role in B cell development and can function through receptors other than BCMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schiemann
- Biogen, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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35
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Thompson JS, Bixler SA, Qian F, Vora K, Scott ML, Cachero TG, Hession C, Schneider P, Sizing ID, Mullen C, Strauch K, Zafari M, Benjamin CD, Tschopp J, Browning JL, Ambrose C. BAFF-R, a newly identified TNF receptor that specifically interacts with BAFF. Science 2001; 293:2108-11. [PMID: 11509692 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
B cell homeostasis has been shown to critically depend on BAFF, the B cell activation factor from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. Although BAFF is already known to bind two receptors, BCMA and TACI, we have identified a third receptor for BAFF that we have termed BAFF-R. BAFF-R binding appears to be highly specific for BAFF, suggesting a unique role for this ligand-receptor interaction. Consistent with this, the BAFF-R locus is disrupted in A/WySnJ mice, which display a B cell phenotype qualitatively similar to that of the BAFF-deficient mice. Thus, BAFF-R appears to be the principal receptor for BAFF-mediated mature B cell survival.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- B-Cell Activating Factor
- B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor
- B-Cell Maturation Antigen
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Line
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Cloning, Molecular
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Ligands
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transfection
- Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor Protein
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Thompson
- Biogen, 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA., The Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
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36
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Abstract
Genetic deficiency in CD18 leads to disease characterized by myeloid hyperplasia, including profound granulocytosis and splenomegaly. Myeloid hyperplasia could directly result from the disruption of CD18 functions essential to granulopoiesis or basal leukocyte trafficking. Alternatively, myeloid hyperplasia could be reactive in nature, due to disruption of essential roles of CD18 in leukocyte responses to microbial challenge. To distinguish between these mechanisms, the hematopoietic systems of lethally irradiated wild-type (WT) mice were reconstituted with either WT fetal liver cells or CD18-deficient fetal liver cells, or an equal mixture of both types of cells. Granulocytosis and splenomegaly developed in mice that received CD18-deficient fetal liver cells. Splenomegaly was prevented and granulocytosis was inhibited by more than 95% in mice that had received both CD18-deficient and WT fetal liver cells, suggesting that myeloid hyperplasia was largely reactive in nature. Consistent with this postulate, the circulating life spans in the blood and the fraction of neutrophils that incorporated BrdU in the bone marrow were not increased for CD18-deficient neutrophils compared with the WT. However, these animals did develop mild granulocytosis compared with mice reconstituted with WT cells alone, and a higher percentage of CD18-deficient leukocytes were neutrophils compared with the WT leukocytes. These observations suggest that the granulocytosis observed in the absence of CD18 occurs through at least 2 mechanisms: one that is dramatically improved by the presence of WT cells, likely reactive in nature, and a second that is independent of the WT hematopoietic cells, involving an alteration in the lineage distribution of blood leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Horwitz
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Mitral valve repair has become the mainstay of surgical treatment for mitral valvular regurgitation. Surgeons in North America were relatively slow to adopt the various repair techniques, perhaps because rheumatic heart disease was less common, and the initial experiences with large numbers of repairs in Europe dealt largely with rheumatic disease. Subsequent experience, however, has clearly shown that patients with degenerative mitral valve disease can expect very durable repairs, and that most such patients have relatively simple pathologic conditions. The potential for repair, with a lack of need for long-term anticoagulation, has led to earlier surgical intervention. Still, mitral valve repair is far more complex than mitral valve replacement and must be accompanied by careful intraoperative decision making. Pitfalls exist that are different from those that accompany replacement. In this article, we examine some of the more common problems, their identification, and, hopefully, ways to avoid them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Sanders
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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38
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Scott ML, Voak D, Liu W, Jones JW, Avent ND. Epitopes on Rh proteins. Vox Sang 2001; 78 Suppl 2:117-20. [PMID: 10938939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of the reactions of monoclonal anti-D with Rh D variant red cells have shown that there are at least 24 different epitopes of the Rh D antigen. Similar studies Of Rh E variant red cells with monoclonal anti-E indicate that there are at least 4 epitopes of the Rh E antigen. The relation of these serologically defined epitopes to the structure of the Rh proteins is reviewed. Most epitopes are discontinuous, with critical residues present in different loops of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Scott
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, UK.
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39
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Scott ML, Voak D. Monoclonal antibodies to Rh D--development and uses. Vox Sang 2001; 78 Suppl 2:79-82. [PMID: 10938934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal anti-D has proved impossible to make in rodent systems. Human monoclonal anti-D has been produced using EBV transformed peripheral B cells, coupled with fusions to myeloma cell lines. More recently molecular biology techniques have been used to produce monoclonal anti-D. The range of monoclonal anti-D produced is considered. The selection of monoclonal anti-D for use as blood grouping reagents for typing donors and recipients is reviewed--all types of D positive should be typed as positive when donors are considered. However, DVI patients should be typed as D negative. Considerations for the development of monoclonal anti-D for prophylactic use are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Scott
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, UK.
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40
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Avent ND, Liu W, Scott ML, Jones JW, Voak D. Site directed mutagenesis of the human Rh D antigen: molecular basis of D epitopes. Vox Sang 2001; 78 Suppl 2:83-9. [PMID: 10938935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous attempts to define the molecular configuration of D epitopes has been confined to the analysis of the serological profile and Rh D molecular structure of partial D phenotypes. There are numerous drawbacks in this approach, most fundamental of which is that with the exception of RoHar, partial D phenotypes are defined by the loss of D epitope expression, and is thus difficult to directly correlate a specific amino acid to a particular D epitope. Furthermore, most partial D phenotypes are associated with multiple amino acid changes in the mutant Rh protein species associated with partial D expression. In our study we have applied site directed mutagenesis to introduce RhD amino acids in a stepwise manner to a Rh cE cDNA. This cDNA was introduced into K562 cells using retroviral mediated gene delivery, and D epitope expression analysed by flow cytometry. Our study provides evidence for at least six different epitope clusters on the external face of the Rh D protein. The relative predicted positions of these epitope clusters has resulted in us presenting a model for the hypothetical arrangement of external Rh D protein loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Avent
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, University of the West of England, UK.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lloyd-Evans
- Bristol Institute of Transfusion Sciences, Bristol, UK, and Manchester BTS, Manchester, UK
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42
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Abstract
The initiation of chromosome segregation at anaphase is linked by the spindle assembly checkpoint to the completion of chromosome-microtubule attachment during metaphase. To determine the function of the mitotic checkpoint protein Mad2 during normal cell division and when mitosis goes awry, we have knocked out Mad2 in mice. We find that E5.5 embryonic cells lacking Mad2, like mad2 yeast, grow normally but are unable to arrest in response to spindle disruption. At E6.5, the cells of the epiblast begin rapid cell division and the absence of a checkpoint results in widespread chromosome missegregation and apoptosis. In contrast, the postmitotic trophoblast giant cells survive without Mad2. Thus, the spindle assembly checkpoint is required for accurate chromosome segregation in mitotic mouse cells, and for embryonic viability, even in the absence of spindle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dobles
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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43
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Scott ML. Comments on the paper "Shrinking membership in the American Society of Animal Science: does the discipline of poultry science give us some clues?". J Anim Sci 2000; 78:1693. [PMID: 10875657 DOI: 10.2527/2000.7861693x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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44
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Garner SF, Smethurst PA, Merieux Y, Aeby C, Smith G, Armour KL, Scott ML, Williamson LM, Metcalfe P, Goodall AH, Clark MR, Rigal D, Schawaller M, Ouwehand WH. A rapid one-stage whole-blood HPA-1a phenotyping assay using a recombinant monoclonal IgG1 anti-HPA-1a. Br J Haematol 2000; 108:440-7. [PMID: 10691879 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and patients with HPA-1a-specific antibodies require transfusion of HPA-1a-negative platelets. Identifying HPA-1a-negative donors requires simple and reliable typing methods. Most existing techniques use polyclonal antibodies, are time consuming and involve platelet isolation. We have used a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated recombinant IgG1 anti-HPA-1a (CAMTRAN007) to develop a rapid and reliable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which eliminates sample preparation and reduces the incubation and wash steps associated with traditional sandwich ELISAs. The assay uses simultaneous incubation of the monoclonal antibody RFGP56 to capture GPIIbIIIa from whole blood and the recombinant IgG1 antibody to detect captured HPA-1a antigen. It allows 96 samples to be typed in less than 1 h and can be used on stored samples. Initial testing of 85 samples of known HPA-1a genotype demonstrated that HPA-1a-negative samples had OD values of < 0.266, whereas HPA-1a-positive samples had OD values of > 0.6. Testing of 1862 random donor samples in two blood centres confirmed these OD cut-off values and identified 45 HPA-1a-negative samples (2.4%), all except one giving OD values of < 0.2. The remaining HPA-1a-negative sample had an OD value of 0.303. The HPA-1a status on all the negative samples and an equivalent number of randomly selected positive samples was confirmed by flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR- SSP).
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Garner
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, National Blood Service East Anglia, Cambridge, UK
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45
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Liu W, Avent ND, Jones JW, Scott ML, Voak D. Molecular configuration of Rh D epitopes as defined by site-directed mutagenesis and expression of mutant Rh constructs in K562 erythroleukemia cells. Blood 1999; 94:3986-96. [PMID: 10590042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rh D antigen is the most clinically important protein blood group antigen of the erythrocyte. It is expressed as a collection of at least 37 different epitopes. The external domains of the Rh D protein involved in epitope presentation have been predicted based on the analysis of variant Rh D protein structures inferred from their cDNA sequences and their D epitope expression. This analysis can never be absolute because (1) most partial D phenotypes involve multiple amino acid changes in the Rh D protein and (2) deficiency for 1 or more epitopes may be due to gross structural alteration in the variant Rh D protein structure. We report here the amino acid requirements for the majority of D epitopes. They have been defined by generating a series of novel Rh mutant constructs by mutagenesis using an Rh cE cDNA as template and mutagenic oligonucleotide primers. When transfected into K562 cells, the D epitope expression of the derived mutant clones was then assessed by flow cytometry. The introduction of 9 externally predicted Rh D-specific amino acids on the Rh cE protein was sufficient to express 80% of all tested D epitopes, whereas other clones expressed none. We concluded from our data that the D epitope expression is consistent with at least 6 different epitope clusters localized on external regions of the Rh D protein, most involving overlapping regions within external loops 3, 4, and 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, Southmead, Bristol, UK
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46
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Mizgerd JP, Horwitz BH, Quillen HC, Scott ML, Doerschuk CM. Effects of CD18 Deficiency on the Emigration of Murine Neutrophils During Pneumonia. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We hypothesized that CD18 deficiency would impair the ability of neutrophils to emigrate from pulmonary blood vessels during certain pneumonias. To directly compare the abilities of wild-type (WT) and CD18-deficient neutrophils to emigrate, mice with both types of leukocytes in their blood were generated by reconstituting the hemopoietic systems of lethally irradiated C57BL/6 mice with mixtures of fetal liver cells from WT and CD18-deficient mice. Percentages of CD18-deficient neutrophils in the circulating and emigrated pools were compared during experimental pneumonias. Similar percentages were observed in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 6 or 24 h after intratracheal instillation of Streptococcus pneumoniae, demonstrating that no site on the CD18 molecule was required for either its adhesive or its signaling functions during neutrophil emigration. However, 6 h after instillation of Escherichia coli LPS or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the percentage of CD18-deficient neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was only about one-fourth of that observed in the blood. This difference persisted for at least 24 h after instillation of E. coli LPS. Thus, neutrophil emigration elicited by the Gram-negative stimuli E. coli LPS or P. aeruginosa was compromised by deficiency of CD18. These data, based on comparing WT and gene-targeted CD18-deficient neutrophils within the same animals, provide evidence for molecular pathways regulating neutrophil emigration, which could not be appreciated in previous studies with pharmacological blockade or genetic deficiency of CD18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Mizgerd
- *Physiology Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Bruce H. Horwitz
- †Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Henry C. Quillen
- *Physiology Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Martin L. Scott
- †Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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47
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Mizgerd JP, Horwitz BH, Quillen HC, Scott ML, Doerschuk CM. Effects of CD18 deficiency on the emigration of murine neutrophils during pneumonia. J Immunol 1999; 163:995-9. [PMID: 10395697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that CD18 deficiency would impair the ability of neutrophils to emigrate from pulmonary blood vessels during certain pneumonias. To directly compare the abilities of wild-type (WT) and CD18-deficient neutrophils to emigrate, mice with both types of leukocytes in their blood were generated by reconstituting the hemopoietic systems of lethally irradiated C57BL/6 mice with mixtures of fetal liver cells from WT and CD18-deficient mice. Percentages of CD18-deficient neutrophils in the circulating and emigrated pools were compared during experimental pneumonias. Similar percentages were observed in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 6 or 24 h after intratracheal instillation of Streptococcus pneumoniae, demonstrating that no site on the CD18 molecule was required for either its adhesive or its signaling functions during neutrophil emigration. However, 6 h after instillation of Escherichia coli LPS or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the percentage of CD18-deficient neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was only about one-fourth of that observed in the blood. This difference persisted for at least 24 h after instillation of E. coli LPS. Thus, neutrophil emigration elicited by the Gram-negative stimuli E. coli LPS or P. aeruginosa was compromised by deficiency of CD18. These data, based on comparing WT and gene-targeted CD18-deficient neutrophils within the same animals, provide evidence for molecular pathways regulating neutrophil emigration, which could not be appreciated in previous studies with pharmacological blockade or genetic deficiency of CD18.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Mizgerd
- Physiology Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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48
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Watkins NA, Armour KL, Smethurst PA, Metcalfe P, Scott ML, Hughes DL, Smith GA, Williamson LM, Clark MR, Ouwehand WH. Rapid phenotyping of HPA-1a using either diabody-based hemagglutination or recombinant IgG1-based assays. Transfusion 1999; 39:781-9. [PMID: 10413288 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39070781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HPA-1 system is carried on the beta3 integrin. HPA-1a (Zw(a), Pl(A1)) is immunogenic in an HPA-1b homozygote (HPA-1b1b). In pregnancy, 1 of 365 women forms anti-HPA-1a, which causes severe thrombocytopenia in 1 in 1100 neonates. Identification of women at risk of forming anti-HPA-1a and the screening of donors to obtain HPA-1a-negative platelets for therapy need reliable, low-cost, automated assays. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A diabody with dual specificity for HPA-1a x D and an IgG1 anti-HPA-1a have been constructed by the use of the genes encoding the first anti-HPA-1a fragment. With these reagents, two complementary HPA-1a phenotyping assays have been developed. RESULTS This diabody was used in a simple hemagglutination technique to perform HPA-1a phenotyping on soluble glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from EDTA plasma samples. Over 1000 unselected donors have been correctly HPA-1a-phenotyped by use of the diabody. The human recombinant IgG1 anti-HPA-1a was produced in a rat myeloma cell line and was fluorescein labeled for use in a whole-blood flow cytometric HPA-1a phenotyping assay. This IgG1 anti-HPA-1a shows a clear differential between HPA-1a-positive and HPA-1a-negative platelets at nM antibody concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The two recombinant reagents described are highly suitable for screening and confirmatory HPA-1a phenotyping. They permit rapid determination of the HPA-1a phenotype and are amenable to automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Watkins
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, UK
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49
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Lloyd-Evans P, Guest AR, Austin EB, Scott ML. Use of a phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-glycophorin A monoclonal antibody as a double label to improve the accuracy of FMH quantification by flow cytometry. Transfus Med 1999; 9:155-60. [PMID: 10354386 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3148.1999.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow cytometry for quantifying fetomaternal haemorrhage is increasing, and has been shown to be more accurate than the Kleihauer-Betke test for evaluating larger bleeds of over 4 mL in volume. Red cells are stained with fluorescently labelled monoclonal anti-D. Cells for analysis are normally gated manually on the basis of forward and side scatter. We investigated whether the use of an antiglycophorin A monoclonal antibody conjugate (red cell specific) in a dual labelling technique would improve the gating of RBC and FMH quantification. Mixes of adult rr and cord R1r RBC were prepared to simulate 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.12 and 0.06% fetal bleeds. Phycoerythrin-conjugated BRIC 256 (mouse monoclonal antiglycophorin A) was used to label all RBC, and FITC-BRAD-3 monoclonal anti-D was used to determine the proportion of D-positive cells. Results from the dual labelling experiments were compared to those from single labelling of the same mixtures with FITC-BRAD-3 alone, using gated and ungated data. The results showed that single labelling with manual gating gave falsely low FMH estimates. We conclude that use of a fluorescently labelled antiglycophorin A antibody improves the accuracy of the FMH measurement by flow cytometry, as manual subjective gating of RBC excludes a higher proportion of fetal than of adult RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lloyd-Evans
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Southmead Road, Bristol BS10 5ND.
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50
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Lloyd-Evans P, Guest AR, Voak D, Scott ML. Detection of weak D and D(VI) red cells in D-negative mixtures by flow cytometry: implications for feto-maternal haemorrhage quantification and D typing policies for newborns. Br J Haematol 1999; 104:621-5. [PMID: 10086805 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Quantitation of feto-maternal haemorrhage (FMH) by flow cytometry (FC) has been shown to be more accurate than the Kleihauer-Bekte test. Fetal cells will be predominately of R1r or R2r phenotype, with antigen site numbers per cell (SPC) of between 9900 and 16000. If the fetus is of weak D or partial D(VI) phenotype, fewer SPC will be present. Red cells from 20 adult weak D samples were mixed with rr red cells to give 1% mixes. Mixtures were stained and analysed by FC, using two different monoclonal reagents. The SPC of each sample was measured using SOL-ELSA with Scatchard plot analysis. 18 samples could not be distinguished and had <1000 SPC. Two samples that could be distinguished had 1350 and 3000 SPC. Red cells from seven samples of D(VI) were also analysed. None of these samples could be distinguished: SPC were all <1000. Although one of the reagents used reacts with D(VI) cells, quantitation of a D(VI) FMH would not be possible due to low SPC. The ability of fetal red cells with low Rh D SPC to cause immunization is questionable; failure to measure FMH in these cases is unlikely to cause clinical problems, as long as suitably sensitive serological reagents and techniques are used to type all weak D and D variant babies as Rh D positive, and thus ensure that the mother is given the appropriate dose of anti-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lloyd-Evans
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Bristol.
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